Nations and SocietyNations and Society

Ethnicity, Nationality, CitizenshipEthnicity, Nationality, Citizenship

Ethnicity – specific attributes and Ethnicity – specific attributes and societal institutions that make people societal institutions that make people culturally different from one anotherculturally different from one another– Ascription – institutionalizing and Ascription – institutionalizing and

“passing down” of these attributes at “passing down” of these attributes at birthbirth

– Not inherently political Not inherently political

Ethnicity, Nationality, CitizenshipEthnicity, Nationality, Citizenship

National Identity – institution that National Identity – institution that binds people together through binds people together through common political aspirationscommon political aspirations– Implies a demand for freedom through Implies a demand for freedom through

sovereign self-rulesovereign self-rule– Nationalism – pride in one’s people, Nationalism – pride in one’s people,

belief in sovereign political destinybelief in sovereign political destiny

Ethnicity, Nationality, CitizenshipEthnicity, Nationality, Citizenship

Citizenship – individual or group’s Citizenship – individual or group’s relationship to the staterelationship to the state– Individual swears allegiance, state Individual swears allegiance, state

provides rights in returnprovides rights in return– Purely political, the basis for patriotism, Purely political, the basis for patriotism,

or pride in the state itselfor pride in the state itself

What Causes Ethnic and National What Causes Ethnic and National Conflict?Conflict?

Top-Down ViewTop-Down View– Conflict is created by elitesConflict is created by elites– Can be prevented by controlling political Can be prevented by controlling political

leaders who are responsibleleaders who are responsible– Use of outside force can be effectiveUse of outside force can be effective

Bottom-Up ViewBottom-Up View– Conflict results from long-standing Conflict results from long-standing

friction between groupsfriction between groups– Use of outside force will be uselessUse of outside force will be useless

Development of Attitudes and Development of Attitudes and IdeologyIdeology

Political Attitudes – views about the pace Political Attitudes – views about the pace and scope of change between freedom and scope of change between freedom and equalityand equality– Radicals – dramatic, revolutionary Radicals – dramatic, revolutionary

changechange– Liberals – evolutionary transformationLiberals – evolutionary transformation– Conservatives – skeptical of any change Conservatives – skeptical of any change

in existing institutionsin existing institutions– Reactionaries – seek to restore Reactionaries – seek to restore

institutions that formerly existedinstitutions that formerly existed

Development of Attitudes and Development of Attitudes and IdeologyIdeology

Political Ideology – views about the Political Ideology – views about the fundamental goals of politicsfundamental goals of politics– Liberalism – high priority on economic Liberalism – high priority on economic

and personal political freedomand personal political freedom– Communism – believes people benefit Communism – believes people benefit

only from economic equality, not only from economic equality, not freedomfreedom

– Social Democracy – strong emphasis on Social Democracy – strong emphasis on equality, but reserves a role for private equality, but reserves a role for private ownership and market forcesownership and market forces

Development of Attitudes and Development of Attitudes and IdeologyIdeology

Political Ideology – views about the Political Ideology – views about the fundamental goals of politicsfundamental goals of politics– Fascism – hostile to the ideas of equality Fascism – hostile to the ideas of equality

and freedom, holds that people and and freedom, holds that people and groups can be classified as superior and groups can be classified as superior and inferiorinferior

– Anarchism – rejects the notion of the Anarchism – rejects the notion of the state altogether for the purpose of state altogether for the purpose of achieving true equality and freedomachieving true equality and freedom

Political CulturePolitical Culture Political Culture – basic norms for Political Culture – basic norms for

political activity in a societypolitical activity in a society– determines what ideologies will determines what ideologies will

dominate a political regimedominate a political regime– unique to each country or groupunique to each country or group

Changes in Political CultureChanges in Political Culture

Two arguments:Two arguments:– Political culture is subject to changePolitical culture is subject to change

Global culture is “coming together”Global culture is “coming together”– ModernizationModernization– GlobalizationGlobalization– DemocratizationDemocratization

Post-modern, secular-rational values and Post-modern, secular-rational values and self-expressionism will define values and self-expressionism will define values and cultures of the futurecultures of the future

Changes in Political CultureChanges in Political Culture

Two arguments:Two arguments:– Political culture is more resistant to change Political culture is more resistant to change

than other institutionsthan other institutionsCultural identity will supplant ideology as Cultural identity will supplant ideology as

the “dividing line” in global politicsthe “dividing line” in global politics Intense changes in technology, Intense changes in technology,

globalization, will force societies to retreat globalization, will force societies to retreat into old identities as a source of constancy into old identities as a source of constancy and certaintyand certainty

Sept. 11Sept. 11thth attacks, Rise of Putin in Russia, attacks, Rise of Putin in Russia, evidence of this theory?evidence of this theory?