Nationalism of NationsChapters 10 and 11 in a nutshell

Building Germany•In early 1800s, Prussia, Austria, and France

controlled the land that we call Germany today•Napoleon’s conquests of this land were taken

away at the Congress of Vienna, and a German Confederation was built.

•Otto von Bismarck from Prussia was put in charge of this new empire.

“Blood and Iron” aka realpolitik•Otto von Bismarck used a

policy of “Blood and Iron” to unite the new lands under Prussia.

•“Blood and Iron”: strengthening the military and then using it to take over new territories for Prussia.

•Bismarck led Prussia into wars with other countries, took over their land, and made it part of Prussia.

Franco – Prussian War

•War between France and Prussia in 1870•France was not prepared for war, and was

defeated within a few weeks.•Bismarck was able to annex, or take control

of, French territory

Germany is created

•The King of Prussia, William I took the name “Kaiser” or emperor after the defeat of France

•Bismarck kept his position as chancellor of Prussia.

•A new constitution was written, officially creating Germany.

•Germany was called the “Second Reich” or empire (The Holy Roman Empire had been the first Reich).

Germany industrializes•Reasons Germany is able to industrialize

quickly:▫Iron and coal resources▫Disciplined and educated workforce▫Pride in responsibility and authority▫Rapid population growth

Italy Unites•Young Italy: group

organized to encourage Italian unification.

• Italian nationalists start to overthrow Austrian government in north.

•Revolts break out and people are united under new king Victor Emmanuel.

Dreyfus Affair•Dreyfus (a Jewish

military officer) is accused of spying for Germany.

•Despite a lack of evidence, Dreyfus is sentenced to life imprisonment.

•Seen as an example of anti-Semitism in France and the rest of Europe.

Treatment of Jews •Anti-Semitism: hatred of Jews by a person or

group of people•Hatred of Jews had existed in Europe and

America for hundreds of years.•Enlightenment and previous revolutions

inspired Jews to call for their old homeland back.

Zionism/Jewish State•Zionism: a movement

to rebuild a Jewish state in Palestine

•Theodor Hertzl argues Jews deserve this because they have been denied rights in other countries.

•Many Jews lived in ghettos and slums throughout Europe.

Decline of Hapsburgs•The Hapsburgs

attempted to block industrial changes from reading Austria

•Challenges to the monarchy were not permitted.

•Austria also ruled over many different ethnicities which began to demand independence.

Austria-Hungary•Austria’s loss in the

1866 war with Prussia brought new calls for change.

•Created Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

•Each are separate states but share an emperor and finances, defense, and foreign affairs.

•Led by Francis Joseph until end of WWI.

The Ottoman Empire Collapses•Like A-H, the Ottoman

empire contained many different nationalities.

•Each one began to develop nationalism and demand independence.

•Various groups started revolts against the Ottoman Empire.

•Europeans see weakness of Ottoman empire as a chance to take territory from it.

•Russia, Britain, A-H, and France all take over territory of Ottoman empire.

•Many wars are fought over this land with alliances changing constantly.

•Revolutions by ethnic groups also encouraged warfare in this region.

•Nationalism led to the unification of countries such as Germany and Italy in the late 1800s.

•It also led to the downfall of Austria, and the Ottoman Empire.

•Europeans carved new territories for themselves from the remains of these wars.