Nationalism - Weebly · 2019-09-19 · French Priest Augustin Barruel (Anti Jacobin, Against French...
Transcript of Nationalism - Weebly · 2019-09-19 · French Priest Augustin Barruel (Anti Jacobin, Against French...
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Nationalism
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Introduction
Natio- people united by birth or birthplace
Political in late 18th Century
2 Assumptions
Humans are naturally divided into Nations
Nation is the most appropriate unit of rule
Bullet 2- People begin to call themselves nationalist. French Priest Augustin Barruel (Anti Jacobin, Against French Radicals)
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Intro Based on Self Determination and all States Equal
Has been used to defend the bad
Bullet 2- War, Conquest, Imperialism, Racism, Etc.
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Origins and Development
French Revolution
Influenced by Rousseau
Napoleonic Wars have unintended results
Unification across Europe occurs
Bullet 1- People are loyal to country, not Louis XVIBullet 2- Idea of Self RuleBullet 3- Causes nationalism to grow in Europe in resentment fo FranceBullet 4- Italy in 1861, Germany in 1871
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Origins and Development
End of 19th Century-Very Popular
Starts Liberal, becomes Conservative
Becomes Chauvinistic and Xenophobic
Nation States emerge after WWI
Spreads out of Europe after WWI
Bullet 1- Flags, Anthems, Patriotic Songs, Literature, Holidays, etcBullet 2- Social CohesionBullet 3- Claims of superiority (everyone else in alien or inferior) Leads to WWIBullet 4- Finland, Hungary, Czech., Poland, Yugoslavia (Result of Treaty of Versailles)Bullet 5- Egypt 1919, Africa after 1945
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Core ThemesIs it really an ideology?
Political Doctrine?
Psychological Phenomenon
Schizophrenic Character
Ultimately 4 Themes
Bullet 1a- Not as all encompassing, simply that the nation is the political unitBullet 1b- Loyalty to your country, dislike of othersBullet 1c- All over the political spectrum, excludes anarchy
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1. The Nation
Central Principle
Should groups of people be a nation?
Fit a certain criteria
Bullet 2- The Kurds, Tibetans, etc.Bullet 3- If you fit a certain cultural criteria, you are considered a member, if not you’re an outsider
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The NationLanguage is clearest symbol
Religion
Ethnicity/racial unity
History and tradition is becoming more important
Bullet 1-English screws it all upBullet 2- Christianity and Islam screw it upBullet 3- Aryan Race in Nazi GermanyBullet 4- Independence Day, Bastille Day, etc
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The NationUltimately can only be determined by members
Political Ideology Plays a role too
Bullet 1- PURELY Subjective based on Primordial bonds (Emotional Attachment)Bullet 2- See Picture
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2. The Organic Community
We are naturally divided
We are linked by where we live
Forged by struggle
Used also by power groups for their interests
Bullet 1-Separate and Distinct IdentitiesBullet 2- Religion, gender, language, etc are secondaryBullet 3- Revolution, Modernization/IndustrializationBullet 4- Based on invented traditions (Eric Hobsbawn)
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Self DeterminationPopular Sovereignty/general will is vital
People deciding what is best for themselves
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Self DeterminationLitmus Test for maintaining independence
2 Ways to achieve
Unification
Achievement of Independence
Bullet 1- Founding of a Nation StateBullet 2a- Unifying the cultural nation into a political one (Germany under Charlemagne, Germany under Bismark)Bullet 2b- Poland after the Treaty of Versailles
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Self Determination
Nation-state is most sought after
Some nations don’t need a state
Expressed through devolution or federalism
Bullet 1-Social Cohesion and UnityBullet 2- Welsh in UK and Basque in FranceBullet 3- Shifting and/or sharing of powers
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Culturalism
Cultural Identity of Political Demands
“Bottom up” aspect
Bullet 1- Regeneration of the culture as distinctiveBullet 2- Focus on Popular rituals, traditions and legends
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CulturalismCulturalism- Culture is the universal self identity
Mixed Views-Ethnicity and Culture overlap)
Generally viewed as hostile or chauvinistic
Bullet 1- Seen in 19th Century Germany (Folk Traditions and Myths and Legends like Brothers Grimm)Bullet 2- Progressive in acceptance, but conservative because you can’t join an ethnic groupBullet 3- Other Cultures, Nations or Minorities
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Types of Nationalism Political Nationalism is complex
Liberating and Oppressive; Progressive, and Regressive
Rational and Irrational
4 Types
Bullet 3- Receptive of new ideas, revival of old age hatred
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1. Liberal NationalismOldest Form
Rooted in Popular Sovereignty
Opposes all forms of foreign domination
Nations are equal like people
Bullet 1-French Revolution, Wilson’s 14 Points were based on itBullet 2- Opposite/against autocratic rule
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Liberal NationalismNatural harmony applies to nations
Each state can pursue its own interests
Self Restraint may not be enough to balance the world
National Interdependence
International Organizations
Bullet 1- Self determination means stable international orderBullet 2- Even at others expenseBullet 3a- Mutual understanding and cooperation rather than plunderBullet 3b- The UN
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Liberal NationalismViewed as naive and romantic-critics
Irrational Bonds/tribalism challenge liberal view
Loyalty to country causes death
Only way to achieve political unity is to deport minorities and ban immigration
Bullet 2a- Even when you don’t agree with the cause or reason of war
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2. Conservative Nationalism
Negative in the beginning
Later seen as way to keep order
Only care about the cohesion aspect
Goal: Maintain loyalty, pride, and unity
Bullet 3- Self Determination is worthlessBullet 4- Especially when faced with Socialism
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Conservative NationalismGaulism and Thatcherism
Appeal to national pride
Sometimes even Anti-American or Anti-Europe
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Conservative Nationalism
Appeal to Tradition and History
Distaste for Immigration
Supranational bodies are bad
Could be elite manipulation or bigotry
Bullet 1- Strive for days of glory and triumphBullet 2- Diversity breeds instability and conflictBullet 3- EU and UN bad because they “strip” identityBulelt 4- Leaders use it for own purpose, Nationalism used to discriminate
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3. Expansionist Nationalism
Expansion of Power and nation Elsewhere
Each colonial or land addition view with celebration
Bullet 1- European Scramble for Africa, US Manifest Destiny
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Expansionist NationalismWWI was welcomed due to expansionist mindset
Some nations are superior to others
Moral Duty to Colonize
Pan-Nationalism- Unification of different people
Bullet 1- Cities across Europe celebratedBullet 2- EXACT opposite of Liberal; Also, whites of Europe and America are superior to Asians and AfricansBullet 3-Popular in Russia and Germany
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Expansionist Nationalism
Integral Nationalism- Lose identity and focus on “all powerful nation”
Military glory is most important
National Chauvinism-in group vs the out group
Bullet 1- Developed by Charles MaurrasBullet 2- Show strength and national greatnessBullet 3- Used to justify racism or bigoted policies.
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4. Anti and Post Colonial Nationalism
Nationalism is worldwide because of imperialism
European Empires collapse after WWII
Sometimes peaceful other times not
Rest of world occur because of economic development
Bullet 2- Peaceful India, Pakistan, and Malaysia, Violent-China, Algeria, and VietnamBullet 3- Angry due to exploitation by colonial powers
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Anti and Post Colonial Nationalism
Ghandi in India
Some anti-colonists were drawn to socialism
Socialism caught on because of community and cooperation
Violence seen as only way to overthrow colonial power
Bullet 1- Indian nationalism combined with ethical non-violence. Home spun clothes against European factoriesBullet 2- Vietnam, China
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Anti and Post Colonial Nationalism
Overthrow showed independence and economic change
Socialism gives unifying cause
Religion does play a roll, although minor
Bullet 1- BE PROUD!Bullet 2- Non western voice (Socialism)Bullet 3- Islam, Sikhism, and Judaism
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Nationalism in Global Age
Brought about end of Empires
Globalization has been a threat to Nationalization
Ethical Nationalization
Immigration
Bullet 2a-Priority is with your own nation firstBullet 2b-Has been a direct threat to nationalism/cohesion
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Nationalism in Global Age
Shift from nationalism to multiculturalism
Nation-states are weakening
Transnational groups are growing
Nationalism is growing as a result of globalization
Bullet 2-UN, EU, WTO, etc. Sometimes this causes issues