National Register Nomination - Savannah Waterworks

NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

1

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service

National Register of Historic Places Registration Form

This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in National Register Bulletin,

How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. If any item does not apply to the property being documented, enter

"N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories

from the instructions.

1. Name of Property

Historic name: _____Savannah Waterworks________

Other names/site number: ______________________________________

Name of related multiple property listing:

____N/A____________________________________________________

(Enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing

____________________________________________________________________________

2. Location

Street & number: __702 Stiles Avenue__________________

City or town: _Savannah__ State: ___GA_______ County: __Chatham_______

Not For Publication: Vicinity:

____________________________________________________________________________

3. State/Federal Agency Certification

As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended,

I hereby certify that this nomination ___ request for determination of eligibility meets

the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic

Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60.

In my opinion, the property ___ meets ___ does not meet the National Register Criteria. I

recommend that this property be considered significant at the following

level(s) of significance:

___national ___statewide ___local

Applicable National Register Criteria:

___A ___B ___C ___D

Signature of certifying official/Title: Date

______________________________________________

State or Federal agency/bureau or Tribal Government

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Savannah Waterworks Chatham, GA Name of Property County and State

Sections 1-6 page 2

In my opinion, the property meets does not meet the National Register

criteria.

Signature of commenting official: Date

Title : State or Federal agency/bureau

or Tribal Government

______________________________________________________________________________

4. National Park Service Certification

I hereby certify that this property is:

entered in the National Register

determined eligible for the National Register

determined not eligible for the National Register

removed from the National Register

other (explain:) _____________________

______________________________________________________________________

Signature of the Keeper Date of Action

____________________________________________________________________________

5. Classification

Ownership of Property

(Check as many boxes as apply.)

Private:

Public – Local

Public – State

Public – Federal

X



Section 7 page 3

Category of Property

(Check only one box.)

Building(s)

District

Site

Structure

Object

Number of Resources within Property

(Do not include previously listed resources in the count)

Contributing Noncontributing

_____1_______ _____15______ buildings

_____________ _____________ sites

_____________ ______ ______ structures

_____________ _____________ objects

_____________ ______________ Total

Number of contributing resources previously listed in the National Register _________

____________________________________________________________________________

6. Function or Use

Historic Functions

(Enter categories from instructions.)

_GOVERNMENT/public works_

_INDUSTRY/waterworks______

_LANDSCAPE/plaza_________

___________________

___________________

X



Section 7 page 4

___________________

___________________

Current Functions


_INDUSTRY/industrial storage_

_LANDSCAPE/parking lot_____

___________________

___________________

___________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

7. Description

Architectural Classification


_LATE VICTORIAN – Richardsonian Romanesque__

___________________

___________________

___________________

___________________

___________________

___________________

Materials: (enter categories from instructions.)

Principal exterior materials of the property:

CONCRETE - foundation__

BRICK - walls______

STONE – Granite - walls______

TERRA COTTA - walls______

METAL – Tin - roof_______



Section 7 page 5

Narrative Description

(Describe the historic and current physical appearance and condition of the property. Describe

contributing and noncontributing resources if applicable. Begin with a summary paragraph that

briefly describes the general characteristics of the property, such as its location, type, style,

method of construction, setting, size, and significant features. Indicate whether the property has

historic integrity.)

______________________________________________________________________________

Summary Paragraph

The Savannah Waterworks is a large industrial building comprised of a three-story tower

and a smokestack flanked by two one-story warehouses. There are 15 other small buildings,

sheds, and garages on the property that are noncontributing. The waterworks building was

designed in the Richardsonian Romanesque style, made with brick bearing walls. The brick walls

are primarily arranged in a five-course American bond, and also contain granite and terra cotta

details. The gabled roof is made of tin and supported by steel trusses. The building’s interior

reflects the Richardsonian Romanesque style with an ornate terra cotta frieze. Its significant

features are the Romanesque arches, the Romanesque tower, the decorative terra cotta, the

smokestack, and the large uninterrupted volume on the building’s interior. The property is

located on the northeast corner of Stiles Avenue and Gwinnett Street. The buildings surroundings

are largely industrial, with the residential neighborhood of Carver Heights located to the

southwest. The Springfield Canal is adjacent to the property on the east, and the I-16 flyover is

located one third of a mile beyond the canal, and forms an arc around the property to the south,

east, and northeast.

______________________________________________________________________________

Narrative Description

The building was designed by a Chicago Engineer named Thomas T. Johnson. Years

before, he had designed a waterworks building in Memphis which was “said to be one of the best

in the county”. He was brought to Savannah to improve the old Waterworks, but instead made a

suggestion to “erect an entire new plant on the Springfield Plantation and build a brick conduit

from the present works to the new plant.1 The construction process was intricate and expensive,

and the contracts for the new Waterworks machinery came from all over the United States. E. F.

Joyce from Florida was awarded the bid for boring the wells, Holly Manufacturing Company

from New York was awarded the bid for the pumping engines, Robertson & Weaver from

Maryland was awarded the bid for the water conduit, Howard Harrison Iron Company from

Alabama was awarded the bid for the pipes, and Rensselaer Manufacturing Company from New

York was awarded the bid for the valves and water gates.2 Local work from Savannah was also

used on the construction of the building and the machinery. John Rourke & Son was awarded the

bid for the boilers, Martin Cooley was awarded the bid for laying the pipes, John McGrath was

awarded the bid for the drayage of pipes, and W.F. Chaplin was awarded for the bid for the

1 Annual Report of John Schwartz. Savannah: The Morning News Print, 1890. 2 Annual Report of John J. McDonough. Savannah: The Morning News Print, 1891.



Section 7 page 6

waterworks sub-floor.3 After all the initial machinery was completed, W. F. Chaplin, was

“awarded the contract for the construction of the upper work of the buildings at the New Pumps

Station” in February of 1863 for $27,166, which “includes all stone and terra cotta work.”4

Finally, the completion of the roof was awarded to W. H. Converse of Chattanooga for

$7,823.125.

The original building was comprised of a large Romanesque tower and a tall smokestack

flanked by two shorter, gabled warehouse buildings. The buildings were all constructed of brick,

with granite trim and ornate terra cotta detailing. Windows were rectangular with arches above

them containing decorative terra cotta. The shorter warehouse buildings also had large circular

windows. The building itself was a symbol of pride for the city, and the newspaper called it

“quite a handsome and imposing structure.”6 A 1900 Postcard shows the new building with

landscaped gardens surrounding it.7

A site visit to the Waterworks gave further insight into the current state of the building.

Trash cans, tires, and utility vehicles in and around the building indicated that the waterworks

was still being used for storage. The landscaped gardens around the buildings are gone and have

been replaced with parking and non-contributing structures. Most remaining windows were

boarded up, bricked in, or broken. (see images 3, 5, and 6). The intricate terra cotta work was in

fairly decent shape, although several of the cattail terra cotta tiles above the windows were

falling off and being held in place by wood or steel beams. Marks on the exterior walls and

burned wood showed that smaller structures attached to the rear of the brick building had burned

down. (see image 2). The tall smokestack had been cut down to reduce its size. (see image 2).

Plants and shrubbery had begun to grow out of cracks in the exterior walls, and bricks around the

largest arch had begun to crumble and fall. The large Romanesque tower was no longer

accessible due to a collapsed ceiling and stairwell. The interiors of the warehouse buildings were

elaborate as well: the larger warehouse building contained a terra cotta frieze of dragons and

foliage, identical cattail terra cotta tiles above windows, and the walls were whitewashed from

the frieze down. (see image 7). The tin roof had several holes, and the trusses holding up the roof

had begun to rust. (see image 6). The second warehouse building, although less ornate, still

contained the machinery that would have opened and closed the roof for ventilation.

3 Ibid. 4 Minutes of Council 1891-1893. Savannah, Georgia. 412. 5 Ibid. 6 Savannah Morning News, "To Turn on the Water," November 21, 1892. 7 Georgia Historical Society, Savannah, Georgia, GHS Postcard Collection 1361 PC, “Savannah City Waterworks,” MS 1361-PC, City Waterwork.



Section 8 page 7

_________________________________________________________________

8. Statement of Significance

Applicable National Register Criteria

(Mark "x" in one or more boxes for the criteria qualifying the property for National Register

listing.)

A. Property is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the

broad patterns of our history.

B. Property is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past.

C. Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of

construction or represents the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values,

or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack

individual distinction.

D. Property has yielded, or is likely to yield, information important in prehistory or

history.

Criteria Considerations

(Mark “x” in all the boxes that apply.)

A. Owned by a religious institution or used for religious purposes

B. Removed from its original location

C. A birthplace or grave

D. A cemetery

E. A reconstructed building, object, or structure

F. A commemorative property

G. Less than 50 years old or achieving significance within the past 50 years

X



Section 8 page 8

Areas of Significance


OTHER: public works

ARCHITECTURE____

___________________

___________________

___________________

___________________

___________________

Period of Significance

1893-1940___________

___________________

___________________

Significant Dates

1893-Construction of building

1940-stopped operations

___________________

Significant Person

(Complete only if Criterion B is marked above.)

___________________

___________________

___________________

Cultural Affiliation

___________________

___________________

___________________

Architect/Builder

Thomas T. Johnson-Architect/Engineer

W. F. Chaplin - Builder

___________________



Section 8 page 9

Statement of Significance Summary Paragraph (Provide a summary paragraph that includes

level of significance, applicable criteria, justification for the period of significance, and any

applicable criteria considerations.)

The Savannah Waterworks is eligible for listing in the National Register under criterion A for

OTHER: Public Works and Criterion C for ARCHITECTURE as a good example of an

industrial-related public works building constructed in the Richardsonian Romanesque style.

This building is significant for its association with the city water department at the turn of the

20th century and because of the craftsmanship of the building. The period of significance starts

with the building’s construction in 1893 and ends in 1940 when original use was discontinued.

______________________________________________________________________________

Narrative Statement of Significance (Provide at least one paragraph for each area of

significance.)

Criterion A – OTHER: Public Works

Before British colonization of Savannah, the land where the Waterworks currently stands

was a tidewater swamp. On this land in the first two decades of the 19th century, Joseph Stiles

(an original Oglethorpe colonist) owned a rice plantation that was “five hundred acres, and . . . a

narrow belt of low land three hundred yards wide.”8 Springfield canal, located adjacent to the

current waterworks, was constructed for the rice plantation.9 The city viewed the swampy

lowlands as a threat to public health and, in 1820, a dry-culture method was used to drain them.10

Thirty years later, the city of Savannah purchased the plantation to extend the city limits

westward, and then divided the higher land into individual lots and sold them.11 In May of 1890,

the city council recognized the need for the construction of a New Waterworks, and proposed

that “at least two fifteen million gallon pumps of the latest approve pattern . . . be proceeded

upon with the least possible delay.12 The site at the corner of Gwinnett Street and Stiles Avenue

8 Lee, F. D., and J. L. Agnew. Historical record of the city of Savannah. Savannah: J.H. Estill, 1869. 9 Ibid. 10 Fraser, Walter J. Savannah in the Old South. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2003. 11 Ibid. 12 Minutes of Council 1890-1891. Savannah, Georgia. 146.



Section 8 page 10

was selected because it was “near the city and far enough removed from any contaminating

influences.”13 In 1891, the city of Savannah purchased 31 acres on this site from the Savannah

Brick Manufacturing Company for $17,050 and reserved 8 1/2 acres for the Waterworks.14

In addition to having an eye-catching facade, the function that the building served was even

more significant to the city of Savannah. During the turn of the 20th century, “one of the greatest

challenges for the growth of the American city . . . was to supply populations with a clean and

dependable water supply.”15 As Savannah grew during the late 19th century, much like other

American cities during this time, there was an increased need for fresh water to supply industries

and a growing population. This surge in population put a strain on the previous waterworks that

existed on the Savannah river. In 1890, the mayor of Savannah voiced his concerns for the old

waterworks, stating that the machinery was “being forced beyond its legitimate capacity, and

cannot reasonably be expected to keep in repair, or to last as long as if it were not so

overloaded.”16 The new waterworks pumping station contained mechanics that were state-of the-

art for their time, and the building was built at such a large scale to be able to accommodate more

equipment as the city and its need for water grew.17 After the construction of the new

waterworks, the mayor stated that the new waterworks “has been very satisfactory and that the

outlook for the future is exceedingly encouraging.”18

At first, operations ran smoothy at the new waterworks building. However, in 1908, the

output of water from the new pumping station had to be supplemented with the rehabilitation of

the old pumps at the pumping station located on the Savannah River.19 By 1916, the water supply

became contaminated again due to leaky casings at the River Station’s artesian wells and

chlorine had to be put into the water supply. Between the years of 1918 and 1921, seven different

electrically driven centrifugal pumps had to be installed in different parts of Savannah. The 1916

Sanborn maps show the new pipes and pumps that had been installed near the building at this

point.20 [see image 6] After large pumps were installed at Daffin Park and the corner of Stiles

Avenue and Louisville Road, the Waterworks building on Gwinnett Street was shut down and

was “held in reserve for emergency” with “engineers and firemen . . . on duty in the event it is

necessary to operate the plant.”21 By 1940, the Gwinnett Street waterworks station closed

permanently and has since been used as a storage facility for the city of Savannah.22 Ultimately,

the original purpose of the Waterworks building didn’t stand the test of time and it currently

“stands as an ironic monument to what was only a very brief cure to the city’s insatiable desire

for fresh water.”28

13 Annual Report of John J. McDonough. Savannah: The Morning News Print, 1891. 14 Ibid. 15 Kelley David, Building Savannah, (Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2000), 121. 16 Annual Report of John J. McDonough. Savannah: The Morning News Print, 1890. 17 Spracher, Luciana. City of Savannah Water Works Pump House. Savannah, 2005. 18 Ibid. 19 Valentino, John G. History of Savannah Water Department 1822 to 1923. Savannah. 20 “Savannah 1916.” Sanborn Map. 21 Ibid. 22 Gomez, Marisa C., and E. G. Daves Rossell. "Greater Savannah Tour No 1 African American and Coastal Communities." In Vernacular Architecture Forum 2007 : Savannah and the Lowcountry : Field guide for the 28th annual meeting. Savannah: Vernacular Architecture Forum, 2007. 416.



Section 8 page 11

Criterion C - ARCHITECTURE

The Waterworks was designed in the Richardsonian Romanesque style, which was very

popular for large-scale public buildings in the 1880s and 1890s.23 In other parts of the country,

Richardsonian Romanesque buildings were typically made of stone. In Georgia, they were

“usually of brick, with a granite base and granite trim.”24 The Waterworks building is

constructed of brick, mostly arranged in a five course American bond. The exterior walls contain

terra cotta details as well as granite belt courses, parapets, and window sills. Several character

defining elements of this building allow it to be easily identified in the Richardsonian

Romanesque style, including large Romanesque arches, arched windows, and decorative terra

cotta. The sculptural terra cotta details include geometric floral tiles, mascarons of men and

lions, decorative tiles of cattails and foliage in the arches above windows, and acanthus leaves on

the arcaded cornice and on the spandrels of the largest archway. (see image 4). One of the most

prominent features of the building is a large, Romanesque tower. The tower serves as an

architectural focal point of the building since it is asymmetrically flanked by two shorter, gabled

warehouse buildings. There are three different levels of arches in the tower, the top level

consisting of large open arches and the lower levels consisting of arched windows. (see image

3). Another large cylindrical tower on the back side of the building functioned as the building’s

smokestack. The pump house also featured large circular windows on one of the shorter

warehouse buildings - a revival of Romanesque church architecture.

The Romanesque-style pump house was built at the height of America’s Gilded Age, a

time period that is frequently associated with outward displays of glitz and glamor while hiding

corruption and poverty. The design and setting of the Waterworks falls perfectly into these

generalizations of the Gilded age: the intricate terra cotta details on the exterior portrayed a sense

of elegance and importance to the public eye, while the impoverished neighborhoods

surrounding the waterworks, would be indicative of the widespread urban poverty of that time.

The Gilded Age was also a time when America underwent a “transformation as industry and

urbanism grew with awe-inspiring rapidity.”25 For this reason, there is no coincidence that the

Richardsonian Romanesque style was used on so many large-scale industrial and public

buildings during this time. Their substantial and robust designs would portray a city’s strength

and prosperity. In Savannah, this style is seen in several large public buildings other than the

waterworks. Three other good examples are buildings that were all designed by William G.

Preston: the 1886 Savannah Cotton Exchange, the 1889 Chatham County Courthouse,

and the 1892 Savannah Volunteer Guards Armory (built the same year as the Waterworks).

The Construction of the Savannah Waterworks was a collaboration between local industries

and industries from all over the Eastern United States. Thomas T. Johnson of Chicago was the

Designer of the building, and W.F. Chaplin from Savannah was the builder. Other construction

bids came from New York, Maryland, Tennessee, Alabama, and Florida. The total cost of the

23 Virginia and Lee McAlester, A Field Guide to American Houses, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1984), 302. 24 John Linley, The Georgia Catalog - Historic American Buildings Survey, (Athens, GA: The University of Georgia Press, 1982), 200. 25 Morgan, H. Wayne. The gilded age, a reappraisal.. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1963.



Section 8 page 12

waterworks system was $410,660.26 Taking inflation into account, this cost would have been

greater than $10,000,000 in today’s economy. The cost of the building, combined with the

awarding of bids to out-of-state contractors, demonstrates how dedicated the city of Savannah

was to construct a substantial and aesthetically pleasing building. Furthermore, the waterworks

building stands as a testament to the growth of industries all over the United States since several

different companies were brought to Savannah to work on individual parts of the building.

26 Spracher, Luciana. City of Savannah Water Works Pump House. Savannah, 2005.



Sections 9-end page 13

______________________________________________________________________________

9. Major Bibliographical References

Bibliography (Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form.)

City of Savannah Research Library and Municipal Archives. Savannah, Georgia

Minutes of Council 1890-1891

Minutes of Council 1891-1893

Fraser, Walter J. Savannah in the Old South. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2003.

Georgia Historical Society. Savannah, Georgia.

GHS Postcard Collection 1361 PC.

“Savannah City Waterworks,” MS 1361-PC, City Waterwork.

“Savannah 1898.” Sanborn Map.

“Savannah 1916.” Sanborn Map.

Vertical File “Public Buildings - Savannah Waterworks.”

Annual Report of John J. McDonough. Savannah: The Morning News Print,

1891.

Annual Report of John Schwartz. Savannah: The Morning News Print, 1890.

Savannah Morning News, "To Turn on the Water," November 21, 1892

Gomez, Marisa C., and E. G. Daves Rossell. "Greater Savannah Tour No 1 African

American and Coastal Communities." In Vernacular Architecture Forum 2007 :

Savannah and the Lowcountry : Field guide for the 28th annual meeting. Savannah:

Vernacular Architecture Forum, 2007.

John Linley, The Georgia Catalog - Historic American Buildings Survey, (Athens, GA:

The University of Georgia Press, 1982), 200.

Kelley David, Building Savannah, Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2000.

Lee, F. D., and J. L. Agnew. Historical record of the city of Savannah. Savannah: J.H. Estill,

1869.

Morgan, H. Wayne. The gilded age, a reappraisal.. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University

Press, 1963.

Spracher, Luciana. City of Savannah Water Works Pump House. Savannah, 2005

Valentino, John G. History of Savannah Water Department 1822 to 1923. Savannah, 1923.

Virginia and Lee McAlester, A Field Guide to American Houses, New York: Alfred A.

Knopf, Inc., 1984.




___________________________________________________________________________

Previous documentation on file (NPS):

____ preliminary determination of individual listing (36 CFR 67) has been requested

____ previously listed in the National Register

____ previously determined eligible by the National Register

____ designated a National Historic Landmark

____ recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey #____________

____ recorded by Historic American Engineering Record # __________

____ recorded by Historic American Landscape Survey # ___________

Primary location of additional data:

____ State Historic Preservation Office

____ Other State agency

____ Federal agency

____ Local government

____ University

____ Other

Name of repository: _____________________________________

Historic Resources Survey Number (if assigned): ________________

______________________________________________________________________________

10. Geographical Data

Acreage of Property __8.85 acres_____________




Use either the UTM system or latitude/longitude coordinates

Latitude/Longitude Coordinates

Datum if other than WGS84:__________

(enter coordinates to 6 decimal places)

1. Latitude: 32.072036 Longitude: -81.113399

2. Latitude: Longitude:



Or

UTM References

Datum (indicated on USGS map):

NAD 1927 or NAD 1983

1. Zone: Easting: Northing:



4. Zone: Easting : Northing:

Verbal Boundary Description (Describe the boundaries of the property.)

The property is bounded by Springfield Canal on the East, W Gwinnett Street on the South,

Stiles Avenue on the West, and an industrial property on the North.




Boundary Justification (Explain why the boundaries were selected.)

The boundary includes all the land currently owned by the city water department and all of the

land historically associated with the building and its operation as a waterworks.

______________________________________________________________________________

11. Form Prepared By

name/title: __Davis Allen_____________________________________________________

organization: ___Savannah College of Art and Design_______________________________

street & number: __342 Bull Street______________________________________________

city or town: _Savannah_________________ state: ___GA________ zip code:__31402____

[email protected] ____________________________

telephone:___678-982-1050______________________

date:_______11 March 2014______________________

___________________________________________________________________________

Additional Documentation

Submit the following items with the completed form:

Maps: A USGS map or equivalent (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's

location.

Sketch map for historic districts and properties having large acreage or numerous

resources. Key all photographs to this map.

Additional items: (Check with the SHPO, TPO, or FPO for any additional items.)




Photographs

Submit clear and descriptive photographs. The size of each image must be 1600x1200 pixels

(minimum), 3000x2000 preferred, at 300 ppi (pixels per inch) or larger. Key all photographs

to the sketch map. Each photograph must be numbered and that number must correspond to

the photograph number on the photo log. For simplicity, the name of the photographer,

photo date, etc. may be listed once on the photograph log and doesn’t need to be labeled on

every photograph.

Photo Log

Name of Property: Savannah Waterworks

City or Vicinity: Savannah

County: Chatham State: GA

Photographer: Ellie Isaacs

Date Photographed: February 10, 2014

Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of

camera:

1 of 7: East façade; photographer facing northwest.

2 of 7: Portion of north façade, detail of smokestack; photographer facing south.

3 of 7: Detail of tower and east façade; photographer facing southwest

4 of 7: Detail of entrance and sculptural terra cotta on south façade; photographer facing

north

5 of 7: Detail of tower and sculptural terra cotta above windows; photographer facing west

6 of 7: Interior, main floor, view of east wall and ceiling; photographer facing east

7 of 7: Interior, main floor, detail of sculptural terra cotta frieze; photographer facing west




Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C.460 et seq.). Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 100 hours per response including time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Office of Planning and Performance Management. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, DC.

W Gwinnett St

Stile

s Ave

nue

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Contributing Building

Non-contributing Building

Property Boundary

Indexed Photograph

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Savannah Waterworks, Savannah, Chatham County, GeorgiaSketch Map and Photo key

Savannah WaterworksSavannah, Chatham County, GeorgiaPhoto 1 of 7

National Register Nomination - Savannah Waterworks

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