Native American Histories Native American Histories before Conquestbefore Conquest

o20,000 years ago--Siberian hunters 20,000 years ago--Siberian hunters become first American inhabitantsbecome first American inhabitants

o14,000 years ago--Humans reach tip of 14,000 years ago--Humans reach tip of South America.South America.

oThese Paleo-Indians did not suffer from These Paleo-Indians did not suffer from many communicative diseasesmany communicative diseases

Routes of the First Routes of the First AmericansAmericans

The Environmental The Environmental Challenge:Challenge:

Food, Climate, and CultureFood, Climate, and Culture

oNative Americans enjoyed an abundant meat Native Americans enjoyed an abundant meat supplysupplyo Some suggest they over-hunted and caused the Some suggest they over-hunted and caused the

extinction of several large speciesextinction of several large species

o Climatic warming probably played a much bigger Climatic warming probably played a much bigger rolerole

o5,000 years ago-- Agricultural Revolution5,000 years ago-- Agricultural Revolutiono Crops include maize, squash, and beans Crops include maize, squash, and beans

o Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large cities permanent villages or large cities

Early AmericansEarly AmericansoNomadic Asians Nomadic Asians

followed herd animals followed herd animals into the Americas.into the Americas.

oAmerican Peoples American Peoples experienced their own experienced their own Neolithic RevolutionNeolithic Revolution..

oPre-Columbian (before Pre-Columbian (before Columbus) CivilizationsColumbus) CivilizationsoGrew maize (corn)Grew maize (corn)

oDid not live in river Did not live in river valleysvalleys

oDeveloped complex Developed complex societiessocieties

UCLA.edu

How did the Ice Age effect the population of the Americas? What if it had not occurred?

North American-Native North American-Native AmericansAmericans

oNative Groups are Native Groups are DiverseDiverse

oMesoamericaMesoamerica: First : First (Mayan?) then Aztecs, (Mayan?) then Aztecs, IncasIncaso Large agricultureLarge agriculture, large , large

populationpopulation, cities, imperial , cities, imperial in nature, in nature, social social stratificationstratification, Pre-historic , Pre-historic (no writing) limited metal (no writing) limited metal technology, technology, polytheisticpolytheistic, , theocratic, imperialtheocratic, imperial

oAtlantic Coast:Atlantic Coast:o Hunter/Gatherer Hunter/Gatherer

o Small groups/limited Small groups/limited nomadic/some Agriculture, nomadic/some Agriculture, prehistoric, stone-age prehistoric, stone-age technologytechnology

Eastern Woodland Eastern Woodland CulturesCultures

oAtlantic Coast of North AmericaAtlantic Coast of North America

oNative Americans lived in smaller bandsNative Americans lived in smaller bands

oAgriculture supplemented by hunting and Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gatheringgathering

oLikely were the first natives encountered by Likely were the first natives encountered by English settlersEnglish settlers

Locations of Major Indian Groups Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600sand Culture Areas in the 1600s

American Indian American Indian Culture RegionsCulture Regions

American Indians American Indians are diverse!are diverse!

o When Europeans first arrived in America, they noticed that the Natives were very diverse

o Different cultures were developed by Native peoples, based on their environment

o Scholars group Native Americans who shared similar cultures into culture regions (or culture areas)

everything that everything that

makes up the way of makes up the way of

life of a peoplelife of a people

o Sheltero Toolso Languageo Clothingo Artso Religiono Government

CultureCulture

10 Culture 10 Culture RegionsRegions

1.Arctic2.Subarctic3.Northwest

Coast4.Plateau5.Great Basin

6. California 7. Southwest8. Great Plains9. Northeast10. Southeast

ArcticArcticPhysical Terrain

oLarge, treeless plains, called tundraoFrozen and snow-covered oWinters are long and severe oBlizzards

Natural ResourcesoLittle vegetation oDogs, used for hunting and hauling oSea mammals major food source (seals, sea lions, sea otters, walruses, and whales)oOther game (polar bears, musk oxen, mountain sheep, wolves, wolverines, foxes, rabbits squirrels, and waterfowl.

SubarcticSubarcticPhysical Terrain

oMostly interior (except Hudson Bay & Pacific coast)oThick pine forests oThousands of lakes, ponds, swamps, rivers, and streams oLong winters with deep snow and thick iceoShort summers

Natural ResourcesoCaribouoLarge game (moose, deer, musk oxen, mountain sheep, bison)oSmall game (beaver, mink, otter, porcupine, rabbit, squirrel, and waterfowl)oSeeds, berries, bark

Northwest CoastNorthwest CoastPhysical Terrain

oNarrow coastal region oCool & damp climate with mild wet winters and cool summers oThick forestsoMany rivers oMountains oEvergreen forests

Natural ResourcesoLots of food source: seals, sea lions, and fish (salmon, halibut, herring, cod, and flounder)oHunted whalesoHunt deer, elk, bear, and mountain goat oThey learned to dry their meat and fish with smoke

PlateauPlateauPhysical TerrainoHigh plateau region, surrounded by desert & mountainsoRivers

Natural ResourcesoSmall gameoWild plants (berries & edible roots)oFish (Salmon)oLarge game in the mountains (elk, deer, mountain sheep, bear)

Great BasinGreat Basin

Natural ResourcesoSparse vegetationoVery little resourcesoSmall gameoForagers

Physical TerrainoVery dryoSurrounded by mountains, plateaus, & deserts

CaliforniaCaliforniaPhysical TerrainoMountain ranges & Pacific coastal regionsoForest & desertsoMild climate, with many warm daysoVaried rainfall

Natural ResourcesoAcorns from oak treesoWild plants (berries, nuts, seeds, roots)oFish, seafood, small game, birds, deer

SouthwestSouthwestPhysical Terrain

oMesas and canyons, Mountains, desertsoFew rains Natural ResourcesoEvergreens (mountains), cactusoSmall game (rabbits, birds, and rattlesnakes)

Great PlainsGreat PlainsPhysical Terrain

oLarge inland region oRolling, fertile tall-grass prairies oSummers are typically hot and dry, and winters are long and harsh.

Natural ResourcesoAmerican bison (buffalo)oFarmersoBerries

NortheastNortheastPhysical Terrain

oTemperate & humid climate oHundreds of rivers, creating rich soil for agriculture.oWidespread forests*** Sometimes the area is grouped with the Southeast culture area and referred to as the Eastern Woodlands. ***Natural Resourceso Animals (a variety of game, large

and small)o Fish, deer, rabbit, squirrel,

beaver, and various birds, such as turkey, partridge, duck, and goose; also hunted moose, elk, and bear

SoutheastSoutheastPhysical Terrain

oSemitropical oHumid and well-wateredoSaltwater marshes, grasses, rich soils, swamplands, rounded hills, high grass, and rolling mountains

Natural ResourcesoForests of pine treesoAnimals (deer, squirrel, birds, fish)

Cultural Negotiations Cultural Negotiations

oDiversity of language groups, ethnicitiesDiversity of language groups, ethnicities

oDefine place in society through kinshipDefine place in society through kinship

oCommunal, charismatic, sociopolitical Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical formationformation

oDiplomacy, trade, war organized around Diplomacy, trade, war organized around reciprocal relationshipsreciprocal relationships

Confederacies Confederacies of Eastern North Americaof Eastern North America

oHurons--Southern Ontario near Lakes Hurons--Southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and ErieOntario and Erie

oIroquois--Central New YorkIroquois--Central New York

oPowhattans--ChesapeakePowhattans--Chesapeake

Exp

lora

tion

Exp

lora

tion

“God, gold and glory”

I. Motives for ExplorationA. Technological Advances

1. improved navigational methods:

- magnetic compass and astrolabe

- improved maps and charts

2. improved ship designs

- the caravel

3. improved weapons

- gunpowder and cannons

Why would this be important?

B. Desire for wealth

1. gain access to the spice trade (also sugar and silk)

Arab and Italian merchants had a monopoly

2. find new sources of gold and silver

C. Growth of Nation-States

1. centralized power at home allowed for an outward

push and colonization of new lands.D. Religious devotion / Crusading Spirit

1. desire to convert new people to Christianity

2. to strike a blow against the Muslims

E. Renaissance Spirit and Values

1. desire to learn about the world (intellectual curiosity)

- Marco Polo returns with stories of the riches

in Asia.

2. desire for adventure, fortune, fame and

glory.

II. Portugal and Spain

A. Portugal

1. Portugal led the way

in exploration

a. Prince Henry the Navigator encourages exploration and the study of improvements in seafaring.

b.location – Portugal was well situated to explore based on routes available to explore.

2. Portuguese sailors explored the

coast of Africa in an attempt to find a

water route to Asian trade.

3. Portuguese explorers included:

Bartholomeu Dias - first to sail around the southern tip ofAfrica

Vasco da Gama - discovered an all water trade route between Portugal and India.

B. Spain

    1. Columbus sails West in an attempt to reach Asia.

a. opened the Americas to European

colonization and trade.

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)- Spain and Portugal sign a

treaty dividing the newly discovered lands

between the two nations

How would you view this treaty if you were the English, French or other Europeans

Amerigo Vespucci –

Explored the coast of the newly discovered lands

Suggested Columbus had actually discovered a new world

Vespucci’s name begins to appear on maps of the New World

Ferdinand Magellan –

attempted to find a Western route to Asia, one of his ships will complete the first circumnavigation of the earth. (1519-1522)

Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes arrived inMexico in 1519.Cortes along with native allies defeated the Aztec.

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”What is it?What is it?What is it?What is it?

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange” refers to the Exchange” refers to the vast exchange of vast exchange of people, plants, people, plants, animals, ideas and animals, ideas and diseases that began diseases that began with the “Age of with the “Age of Exploration”Exploration”

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange” refers to the Exchange” refers to the vast exchange of vast exchange of people, plants, people, plants, animals, ideas and animals, ideas and diseases that began diseases that began with the “Age of with the “Age of Exploration”Exploration”

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet

Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

A World Transformed

Large numbers of whites profoundly Large numbers of whites profoundly altered Native culturesaltered Native cultures

The rate of change varied from place to The rate of change varied from place to placeplace

Native traditions changed radically for Native traditions changed radically for cultural survivalcultural survival

Threats to Survival: TradeThreats to Survival: Trade

Native Americans were eager for Native Americans were eager for European tradeEuropean trade

They became dependent on and They became dependent on and indebted to Europeansindebted to Europeans

Commerce also influenced warfare Commerce also influenced warfare patternspatterns

Threats to Survival: Threats to Survival: DiseaseDisease

• Contact brings population decline Contact brings population decline among American Indiansamong American Indians

• Cause: Lack of resistance to epidemic Cause: Lack of resistance to epidemic diseasedisease– smallpoxsmallpox

– measlesmeasles

– influenzainfluenza

• Rate as high as ninety-five percentRate as high as ninety-five percent

Myths and RealityMyths and Reality• Columbus persuades Queen Isabella to Columbus persuades Queen Isabella to

finance westward expedition to finance westward expedition to “Cathay”“Cathay”

• 1492--Initial voyage1492--Initial voyage

• Three subsequent voyages to find cities Three subsequent voyages to find cities of Chinaof China

• 1506--died clinging to belief he had 1506--died clinging to belief he had reached the Orientreached the Orient

• Made possible Spanish dominion in Made possible Spanish dominion in AmericaAmerica

The French Claim CanadaThe French Claim Canada

• 1608--Samuel de Champlain founds 1608--Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec Quebec

• French Empire eventually includes St. French Empire eventually includes St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, MississippiLawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi

• French Crown makes little effort to French Crown makes little effort to foster settlementfoster settlement

• Fur trade underpins economyFur trade underpins economy

• Indians become valued trading partnersIndians become valued trading partners

The English Enter the The English Enter the CompetitionCompetition

Claims New World territory under Henry Claims New World territory under Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)VIII (r. 1509-1547)

Achieves preconditions for colonization Achieves preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth Iunder Elizabeth I

Militant ProtestantismMilitant Protestantism• Lutheran ReformationLutheran Reformation– God speaks through Bible, not Pope or priestsGod speaks through Bible, not Pope or priests

– Justification by faith alone for salvationJustification by faith alone for salvation

• Calvinist ReformationCalvinist Reformation– John Calvin stresses God’s omnipotenceJohn Calvin stresses God’s omnipotence

– Predestination—some persons chosen by God for Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvationsalvation

• Calvinist Christianity expands in northern Calvinist Christianity expands in northern EuropeEurope– France—HuguenotsFrance—Huguenots

– Scotland—PresbyteriansScotland—Presbyterians

– England—PuritansEngland—Puritans

Woman in PowerWoman in Power• Elizabeth I (1558-1603) a very capable Elizabeth I (1558-1603) a very capable

monarchmonarch

• Elizabeth introduces Elizabeth introduces Via MediaVia Media– Protestant DoctrineProtestant Doctrine

– ““Catholic” RitualCatholic” Ritual

– Ends religious turmoil in EnglandEnds religious turmoil in England

• Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope prompts Spanish crusade against Englandprompts Spanish crusade against England

• England aligned with Protestant nations England aligned with Protestant nations against Catholic powersagainst Catholic powers

An Unpromising Beginning: An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at RoanokeMystery at Roanoke

• Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584colony in 1584– He named the region Virginia after the Virginia He named the region Virginia after the Virginia

QueenQueen

• The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 15871587

• The colonists disappeared without a trace The colonists disappeared without a trace and their fate remains a mysteryand their fate remains a mystery

Major ExplorersMajor Explorers

MagellanMagellan Searched for Searched for

passage to Pacific passage to Pacific OceanOcean

Sailed through Sailed through “straits of “straits of Magellan”Magellan”

Died in PhilippinesDied in Philippines

Crew lst to Crew lst to circumnavigate the circumnavigate the worldworld

CabotCabot Sailed for EnglandSailed for England

Landed on coast Landed on coast of New-foundlandof New-foundland

Gave England Gave England claim to North claim to North AmericaAmerica

Ponce de Leon 11stst to land on the to land on the

mainland of North mainland of North AmericaAmerica

Looking for Looking for “fountain of “fountain of youth”youth”

Established St. Established St. Augustine, FloridaAugustine, Florida

De SotoDe Soto Sailed for SpainSailed for Spain

Explored Explored Mississippi River – Mississippi River – Present-day Present-day OklahomaOklahoma

Coronado Looking for fabled Looking for fabled

seven cities of seven cities of goldgold

Explored present-Explored present-day Arizona and day Arizona and New MexicoNew Mexico

CortesCortes Spanish Spanish

ConquistadorConquistador

Conquered Aztec Conquered Aztec emperor emperor MontezumaMontezuma

Balboa Spanish ExplorerSpanish Explorer

Claimed Pacific Claimed Pacific Ocean and Ocean and adjoining lands adjoining lands for Spainfor Spain

PizzaroPizzaro

Conquered the Conquered the Inca EmpireInca Empire

Hudson English sailor that English sailor that

sailed for the sailed for the English crown and English crown and the Dutchthe Dutch

Discovered Discovered Hudson River and Hudson River and the Hudson Baythe Hudson Bay