Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919
Transcript of Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919
![Page 1: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary
1848 - 1919
![Page 2: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Nationalism broke up the multinational
empire of the Austrian Habsburgs
![Page 3: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Habsburg Dynasty
Capital city - Vienna, Austria
• What do you call their empire?
• 800 - 1804 Holy Roman Empire
• 1804 - 1867 Austrian Empire
• 1867 - 1919 Austria-Hungary or
the Dual Monarchy
![Page 4: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Ruled by the German-speaking Habsburgs.
• An ethnically heterogeneous empire.
• Corrupt & inefficient administration.
• Ferdinand I of Austria (r. 1835-1848)
• An epileptic because of his hydrocephalus.
• The empire is vulnerable to a revolution.
The Austrian Empire
His parents were first cousins
![Page 5: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• 1848 Vienna university student rebellion for liberal reforms.
• Army could not restore order. • Ferdinand I abdicated in
favor of his youngnephew, Franz Joseph.
• Ferdinand’s weakness the encourages the Hungarians to revolt.
Ferdinand I of Austria (r. 1835-1848)
![Page 6: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The New Austrian
Emperor Franz Joseph I [r. 1848-1916]
68 year reign
![Page 7: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Hungarian Revolution, Mar. 1848- Oct. 1849
• Hungarians (2nd largest ethnic group) wanted their own kingdom.
• Austrian & Russian armies eventually defeated the Hungarian army by 1849. (Holy Alliance, 1815)
• 13 Hungarian generals executed by hanging.
![Page 8: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Assassination attempt on Franz Joseph I in
1853 by a Hungarian nationalist
![Page 9: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
1866 – Austria humiliated in the Austro-Prussian
War (in 7 weeks)
![Page 10: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Hungarians are the 2nd largest ethnic
group in the Habsburg Empire
• Austrian govt.
looked weak.
• Hungarians
demanded
independence.
![Page 11: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
• Created the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.
• The Habsburg family was now the monarch of two states:
– Emperor of Austria & the king of Hungary.
• Separate parliaments but the same ministries of war, finance, & foreign affairs.
![Page 12: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
In the Dual
Monarchy,
German-
speaking
Austrians &
Hungarians
had equal
status in the
empire.
![Page 13: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
• Which ethnic
groups in the
empire didn’t
have equal
status?
Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Romanians, etc.
![Page 14: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Austria-Hungary was
a multinational
(multiethnic) state.
Definition: a state in which the
population consists of two or more
ethnically distinct nations (of
peoples) that are of significant size.
![Page 15: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Austria-Hungary - a Multinational or Multiethnic State
![Page 16: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The “powder keg of Europe”
17
“Some damned foolish thing
in the Balkans will provoke
the next war.” Otto von
Bismarck
![Page 17: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
“Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans
will provoke the next war.” - Bismarck
![Page 18: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Nationalism & the Dual Monarchy
• Other “nations” of
people desired
political
independence –
especially in the
Balkans.
• Nationalism was
one of the causes
of WW I.
![Page 19: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
June 28, 1914 – a Bosnian Serb terrorist assassinated
the Archduke Franz Ferdinand (the heir to A-H) & his
wife.
20
![Page 20: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Austria-Hungary in the Central Powers, WW I
![Page 21: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
1919 - Paris Peace Conference
• U.S. President
Wilson’s Fourteen
Points.
• Principle of Self-
Determination – the
right of a nation of
people to determine
their own political
status. (nation-state)
28th President, 1913-1921
![Page 22: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
How could the Allies break up Austria-Hungary?
By Ethnicities – Nations of People
Create Nation-States
![Page 23: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Paris Peace Conference, 1919
![Page 24: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Four Empires end and are replaced by many new nation-states
![Page 25: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Last Habsburg Emperor
• Karl I of Austria,
(r. 1916-1919).
• Empire troubled by
ethnic conflict in the
final years of WW I.
• #10 of Wilson’s
Fourteen Points,
demanded that
Austria-Hungary allow
its people to have self-
determination.
![Page 26: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
“Habsburg Law” - 1919 of the new Republic of Austria
• Karl I permanently exiled.
• Moved to Madeira Island. Died there in 1922.
![Page 27: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
“Habsburg Law” - 1919 of the new Republic of Austria
• All Habsburg property
confiscated by the
Republic.
![Page 28: Nationalism’s Effect on Austria-Hungary 1848 - 1919](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022042221/625a5fc2a70005516e438544/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
“Habsburg Law” - 1919 of the new Republic of Austria
• Other family members
would be exiled unless
they renounced dynastic
claims.
• Karl von Habsburg, 55 &
family.