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Child PChild PChild PChild PChild Pedestrian Safetyedestrian Safetyedestrian Safetyedestrian Safetyedestrian Safety

EditorsEditorsEditorsEditorsEditors

Richard A. SchieberRichard A. SchieberRichard A. SchieberRichard A. SchieberRichard A. Schieber, MD, MD, MD, MD, MD, MPH, MPH, MPH, MPH, MPHDepartment of Health and Human ServicesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention

National Center for Injury Prevention and Control

Maria E. VMaria E. VMaria E. VMaria E. VMaria E. Vegega, PhDegega, PhDegega, PhDegega, PhDegega, PhDU.S. Department of Transportation

National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationTraffic Safety Programs

TTTTTo order additional copies, go to:o order additional copies, go to:o order additional copies, go to:o order additional copies, go to:o order additional copies, go to:

www.cdc.gov/ncipc/pedestrian/– or –– or –– or –– or –– or –

www.nhtsa.dot.gov

October 2001October 2001October 2001October 2001October 2001

The National Strategies for Advancing Child Pedestrian Safety is a publication of theNational Center for Injury Prevention and Control, part of the Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention, and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,part of the U.S. Department of Transportation.

Centers for Disease Control and PreventionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionJeffrey P. Koplan, MD, MPH

Director

National Center for Injury Prevention and ControlNational Center for Injury Prevention and ControlNational Center for Injury Prevention and ControlNational Center for Injury Prevention and ControlNational Center for Injury Prevention and ControlSue Binder, MD

Director

Division of Unintentional Injury PreventionDivision of Unintentional Injury PreventionDivision of Unintentional Injury PreventionDivision of Unintentional Injury PreventionDivision of Unintentional Injury PreventionChristine Branche, PhD

Director

National Highway TNational Highway TNational Highway TNational Highway TNational Highway Traffic Safety Administrationraffic Safety Administrationraffic Safety Administrationraffic Safety Administrationraffic Safety AdministrationJeffrey W. Runge, MD

Administrator

TTTTTraffic Safety Programsraffic Safety Programsraffic Safety Programsraffic Safety Programsraffic Safety ProgramsRose A. McMurray

Associate Administrator

Office of TOffice of TOffice of TOffice of TOffice of Traffic Injury Control Programsraffic Injury Control Programsraffic Injury Control Programsraffic Injury Control Programsraffic Injury Control ProgramsMarilena Amoni, MS

Director

We acknowledge the conference support provided by the National SAFE KIDSCampaign® and Nestlé. Production services were provided by staff of the Officeof Communication Resources, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.

DisclaimerThe recommendations presented in this publication were generated during a meeting ofdiverse public and private organizations and agencies. They do not necessarily representthe official policy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department ofHealth and Human Services, nor of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,U.S. Department of Transportation. Rather, they represent the priorities identified by anexpert group convened by these two agencies.

Suggested Citation: Schieber RA, Vegega ME (Editors). National Strategies forAdvancing Child Pedestrian Safety. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control andPrevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 2001.

...Dedicated to children walking, everywhere

National Strategies for Advancing Child PNational Strategies for Advancing Child PNational Strategies for Advancing Child PNational Strategies for Advancing Child PNational Strategies for Advancing Child Pedestrian Safetyedestrian Safetyedestrian Safetyedestrian Safetyedestrian Safety

IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction

Few news stories are as disturbing as that of a child killed while crossing thestreet. The photograph below, winner of the 1958 Pulitzer Prize, is still unsettling.Why did it happen? What could have prevented it? And why is it still happeningmore than forty years later?

It only takes a moment for lives to change forever. The young child in this photo-graph, trying to cross busy street, was struck by a garbage truck as it rounded thecorner. We can easily imagine thetremendous imbalance ofmomentum here—a truckweighing tons, striking achild weighing just pounds.No protective device, nosafety gear could haveeliminated that disparity.

By design, our society dependsheavily on motor vehicle trans-portation. It sustains oureconomy and influences ourculture profoundly. And yet,every day, each of us is apedestrian who needs anddeserves to share the roadsafely with motorists.

WWWWWilliam Seaman/Minneapolis Star Tilliam Seaman/Minneapolis Star Tilliam Seaman/Minneapolis Star Tilliam Seaman/Minneapolis Star Tilliam Seaman/Minneapolis Star Tribuneribuneribuneribuneribune

The right to walk safely seemsfundamental, especially for children, yet each year for more than a decade, morethan 700 children have died from injuries sustained while walking, over 500 ofthese in traffic. Although the fatality rate has declined somewhat during thisperiod, it could be attributable to improvements in pre-hospital and emergencymedical care or to a decline in walking as a mode of transportation. As we encour-age individuals to get out and walk to combat obesity and other health condi-tions, we must make sure that they have a safe environment in which to do so.

Many intelligent and caring people, including professionals and advocates, haveworked for years to reduce child pedestrian deaths in our country. Experts inmotor vehicle safety, public health, city planning, school safety, child develop-ment, and engineering have wrestled with the problem, each approaching itfrom his or her specialty’s point of view. But these approaches are limitedbecause the entire solution does not rest within a single specialty. Child pedes-trian safety is one of the most complex societal problems we face in injuryprevention today.

Effective solutions to the child pedestrian safety problem must be multifacetedand arise from a collaboration among experts from diverse fields. This needinspired the creation of the Panel to Prevent Pedestrian Injuries, an interdisci-plinary conference held in September 1998 to focus on reducing childhoodpedestrian injuries in the United States. Three organizations came togetherto spearhead the effort and support the conference—the Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention, working to protect the nation’s health; the NationalHighway Traffic Safety Administration, addressing road safety; and theNational SAFE KIDS Campaign, advocating for the safety of our children.State-of-the-art position papers were commissioned on key topics in pediatricpedestrian injuries, including epidemiology, education, engineering, sociology,psychology, and research. These papers were the basis of discussion at theconference and are included in a separate document of conference proceedings.Nearly 100 individuals representing more than 25 professions participated inthis invitational, interdisciplinary conference held in Atlanta, Georgia. Confereesfrom the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia identifiedkey barriers to reducing pedestrian injuries and discussed critical next stepsneeded to be effective. The suggestions from that meeting are provided asstrategies here.

This document is not intended to be a government plan of action, nor to providerecommendations to the government. Rather, these strategies are intended to beused by anyone interested in reducing pedestrian injuries among children, whileencouraging them to explore their environment by walking. We urge you toreview these strategies, consider them, and implement them. We hope thisdocument will inspire you to dedicate yourself to improving the safety of childpedestrians everywhere.

2 National Strategies for Advancing Child Pedestrian Safety October 2001

GGGGGOALSOALSOALSOALSOALS

TTTTTo enhance the well-being and safety of children by:o enhance the well-being and safety of children by:o enhance the well-being and safety of children by:o enhance the well-being and safety of children by:o enhance the well-being and safety of children by:

Reducing their risk of injury while walking

Increasing their physical activity level

Creating a more pedestrian-friendly environment

SSSSSTRATRATRATRATRATEGIESTEGIESTEGIESTEGIESTEGIES

Enhance public awareness about the needto improve safety for child pedestrians whilepromoting the health and environmentalbenefits of walking.

Create coordinated national, state, and local publicinformation campaigns that increase public aware-ness and understanding of:

1. The interdependent relationship among personalhealth, safety, community livability, and environ-mental protection;

2. Pedestrians as road users who, like motorists and bicyclists, need to be safe in traffic;

3. The manner and degree to which engineeringsolutions can enhance pedestrian safety(e.g., traffic calming, separation of pedestriansfrom motor vehicle traffic, and better crosswalkcontrols);

4. The usefulness and cost-effectiveness of trafficlaw enforcement.

1

6 National Strategies for Advancing Child Pedestrian Safety October 2001

2Modify the behavior and attitudes of bothpedestrians and drivers to improve sharingthe road.

1. Develop and encourage strategies that improvesharing the road, and increase mutual respectof pedestrians and motorists by teaching bothgroups the rules of the road.

2. Help the public understand the degree to whichexcessive speed increases stopping distances andthus increases the risk of pedestrian death.

3. Encourage the public to support enforcement of posted speed limits (especially in school zonesand residential areas), laws that prohibit passingof school buses, and yield-to-pedestrian laws.

Support the development and use of innovativetechnologies, such as red light cameras to helpenforce traffic laws.

4. Develop, evaluate, and disseminate programsto educate parents and drivers about children’sabilities and limitations as pedestrians in traffic.These programs should take into accountdifferent parenting styles and abilities. Encourage

parents to supervise their children in traffic andto teach their children age-appropriate pedestrian

safety rules.

October 2001 National Strategies for Advancing Child Pedestrian Safety 7

3Modify the physical environment to bettersupport pedestrian traffic.

1. At the national level:

a. Establish transportation policies that encouragelocal communities to integrate pedestrian accessand safety into every phase of transportationplanning.

b. Foster collaboration among federal agenciesand national professional groups to help

develop and promote public policy thatleverages resources to achieve the mosteffective programs without duplicatingefforts.

c. Develop road construction standards that are more conducive to safe walking.

d. Compile and disseminate local “best practices”that foster pedestrian safety, especially thosethat emphasize the use of low-cost solutionsand new technologies.

e. Help teach traffic engineers and engineeringstudents how to retrofit streets and roads tomake them safer. Develop and disseminatecurricula, sponsor professional conferences,and assist with continuing education.

8 National Strategies for Advancing Child Pedestrian Safety October 2001

2. At the state and local levels:

a. Encourage state and local officials to reviseote thelminghumps

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plan- and

3ContinuedContinuedContinuedContinuedContinued

laws, ordinances, and practices to promconstruction of sidewalks and traffic-cameasures, such as roundabouts, speed and other road designs.

b. Encourage city planners, engineers, readevelopers, and landscape architects topedestrian safety—particularly for chilpersons with disabilities—when designcommunities or modifying existing one

c. Encourage local officials, designers, andners to enhance pedestrian accessibilitysafety when building or remodeling schools,recreational sites, and businesses.

October 2001 National Strategies for Advancing Child Pedestrian Safety 9

4Develop and conduct effective safe-walkingprograms.

1. Ensure that programs to prevent child pedestrianinjuries receive public and private support suffi-cient to provide programs in all states. This mayrequire corporate and Congressional championsand a national spokesperson.

2. Encourage federal agencies responsible for roadsafety to make available effective pedestrian safetytraining activities for children. Encourage federal,state, and local departments of education to estab-lish safe routes to school.

3. Encourage states to develop pedestrian safety plans that reflect community needs. Encourage each state department of transportation to establishand adequately staff a pedestrian safety office to

coordinate and conduct training programs, con-duct public information and education campaigns,and develop local programs throughout the state.

4. At the community level, create multidisciplinarycoalitions to develop programs that emphasizesafety aspects and the health and environmentalbenefits of walking. Encourage parents, teachers,school administrators, pediatricians, and other

child care providers to identify and creatively solve local pedestrian safety problems. Such coalitionsshould seek to enroll nontraditional partners.

10 National Strategies for Advancing Child Pedestrian Safety October 2001

5Conduct research to address gaps inknowledge and to translate research findingsinto effective programs and public policy.

1. Evaluate existing childhood pedestrian safetyprograms by using a systematic review process todetermine which ones are effective and deservewidespread replication. Such programs include:

a. Educational programs, such as Safe Routes toSchool, Walking School Bus, Willie Whistle,Keep on Looking, and others designed toreduce dart-outs and help children crossstreets safely.

b. Traffic-calming strategies, such as roundabouts,speed humps, and other measures.

c. Enforcement strategies, such as red lightcameras and stricter ticketing of drivers whoillegally pass school buses.

2. Where sufficient data do not exist, use randomizedcontrolled trials where feasible to measure inter-vention effectiveness.

3. Conduct research to determine the cost-effectiveness of promising programs.

4. Fund research that links pedestrian safety tophysical activity and a healthier environment.

5. Identify behavioral indicators to help determinewhen a child is ready to cross the street indepen-dently. Assess the chronologic and developmentalage, skill patterns, and teachable moments whenchildren are most receptive to interventions.

October 2001 National Strategies for Advancing Child Pedestrian Safety 11

6. Determine what level of supervision children needat various stages of cognitive, social, skill, andbehavioral development. Establish appropriatestandards for such supervision.

7. Develop, test, and evaluate programs that useteens to mentor young children in pedestriansafety. 5

ContinuedContinuedContinuedContinuedContinued

12 National Strategies for Advancing Child Pedestrian Safety October 2001

6Conduct surveillance to measure children’spedestrian injury rates, quantify the amountof walking children normally do, andidentify risk factors for injury.

1. Identify and validate useful indirect measures thatpredict the occurrence of a child pedestrian injury.Use these to monitor program effectiveness.

2. Develop and test indicators of the prevalence ofwalking for transportation, the public’s beliefsabout the benefits and risks of walking, and theexistence of environmental and social risks ofwalking.

3. Define children’s exposure to risk of pedestrianinjury that includes, but is not limited to, factorsrelated to the time the child spends in the street;traffic density, speed, and complexity; and roadfeatures such as the number of lanes and existenceof marked or signed crosswalks. Develop andimplement methods of collecting data on suchexposure.

4. Develop local risk factor surveillance systems tomonitor how and why child pedestrians areinjured, and to identify the environmental andbehavioral modifications that could have pre-vented such injuries. Establish linkages to otherdata sources, particularly emergency departmentdata and police crash reports.

October 2001 National Strategies for Advancing Child Pedestrian Safety 13

PPPPPanel to Prevent Panel to Prevent Panel to Prevent Panel to Prevent Panel to Prevent Pedestrian Injuriesedestrian Injuriesedestrian Injuriesedestrian Injuriesedestrian Injuries

Meeting PMeeting PMeeting PMeeting PMeeting ParticipantsarticipantsarticipantsarticipantsarticipantsSeptember 27–28, 1998September 27–28, 1998September 27–28, 1998September 27–28, 1998September 27–28, 1998

Atlanta, GeorgiaAtlanta, GeorgiaAtlanta, GeorgiaAtlanta, GeorgiaAtlanta, Georgia

Name and Affiliation*Name and Affiliation*Name and Affiliation*Name and Affiliation*Name and Affiliation* Area(s) of ExpertiseArea(s) of ExpertiseArea(s) of ExpertiseArea(s) of ExpertiseArea(s) of Expertise

Phyllis Agran, MD, MPH PediatricsDepartment of Pediatrics Epidemiology ResearchPediatric Injury Prevention Research GroupHealth Policy and ResearchUniversity of California Irvine

Barbara Alberson, MPH Health EducationCalifornia Department of HealthState and Local Injury Control Section

Heather Alhadeff, MS City PlanningPedestrian Initiatives Pedestrian AdvocacyAtlanta City Council

Marilena Amoni, MS Traffic Safety PolicyOffice of Traffic Injury Control ProgramsNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration

Meri-K Appy Health EducationNational Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

Jerry Bolles Business SafetyUnited Parcel ServiceCorporate Fleet Safety

Christine Branche, PhD Epidemiology ResearchCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Center for Injury Prevention and ControlDivision of Unintentional Injury Prevention

Ruth Brenner, MD, MPH Epidemiology ResearchNational Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentDivision of Epidemiology, Statistics, and Prevention Research

* Organizations listed reflect participants’ affiliations at the time of the meeting.

Dan Burden Pedestrian AdvocacyWalkable Communities, Inc. Traffic Engineering

LaTanya Butler Senior Program AdministrationCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Center for Injury Prevention and ControlDivision of Unintentional Injury Prevention

Kathy Kaufer Christoffel, MD, MPH PediatricsChildren’s Memorial Hospital Epidemiology Research

Elizabeth Crane, PhD, MPH Epidemiology ResearchCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Center for Injury Prevention and ControlDivision of Violence Prevention

Michael Cynecki, MSCE Traffic EngineeringCity of PhoenixStreet Transportation Department

Robert Dallas, JD Law/LobbyistSAFE KIDS™ of GeorgiaShaw & Evans, LLC

Steve Davidson, MEd State Injury PreventionOffice of Injury Control Program AdministrationGeorgia Division of Public Health

Lisa Dawson Health EducationGeorgia Division of Public Health

Lisa Deal, RN, ScD PhilanthropyThe David and Lucile Packard Foundation Nursing

David DiLillo, PhD PsychologyConsultant

John Fegan PsychologyFederal Highway Administration Traffic Engineering

Mark Fenton, MS CommunicationsWalking Magazine Pedestrian Advocacy

Sally Flocks, PhD Pedestrian AdvocacyPedestrians Educating Drivers on Safety (PEDS), Inc.

16 National Strategies for Advancing Child Pedestrian Safety October 2001

Richard Franklin Public Works AdministrationDepartment of Public Works/Transportation ServicesCity of Atlanta

Sue Gallagher, MPH Health EducationEducation Development Center, Inc.

Virginia Galvin, MD, MPH District Health OfficerCobb/Douglas County Board of Health

Jane Garrison Health EducationChatham County Environmental Health Pedestrian Advocacy

Charles Gauthier Bus Safety AdvocacyNational Association of State Directors of Pupil Transportation Services

M. Jean Gearing, PhD, MPH AnthropologyDeKalb County Board of Health

Andrea Gielen, ScD, ScM Health EducationJohns Hopkins School of Public HealthCenter for Injury Research and Policy

Julie Gilchrist, MD PediatricsCenters for Disease Control and Prevention Physical ActivityNational Center for Injury Prevention and Control Epidemiology ResearchDivision of Unintentional Injury Prevention

Carole Guzzetta Child Injury PreventionNational Safety Belt Coalition AdvocachNational Safety Council Health Education

Jane Hansen CommunicationsAtlanta Journal – Constitution

Jennifer Harville, MPH Health EducationJohns Hopkins UniversityCentral Maryland Regional Safe Communities Center

Spenser Havlick, PhD Environmental DesignUniversity of ColoradoBoulder City Council

Timothy Hoyt, ME Insurance IndustryNationwide Insurance Enterprise

October 2001 National Strategies for Advancing Child Pedestrian Safety 17

Belinda Jackson, MPH Regional ProgramNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration Administration

Mary Jagim, RN, BSN, CEN NursingEmergency Nurses Association

Bruce Jones, MD, MPH Epidemiology ResearchCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Center for Injury Prevention and ControlDivision of Unintentional Injury Prevention

Frank Julian Traffic EngineeringFederal Highway Administration

Richard Killingsworth, MPH Physical ActivityCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health PromotionDivision of Nutrition and Physical Activity

Bo Kimsey, PhD, MSEH Epidemiology ResearchCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health PromotionDivision of Nutrition and Physical Activity

Catherine Kinney, PhD PsychologyKinney Associates

Jennie Kronenfeld, PhD Medical SociologyArizona State UniversitySchool of Health Administration and Policy

Peter Lagerwey Pedestrian and Bicycle SafetySeattle Transportation Program Administration

Garry Lapidus, PA-C, MPH Epidemiology ResearchConnecticut Children’s Medical Center

Joey Ledford CommunicationsAtlanta Journal – Constitution

Kristen Lindemer, MPH Health EducationOffice of Injury ControlGeorgia Division of Public Health

18 National Strategies for Advancing Child Pedestrian Safety October 2001

Lauren Marchetti Health EducationUniversity of North CarolinaHighway Safety Research Center

Michael Martin Bus Safety AdvocacyNational Association for Pupil Transportation

Leigh Matusick Crossing Guard EducationState of Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor VehiclesFlorida School Crossing Guard Program

Robin Mayer Outreach StrategiesNational Outreach DivisionNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration

Barbara McCann CommunicationsSurface Transportation Policy Project Pedestrian AdvocacyTransportation and Quality of Life Campaign

Patrick McMahon, MRP City PlanningUniversity of North CarolinaHighway Safety Research Center

Angela Mickalide, PhD Child Safety AdvocacyNational SAFE KIDS Campaign®

Ted Miller, PhD Economics ResearchNational Public Services Research Institute

John Moffat Law EnforcementWashington Traffic Safety Commission

Mark Norman, MS Traffic EngineeringInstitute of Transportation Engineers

Genevieve O’Donnell, MPH Child Safety AdvocacyNational SAFE KIDS Campaign®

David Oliver, MBA PhilanthropyLowe’s Company, Inc.

Sarah Olson, MS, CHES Health EducationCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Center for Injury Prevention and ControlDivision of Unintentional Injury Prevention

October 2001 National Strategies for Advancing Child Pedestrian Safety 19

Immauri Patterson, MA Health EducationFulton County Department of Health and Wellness

I. Barry Pless, MD PediatricsMcGill University Epidemiology Research

Kyran Quinlan, MD, MPH PediatricsCenters for Disease Control and Prevention Epidemiology ResearchNational Center for Injury Prevention and ControlDivision of Unintentional Injury Prevention

Fred Rivara, MD, MPH PediatricsHarborview Injury Prevention and Research Center Epidemiology Research

Ian Roberts, MD, PhD PediatricsUniversity of London Epidemiology ResearchInstitute of Child Health

Michael Ronkin State Pedestrian ProgramOregon Department of Transportation AdministrationBicycle and Pedestrian Program

Mark Rosenberg, MD, MPP Director, National CenterCenters for Disease Control and Prevention for Injury PreventionNational Center for Injury Prevention and Control and Control

Heather Ryan Health EducationConsultant

Jeffrey Sacks, MD, MPH Epidemiology ResearchCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Center for Injury Prevention and ControlDivision of Unintentional Injury Prevention

Peter Scheidt, MD, MPH PediatricsChildren’s National Medical Center – Epidemiology Research George Washington University

Richard Schieber, MD, MPH PediatricsCenters for Disease Control and Prevention Epidemiology ResearchNational Center for Injury Prevention and ControlDivision of Unintentional Injury Prevention

Preston Schiller, PhD City PlanningWestern Washington University Environmental Design

20 National Strategies for Advancing Child Pedestrian Safety October 2001

Joseph Schofer, PhD Traffic EngineeringDepartment of Civil Engineering and the Transportation CenterNorthwestern University

Cara Seiderman, MCRP, MCA City PlanningCambridge Community Development Department

David Sleet, PhD Health EducationCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Center for Injury Prevention and ControlDivision of Unintentional Injury Prevention

Howard Spivak, MD PediatricsNew England Medical Center Epidemiology Research

Mark Stevenson, PhD, MPH Epidemiology ResearchCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Center for Injury Prevention and ControlDivision of Unintentional Injury Prevention

Deborah Davis Stewart CommunicationsSafe Ride News Publication

Leslie Teach, MPH Health EducationCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Center for Injury Prevention and ControlDivision of Unintentional Injury Prevention

Harold Thompson Program AdministrationNational Safety CouncilPartnership for a Walkable America

Nancy Thompson, PhD, MPH Epidemiology ResearchRollins School of Public Health PsychologyEmory University

James Thomson, PhD Health EducationUniversity of Strathclyde Psychology

Cecil Threat Program AdministrationCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Center for Injury Prevention and ControlDivision of Unintentional Injury Prevention

Andrew Tolmie, PhD Health EducationUniversity of Strathclyde Psychology

October 2001 National Strategies for Advancing Child Pedestrian Safety 21

Elizabeth Towner, PhD Health EducationUniversity of Newcastle

Maria Vegega, PhD PsychologyNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationOffice of Traffic Injury Control ProgramsSafety Countermeasures Division

Claudia Vousden, RN, MPH NursingState and Territorial Injury Prevention Directors’ Association

David Wallace, MS Epidemiology ResearchCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Center for Injury Prevention and ControlDivision of Unintentional Injury Prevention

John Wetmore CommunicationsPerils for Pedestrians

Mark Widome, MD, MPH Child Injury PreventionPennsylvania State University Advocacy

PediatricsEpidemiology Research

Bill Wilkinson Pedestrian AdvocacyCampaign to Make America Walkable

Allan Williams, PhD Motor Vehicle InsuranceInsurance Institute for Highway Safety Industry Research

Diane Winn, RN, MPH Epidemiology ResearchUniversity of California Irvine NursingPediatric Injury Prevention Research GroupHealth Policy and Research

Charles Zegeer, MS Traffic EngineeringUniversity of North CarolinaHighway Safety Research Center

Joseph Zins, EdD Health EducationUniversity of Cincinnati

22 National Strategies for Advancing Child Pedestrian Safety October 2001