National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning...

281
National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report April 2013

Transcript of National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning...

Page 1: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

National Planning

Framework 3

Scottish Planning

Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment

Environmental Report

April 2013

Page 2: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

1

CONTENTS Non Technical Summary 1 1. Introduction Purpose of this Report 12 Structure of this Report 12 Key Facts 13 Approach to the Environmental Assessment 14 Outline of the Policy and Assessment Process 16 2. Environmental Context 18 Purpose of this section 18 Environmental Baseline 19 3. Significant Environmental Effects of the National Planning Framework 3 Main

Issues Report and Draft Framework 64 Introduction 64 Outline of the key components of National Planning Framework 3 64 Environmental Effects of the Main Issues Report and Draft Framework 65 Regional level assessments 109 4. Significant Environmental Effects of the Draft Scottish Planning Policy 125 Introduction 125 Outline of the key components of the Draft Scottish Planning Policy 125 Environmental Effects of the Draft Scottish Planning Policy 127 5. Strategic Cumulative Effects 134 Introduction 134 Cumulative Effects on Environmental Receptors 134 6. Mitigation and Monitoring 137 Introduction 137 National Planning Framework 3 – Proposed Mitigation 137 Draft Scottish Planning Policy – Proposed Mitigation 145 Monitoring 146 7. Next Steps 147 Questions for Consultess 147 Programme for finalising NPF3 and the SPP 147 Appendix A - Contextual Analysis Appendix B - Assessment Matrices – Strategy Components Appendix C - Assessment Matrices – Alternatives

Page 3: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

2

NON TECHNICAL SUMMARY

What is Strategic Environmental Assessment?

This Environmental Report sets out the findings from a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of the emerging third National Planning Framework and draft Scottish Planning Policy. An SEA of these documents is required under Directive 2001/42/EC, and the Environmental Assessment (Scotland) Act 2005.

SEA identifies the likely environmental impacts of plans and policies, and alternatives to them. Taking place at an early stage in the policy preparation process, it ensures that decision making is informed by relevant environmental information. SEA provides opportunities for the public, including those who might be affected by the proposals, to consider this information and use it to inform their views on the draft plan or policy.

Views on this Environmental Report, and the draft NPF and SPP, in the light of the findings set out in this report, are now invited.

What is the National Planning Framework?

The National Planning Framework (NPF) is a long term spatial plan for Scotland. It sets out where, from a national perspective, key development and infrastructure improvements should take place. It includes national level strategy and regional perspectives. To deliver the strategy, the NPF can also establish the ‘need’ for specific projects or types of developments, by designating them as national developments.

The Scottish Government is currently preparing the third framework (NPF3). It is expected that the finalised NPF3 will be adopted in summer 2014, replacing the second framework (NPF2), which was published in June 2009. As a first stage in the process, a Main Issues Report has been prepared, which sets out the key areas of change since NPF2 was published, and outlines a ‘preferred strategy’. This is essentially a draft Framework.

The strategy aims to ensure that Scotland becomes….

…a low carbon place. This section focuses primarily on energy, and further references to low carbon objectives are also outlined in other parts of the strategy. To deliver the planning strategy for energy, four national developments are identified: onshore infrastructure to support offshore renewable energy, electricity grid enhancements, safeguarding sites for power stations at Longannet and Cockenzie and thermal generation with carbon capture and storage at Peterhead and Grangemouth.

…a natural place to invest. This section focuses on our natural and cultural heritage assets. It emphasises their importance as part of placemaking and economic development, and makes a continuing commitment to their protection. It prioritises two national developments: a national walking and cycling network, and the Metropolitan Glasgow Strategic Drainage Plan.

…a successful, sustainable place. This section considers future distribution, scale and patterns of built development, focusing on placemaking, green networks, health and homes. National developments to deliver the strategy are identified: redevelopment of the Dundee Waterfront, regeneration at Ravenscraig and the Central Scotland Green Network.

Page 4: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

3

…a connected place. This part of the strategy explores transport and digital links, within Scotland and with the rest of the world. Five key infrastructure projects are identified as national developments: Aberdeen Harbour, Grangemouth Investment Zone, Freight on the Forth, High Speed Rail and Strategic Airport enhancements.

Reflecting where key developments are expected to take place, the Main Issues Report also focuses on six areas of co-ordinated action: Orkney, Pentland Firth and North Caithness; Inverness and the Inner Moray Firth; Aberdeen and the North East; the Firth of Forth; the Firth of Clyde and the South West Coast.

What is the Scottish Planning Policy?

The Scottish Planning Policy is linked with NPF3. The current policy review considers the policy as a whole and aims to ensure that planning contributes as fully as possible to sustainable economic growth, and the transition to a low carbon economy. Bringing together and updating the existing SPP, the draft SPP includes a number of proposed policies;

Cross cutting policies: focusing on sustainable economic growth, sustainable development, engagement, climate change, placemaking and spatial strategies.

Policies relating to buildings: delivery of new homes, supporting business and employment, and valuing the historic environment.

Policies for the environment: valuing the natural environment, enhancing green infrastructure, sustainable resource extraction, and aquaculture.

Policies on movement: making best use of existing infrastructure and reducing the need to travel whilst supporting sustainable transport options.

Policies supporting development of utilities: delivering heat and electricity, digital communication, flood management and waste.

How is a Strategic Environmental Assessment undertaken?

This is a strategic level assessment of national level planning policies. As a result, it broadly assesses the expected effects of the proposed policies, and alternatives to them.

A series of key questions (‘environmental objectives’), is used to structure the assessment. Information about the existing environment has been used to inform the assessment and define these objectives. Individual and collective effects of the policies on natural and cultural heritage, landscape, climate, air, soil, water and material assets (environmental infrastructure), are identified. Where relevant, more detailed environmental baseline information has also been used to help identify more localised impacts.

The assessment identifies positive and negative environmental effects, considers whether they would be temporary or permanent, and notes where they would arise in the short, medium or long term. It also identifies effects arising directly from the policies, and ‘secondary’ effects, which would indirectly impact on the environment. ‘Cumulative’ effects are also identified: including where there will be several impacts in particular locations, or on specific environmental features. This is described for the NPF and SPP on their own, and together. The assessment has been systematic, and the findings are recorded in a series of tables. The significant impacts are described in the Environmental Report.

Page 5: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

4

Which reasonable alternatives have been assessed?

The assessment considers the effects of policy proposals, and reasonable alternatives to them. Guidance on SEA explains that alternatives must be realistic. The effects of the options which were considered during the preparation of the NPF and SPP are assessed. These options are explained in the Main Issues Report and draft SPP, and highlighted as questions for consultees to consider further. Alternative proposals for national developments, in addition to those identified within the Main Issues Report, have been assessed and the key effects are referenced within the Environmental Report. This approach means that consultees can consider the impact of the proposed policies and proposals, and the reasonable alternatives to them, when responding to the consultation.

Which existing environmental protection objectives are relevant?

There are many established environmental protection objectives, which form the context for the assessment. International and national level policies and strategies aim to protect and enhance our environment. Biodiversity objectives focus on sites and species which are of particular value, and aim to protect and improve natural heritage networks. Objectives for water, soil and air aim to reduce pollution, and to reverse the effects of past emissions. Landscape objectives protect our most scenic areas, reflect the importance of the interaction between people and the land, and aim to enhance areas where landscape qualities have been eroded over time. Cultural heritage objectives range from protection of World Heritage Sites to recognition and management of more locally important buildings and archaeology, and their wider setting. Cutting across all of these objectives, international and national climate change objectives are expressed in targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and also support adaptation to changing weather patterns.

What is the current state of the environment?

Scotland’s environment is rich in natural and cultural heritage. Its network of European protected sites supports many important and rare plants, birds and animals. Many biodiversity features are in good condition, but continuing efforts are needed to avoid the further decline of some species and habitats.

Scotland’s air, soil and water are generally in good condition, but there are concentrations of pollution in some parts of the country. Some of this is historic, arising from past industrial activities, but there are also ongoing challenges, including emissions of pollutants from transport and energy generation. Trends suggest that pollution will continue to reduce over time, but there will be a further need for behavioural change to achieve more significant progress in the long term.

Scotland has high quality landscapes, with many iconic views and scenic areas. Our National Scenic Areas and National Parks require special attention to ensure development does not erode their special qualities. Scotland also has extensive areas of relatively remote and inaccessible wild land, particularly in the north and west of the country. Many other areas are regionally and locally important, forming the backdrop for our settlements and attractive areas for recreation and tourism. Our historic environment includes World Heritage Sites, listed buildings, conservation areas, gardens and designed landscapes and archaeology. Many archaeological resources remain undiscovered, but are nevertheless important relics of our history and past patterns of settlement.

Page 6: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

5

Scotland has many natural resources and material assets, not least its high quality agricultural land, and extensive areas of forestry and woodland. Scotland’s transport infrastructure is also a key asset, connecting our urban and more remote rural areas.

Finally, climate change is already having an impact on weather patterns. Changes in levels and timing of rainfall, changing temperatures, and more extreme weather events are all expected, affecting other aspects of the environment. Whilst progress is being made to reduce emissions that cause climate change, further action is needed to meet Scotland’s ambitious climate change targets.

What are the likely significant environmental effects of the emerging National Planning Framework?

Taking this context into account, the assessment of the NPF3 Main Issues Report identifies the following key effects:

Part 1 - A Low Carbon Place emphasises the importance of energy efficiency and renewable heat, as well as continuing thermal generation to support the deployment of renewable energy. The oil and gas sector, including further extraction and opportunities from decommissioning is also recognised. The overall strategy raises a number of potential environmental effects. Many of these effects will be at a local scale where development of energy generation and distribution networks requires careful planning to avoid adverse impacts on biodiversity, soil, water, landscape and cultural heritage. Overall, this part of the NPF is expected to make a significant contribution to meeting our targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

More specifically, air quality could be affected by increased biomass for heat. Onshore infrastructure to support offshore wind, wave and tidal energy will require careful management in coastal areas. Enhancements of grid infrastructure could result in a range of environmental effects, including landscape change, depending on the extent to which new infrastructure will be required. In addition, the redevelopment of existing power stations, and projects with carbon capture and storage, may impact on biodiversity, air and water.

The Main Issues Report notes the importance of safeguarding nationally important landscapes (National Scenic Areas and National Parks) from large scale wind farms, and will therefore benefit nationally designated landscapes. It also notes that the draft SPP protects wild land from wind farm development, and asks consultees to consider whether SNH mapping of core areas of wild land should be included in the NPF. From a national perspective, the SEA notes that protection of these areas will benefit biodiversity and wider ecosystems.

Part 2 – A Natural Place to Invest is expected to provide environmental benefits. Continuing environmental protection will benefit biodiversity, landscapes, and wider ecosystems, including soil, water and air. Proposals for enhancing tourism and recreation, including completion of a national cycle and walking network, will benefit people and health, and provide opportunities for enjoying the environment. Careful visitor management may be required where recreation is being encouraged in more sensitive areas, to avoid disturbance of species and habitats, and reduce the impacts of paths and tracks on soil and wider landscapes. An emphasis on sustainable transport options for visitors will help to offset the greenhouse gas emissions arising from increased international travel.

Proposals for promoting sustainable resource management will have largely positive effects. The approach to waste management aims to make best use of waste materials, whilst

Page 7: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

6

reducing climate change emissions from the sector. Local impacts from building new facilities and associated transport will need to be managed through the planning process.

Part 3 – A Successful, Sustainable Place supports development and investment to facilitate economic recovery. The emphasis on sustainable settlement patterns and ‘placemaking’ will have positive environmental impacts. Reducing development on greenfield land will benefit soil, water, and landscape, whilst improvements to the quality of built fabric could generally support conservation and enhancement of historic townscapes. Linking development with public transport networks, walking and cycling routes will help to reduce climate change emissions from transport. Positive effects for the environment as a whole, and particularly people and health, are expected from NPF3’s support for green infrastructure, including retention of the Central Scotland Green Network as a national development.

The continuing support for providing a generous supply of land for housing in NPF3 could have environmental impacts, but these will be minimised by the emphasis within the wider strategy on good quality development in the right locations. An alternative, more prescriptive approach of setting regional targets at the national level would have similar impacts. The environmental effects of housing development will depend largely on decisions taken at a more local level.

Two further national developments aim to deliver this part of the strategy. Regeneration of Dundee Waterfront is an integrated project, that is already transforming the quality of the city centre. Potential impacts of this development on the River Tay, a European protected site, will require further consideration, whilst it is likely that existing air quality issues will be addressed. Ravenscraig is identified as a national development, reflecting its significance as key a regeneration project. This will benefit the environment, by restoring a significant area of vacant land and creating a high quality living and working environment.

Finally, Part 4 – A Connected Place will help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve air quality, by minimising travel distance and increasing digital connections. Positive effects on material assets will be achieved by making best use of existing infrastructure. Improving links between cities could have localised impacts on population, air, soil, water, landscape and cultural heritage, but these would be largely confined to the construction phase and will be addressed through future transport and development planning. Improving access to rural areas and creating ‘scenic routes’ will benefit people and the economy, but will require careful planning and design to avoid impacts on landscapes and natural areas.

A number of national developments provide a focus for delivering this part of the strategy. They may have some environmental effects, with some increasing greenhouse gas emissions from long distance transport. More specifically, the national development proposals for expansion of Aberdeen Harbour could raise challenges for the River Dee Special Area of Conservation. Water quality issues will require attention, whilst there may be benefits from redevelopment of vacant land. Development of the Grangemouth Investment Zone could also raise biodiversity issues, particularly for the Firth of Forth Special Protection Area. Flood risk management measures and close attention to any impacts on air quality will be required. Similar issues are predicted from the more general national development of additional freight capacity on the Forth, depending on location, level of disturbance and construction required.

In the longer term, the proposal for High Speed Rail links to London, and between Edinburgh and Glasgow may generate a range of environmental effects. These effects remain largely uncertain at this stage, as routing and stations have yet to be identified. However, impacts on communities and wider environmental resources including biodiversity, air, soil, water,

Page 8: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

7

cultural heritage and landscape, will need to be taken into account in future SEA of the development.

The proposed airport enhancements could have environmental impacts, but these will be largely localised. At Aberdeen and Prestwick airports, disturbance to local communities, and impacts on the water environment from run-off are potential issues. Similar effects are likely at Edinburgh, Glasgow and Inverness Airports, where impacts on nearby European protected sites may require further consideration. All of the proposed airport enhancements could increase greenhouse gas emissions, should they facilitate increased passenger travel.

There may be ‘cumulative’ effects arising in some areas of co-ordinated action. Increased coastal development will be an issue in most of the areas in the north and north east of the country, generating potential effects on biodiversity, archaeology and coastal waters. There is potential for significant combined impacts on the European protected habitats and bird species around the Firth of Forth. In response, the emerging strategy refers to the need for high level habitat enhancements to offset these effects. Fewer significant effects were identified in the Firth of Clyde and South West Coast, although mitigation of more localised effects is likely to benefit from co-ordinated action in these areas.

What are the likely significant environmental effects of the draft Scottish Planning Policy?

The draft Scottish Planning Policy will have largely positive environmental effects. Whilst some types of development have the potential for environmental effects, the draft policies address these by promoting a sustainable approach to planning and decision making.

Environmental benefits are expected from the draft SPP’s cross-cutting policies. Whilst there is a strong emphasis on economic growth, this is within the context of sustainable development, and a balance between economic, social and environmental objectives is emphasised. Positive effects on population and health will arise from the continuing commitment to community engagement in the planning process. Positive effects on climate change are also predicted from the recognition of the need to reduce emissions, and to adapt to changing weather patterns.

In terms of spatial strategies, the SPP encourages sustainable choices on the location, layout and design of development. This will have environmental benefits: the policy on town centres and emphasis on compact settlements would benefit natural heritage, could help to improve the historic environment, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from transport. However, there will still be a need to manage more localised impacts on biodiversity, soil, cultural heritage and landscape, where development takes place on undeveloped land, particularly in rural areas. Some strategic alternatives to the cross cutting policies are set out in the draft SPP and are assessed. Proposals for more regular reviews of town centres, and for their coverage of different land uses, are not expected to generate significant environmental effects beyond those already identified for the preferred approach.

Part 2 of the SPP focuses on buildings. The draft policies on housing will be neutral or positive for population and health, climate change and air quality, partly because they encourage high quality development in locations which are accessible by sustainable transport. Similarly, positive environmental effects are expected from policies supporting business and employment. There may be opportunities to strengthen these further, for example by further emphasising the need to reuse vacant and derelict land. Policies supporting protection and enhancement of cultural heritage assets will benefit the historic environment. A number of alternative approaches to delivering housing are set out in the

Page 9: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

8

draft SPP, and they will have mixed effects. Similarly, different approaches to planning for business and employment needs could alter the impacts of the policy.

Part 3 focuses on natural resources, and is expected to generate very positive environmental effects overall. The emphasis on protecting the natural environment and landscape, and green infrastructure networks will particularly benefit landscape and biodiversity, as well as wider ecosystems including soil, water and air quality. Significant positive effects on population and health and climate change objectives are also expected.

This part of the draft SPP also provides policies for minerals. Whilst biodiversity, population and health, air, soil, water, landscape and cultural heritage could be affected by minerals extraction, it is expected that they will be avoided or reduced by the proposed policies. Aquaculture impacts will also be managed by the policies set out in the SPP and its recognition of the need to balance business development with protecting assets such as coastal and marine biodiversity and water quality.

Part 4 of the SPP focuses on movement, with a number of transport policies. The overall emphasis on local carbon and public transport options and reducing the need to travel will help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The emphasis on matching development needs with infrastructure enhancement could lead to further development, which in turn may generate more negative environmental effects, particularly during construction. These effects will require mitigation through the planning process.

Finally, Part 5 considers the development of utilities. The draft SPP updates the approach to preparing spatial frameworks for onshore wind. This will provide environmental benefits, particularly for internationally and nationally protected natural heritage sites which are noted as being inappropriate for wind farm development. Impacts on the wider environment will still need to be considered in more detail, including issues for biodiversity, cultural heritage, landscape, water and soil. Similarly, effects of development on communities will require further assessment and mitigation, and this is acknowledged in the SPP criteria relating to residential amenity, health and safety. The SPP proposes increasing exclusion distances from communities (from 2km to 2.5km) and this could have positive effects on population and health, although the significance of these benefits will vary between locations and depend on a number of other factors such as landscape, settlement character and topography. The emphasis on heat networks will benefit climate change objectives, but as with this component of the NPF, air quality impacts and issues arising from the planting and harvesting of feedstocks should be taken into account.

The policies enabling digital communication are not expected to generate significant effects. However, localised issues including effects on biodiversity, water, soil, landscapes and in particular cultural heritage may need to be addressed at the relevant stage of the planning process. Benefits for the water environment, population and health and material assets are expected from the draft policy on flooding. The strategic alternatives could enhance these further, should flood risk assessment be further strengthened within the planning process and design measures be used to improve the performance of buildings. The policy on reducing and managing waste may result in further development, which in turn could have environmental effects including on communities, air, water and soil. However, these are anticipated and addressed in the draft policies.

What are the likely combined effects of the NPF and the SPP when viewed together?

The Environmental Report considers how the NPF and SPP work together, and whether one part of the policy context can add to or alter the impacts of the other. In many cases,

Page 10: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

9

potential development impacts are managed through the balancing policies within both documents.

The combined effects of the policies on biodiversity are expected to be mixed. Whilst they aim to protect natural heritage, they also facilitate development and this in turn could have impacts such as habitat damage or loss, and disturbance to species. As a result, the regional assessments for the NPF have highlighted where there may be particular concentrations of development, and explored whether there will be a need for a strategic approach to address impacts collectively. Beyond this, the balancing role of both documents is expected to be beneficial overall.

Cumulative effects on population and health are expected to be positive. Whilst some types of development will require careful planning and consenting to avoid adverse effects, the draft policies provide the tools required to do this. Many parts of both the NPF and SPP aim to create new opportunities for communities throughout Scotland, thereby strengthening their resilience, and will reinforce local distinctiveness and improve environmental quality.

There may be more mixed combined effects on air quality, water and soil from the combined polices and proposals. Construction, and some operational activities, can impact on all of these topics, but this will be managed through the planning process. The SPP includes a clear policy framework for flood risk management and guidance on coastal development, and this will be an important means for planning to implement proposals within NPF3 in a sustainable way. Generally positive cumulative effects on soil are expected from the combined policies, including from their shared prioritisation of the reuse of brownfield land.

Cultural heritage and landscape may be impacted by a number of proposals set out within NPF3. However, both the NPF and the SPP also include policies supporting their protection. The cross-cutting commitment to placemaking will help to ensure that planning continues to effectively manage development design and location, ensuring that these qualities are respected and enhanced. As they both aim to make best use of existing infrastructure, the NPF and the SPP will help to improve material assets.

Perhaps most significantly, the two documents aim to facilitate the transition to a low carbon economy and will therefore together make a significant contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and climate change adaptation.

How can these effects be reduced or avoided and monitored?

The planning system has a crucial role to play in managing the impacts of development. Many of the potential effects arising from this broad policy framework will be addressed as they are interpreted and applied in development plans and through the consenting stage. National level SEA should be recognised as the first stage in the environmental assessment process. Subsequent SEA of more specific development plans and project level Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) provide important opportunities to carry forward its recommendations where appropriate.

The SEA identifies a number of high level mitigation measures that aim to maximise the benefits of NPF3 and the SPP for the environment. Some aspects of the NPF are very broad at this stage, and so the SEA identifies subsequent plans, including other sectoral policies and projects, and strategic and local development plans, where issues can be more effectively addressed. This includes emerging marine sectoral plans for offshore wind, wave and tidal energy, future transport programmes and projects and the ongoing delivery of the National Renewables Infrastructure Plan.

Page 11: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

10

The SPP includes balancing policies, which will mitigate the potential impacts of the proposals identified in NPF3, and the effects of housing, business, renewable energy, minerals and waste development more generally. There may be further scope to increase references to the need to adapt to future climate change, cultural heritage, and wider opportunities environmental enhancement.

Regional measures are identified, including attention to impacts of onshore infrastructure for offshore energy in coastal areas, and environmental management around the Firth of Forth. Specific recommendations for each of the proposed national developments are also set out. These will be considered further in the preparation of the NPF3 Action Programme, and can be used as a starting point for project level EIA. The Environmental Report notes that national indicators for spatial planning are currently being development and will provide a useful means for future monitoring. It also proposes that monitoring should focus on how potential environmental impacts are addressed in the SEA of development plans, and project level EIA where required.

What happens next?

The Scottish Government will take into account views raised in response to the consultation on the Main Issues Report and Draft SPP and this Environmental Report, and amend the policies and proposals as appropriate. Following consultation on the NPF3 Main Issues Report, the Proposed Framework will be prepared and submitted to the Scottish Parliament for consideration over a 60 day period. Scottish Ministers will take into account views emerging and provide a response to the Parliament. It is expected that NPF3 will be adopted in summer 2014. The SPP will be finalised by the end of 2013.

A post-adoption SEA Statement will be published in 2014 following adoption of both NPF3 and the SPP. This will explain how issues raised in the environmental assessment, and associated views in response to the consultation, have been addressed.

Page 12: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

11

How do I get involved in the Strategic Environmental Assessment?

Views on the findings of the assessment are now welcome. A number of questions have been set out for consultees to consider:

1. What do you think of the environmental baseline information referred to in the Environmental Report? Are you aware of further information that could be used to inform the assessment findings?

2. Do you agree with the assessment findings? Are there other environmental effects arising from the Main Issues Report and Draft SPP?

3. Taking into account the environmental effects set out in the report, what are your views on:

a) The overall approach to NPF3, as outlined in the Main Issues Report, including key strategy proposals.

b) The strategic alternatives, as highlighted in the questions in the Main Issues Report?

c) The proposed suite of national developments to be included in the Proposed Framework?

d) Alternative candidate national developments?

e) The policies proposed for the Draft SPP?

f) The key questions for consultees set out in the Draft SPP?

4. What are the most significant negative effects arising from the assessment that should be taken into account as the NPF and SPP are finalised?

5. How can the NPF and SPP be enhanced, to maximise their positive environmental effects?

6. What do you think of the proposed approach to mitigation and monitoring proposed in Section 6?

Views on other aspects of the Environmental Report and on the draft policies in light of the assessment findings are also welcome. Comments can be made via the Scottish Government’s web page, or by writing directly to:

[email protected]

Freepost RTCT-TULH-UXJY, National Planning Framework Team, Area 2J South, Scottish Government, Victoria Quay, Edinburgh, EH6 6QQ.

The consultation period closes on 23 July 2013.

Page 13: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

12

1. Introduction

Purpose of this Report

1.1 The Scottish Government is revising the National Planning Framework and the Scottish Planning Policy. Together, these two key documents provide an overview of planning and development in Scotland. As part of their preparation, the Scottish Government is undertaking a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of the draft policies. This Environmental Report details the findings from the assessment.

1.2 A SEA of the National Planning Framework and the Scottish Planning Policy is required, as both documents fall under Section 5(3) of the Environmental Assessment (Scotland) Act 2005 (the 2005 Act).1 The Scottish Government is the ‘Responsible Authority’ for the SEA. Schedule 3 of the 2005 Act outlines the required content of an Environmental Report. This includes information about the current and future state of the environment which could be affected by the plan, a description of its likely significant effects, and mitigation and monitoring proposals.

Structure of this Report

1.3 This report includes the following information:

Section 2 provides the environmental context, including environmental protection objectives and a description of the current state of Scotland’s environment.

Section 3 describes the significant environmental effects expected from National Planning Framework 3.

Section 4 describes the effects arising from the revised Scottish Planning Policy.

Section 5 brings together the findings, to explain the expected cumulative effects arising from both NPF3 and the SPP.

Section 6 outlines proposals for mitigation and monitoring.

Section 7 sets out the next steps in the policy development and environmental assessment, process.

Appendix A sets out relevant environmental protection objectives.

Appendix B sets out the assessment of the proposed strategy for NPF3 and the draft SPP.

Appendix C sets out the assessment of alternatives – including strategic alternatives and national development options.

1.4 Public participation is an important part of the SEA process. Views on the findings of the assessment, and other information set out in the Environmental Report are now welcome. Questions are set out in Section 7, but wider views are also invited. Comments can be made via the Scottish Government’s web page, or by writing directly to:

[email protected]

Freepost RTCT-TULH-UXJY, National Planning Framework Team, Area 2J South, Scottish Government, Victoria Quay, Edinburgh, EH6 6QQ.

1 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2005/15/contents

Page 14: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

13

Key Facts

1.5 Table 1.1 sets out the key facts about the National Planning Framework and Scottish Planning Policy.

Table 1.1 Key Facts

Responsible Authority

The Scottish Government (Planning and Architecture Division)

Title National Planning Framework 3

Scottish Planning Policy Subject Planning Period covered

The National Planning Framework is a long term strategy, covering approximately 30 years into the future.

The Scottish Panning Policy has no fixed timescale. Frequency of updates

National Planning Framework is updated every five years or, within the same period, a statement is made by Scottish Ministers stating the reasons why a review is not being undertaken.

There is no fixed review period for the Scottish Planning Policy. Area covered by the policy

Scotland

What prompted the preparation of the policy?

The changing economic context and ongoing process of planning reform mean that there is a need to ensure our national spatial and subject planning policies are updated.

Purpose and/or objectives of the policy

The National Planning Framework sets out a long term spatial plan, focusing on where development should take place. It brings together Scottish Government plans, programmes and strategies to provide an integrated view of planning and development priorities.

The Scottish Planning Policy guides what development is required, and how planning authorities can help to deliver it. Both policies set high level guidance for strategic and local development plans, and development management to follow.

Both documents aim to deliver sustainable economic growth, facilitating economic recovery and the transition to a low carbon economy.

Contact [email protected]

Page 15: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

14

Approach to the environmental assessment

1.6 This is a strategic level environment assessment of a high level policy framework. The approach to the assessment reflects the broad and strategic nature of both the National Planning Framework and the Scottish Planning Policy. Whilst they are separate documents, in the interest of efficiency, their respective SEAs have been brought together and reported in a combined Environmental Report. This has allowed for cumulative effects of the revised policy framework to be explored, and reduces the potential for duplication between the two assessments.

1.7 SEA should be undertaken in a systematic and transparent way. Scottish Government guidance also emphasises the importance of proportionality, to ensure that SEA is does not lead to unnecessarily detailed reporting. To help achieve this, the assessment has used a range of methods to identify potential significant environmental effects. The assessment has been undertaken by the Scottish Government’s Environmental Assessment Team, working closely with colleagues within the NPF and SPP teams, to fully integrate the assessment within the drafting of the documents, and therefore maximise its effectiveness in the decision making process.

Stage 1 – Strategic Level Assessment

1.8 Firstly, key policy and strategy proposals within SPP and NPF3 were evaluated against a range of environmental assessment objectives. As proposed at the scoping stage, a matrix was established, using SEA objectives and a standard assessment summary marking system. A commentary has been provided to explain each of the assessment conclusions. For ease of comparison, the assessment objectives were applied to both the preferred strategy and policies, and key strategic alternatives that have been identified for consultees to consider.

Stage 2 – National Developments Assessment

1.9 The assessment of the NPF then focused on each of the proposed national developments, using constraints mapping to explore key effects arising from each of those identified as part of the preferred strategy. The findings are included in the main text of the Environmental Report. To allow consultees to also consider further alternatives to the national developments proposed in the Main Issues Report, a simple assessment summary has been provided for all of the proposals which met the broad criteria for national development status (see Appendix C).

Stage 3 – Cumulative Effects Assessment

1.10 In addition, the assessment of NPF3 has considered whether, at a regional level, significant cumulative effects are likely to arise. This has been achieved through a broad assessment of each of the areas of co-ordinated action. This brings together the findings from both the strategic level and national development specific assessments and assesses effects against a more specific environmental baseline.

1.11 These findings were then reviewed and conclusions emerged on the performance of the NPF3 and draft SPP in relation to each of the environmental topics referred to in the Environmental Assessment (Scotland) Act 2005, and Directive 2001/42EC. This more reflective stage helped to identify broad cumulative effects within each document, and issues arising from them in combination.

Page 16: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

15

Methodological Considerations

1.12 Schedule 3 of the 2005 Act states that Responsible Authorities should identify any difficulties encountered during the assessment process. Whilst no issues have hindered the assessment process, it is important to recognise that this is a strategic level assessment of a high level policy framework and so the findings are necessarily broad brushed.

1.13 The SEA has made best use of available information on the proposals, but it is possible that as they are taken forward into more specific plans or projects, they could evolve and change. Many of the specific environmental effects arising from the SPP in particular will depend on their local interpretation, as well as the context within which they are applied. Development plans will be subject to SEA, at which stage these effects can be more fully established. This is a natural feature of a strategic level assessment, and does not undermine the benefits of undertaking SEA at this level. Any uncertainties or likely dependencies have been identified and taken into account throughout the assessment process.

1.14 The Scottish Government has undertaken many other SEAs of its plans, programmes and strategies, including the second National Planning Framework and some components of the existing Scottish Planning Policy. Many other recent policies have benefitted from being assessed, with their environmental effects having already been reported and consulted upon. For both NPF3 and the draft SPP, this wider policy and assessment framework is an important reference point, and previous findings have been taken into account where relevant. Similarly, environmental context and baseline data, which have informed other recent environmental assessments, have been used to inform the development of the environmental context for this SEA.

Significance

1.15 Directive 2001/42/EC and the 2005 Act both state that the Environmental Report should set out significant environmental effects expected from the plan or programme being assessed. As with many other SEAs, significance can be difficult to define, requiring the application of professional judgement and experience. To help achieve a consistent approach, the following criteria have been used as a broad guide to evaluate the significance of both positive and negative effects:

Effects on nationally or internationally protected environmental features. Effects of greater than regional scale. Effects that could impact on delivery of national policies, targets or commitments. Effects that exacerbate or address an existing, national environmental problem or

issue, as identified in the baseline analysis.

1.16 The report notes more minor effects arising from the draft policies and proposals, but aims to focus particularly on effects that are considered to be significant when considered in relation to these criteria.

Alternatives

1.17 The SEA Directive requires the Environmental Report to identify “an outline of the reasons for selecting the alternatives dealt with.” At scoping, consideration was given to the type of alternatives that might emerge during development of NPF3 and the SPP. Since then, the assessment has shadowed the policy development process and the alternatives considered during the drafting process have been assessed. The alternatives, and the

Page 17: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

16

reasons for selecting them, are set out at the beginning of each relevant section of chapters 3 and 4 of this report.

1.18 The NPF and SPP aim to bring together existing government plans and strategies to provide a coherent and consistent interpretation of them within a planning and development context. Both policies also build on the existing NPF and SPP, and so consideration of alternatives has focused on a defined range of policy options. This includes choices about how prescriptive the policies should be at a national level, and options for delivering on the established policy objectives (shown as ‘strategic alternatives’). These high level alternatives, and their environmental effects, are explained and compared in the main text of the report (shown as ‘strategic alternatives’ in boxes within the relevant sections) with assessment summary tables provided in Appendix C.

1.19 For both NPF and SPP, the key options alternatives have been set out as questions in the consultation documents. In addition, some key choices for NPF3 also arise from the selection of the most appropriate national developments to deliver on the wider aims of the spatial strategy. As a result, national development proposals, including those identified as part of the preferred strategy and all others which meet the broad assessment criteria set out at the beginning of the process, have been assessed, with the findings summarised in the main text of the Environmental Report (for those which are preferred at this stage) and the others are explained in Appendix C. Ordered in relation to the relevant themes within the Main Issues Report, these projects constitute alternative delivery options. Levels of detail in the assessment of candidate projects vary, reflecting the strategic nature of some of the proposals and the project information which is available at this stage. Views on their suitability and their relative environmental effects are invited. Other options are not considered ‘reasonable’ at this stage and have not therefore been assessed. A guide to key options is provided in the relevant section of the Environmental Report.

Links to the Habitats Regulations Appraisal

1.20 The SEA is being undertaken alongside a Habitats Regulations Appraisal (HRA) of the National Planning Framework. At this stage, the HRA has focused on identifying which of the proposed national developments could raise issues for the conservation objectives of European protected sites. In the interests of transparency, this early work has been summarised in an initial report, published alongside the Environmental Report. Natura issues have also been identified as an integral part of the SEA. It is not expected that a HRA of the SPP will be required.

Outline of the Policy and Assessment Process

1.21 Figure 1.1 shows the policy preparation process and the links between preparation of NPF3 and the SPP and their environmental assessment. In addition to these key steps, it may be necessary to update this Environmental Report and undertake an additional, focused public consultation on it. Should substantive changes be made, which generate significant environmental effects that have not previously been reported upon, this additional stage will be built into the programme. It is expected that the final SPP will be adopted by the end of 2013, with the third National Planning Framework being published in Summer 2014.

Page 18: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

17

Figure 1.1. NPF and SPP Preparation Processes and SEA

National Planning Framework SEA Scottish Planning Policy

Formal public and stakeholder consultation

April 2013 (current stage)

SEA Scoping Report

NPF3 Main Issues Report

Environmental Report

Proposed NPF Consolidated SEA Non Technical

Summary (NPF only)

NPF3 Parliamentary Consideration (60 days) Scottish Ministers response to Parliament

Finalised NPF3

NPF3 Participation Statement &

Call for National Developments

September 2012

Autumn / Winter 2013-14

Summer 2014

Spring / Summer

2013

Launch of SPP Review

Draft Scottish Planning Policy

Finalised Scottish Planning

Policy

Post Adoption SEA Statement

Early engagement / scoping consultation

Page 19: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

18

2. Environmental Context

Purpose of this section

2.1 Schedule 3 of the Environmental Assessment (Scotland) Act 2005 requires Responsible Authorities to identify:

Relevant aspects of the current state of the environment and its likely evolution without the plan or programme.

Environmental characteristics of areas likely to be affected.

Relevant existing environmental problems.

Relevant environmental protection objectives at the international, European or national level.

2.2 There are many objectives for environmental protection and improvement within existing legislation, policies, strategies, and plans, forming the context for this SEA. Appendix A includes a table setting out the fuller analysis of relevant environmental objectives. For each key environmental topic, a summary of these existing environmental protection objectives has been provided below.

2.3 Secondly, the environmental baseline is described, including information on trends (to describe its likely evolution in the absence of NPF3 and the SPP) and key environmental problems. As NPF3 and the draft SPP are of a national character, this information has taken a largely Scotland-wide perspective, and has drawn from information provided by Scotland’s Environment Web.2 Further baseline information, including mapping of key constraints, has been set out in Section 3, where more regional perspectives and local baseline mapping have been used to inform the assessment of the areas of co-ordinated action and proposed national developments respectively. As noted in Section 7, views on the baseline information used throughout the report are welcome.

2 Scotland’s Environment Web can be accessed at http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/

Page 20: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

19

Environmental Baseline

Biodiversity Flora and Fauna

Existing environmental protection objectives: Legislation and policies relating to biodiversity, flora and fauna aim to protect habitats and species from damage and disturbance, by identifying areas of particular value. These policies define a hierarchy of protection, from the international to local level. At the European level, the Natura 2000 network of sites aims to protect key assets under the Habitats and Birds Directive. European protected species, and the aims of the Scottish Biodiversity Strategy also provide conservation objectives. Beyond designated sites and species, there are longer term aspirations for enhancing biodiversity, improving landscape-scale ecological networks and addressing the impacts of climate change on the natural environment.

Overview

2.4 Biodiversity plays a key role in the functioning of ecosystems and supports our lives through the provision of crucial resources like fresh air, clean water and food.3 It is commonly viewed as a measure of the health of ecosystems, and provides the essential functions or “ecosystem services” that are the basis of life. Many of these services are not immediately obvious, with biodiversity contributing to actions such as the regulation of chemistry in our air and water, soil formation, nutrient cycling, climate and disease regulation, carbon cycling, pollination, flood regulation and water purification.4 Biodiversity is closely linked with the other environmental topics, particularly soil and water, which each support an incredible diversity of life. Climate change has the potential to greatly impact on global biodiversity.5

2.5 Fully functioning ecosystems and healthy biodiversity provide significant benefits for Scotland’s communities and their economies. While it is difficult to assign values to ecosystem services, in 2009 the benefits provided by Scotland's natural resources were valued at between £21.5 and £23 billion per year.6

2.6 Scotland is rich in biodiversity. There are up to 89,000 native species within our land and seas, comprising 50,000 in terrestrial and freshwater environments and a further 39,000 in our surrounding seas. Of these, half are estimated to be single-celled organisms, a quarter plants and fungi, and the remaining quarter are predominantly arthropods and other invertebrates. Scotland also contains some 31 endemic species, including ten lichens, eleven vascular plants, five mosses, four insects and one bird species.7 Scotland hosts the majority of the world population of several species, including birds, animals and plants. Further, there are a number of species with wider distributions whose UK and/or European populations are concentrated in Scotland.

2.7 In 2011, Scotland had 239 Special Areas of Conservation (SAC), 153 Special Protection Areas (SPA), 51 Ramsar sites and 3 Biosphere Reserves amongst others. In addition, there are some 1442 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) covering around 3 SNH (2012) Safeguarding Biodiversity [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/protecting-scotlands-nature/safeguarding-biodiversity/ (accessed 03/12/12) 4 Mackey E.C. and Mudge G.P. (2010) Scotland’s Wildlife: An assessment of biodiversity in 2010, Scottish Natural Heritage, Inverness [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/B811968.pdf (accessed 3/12/12) 5 Convention on Biological Diversity (undated) Climate Change and Biodiversity – Introduction [online] Available at: http://www.cbd.int/climate/intro.shtml (accessed 3/12/12) 6 Scotland’s Environment (2012) Benefits from Nature [online] Available at: http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/our_environment/society/benefits_from_nature.aspx (accessed 4/12/12) 7 Mackey E.C. and Mudge G.P. (2010) Scotland’s Wildlife: An assessment of biodiversity in 2010, Scottish Natural Heritage, Inverness [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/B811968.pdf (accessed 3/12/12)

Page 21: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

20

12% of the total land,8 and 47 National Nature Reserves (NNR).9 Work is currently ongoing to identify new Marine Protected Areas (MPA) in the seas around Scotland. These MPAs will protect important marine habitats and wildlife, geology and geomorphology, as well as features of cultural importance such as shipwrecks and submerged landscapes.

2.8 The UKBAP10 identified 39 priority habitats and 197 priority species either occurring, or known to have occurred until recently, in Scotland. Of these, 43% of habitats and 38% of species were stable or improving, 33% of habitats and 22% of species were in decline, and 23% of habitats and 39% of species showed no clear trend. By definition, these habitats and species were classed as priorities due to their vulnerable and/or declining status.11 SNH monitors Scotland’s designated features, and favourable conditions were reported for 77% of designated sites at the end of March 2011,12 a marginal decrease from the 78% reported in 2010. In October 2010,13 SNH reported that of the 2,370 habitat and 601 geological features assessed for condition:

55% of habitat features (non-geological) were in favourable condition, 17% were in unfavourable recovering and 27% were unfavourable.

99% of marine and 83% of coastal features were favourable or unfavourable recovering.

78% of freshwater and 76% of wetland features were favourable or unfavourable recovering.

66% of upland, 65% of woodland, 81% of lowland heathland and 65% of lowland grassland features were favourable or unfavourable recovering.

96% of geological features were favourable or unfavourable recovering.

Evolution of the Baseline – Pressures, Trends and Key Environmental Problems

2.9 Biodiversity loss has been documented over the last 50 years, and today a range of pressures have the potential to impact on Scotland’s wildlife and biodiversity. Key issues include the land use pressures (i.e. loss or damage of natural habitats), nutrient deposition, exploitation of natural resources, pollution of air, water and land, increases in invasive non-native species, and the effects of climate change.14 The importance of protecting our wildlife and unique habitats, and actions undertaken to conserve and enhance our biodiversity on the global and national levels is well documented. Many of these measures address these pressures. A European indicator-based assessment details a number of successes in halting the decline of biodiversity, namely the establishment of the Natura network, reducing pollution and levelling-off in the decline of wild birds.15

2.10 Changes in the climate could result in loss of certain habitats and species, changes in species, impact on species migration, breeding cycles and food supplies. Risks from 8 SNH (2011) International Designations [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/protecting-scotlands-nature/protected-areas/international-designations/ [Accessed 16/8/12] 9 Scotland’s National Nature Reserves (2011) Facts and figures on NNRs [online] Available at: http://www.nnr-scotland.org.uk/facts-and-figures/ (accessed 03/12012) 10 JNCC (2007) UK BAP Priority Species and Habitats [online] Available at: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-5705 (accessed 4/12/12) 11 Scottish Government (2009) High Level Summary Statistics – Biodiversity – BAP Species and Habitats, available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Environment/TrendBAP 12 Scottish Government (2011) Scotland Performs – National Indicator – Protected nature sites, available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/About/scotPerforms/indicators/natureSites 13 Mackey E.C. and Mudge G.P. (2010) Scotland’s Wildlife: An assessment of biodiversity in 2010, Scottish Natural Heritage, Inverness [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/B811968.pdf (accessed 3/12/12) 14 Scotland’s Environment (2012) Wildlife [online] Available at: http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/our_environment/wildlife.aspx (accessed 4/12/12) 15 Mackey E.C. and Mudge G.P. (2010) Scotland’s Wildlife: An assessment of biodiversity in 2010, Scottish Natural Heritage, Inverness [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/B811968.pdf (accessed 3/12/12)

Page 22: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

21

pests, invasive species and diseases may increase, leading to increased competition for resources. While the majority (84%) of the 867 non-native species for which comparative records of geographical distribution were available in 2004 showed no change, some 14% had increased and just 2% had decreased.16 This can influence food availability, particularly for seabirds in the marine environment where declines in the breeding success of some species have been linked to climate change.17

2.11 Climate change may also favour certain species and lead to an increase in abundance. For example, squid are becoming more abundant off North-East Scotland, creating new opportunities for Scottish fisheries.18 Similarly, increased diversity of seabed marine life may occur due to the warming of the air and seawater temperatures.19 Research has shown that many species need to disperse within sufficient ‘climate space’ to survive.

2.12 Over half of Scotland’s administrative territory is marine20 and whilst this environment is subject to some of the same pressures as Scotland’s terrestrial areas, there are also some distinctive issues. The Scottish coast and marine environment includes many areas which are internationally important for bird species including seabirds and a number of designated areas. Like soils in terrestrial ecosystems, the seabed plays a key role in the complex marine ecosystem with a variety of protected species and habitats designated in Scottish waters. The priorities and designations identified in Scotland’s marine waters include a wide range of range of seaweeds, plants, fish, reefs, mud habitats and mussel beds. Key pressures include climate change and acidification, source and diffuse pollution (particularly coastal and transitional waters), marine litter and invasive species are key pressures on the marine environment.

2.13 Changes in land use can create direct or indirect pressures on biodiversity. Changes such as energy generation, infrastructure enhancement, land and flood management, agricultural and forestry practices and expansion, each have potential for impacts to Scotland’s biodiversity. Settlement growth or expansion and other types of built development can negatively affect biodiversity through the reduction, fragmentation or isolation of semi-natural habitats.

2.14 Over half of Scotland’s land area is upland, with a third of this bog habitat.21 This includes around 1.1 million hectares of blanket bog, a globally rare habitat.22 Heaths and grasslands are other examples of common upland habitat, with less extensive habitats including mountain heath and inland rock. Heathland is extensive, covering between 21% and 31% of the area of Scotland.23 Biodiversity losses across the uplands occur as a result 16 Mackey E.C. and Mudge G.P. (2010) Scotland’s Wildlife: An assessment of biodiversity in 2010, Scottish Natural Heritage, Inverness [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/B811968.pdf (accessed 3/12/12) 17 Baxter J.M., Boyd I.L., Cox M., Donald A.E., Malcolm S.J., Miles H., Miller B., Moffat C.F. (Editors) (2011) Scotland's Marine Atlas: Information for the National Marine Plan, Marine Scotland, Edinburgh, pg. 189 [online] Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2011/03/16182005/0 (accessed 4/12/12) 18 ibid 19 SNH and The Marine Biological Association(undated) Impacts of climate change on seabed wildlife in Scotland[online] Available at: www.marlin.ac.uk/PDF/Climate_change_brochure.pdf (accessed 13/04/2012) 20 Scottish Government (undated) Scotland’s environment, estuaries and seas. [online] Available at: http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/our_environment/wildlife/estuaries_and_seas.aspx (accessed 21/2/2012) 21Scottish Government (undated) Scotland’s Environment description of upland wildlife. [online] Available at: http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/our_environment/wildlife/mountains_and_uplands.aspx (accessed: 21 February 2012) 22 Scottish Government (undated) Scotland’s Environment, description of upland wildlife [online] Available at: http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/our_environment/wildlife/mountains_and_uplands.aspx (accessed: 21 February 2012) 23 SNH (2010), habitats and ecosystems, mountains, heaths and bogs, heaths. [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/about-scotlands-nature/habitats-and-ecosystems/mountains-heaths-and-bogs/heaths/ (accessed: 21 February 2012)

Page 23: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

22

of a complex range of factors, including land management changes, atmospheric pollution and afforestation.24

2.15 Scotland’s wetlands, including peatlands, are home to a range of plants and animals such as waders and waterfowl. They are important carbon stores and play a key role in sustaining clean water. Most protected bog sites are in a favourable condition, with the exception of lowland raised bogs,25 but there remains significant scope for wetland and peatland restoration at a national scale.

2.16 While Scotland's forests and woodlands occupy around 17% of our land at present, they support a disproportionately high share of our biodiversity.26 They are an important habitat for numerous mammals and terrestrial breeding birds with a 30% rise in woodland birds between 1994 and 2004.27 Native and ancient, and semi-natural woodlands have particularly high biodiversity value. Around 8,000ha of new woodland was created in the UK in 2010-11. The Forestry Commission of Scotland, responsible for around a third of Scotland’s woodland areas, created around 1,000 ha per year of new woodland areas between 2005 and 2011. Some areas of native woodland are legally protected as SSSIs or SACs and in March 2010, 69% of designated woodland features were in favourable or recovering condition, an increase from 59% in 2005. This was due largely to management of both the national forest estate where some 95% of sites were in favourable or recovering condition, and privately owned sites.

2.17 Agriculture remains the dominant land use in Scotland, covering 5.6 million hectares, equating to around 75% of the land area.28 Of this, the largest portions are rough grazing (55%) or grass (24%), with smaller portions used for crops or fallowing (10%), woodland (8%) and other land and ancillary infrastructure (2%). Agricultural land use remained generally stable for rough grazing, grass and other land between 2001 and 2008. The area of woodlands in agricultural holdings has steadily climbed since around 2006 by around 110% since 2001, and this may have contributed to the decrease in rough grazing land since 2008.29

2.18 Decline in the diversity of wildlife on farmland can arise from agricultural change, rationalisation, the replacement of mixed farming with monoculture and loss of key habitats, most notably field boundaries.30 Field margins provide habitats for a range of animals, including invertebrates, which provide food for small birds and mammals. They may also include crop pollinators and predators of crop pests.31 These important habitats can be

24 Scottish Government (undated) Scotland’s environment, pressures affecting upland wildlife [online]Available at: http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/our_environment/wildlife/mountains_and_uplands.aspx (accessed: 21 February 2012) 25 Scottish Government (undated) Scotland’s environment, wetlands [online] Available at: http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/our_environment/wildlife/wetlands.aspx (accessed: 21/2/2012) 26 Forestry Commission (2012) Biodiversity [online] Available at: http://www.forestry.gov.uk/woodsfornature (accessed 20/09/2012) 27 Scottish Government (2009) Realising the Potential Contributions of Scotland’s Rural Land to Delivering Sustainable Economic Growth: Rural Land Use Study Project 2 [online) Available at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Research/About/EBAR/RLUS/RLUSP2 [Accessed 13/09/12] 28 Scottish Government (2011) Final results from June Agricultural census [online] Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2011/09/27083355/3 (accessed 20/09/2012) 29 Scottish Government (2011) Final results from June Agricultural census [online] Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2011/09/27083355/3 (accessed 20/09/2012) 30 SNH (2002) Natural Heritage Futures – Farmland [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/publications-data-and-research/publications/search-the-catalogue/publication-detail/?id=351 (accessed 4/12/12) 31 Scottish Government (undated) Scotland’s Environment, description of farmland and lowland wildlife [online] At:http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/our_environment/wildlife/farmland_and_lowland.aspx (accessed 20/09/2012)

Page 24: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

23

negatively affected by agriculture intensification.32 The total length of hedges and trees decreased by 5% in Scotland between 1998 and 2007, and managed hedgerows decreased by 7%.33

2.19 Agriculture is a key source of diffuse pollutants, potentially impacting the quality of our rivers, lochs, coastal and transitional waters. The use of chemicals in crop production (i.e. fertilisers, herbicides and pesticides), wastes from livestock production (i.e. faecal pathogens) and sediments (i.e. organics and metals) from land disturbances such as trampling, cultivation or forestry have the potential to enter water bodies, and adversely affect both water quality and biodiversity.34

2.20 Expansion of infrastructure such as transport links may be required to service the future development. Transport projects have potential to reduce, fragment or isolate natural areas and negatively impact on the biodiversity they contain. Other impacts can include pollution to watercourses, both during construction or operation phases, and increased disturbance to wildlife, particularly from transport infrastructure. However, infrastructure works can also create opportunities to aid biodiversity by creating new habitats and, if appropriately designed, by linking wildlife areas with measures crossing points, wildlife corridors, planting hedges and trees.

Spatial distribution

2.21 Mapping shows the spatial distribution of designated natural heritage sites across Scotland. This illustrates the concentration of many important sites in rural areas, particularly in the North and West of the country, but also more widely around Scotland’s coasts. Many river systems and water bodies are protected as nature conservation sites, as well as parts of the islands and upland areas. Overall, this emphasises the importance of taking into account biodiversity sites across the country.

Biodiversity - key issues

Planning has a key role to play in safeguarding biologically valuable or diverse areas by influencing the location of development, taking into account land use and other potentially damaging activities.

Climate change will impact on weather patterns and this in turn could impact on the natural environment. Efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions could in some instances also have direct local effects on soil, water and biodiversity.

The NPF and SPP should protect and enhance biodiversity, for example through woodland expansion programmes, green networks, settlement level planning and sustainable infrastructure projects.

32 SNH (2011) habitats and ecosystems, field margins and hedgerows [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/about-scotlands-nature/habitats-and-ecosystems/farmland-and-croftland/hedgerows-and-field-margins/ (accessed 20/09/2012) 33 Scottish Government (undated) Scotland’s Environment, description of farmland and lowland wildlife. [online] At: http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/our_environment/wildlife/farmland_and_lowland.aspx (accessed 20/09/2012) 34 SEPA (2012) About Diffuse Pollution [online] Available at: http://www.sepa.org.uk/water/diffuse_pollution/about_diffuse_pollution.aspx (accessed 20/09/2012)

Page 25: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

24

Page 26: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

25

Population and human health

Existing environmental protection objectives: A range of environmental protection objectives are relevant to population and health, including aspirations for greenspace and sustainable transport in and around settlements. Access to the outdoors, green infrastructure and encouragement of physical activity are also key aims. Key environmental objectives relating to this topic also include ongoing commitments to reducing pollution, hazards and avoiding loss of residential amenity. Wider policy addressing child poverty, reducing inequalities and improving health form an important context for the NPF and the SPP.

Overview

2.22 Human health depends on a number of environmental factors, including access to services including health and education, employment, safety, access to good quality outdoor recreational facilities and a high quality environment, with good air, soil and water quality. Homes also need to support good health, being adequately heated and ventilated. Climate change poses a number of threats to human health including increased likelihood of pests and associated diseases, and impacts on the resilience of homes, but may also make a positive contribution, for example by increasing opportunities for active travel and outdoor recreation.

2.23 The population of Scotland in 2011 was estimated at 5,254,800, the highest ever recorded.35 The majority of people live in central Scotland, whilst the lowest population density is in the Highlands and Western Isles. Areas experiencing highest population increases between 2000 and 2010 include Aberdeenshire, Perth and Kinross, West Lothian, City of Edinburgh, and East Lothian. Areas showing population decline include Eilean Siar, Argyll and Bute, North Ayrshire, South Ayrshire, West Dunbartonshire, East Dunbartonshire, Renfrewshire and Inverclyde. The population of Scotland is projected to rise by 10 per cent over the next 25 years, to 5.76 million by 2035.36 The Scottish Government has set a target of matching the average European (EU-15) population growth over the period from 2007 to 2017.37

2.24 The Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) ranks small areas (datazones)38 from the most deprived to the least deprived. It analyses data for a number of indicators across the domains of income, employment, health, education, skills and training, housing, geographic access and crime. Key findings from the SIMD 201239 show that multiple deprivation in Scotland has become less concentrated over time. In SIMD 2004, nearly half of all datazones in the most deprived 10% across Scotland were in Glasgow City. In SIMD 2012 this dropped to 35.8%, with increases in other areas. The most deprived datazones include parts of Renfrewshire, and Glasgow City. North Lanarkshire, Fife, Renfrewshire and East Ayrshire have seen relatively large increases in their share of datazones in the 15% most deprived areas in Scotland between SIMD 2009 and SIMD 2012. Glasgow City, Edinburgh City, West Lothian, Aberdeen City and South Lanarkshire have seen relatively

35 General Register Scotland High level summary of statistics: Population and Migration, http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files2/stats/high-level-summary/j11198/j1119801.htm 36 National Records of Scotland Population Projections for Scottish Areas (2010 based) February 2012, http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/files2/stats/population-projections/scottish-areas-2010-based/population-projections-scottish-areas-2010-based.pdf 37National Performance Framework http://www.scotland.gov.uk/About/Performance/scotPerforms/purposes/population 38 Datazones have roughly the same population, however the boundaries of datazones are kept constant although the populations may change over time. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/SIMD/FAQs 39 SIMD 2012 Results http://simd.scotland.gov.uk/publication-2012/simd-2012-results/overall-simd-results/key-findings/ (accessed 19/12/12)

Page 27: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

26

large decreases in their share of datazones in the 15% most deprived areas in Scotland between SIMD 2009 and SIMD 2012.

2.25 The number of households in Scotland has been increasing in recent years, although the annual rate of increase has slowed since 2007. Rates of new house building have fluctuated over the period 1996 - 2010, with an average of 23,600 completions a year. Housing completions in 2010 show highest levels in Glasgow City (1,828), Aberdeenshire (1,635), City of Edinburgh (1,222) Highland (1,291) and Fife (1,117).40

2.26 Currently a third of households in Scotland suffer from fuel poverty.41 An increase in mean temperatures could reduce heating requirements in winter and therefore help to address fuel poverty. However, factors such as fuel prices and income levels and future extreme weather events including cold spells could reduce this benefit. Links between fuel poverty and respiratory diseases are well documented. Damp caused by cold houses and condensation, or by warm, humid environments, can lead to an increase algal and fungal growth in buildings. This can play a significant role in exacerbating susceptibility to asthma. Dampness could affect some 430,000 houses, posing a significant health risk for Scotland.42 The impact of damp and mould on respiratory conditions are greater in children and more prevalent amongst those from low incomes and poor societies.43 Respiratory conditions, aches and pains and nervous conditions may also be attributed to damp housing.44

2.27 Access to the outdoors can provide opportunities for exercise with benefits for physical and mental health and well-being, including reducing obesity and combating stress. The number of adults who made at least one recreational visit to the outdoors was around 78% between 2005 and 2008 with the most commonly visited areas being parks and open spaces (37% of visits). Whilst some 50% of people overall have local greenspace within five minutes of their home, this figure is 39% in deprived areas. 45 Greenspace provides a key opportunity for direct contact with the natural environment, particularly in urban areas, and this has measurable physical and psychological benefits.

2.28 Findings from the Scottish Health Survey 2010 for the adult population found that 44% of the population participated in sporting activities in the previous four weeks. This decreased with age from 68% of those aged 16-24 down to 13% of those aged 75 and over. Common activities for adults include working out at the gym, doing exercises, swimming and running/jogging.46

Evolution of the Baseline – Pressures, Trends and Key Environmental Problems

2.29 Life expectancy at birth has improved over the long term, and healthy life expectancy (HLE) has also increased, but at a slower rate. In 2009, HLE for men was 60.0 years for

40 Housing Statistics for Scotland – all sector new build, Time series tables on new house building at national level (2011), http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Housing-Regeneration/HSfS/NewBuildAllSector 41 National Performance Framework http://www.scotland.gov.uk/About/Performance/scotPerforms/purposes/population. 42 HR Wallingford, AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Ltd, The Met Office, Collingwood Environmental Planning, Alexander Ballard Ltd, Paul Watkiss Associates, Metroeconomica (2012) A Climate Change Risk Assessment for Scotland, DEFRA 43 Ibid. 44 Ibid. 45 Greenspace Scotland (2011) Greenspace Use and Attitude Survey 2011 [online] Available At: http://www.greenspacescotland.org.uk/1greenspace-survey-2011.aspx (accessed 10/04/2012) 46 Scottish Government Statistics Health of Scotland’s population http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Health/TrendPhysicalActivity (accessed 11/12/12)

Page 28: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

27

men and 62.2 years for women. In deprived areas healthy life expectancy47 is considerably lower than that for Scotland overall. In the most deprived 15% of areas in Scotland in 2007/08, HLE at birth was 57.5 years for males and 61.9 years for females.48

2.30 Air quality has improved considerably over the last few decades, though there are persistent issues with pollution from traffic and congestion in cities. This is discussed further below. Exposure to air pollution can have a long term effect on health and is associated especially to premature mortality due to heart and lung effects. In the short term high pollution episodes can trigger increased hospital admissions.49 Those more vulnerable to daily changes in air pollution are the elderly and those with existing health conditions such as asthma. In recent years concentrations of harmful pollutants in the atmosphere have fallen. The annual number of premature deaths and hospital emissions has also fallen.50

2.31 Ozone is a respiratory irritant strongly affected by climate, and background levels of ozone are increasing across much of Europe. Increasing temperatures by 5oC could lead to an increased ozone related health burden of 4% (around 500 premature deaths per year) compared with the baseline.51

2.32 The SEPA National Flood Risk Assessment provides an overview of flood risk on Scotland, taking into account the likelihood of flooding alongside the estimated impact on people, the economy and the environment. It has found that one in 22 of all residential properties and one in 13 of all non-residential properties are at risk of flooding from rivers, the sea or heavy rainfall in urban areas. Just over 10% of fire stations are at risk of flooding, 4% of our schools, 5% of our residential care homes and 5% of our hospitals and health centres52. Areas53 with the greatest number of properties at risk of flooding include the Forth Estuary and Clyde and Loch Lomond.54

2.33 The potential risks and benefits of climate change on population and health will not be evenly spread. Pockets of dense urban development, for example, will be more at risk of surface water flooding and summer heat stress. Remote coastal communities will be more vulnerable to transport disruption and interruption to critical services from extreme weather events. In addition, the effects to human health from climate change may have the greatest impact on vulnerable people. The negative health effects are likely to be disproportionately severe in areas of high deprivation because of the ability of individuals and communities to prepare, respond and recover.55 The elderly population are also less resilient to changes in

47 Healthy life expectancy (HLE) at birth is a quality of health measure, which combines life expectancy and self-assessed health from survey data. 48 Scottish Government Statistics Health of Scotland’s population http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Health/TrendLifeExpectancy (accessed 11/12/12) 49 Scotland’s Environment (undated) Air quality [online] Available at: http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/our_environment/air_and_climate/air_quality.aspx (accessed 16/04/2012) 50 Scotland’s Environment (undated) Air quality [online] Available at: http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/our_environment/air_and_climate/air_quality.aspx (accessed 16/04/2012) 51 Vardoulakis, S. and Heaviside, C. (Editors) (2012) Health Effects of Climate Change in the UK 2012 Current evidence, recommendations and research gaps, Health Protection Agency 52 SEPA National Flood Risk Assessment http://www.sepa.org.uk/flooding/flood_risk_management/national_flood_risk_assessment.aspx (accessed 12/12/12) 53 Local Plan Districts are the areas which will be used as the basis for producing Flood Risk Management Plans. There are 14 Local Plan Districts in Scotland. 54 SEPA National Flood Risk Assessment http://www.sepa.org.uk/flooding/flood_risk_management/national_flood_risk_assessment.aspx (accessed 12/12/12) 55 Ibid.

Page 29: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

28

climate and associated weather events, and their number as a share of the population as a whole will increase during the 21st century.56

2.34 With summer temperatures very likely to increase in the future, this may have a consequent effect on the number of premature deaths and additional hospital admissions as a result of heat related illnesses. Based on current population figures, the numbers of additional premature deaths due to higher summer temperatures are projected to be approximately 100 by 2050 and 200 by 2080.57 The numbers of premature deaths avoided due to milder winters was projected to be approximately 550 to 890 by the 2050s and 800 to 1310 by the 2080s.58 Evidence presented in the CCRA indicated that heat and cold related hospital admissions59 were in the order of 100 times greater than the number of deaths and the effects were reported to be particularly felt by the elderly, the very young and sick.60 Warmer weather may also result in a net immigration into Scotland which would result in an increased demand for all services including water, food, energy, education and healthcare.61

Spatial distribution

2.35 The mapping of the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation shows the spatial concentration of disadvantage in urban areas of Scotland, particularly west central Scotland, but also other areas. Rural areas are also potentially disadvantaged in some places, particularly when the criterion focusing on access to services is taken into account.

Population and health – key issues

Planning for population change using sustainable locations for new development, could help to avoid flood risk, promote access to services, and provide good public transport links.

NPF and SPP can support improvements to environmental quality. This includes providing good quality greenspace, remediation of derelict and vacant land and in relation to air quality avoiding increases in or reliance on the private car.

Planning can support outdoor recreation including walking and cycling access around and between communities.

Access to services is an important issue in the remote island communities and more rural mainland local authorities. The NPF and SPP can support local services provision and improvements to transport links and locating new services in sustainably accessible locations.

NPF and SPP could consider scope for future proofing new development from climate change through location, layout and building design.

56 Ibid. 57 Ibid. 58 HR Wallingford, AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Ltd, The Met Office, Collingwood Environmental Planning, Alexander Ballard Ltd, Paul Watkiss Associates, Metroeconomica (2012) A Climate Change Risk Assessment for Scotland, DEFRA. 59 This is the number of separate patient admissions. 60 HR Wallingford, AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Ltd, The Met Office, Collingwood Environmental Planning, Alexander Ballard Ltd, Paul Watkiss Associates, Metroeconomica (2012) A Climate Change Risk Assessment for Scotland, DEFRA 61 ibid

Page 30: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

29

Page 31: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

30

Page 32: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

31

Climatic Factors

Existing environmental protection objectives: Many recent plans and policies have emerged since NPF2 and SPP were published, that seek to reduce the rate of climate change, not least the Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009. There are important targets and key policies that aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from sectors including energy and transport. An updated framework for adaptation to climate change impacts is also emerging.

Overview

2.36 Over the past 50 years it has become increasingly apparent that the world’s climate is changing at an unprecedented rate. Evidence of an increase in average global temperatures, along with an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, has led to the conclusion that our use of carbon based fuels is the main reason for this increase.62 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) identifies four principal greenhouse gases which result from human activities:63

Carbon dioxide (CO2) has increased from fossil fuel use in transportation, building heating and cooling and the manufacture of cement and other goods. Deforestation releases CO2 and reduces its uptake by plants. CO2 is also released in natural processes such as the decay of plant matter.

Methane has increased as a result of human activities related to agriculture, natural gas distribution and landfills. Methane is also released from natural processes that occur, for example, in wetlands. Methane concentrations are not currently increasing in the atmosphere because emissions have reduced over the last two decades.

Nitrous oxide is also emitted by human activities such as fertilizer use and fossil fuel burning. Natural processes in soils and the oceans also release nitrogen dioxides.

Halocarbon gas concentrations have increased primarily due to human activities. Natural processes are also a small source. Principal halocarbons include the chlorofluorocarbons (e.g., CFC-11 and CFC-12), which were used extensively as refrigeration agents and in other industrial processes before their presence in the atmosphere was found to cause stratospheric ozone depletion. Their abundance is decreasing as a result of international regulations.

2.37 The energy sector is one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions followed by transport, agriculture and related land use, and the domestic sector. The Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009 made a commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Scotland by 80% of 1990 levels by 2050.64 Mitigation (action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions) is required across a range of sectors and through changes in individual behaviour. This includes renewable energy generation, energy efficiency and changes in travel choices.

2.38 Despite action to reduce emissions, the effects of greenhouse gas emissions and therefore the effects of climate change will continue to be felt. Adaptation is about modifying

62 Scotland’s Environment (undated) climate change [online] Available at: http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/our_environment/air_and_climate/climate_change.aspx (accessed 17/04/2012) 63 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change FAQ 2.1 How do human activities contribute to climate change and how do they compare with natural influences? http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-2-1.html 64 Scotland’s environment web Air and Climate Response by Society http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/our_environment/air_and_climate/climate_change/response.aspx (accessed 28/11/12)

Page 33: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

32

our current activities and planning for the future based on the likely effects of climate change. Adaptation actions need to be integrated into planning and decision making.

Evolution of the Baseline – Pressures, Trends and Key Environmental Problems

2.39 The effects of climate change on different aspects of the environment have been described in the relevant sections. In broader terms, trends in emissions of greenhouse gases in Scotland show that there was an overall decrease (-22.8%) in total greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 – 2010, but that between 2009 and 2010 there was an increase of 5.8%.65

2.40 Some observed changes in Scotland’s climate between 1961 and 2004 include higher temperatures, increased precipitation including as much as a 70% increase in winter precipitation for northern Scotland and increased heavy winter rainfall events particularly in northern and western regions.66 Furthermore, a longer growing season, a reduction in the number of winter days with snow cover and sea level rise were also observed.67

2.41 The 2009 UK Climate Projections (UKCP09) show likely climate change for Scotland and the UK. Under a high emissions scenario, summer and winter temperatures in the 2080s may be 4.3oC and 3.1oC higher, respectively.68 Precipitation may become greater in winter months whilst summers will be drier. Changes to seasons, cloud cover, humidity, wind speeds and soil moisture are anticipated, though these effects will vary across Scotland. Climate change is predicted to result in increased water temperatures, sea level rise, ocean acidification and changes to the coastline. As the climate changes, Scotland will see more extreme weather events. There will be more extended hot periods, increases in maximum temperatures nationwide, and fewer days of snow and frost. There will be longer periods of dry weather in the summer and the wettest days of the year are likely to be considerably wetter than at present.69

2.42 The projections also show that over the next century sea level around Scotland will rise, owing to global heating and expansion of ocean water, and melting from ice sheets and glaciers. In most of Scotland the land surface is rising due to post-glacial rebound, but this is not expected to be sufficiently rapid to negate sea level rise. The sea level in Edinburgh is projected to increase by between 10.5 to 18.0 cm by 2050 and 23.4 to 39.2 cm by 2095.70 Sea level is anticipated to rise for almost the whole coastline with the lowest levels of change on the Inner Clyde and sea lochs of Argyll, and the highest levels of change on Shetland, Orkney and the Western Isles.

Spatial distribution

2.43 UKCP09 maps on the following pages show varying predicted impacts of climate change in different parts of the country. Policy on climate change adaptation will need to respond to these different issues.

65 Scottish Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2010 http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2012/07/9583/downloads#res-1 (accessed 28/11/12) 66 ibid 67 ibid 68 DEFRA et al, (2009) UK Climate Projections [online] Available at: http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk/ (accessed 10/04/2012) 69 Scottish Government (2009) Scotland’s Climate Change Adaptation Framework http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/295110/0091310.pdf (accessed 28/11/12) 70Ibid.

Page 34: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

33

Climatic factors – key issues

NPF3 and the SPP should take a long term view of the impacts of climate change and support climate change adaptation by ‘future proofing’ the location and design of strategic development such as areas of growth and major infrastructure.

Climate change mitigation can also be supported, including through the development of renewable energy resources, reduced reliance on fossil fuels and wider support for the transition to a low carbon economy.

Planning also has a role to play in reducing greenhouse gas emissions by supporting the sustainable location of development and public transport, walking and cycling infrastructure.

Page 35: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

34

This series of maps shows the possible annual mean temperature change (0C) for the medium emissions scenario and 50% probability level for the 2020s, 2050s and 2080s.71 This shows an overall increase in temperature for the whole of Scotland through the 2020s and 2050s. By the 2080s the temperature increase is greater throughout southern and central Scotland.

71 UK climate projections, medium emissions, change in annual mean temperature for 2020s, 2050s and 2080s http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk/22278

Page 36: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

35

This series of maps shows the possible change in summer precipitation (%) for the medium emissions scenario 50% probability level for the 2020s, 2050s and 2080s.72 This shows a decrease in precipitation across the whole of Scotland for 2020s and 2050s, with parts of the central highlands and Dumfries and Galloway experiencing greater decreases in the 2080s.

72 UK climate projections, medium emissions, change in summer precipitation for 2020s, 2050s and 2080s http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk/22284

Page 37: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

36

This series of maps shows the possible change in winter precipitation (%) for the medium emissions scenario and 50% probability level for the 2020s, 2050s and 2080s 73 This shows that the majority of Scotland is likely to experience an increase in winter precipitation with greater increases around the coast, through the central belt and into southern Scotland into the 2050s and 2080s. A slight decrease in precipitation may occur within the central uplands of the Cairngorm plateau through all time periods.

73 UK climate projections, medium emissions, change in winter precipitation for 2020s, 2050s and 2080s medium emissions scenario http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk/22286

Page 38: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

37

Air

Existing Environmental Protection Objectives: Air quality objectives aim to reduce emissions which are potentially harmful to health and the environment. There are also requirements for monitoring, with a particular focus on areas where air pollution is concentrated (Air Quality Management Areas).

Overview

2.44 Air quality is important for long and short term human health and can have particular impacts on people with existing health issues. Air pollution can also affect sensitive plants and habitats through acidification, which also impacts on water quality. Sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulates and low level ozone are generally considered to be of most importance in relation to human health and the environment.74 Emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) are discussed under climatic factors.

2.45 SO2 is emitted as a result of burning coal and heavy oil, mainly by power stations but also domestic coal burning. High concentrations affect the respiratory tract, and are particularly significant for asthmatics. In relation to the wider environment, it reacts with water in the atmosphere to form sulphuric acid, and this pollutes soil and water causing acidification, detriment to habitats and damage to buildings. NO2 is formed as a result of the oxidation of nitric oxide in the atmosphere. The main sources are road transport emissions and other combustion processes. It is irritating to the eyes, throat and lungs, can affect the respiratory tract. In relation to the wider environment it increases the potential for the formation of ground level ozone, and this pollutes soil and water causing eutrophication, detriment to habitats and damage to buildings.

2.46 Particulate matter (particles of less than 10 micrometres, and particles of less than 2.5 micrometres) are released primarily from road traffic, but also from chemical reactions in the atmosphere. These can have a significant effect on people with heart and lung diseases, and may carry carcinogenic compounds into the lungs. Deposition on plants can cause physical and toxic effects, and their distribution in the air can reduce visibility.

2.47 Ozone (O3) is a secondary pollutant formed in the lower atmosphere from sunlight oxidising volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of nitrogen oxides. VOCs arise from similar sources as NO2 and also solvents and petrol. Concentrations of low level ozone may arise from VOCs and NOx emissions some distance away. Low level ozone irritates the lungs, exacerbating the symptoms of people with lung conditions. It also damages plants, reducing crop yields.

Evolution of the Baseline – Pressures, Trends and Key Environmental Problems

2.48 Scotland’s air today is cleaner than at any time since before the Industrial Revolution. This has been achieved through tighter controls on pollutant emissions from industry, transport and domestic sources.75 Despite improvements in air quality it continues to have

74 Scotland’s Environment (undated) http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/our_environment/air_and_climate/air_quality.aspx (accessed 13/11/12) 75 Scotland’s Environment (undated) Air and climate [online] Available at: http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/our_environment/air_and_climate.aspx (accessed 16/04/2012)

Page 39: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

38

an impact on the environment and human health. Transport is the most significant source of emissions.76

2.49 Of the 32 local authorities in Scotland, 13 have declared an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA): Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Dundee, East Dunbartonshire, Falkirk, Fife, Midlothian, North Lanarkshire, Perth and Kinross, Renfrewshire, South Lanarkshire and West Lothian.77 In general these have been applied due to unregulated traffic emissions and relate to small geographical areas within each local authority, with the exception of Dundee which covers the whole administrative area.

2.50 Emissions data from the UK National Atmospheric Emissions inventory show that between 1990 and 2010, nitrogen oxides have decreased by 61%, particulates by 57% and sulphur dioxide by 73%78 Further decreases are predicted up to 2020. Compared with 2002 levels, oxides of nitrogen are expected to decline by a further 45%, particulates by 19% and sulphur dioxide by 64%.79

2.51 Annual mean trends for ground level ozone80 indicate that, on average, the concentrations of ozone in urban areas appear to be gradually increasing, and are higher in rural locations. The reduction of ozone concentrations is largely outside of Scottish and local authority controls, but it should be recognised as an important pollutant in terms of health impacts.

2.52 Air pollution often originates from the same activities that contribute to climate change, notably transport and energy generation. Some measures to reduce the impacts of climate change can also have a negative impact on air quality. The burning of biomass for example, leads to emissions of various air pollutants, and specifically particulates.81 Although biomass still makes a relatively small contribution to overall emissions, if the trend of increased adoption continues as currently forecast it is likely to become an increasingly significant source.82

Spatial distribution

2.53 Nitrogen oxides emissions data for 2010 indicate higher levels throughout the main urban areas of Scotland, extending into the rural hinterland83. SO2 emissions in 2010 are again focused in the urban areas with higher concentrations across the Central Belt, the North East coast and Inverness and the surrounding areas. The main shipping areas of the Forth and Clyde also show higher concentrations.84 The emissions data for PM10 in 2010

76 Scotland’s Environment (undated) Air quality [online] Available at: http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/our_environment/air_and_climate/air_quality.aspx (accessed 16/04/2012) 77 Air Quality in Scotland (undated) Local air quality management [online] Available at: http://www.scottishairquality.co.uk/laqm.php?a=l&la_id=i (accessed 16/04/2012) 78 Scottish Environment Statistics Online, Air Quality, Air Pollutant Emissions http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Environment/trendairpollutants (accessed 13/11/12) 79 Air Quality in Scotland (undated) Local air quality management [online] Available at: http://www.scottishairquality.co.uk/laqm.php?a=l&la_id=i (accessed 16/04/2012). 80 http://www.scottishairquality.co.uk/trends.php (accessed 13/11/12) 81 Air Quality in Scotland (undated) Local air quality management [online] Available at: http://www.scottishairquality.co.uk/laqm.php?a=l&la_id=i (accessed 16/04/2012) 82 Scotland’s Environment (undated) Air quality [online] Available at: http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/our_environment/air_and_climate/air_quality/pressures.aspx (accessed 16/04/2012) 83 Emission Map for Nitrogen Oxides as NO2 in 2010 http://naei.defra.gov.uk/mapping/mapping_2010.php (accessed 13/11/12) 84 Emission Map for Sulphur dioxide in 2010 http://naei.defra.gov.uk/mapping/mapping_2010.php (accessed 27/11/12)

Page 40: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

39

shows higher concentrations across the major urban areas, with highest concentrations in the larger towns and cities and along major roads such as the A9. PM2.5 show a similar distribution, although this is less widespread with greater Glasgow, Edinburgh and the Lothians, Dundee and Aberdeen showing the highest levels.85

Air – key issues

Air quality in Scotland is generally good, but there are concentrations of pollution, particularly in urban areas.

Planning has a key role to play in influencing the sustainable location of new development, and ensuring it is fully supported by sustainable travel options which reduces reliance on the private car and consequently transport emissions.

NPF3 and SPP should continue to support public transport infrastructure, walking and cycling opportunities and reduce congestion to help address transport emissions.

NPF3 and SPP should continue to support renewable energy generation, to reduce emissions from fossil fuel burning and ensure adverse effects on air quality are avoided.

85 Emission Map for PM10 in 2010 http://naei.defra.gov.uk/mapping/mapping_2010.php (accessed 13/11/12)

Page 41: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

40

Water

Existing Environmental Protection Objectives: Water, coastal and marine policies include Scotland’s two River Basin Management Plans which aim to improve the overall condition of water bodies inland and on the coast, and marine policies, not least Scotland’s emerging National Marine Plan. Protection of relatively undeveloped coastal areas and management of both coastal and inland flood risk are also key objectives.

Overview

2.54 Scotland’s water provides a wide range of benefits, supporting our health and prosperity. These include providing drinking water, water for use in industry and agriculture, energy from waves, tides and hydropower and recreation opportunities (such as bird watching, angling and kayaking). Our water supports a diverse array of habitats and contains nationally and internationally important species.86 Around the coast, the water quality of the marine environment is important for beaches, bathing water, fish and shellfish production. Our water environment is generally in good condition, with significant improvements to water quality having occurred over the last 20 years

2.55 Impounding reservoirs (and their supporting sources) provide 82% of our raw water. Direct river sources provide a further 10%, with lochs and groundwater accounting for 4% each.87 Between 2002/03 and 2009/10, estimated raw water abstractions by Scottish Water decreased by 13%. Between 2002/03 and 2010/11, domestic water consumption increased by 8%, whilst non domestic consumption reduced by 16%. In 2010/11, leakage remained a major element of total demand, equating to approximately one third of water abstracted. Reductions in leakage will provide benefits both to customers, by reducing the risk of drought impact, and to the environment, by reducing raw water abstraction.88

2.56 Flooding can have significant impacts on people, communities and businesses. When floods happen, they disrupt day-to-day lives and their impacts can be long lasting. Climate change is likely to increase the risk of flooding in coming years. There are many areas in Scotland at risk from flooding. Approximately one in 22 of all residential properties and one in 13 of all non-residential or business properties in Scotland are at risk from flooding. The average annual damage to homes, businesses and agriculture from all sources of flooding is estimated to amount to between £720 million and £850 million. In addition to the personal and health impacts of flooding, this represents a significant impact on the Scottish economy.89

2.57 The main causes of flooding in Scotland are:

River flooding that occurs when a watercourse cannot cope with the water draining into it from the surrounding land. This can happen, for example, when heavy rain falls on an already waterlogged catchment. River flooding accounts for approximately 45% of all predicted impacts in Scotland.

86 Scotland’s Environment Web Water information page http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/our_environment/water.aspx (accessed 27/11/12) 87 Scottish Water, Water Resource Plan 2009 Summary Document http://www.scottishwater.co.uk/assets/about%20us/files/key%20publications/adoptedwrp09summarydoc.pdf 88 Key Scottish Environment Statistics 2011 Public Water Supplies – Water Abstracted and Supplied 2002/2003 – 2009/10, 2010/11 http://scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2011/09/05154117/24 (accessed 27/11/12) 89 SEPA (2011) National Flood Risk Assessment http://www.sepa.org.uk/flooding/flood_risk_management/national_flood_risk_assessment.aspx (accessed 28/11/12)

Page 42: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

41

Coastal flooding that results from a combination of high tides and stormy conditions. If low atmospheric pressure coincides with a high tide and strong winds, a tidal surge may happen which can cause serious flooding. Coastal flooding accounts for approximately 17% of all predicted impacts in Scotland.

Surface water flooding which occurs when heavy rainfall overwhelms the drainage capacity of the local area. It is difficult to predict, much more so than river or coastal flooding. Current estimates are that surface water flooding accounts for approximately 38% of all impacts in Scotland.90 Action to reduce drainage in urban areas includes the use of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems ( SUDS) which reduce the rate of surface run-off and improve water quality and amenity. Under the Water Environment (Controlled Activities) (Scotland) Regulations 2011 new developments are required to ensure that surface water drainage discharges will pass through SUDS.91

Evolution of the Baseline – Pressures, Trends and Key Environmental Problems

2.58 Scottish Water anticipates that by 2014, only 1% of customers (65,000) will have a Supply Demand Balance deficit.

2.59 A large proportion of the waters of the Scotland river basin district are of high quality. However, around 35% are under significant pressure from human activity and are not in good condition. The main pressures on water bodies include:

Pollution from agriculture, sewage disposal and other sources (including acidification and abandoned mines);

Abstraction and impoundment from drinking water supply, agricultural irrigation, hydropower and other sources such as aquaculture and drinks manufacture;

Alterations to beds, banks and shores from urban land uses and flood protection, agriculture, forestry and the legacy of past engineering activities.92

2.60 Many water bodies are also part of protected areas, including shellfish, bathing, and drinking water resources and biodiversity sites. Management objectives for these focus on purposes for which the designated area was established. The overall aim is for 98% of all the Scottish River Basin District waters to be in a good condition by 2027. A small proportion of waters will not achieve this, including groundwater that is recovering from the effects of past mining activity and lochs that are recovering from acidification or the effects of nutrient enrichment. The overall aim is for 100% of protected areas to achieve the goals for which they were established by 2020.93 Just under 64% of water bodies are in good or better condition.94 Coastal waters and estuaries have a higher proportion of water bodies in good or better condition than rivers and lochs. Water quality within the Solway Tweed River

90 SEPA (2011) National Flood Risk Assessment http://www.sepa.org.uk/flooding/flood_risk_management/national_flood_risk_assessment.aspx (accessed 28/11/12) 91 SEPA website Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems http://www.sepa.org.uk/water/water_regulation/regimes/pollution_control/suds.aspx (accessed 28/11/2012) 92 SEPA (2009) Summary The river basin management plan for the Scotland river basin district 2009–2015 http://www.sepa.org.uk/water/river_basin_planning.aspx (accessed 28/11/12) 93 SEPA (2009) Summary The river basin management plan for the Scotland river basin district 2009–2015 http://www.sepa.org.uk/water/river_basin_planning.aspx (accessed 28/11/12) 94 SEPA (2009) The river basin management plan for the Scotland river basin district 2009 – 2015 Summary http://www.sepa.org.uk/water/river_basin_planning.aspx (accessed 27/11/12)

Page 43: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

42

Basin District faces further challenges, and the targets for 2027 of 92% of surface waters and 93% of ground waters reaching good status reflects the progress required.95

2.61 Climate change adds a further dimension to the challenge of improving water quality, with potentially substantial reductions in river and ground water flows in the east of the country and increased water temperatures putting further pressure on their ecological status and increasing their susceptibility to pollution. Increased winter precipitation will lead to an increase in flooding as well as more frequent and extended periods of waterlogging, providing both opportunities and threats to other environmental receptors including biodiversity. Increased winter precipitation will also lead to further diffuse pollution, greater soil erosion and run off of nutrients and faecal matter.96

2.62 The National Flood Risk Assessment takes account of the likelihood of flooding from all sources, together with the potential impact of flooding on human health, economic activity, the environment and cultural heritage. It also takes into account future risk from climate change.

Spatial distribution

2.63 Mapped analysis condition of our rivers, lochs estuaries and coastal waters in 2008 illustrates a number of areas with poorer water quality, most significantly through Dumfries and Galloway, the Central Belt, Ayrshire, the Lothians, Fife, Dundee and Angus and the North East. This is illustrated, for example, in the classification of groundwater bodies. In addition, mapping of coastal water bodies shows varying status with issues concentrated around firths where levels of population and development are higher. The National Flood Risk Assessment takes account of the likelihood of flooding from all sources, together with the potential impact of flooding on human health, economic activity, the environment and cultural heritage. Potentially Vulnerable Areas are identified where the total impact of floods in a given area is considered nationally significant, and will be the basis for the development of Flood Risk Management Plans. Some 243 areas contain 92% of the total number of properties at risk within Scotland, and they are generally located around the main settlements, focused throughout the central belt, to Fife the east coast, Dumfries and Galloway and the borders. Island communities are also identified including large parts of Shetland, Orkney, Mull and the Uists.

Water – key issues

Planning can help to reduce flooding by ensuring new development does not increase current risk, and is not located in areas of high risk.

NPF3 and SPP can support action to improve water quality by influencing the location and type of development within all catchments, but particularly those with water quality issues, and by identifying and addressing its impacts on the water environment.

There may also be opportunities to improve water infrastructure networks and ensure development is matched with current and future infrastructure capacity.

95 The river basin management plan for the Solway Tweed river basin district 2009–2015 Overview http://www.sepa.org.uk/water/river_basin_planning.aspx 96 HR Wallingford, AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Ltd, The Met Office, Collingwood Environmental Planning, Alexander Ballard Ltd, Paul Watkiss Associates, Metroeconomica (2012) A Climate Change Risk Assessment for Scotland, DEFRA

Page 44: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

43

Page 45: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

44

Page 46: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

45

Page 47: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

46

Soil

Existing Environmental Protection Objectives: Soil objectives include European level recognition of the importance of soil resources, and national commitments to sustainable soil management that protect valued soils including prime quality agricultural land (the land most suitable for farming) and those with a high carbon content, such as peat. Some objectives take this further, such as guidance on the development of wind farms on peat, commitments to remediation of contaminated land and prevention of soil pollution.

Overview

2.64 Soil is essentially a non-renewable resource. It supports a wide range of functions and provides a wide range of environmental, economic and societal benefits. According to the Scottish Soil Framework (2009), the term soil quality is conventionally defined as the ability or fitness of a specific kind of soil to carry out one or several of the following functions:97

Providing the basis for food, forestry and other biomass production; Controlling and regulating environmental interactions - regulating water flow and

quality; Storing carbon and maintaining the balance of gases in the air; Providing valued habitats and sustaining biodiversity; Preserving cultural and archaeological heritage; Providing raw material; and Providing a platform for buildings and roads.

2.65 The majority of soils in Scotland are acidic with low inherent fertility, and many soils are naturally very poorly drained. Due to our colder and wetter climate, our soils are in general more organic, wetter and more leached than soils elsewhere in the UK and Europe. Around 25% of soils are cultivated for agriculture (including improved grassland), with 45% used for rough grazing and 17% of soils are forested.98

2.66 Scottish soils are estimated to contain approximately 3,000 million tonnes of carbon, the majority (50%)99 of the soil carbon stock of the whole of the UK.100 In particular peat soils hold over 70% of Scotland’s soil carbon while only accounting for around 11% of its land area.101 Semi-natural vegetation, such as heather moorland, native woodland, blanket bog and montane habitats are dominant in upland Scotland. Many of these have soils that are classed as rare in a UK, European, and in some cases, a global context.102

Evolution of the Baseline – Pressures, Trends and Key Environmental Problems

2.67 Scotland’s soils are generally in good health, but there is a lack of national trend data from which evidence of change or damage to soils might be determined. The most 97 Scottish Government (2009) Scottish Soil Framework http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2009/05/20145602/0 (accessed 17/12/12) 98The State of Scotland’s Soil, 2011, Dobbie, K.E, Burneau, P.M.C, Towers, W. [online] Available at: http://www.sepa.org.uk/land/soil.aspx (accessed 10/04//2012) 99 Dobbie, K.E, Bruneau, P.M.C and Towers, W. (eds) (2011) The State of Scotland’s Soil, Natural Scotland, www.sepa.org.uk/land/land_publications.aspx 100The Scottish Government (2009) Scottish Soil Framework. [online] Available at: http://scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2009/05/20145602/4 (accessed 10/04/2012) 101 SNH (2009) The main soil types in Scotland [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/about-scotlands-nature/rocks-soils-and-landforms/scotlands-soils/soil-types/ (accessed 10/04/12) 102The Scottish Government (2009) Scottish Soil Framework. [online] Available at: http://scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2009/05/20145602/4 (accessed 10/04/2012)

Page 48: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

47

significant threats to Scottish soils are climate change and loss of organic matter. Both affect most soil functions with national impacts, which are difficult to reverse. In the case of greenhouse gas emissions, the impacts are global. Significant threats to soils in Scotland include construction leading to sealing, loss of biodiversity and deposition of acidifying and eutrophying air pollutants.103

2.68 Threats most commonly associated with cultivation, including erosion, loss of structure and compaction, do not pose high risks at the national scale. However, they can generate locally significant issues for example, loss of peatland habitat, damage to subsurface archaeological features and impacts on water quality.104 There is a lack of information on threats to soil functions including the extent of soil sealing, changes in soil biodiversity and compaction. Estimates of soil sealing suggest figures of approximately 1000 hectares a year.105

2.69 The status and change in the soil organic matter stock, an important carbon store,106 is also uncertain, and data on the extent and nature of soil contamination is limited. There is some evidence that some contaminant inputs and their impacts are reducing, for example from atmospheric acid deposition. However, many other potential soil contaminants such as organic chemicals are not routinely measured. Landslide and debris flow activity is reported to have increased over the last 200 – 500 years. It is difficult to predict future trends in this issue, but as they are associated with increased rainfall, and this is anticipated under the UKCP09 climate change scenarios, this may become a more significant issue in the future.107

2.70 Data on the amount of vacant and derelict land in local authorities areas is collected annually. In 2011, North Lanarkshire had the highest amount of recorded derelict and urban vacant land at 1,438 hectares (13% of the Scottish total), followed by North Ayrshire and Glasgow City which each account for 12% of the total. Since 2005, an average of 488 hectares of derelict and urban vacant land has been brought back into use each year, with 336 hectares being reused in the 2010 to 2011 period.108 The redevelopment of such areas requires careful planning. Contaminated soils and other materials may be present, derelict infrastructure may need to be removed, and there is a need to ensure safe restoration for alternative uses whilst preventing further soil and groundwater pollution.

Spatial distribution

2.71 Soil organic carbon content is higher in the North West Highlands and Islands and Shetland, and the uplands of southern Scotland. Higher quality agricultural land, which is suitable for crops, is distributed throughout the Lothians, Fife, Tayside and the eastern Scottish Borders, as well as Ayrshire, the Clyde Valley, the lowlands of Dumfries and Galloway and the north east of Scotland, including the coastal areas surrounding the Moray and Cromarty Firths. Land which is only suitable for grazing extends through the southern uplands, the northwest highlands and islands.109 Mapping of vacant and derelict land by local authority in 2011 shows that the local authorities with the largest area of derelict and

103The Scottish Government (2009) Scottish Soil Framework. [online] Available at: http://scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2009/05/20145602/4 (accessed 10/04/2012) 104The Scottish Government (2009) Scottish Soil Framework. [online] Available at: http://scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2009/05/20145602/4 (accessed 10/04/2012). 105 The State of Scotland’s Soil, 2011, Dobbie, K.E, Burneau, P.M.C, Towers, W. [online] Available at: http://www.sepa.org.uk/land/soil.aspx (accessed 15/11/2012) 106 Ibid. 107 Ibid. 108The Scottish Government (2012) Statistical Bulletin Scottish Vacant and Derelict Land Survey 2011 http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0038/00386399.pdf (accessed 13/11/12) 109 http://www.macaulay.ac.uk/explorescotland/lcfa2.html

Page 49: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

48

urban vacant land are within the central belt through North Lanarkshire, North Ayrshire, Glasgow City, Renfrewshire and Fife, although there are also significant areas within Highland, West Lothian, South Lanarkshire, East Ayrshire and Midlothian.

Soil – key issues

Planning can contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation, although some activities undertaken to achieve this can also have direct local effects on soil.

Planning can help to safeguard carbon rich soils, including peatland through influencing the location of development and other damaging activities.

Planning has a role to play in making best use of our land, including bringing derelict land back into productive use.

NPF3 and the SPP can aim to protect soils which support primary activities, including high quality agricultural land.

Page 50: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

49

Page 51: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

50

Page 52: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

51

Cultural Heritage

Existing Environmental Protection Objectives: Cultural heritage objectives focus on protecting sites, townscapes (places, buildings and open spaces), buildings, archaeological sites, battlefields, wrecks and landscapes which have been recognised and internationally, nationally or locally designated for protection. Policy also emphasises the importance of recognising and avoiding negative impacts on the wider setting of recognised sites, and enhancement where appropriate. Key objectives also extend to taking into account, and avoiding loss of currently unknown archaeology. Policies on architecture and place aim to improve the quality of our settlements and built environment.

Overview

2.72 While cultural heritage is commonly viewed as buildings and artefacts, it is also communicated in less tangible ways, such as language, music and festivals.110 Scotland’s many historical sites define its sense of place and time, at both the local and national levels. Beyond this, our historic environment plays an important role in supporting communities and generating income for local economies. The thousands of historic buildings and monuments, both on land and in Scotland’s coastal and marine areas, attract millions of visitors each year: an estimated 83% of visitors primarily come to Scotland to visit historic sites.111 With such importance placed on these irreplaceable assets, their ongoing care and conservation is necessary to ensure future generations continue to enjoy and benefit them.

2.73 Scotland has five world heritage sites, 641 conservation areas, with a further 386 sites identified in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes.112 There are two national parks and 40 National Scenic Areas (NSAs), covering around one-fifth of the total land area.113 There are 30 sites listed in the inventory of Historic Battlefields with a further 22 currently under research.114 The actual extent of archaeological remains in Scotland is not known, with the 8,151 scheduled monuments representing only a small proportion of the 290,565 records held by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS) and 265,354 records held by local authority Sites and Monuments Records (SMRs).115 It is likely that many more unrecorded sites and unknown resources remain throughout the country.

2.74 There are some 47,540 listed buildings in Scotland, a net increase of 375 listings since 2008.116 These are divided into three categories (A, B and C) based on the level of importance, be it national or international, regional or more than local, and local respectively; and on building style, period and type. Some of these buildings are listed on the Buildings at Risk Register (BARR) developed in 1990 to highlight properties of architectural or historic

110 UNESCO (undated) Documenting Intangible Cultural heritage (ICH) in Scotland [online] Available at: http://www.unesco.org.uk/documenting_intangible_cultural_heritage_(ich)_in_scotland (accessed 6/12/12) 111 Historic Scotland (2012) Why is the Historic Environment Important? [online] Available at: http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/index/heritage/valuingourheritage/why-is-the-historic-environment-important.htm (accessed 10/12/12) 112 Scotland’s Environment (2012) Historic Environment [online] Available at: http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/our_environment/built_environment/historic_environment.aspx (accessed 5/12/12) 113 SHEA (2011) Historic environment Audit [online] Available at: http://www.heritageaudit.org.uk/ (accessed 6/12/12) 114 Historic Scotland (2012) Inventory Battlefields [online] Available at: http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/index/heritage/battlefields/battlefieldsunderconsideration.htm (accessed 5/12/12) 115 Scotland’s Environment (2012) Historic Environment [online] Available at: http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/our_environment/built_environment/historic_environment.aspx (accessed 17/8/12) 116 SHEA (2011) Historic environment Audit [online] Available at: http://www.heritageaudit.org.uk/ (accessed 6/12/12)

Page 53: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

52

merit in Scotland that are considered to be at risk or under threat. In 2011, the percentage of A-listed buildings at risk was 8.2%, representing a small decrease from the 8.7% recorded in 2009.117 In 2010, some 85% of scheduled monuments were in an optimal or generally satisfactory condition, 13% were in a generally unsatisfactory condition with major localised problems, and just 2% as having extensive and significant problems. These figures were similar to those from the 2007 assessment.

2.75 RCAHMS held 134,579 architectural records and 19,170 records for maritime sites in 2010.118 In addition, there are many older buildings that have not been designated but are considered to make a valuable contribution to the local historic environment, and face similar conservation and maintenance issues to those of listed buildings. It is estimated that 19% of dwellings in Scotland (around 434,000) were constructed prior to 1919.119 Historic Scotland has responsibility for 345 ancient monuments. These properties cover a wide geographical and period spread, and range from historic castles such as Muness Castle in Shetland and Edinburgh Castle, to other assets such as New Abbey Corn Mill in Dumfries and Calanais Standing Stones on the Outer Hebrides. Less than a quarter of these properties are owned by Scottish Ministers, with the remainder in guardianship and held under an individual arrangement with the monument’s owner.120

2.76 Scotland’s marine and coastal heritage is demonstrated by historic ships, maritime museums, festivals of the sea and some 14,000 or more heritage assets located around the coastline. Many of these assets, such as harbours, are still in commercial use.121 Scotland has eight designated historic wreck sites around its coast, with these sites protected under the 1973 Protection of Wrecks Act and the 1979 Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act protects a further seven wrecks of the German High Seas Fleet scuttled in 1919 in Scapa Flow. These historic wrecks make up a small fraction of the many thousands of seabed sites known to exist.122

Evolution of the Baseline – Pressures, Trends and Key Environmental Problems

2.77 The historic environment can be pressured by a range of natural and man-made sources.123 Many of Scotland’s historic assets are currently considered to be either deteriorating or at risk of deterioration. Around 2% of scheduled monuments are at immediate risk or subject to ongoing deterioration, 9% estimated to be at high risk (i.e. deterioration likely within one year) and 25% at medium risk (i.e. deterioration likely within five years).124 While many of our historic assets are subject to similar pressures, the scale and nature of these threats depends on the specific value and the vulnerability of each site.

2.78 The potential impacts of climate change on the historic environment are considered to be wide ranging. Rising sea levels and increased storm events may increase coastal erosion, endangering our historic landscapes, structures, buildings and archaeology in the coastal zone. Some of Scotland’s unique and special sites, such as Skara Brae in Orkney, 117 Historic Scotland (2011) Buildings at Risk Register [online] Available at: http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/index/heritage/barr.htm (accessed 6/12/12) 118 SHEA (2011) Historic environment Audit [online] Available at: http://www.heritageaudit.org.uk/ (accessed 6/12/12) 119 ibid 120 ibid 121 ibid 122 Scotland’s Environment (2012) Historic Environment [online] Available at: http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/our_environment/built_environment/historic_environment.aspx (accessed 5/12/12) 123 Historic Scotland (2011) Scottish Historic Environment Policy [online] Available at: http://www.heritageaudit.org.uk/ (accessed 7/12/12) 124 SHEA (2011) Historic environment Audit [online] Available at: http://www.heritageaudit.org.uk/ (accessed 7/12/12)

Page 54: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

53

are at most risk.125 This threat will grow in the future, given the future predictions of the likely effects of global warming and climate change for the remainder of this century. Increases in storm intensity and frequency are also likely to increase flood risk in both coastal and inland areas, potentially damaging historic settlements and archaeological sites located in vulnerable areas. Similar risks have been identified for historic buildings. More rainfall will mean that traditional buildings will be wetter for longer periods of time, with increased water penetration into masonry, weathering of stone, algal and fungal growth, and corrosion of metals.126 In many cases, this could undermine conservation efforts and, in the worst case, lead to structural damage.

2.79 Increases in extremes of wetting and drying may also damage historic buildings and monuments, by accelerating the decay of stonework and other traditional building materials. Changes to hydrology and vegetation could also threaten the integrity and visibility of archaeological sites and Scotland’s many historic landscapes, particularly preserved wetland archaeology and designed landscapes and gardens. Secondary impacts may also occur through the expected changes in climate and temperatures. In particular, the introduction of invasive non-native species or changes to the distribution of pests and biogenic growth (i.e. lichen) may increasingly threaten the integrity of historic sites.

2.80 Development is potentially a pressure on cultural heritage sites, in the absence of appropriate planning policy. Scottish Government Planning Performance Statistics indicate that local authorities decided 39,536 planning applications in 2009/10, excluding major applications, representing a decrease of 13% from 2008/09. Of these, 8.2% also involved listed building and conservation area consents, a slight increase of 0.2% from 2008/09.127 Inappropriate development, loss of viable use, changes in population and neglect are potential threats to historical sites.128 Changes in land use can also have significant impacts, including increases in or changes to forestry and agriculture activities, or new uses in previously undeveloped areas.

Spatial distribution

2.81 Cultural heritage assets are distributed throughout the country. There are clusters of sites in and around settlements, and also throughout the coast. Key battlefields include those around Edinburgh, the Scottish Borders in Central and Northern Scotland.

Cultural heritage – key issues

Planning can protect and promote the conservation of Scotland’s historical assets through guiding development to appropriate locations and promoting good design.

Planning can help to promote climate change adaptation and to conserve and protect sites of historical interest in Scotland’s terrestrial and marine areas.

NPF3 and the SPP should consider opportunities to promote building maintenance, appropriate reuse and enhancement and take into account designated sites and buildings and their settings, and undesignated and unknown cultural heritage assets.

125 Historic Scotland (2012) The Effect on the Historic Environment [online] Available at: http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/index/heritage/climatechange/effectonenvironment.htm (accessed 7/12/12) 126 Historic Scotland (2009) Towards a Strategy for Scotland’s Marine Historic Environment - Discussion Paper in Association with the Marine Taskforce of the Built Environment Forum of Scotland (BEFS) [online] Available at: http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/marine-strategy.pdf. (accessed 7/12/12) 127 SHEA (2011) Historic environment Audit [online] Available at: http://www.heritageaudit.org.uk/ (accessed 7/12/12) 128 ibid

Page 55: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

54

Page 56: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

55

Landscape and Geodiversity

Existing Environmental Protection Objectives: Landscape objectives, including the European Landscape Convention, recognise and protect special landscapes but also aim to improve degraded landscapes and reflect the importance of all landscapes. Key national objectives include the National Scenic Areas Programme. Policies include a continuing commitment to protecting the special qualities of nationally important landscapes, with planning also recognising and protecting regional and locally important landscapes. Geological sites are protected, including through geological Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs).

Overview

2.82 Scotland's diverse and distinctive landscapes are a significant part of the country's natural and cultural heritage, making an important and positive contribution to the economic, cultural and social wellbeing of the nation. Landscape and geodiversity are inextricably linked, and the influences of geology underpin the character of the landscape around us. The European Landscape Convention aims are to promote protection, management and planning of all landscapes, not just protected areas. Landscape is a component of a number of environmental designations and there is an intricate relationship between landscape, conservation, other environmental objectives, community identity and wellbeing and economic development.

2.83 Scotland's landscape provides many different benefits.129 Accessible attractive landscapes support health and well-being by encouraging physical activity, providing a huge range of opportunities for enjoyment and recreation. The restoration of degraded landscapes is an important aspect of regeneration and landscapes provide a resource for learning about wider natural and cultural heritage. Tourism is vital to the economy, contributing around £4.2 billion and employing nearly 9% of the workforce in 2007. The economic benefits of tourism are important for rural areas, in turn relying on landscape quality.

2.84 The 40 National Scenic Areas (NSAs) in Scotland, with their outstanding scenery, represent Scotland's finest landscapes and cover 13% of the land area. They include spectacular mountain areas such as the Cuillins on Skye, Ben Nevis and Glencoe, and dramatic island landscapes within the Hebrides and the Northern Isles. They also extend to some of the more scenic and picturesque landscapes that can be found in Perthshire, the Borders and in Dumfries and Galloway.

2.85 Scotland's National Parks, Loch Lomond and The Trossachs and the Cairngorms, are central to rural economic development and recreation, sustainability, and the conservation of their diverse natural habitats. Their landscapes, wildlife and cultural heritage are of particularly high value. Regional parks also form important landscape and recreation resources. Galloway Forest Park has been awarded the status of a Dark Sky Park, covering around 75,000 hectares of land.130 Biosphere reserves are designated by the United Nations which are designated for the three main functions of conservation, learning/research and sustainable development. There are Biosphere Reserves in Galloway and Southern Ayrshire, South Uist and Beinn Eighe. They include core areas of biospheres, a buffer zone

129 The Scottish Landscape Forum’s Report to Scottish Ministers (2007) Scotland’s Living Landscapes http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/B173495.pdf (accessed 3/12/12) 130 Forestry Commission Scotland Dark Skies in Galloway Forest Park http://www.forestry.gov.uk/darkskygalloway (accessed 3/12/12)

Page 57: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

56

protecting the biosphere and a broad transitional area which promotes sustainable development.131

2.86 Geoparks are a UNESCO designation, identifying areas of outstanding geological heritage, and geology is the foundation of landscape character. Geoparks recognise where this heritage value can benefit local people, including by developing the economy through tourism and education initiatives. Scotland’s three Geoparks are in the North West Highlands, Shetland,132 and Lochaber which operates as a Geopark without the UNESCO accolade.133 Together they cover 10% of Scotland’s land area.134 The geological features selected by the GCR range from rocks, minerals and fossils, to landform features formed during the Ice Age, modern rivers and coasts. These are features of national and international importance that are considered to qualify for designation in SSSIs.

2.87 SNH has been progressing work to identify areas of ‘wild land.’ This is based on four attributes:

Perceived naturalness of land cover Ruggedness of the terrain Remoteness from public roads or ferries, and Lack of buildings, roads, pylons and other modern artefacts

2.88 The map at the end of this section shows the most recent output from this work, updating the 2002 Search Areas for Wild Land referred to in the Strategic Environmental Assessment for the second National Planning Framework (NPF2). It sets out SNH’s current analysis of core areas of wild land character. 135

2.89 Areas with stronger wild land characteristics are more commonly found in the north and west, particularly areas of higher ground, although additional areas of wild land are present in other areas of Scotland.

Evolution of the Baseline – Pressures, Trends and Key Environmental Problems

2.90 Three broad types of change that influence landscape character:136

Changes relating to land use, such as forestry expansion and the decline in agricultural incomes;

Changes brought about by incremental and ongoing development such as housing, the expansion of settlements, quarrying and widening of roads and new built structures, such as wind turbines, hydro schemes and telecommunications masts; and

Changes in perception, brought about for example, by awareness and experience of landscapes elsewhere, faster journey times, increased access and higher expectations in relation to recreation and visitor experience.

131 Galloway and Southern Ayrshire Biosphere http://www.gallowayandsouthernayrshirebiosphere.org.uk/ (accessed 3/12/12) 132 Scottish Natural Heritage, Geoparks http://www.snh.gov.uk/enjoying-the-outdoors/what-can-i-see/geology-rocks/geoparks/ (accessed 3/12/12) 133 Scottish Natural Heritage Geoparks http://www.snh.gov.uk/protecting-scotlands-nature/protected-areas/international-designations/geoparks/ (accessed 11/12/12) 134 Ibid. 135 SNH (2013) Mapping Scotland’s wildness and wild land http://www.snh.gov.uk/protecting-scotlands-nature/looking-after-landscapes/landscape-policy-and-guidance/wild-land/mapping/ 136 Scottish Natural Heritage (2002) Natural Heritage Zones: A National Assessment of Scotland’s Landscapes http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A337653.pdf (accessed 12/12/12)

Page 58: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

57

2.91 Changes in land use since the 1950s, which have influenced Scotland’s landscapes, include intensification of agriculture, and expansion of forestry. Research into the potential effects of climate change137 found that direct effects on landscapes are likely to include loss of land to the sea, increased flooding and changing patterns of natural and semi-natural habitats. Human responses to mitigate climate change including renewable energy development and carbon sequestration, and adaptation responses will also result in landscape change. The combined effects of these changes are likely to be most noticeable in lowland and coastal areas, and may have a more significant effect than the direct effects of climate change.

Spatial distribution

2.92 National Scenic Areas are located predominantly across the north west of Scotland, and are largely focused on upland and coastal landscapes, although they also include lochs, estuaries and river valleys. Although there is some overlap, Geoparks are significantly more extensive and Scotland’s two national parks extend beyond NSA boundaries. The Galloway and Southern Ayrshire biosphere reserve and the Galloway Dark Skies Park are the largest national landscape related designations in southern Scotland.

Landscape – key issues

Planning has a key role to play in achieving high quality design in new development. This should ensure that new development reflects landscape character and capacity. This is particularly relevant in areas such as settlement edges and along key transport corridors, where landscape quality has historically been degraded.

NPF3 and SPP should seek to avoid adverse impacts on landscapes, particularly areas which have been designated for protection as a result of their special characteristics.

137 Scottish Natural Heritage (2011) Summary of the effects of climate change on landscape and quality of life in Scotland http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/B988942.pdf (accessed 11/12/12)

Page 59: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

58

Page 60: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

59

Page 61: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

60

Material Assets

Existing Environmental Protection Objectives: ‘Material assets’ is a broad topic area, encompassing a range of environmental objectives that partly overlap with those covered by the NPF and the SPP. Under this heading, the assessment has focused particularly on issues arising from agriculture, forestry, transport and waste. Policies relating to these assets are wide-ranging, but aim to contribute to core planning objectives of sustainable development, contribute to the low carbon economy and make best use of existing resources and infrastructure.

Overview

2.93 Material assets cover a wide range of topics relating to infrastructure, resources and production. All of these topic areas are important in supporting the economy, and have links to environmental quality.

2.94 Agricultural land is a key material asset. Soils, as a component of this, have already been discussed above. Agriculture is the dominant land use in Scotland, covering 6.2 million hectares, 80% of the land area. Most agricultural land is rough grazing, with 85% classified as Less Favoured Areas (LFA). Much land is given over to livestock, crops, fallow and set-aside represents only 10% of the total agriculture area.138 The beef industry is the single largest sector of Scottish agriculture, with approximately 500,000 breeding beef cows, with production worth in excess of £500 million.139 Dairy cows are also a significant sector of agriculture with a production value in the region of £300 million.140 Sheep are often farmed in LFAs, contributing a further £165m of output.141 In addition, pigs, deer and chickens are farmed but to a lesser extent. Scotland is responsible for approximately 12% of the UK’s cereal production. By tonnage, approximately 60% of this is barely with the most of the remainder wheat.142 Potatoes and oil seed rape are also farmed over large areas. Fruit and vegetable production is mainly restricted to fertile areas such as Tayside and Angus.143

2.95 Woodland in Scotland covers approximately 1.4 million hectares (45% of the UK total) with the forestry sector providing goods to the value of approximately £700 million to the Scottish economy in 2008.144 Scotland’s forests are the most productive in the UK and it is forecast that timber availability will continue to rise.145 Its biodiversity value has already been discussed above.

2.96 In 2008, there was 55,838 kilometres of public road in Scotland.146 Traffic volume on Scotland’s roads has increased steadily, by 15% since 1996, though there was a slight

138 HR Wallingford, AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Ltd, The Met Office, Collingwood Environmental Planning, Alexander Ballard Ltd, Paul Watkiss Associates, Metroeconomica (2012) A Climate Change Risk Assessment for Scotland, DEFRA 139 HR Wallingford, AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Ltd, The Met Office, Collingwood Environmental Planning, Alexander Ballard Ltd, Paul Watkiss Associates, Metroeconomica (2012) A Climate Change Risk Assessment for Scotland, DEFRA 140 Ibid. 141 Quality Meat Scotland (undated) The importance of livestock production to the Scottish economy (accessed 24/09/12) http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/278281/0090717.pdf 142 Ibid. 143 Ibid. 144 HR Wallingford, AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Ltd, The Met Office, Collingwood Environmental Planning, Alexander Ballard Ltd, Paul Watkiss Associates, Metroeconomica (2012) A Climate Change Risk Assessment for Scotland, DEFRA 145 The Scottish Government (2011) Statistics, Agriculture fisheries and rural [online] Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Agriculture-Fisheries/TrendTimberHarvested (accessed 10/04/2012) 146 Scottish Government (2009) Private Transport – Road Network Statistics, [online] Available at:

Page 62: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

61

decrease between 2009 and 2010.147 Estimates for major roads show that the volume of traffic has doubled between 1983 and 2010.148 The trunk road network makes up 6.3% of the Scotland road network and carries 37% of all traffic and 63% of all heavy goods.149 Our rail network has 2800 km of track, 23% of which is electrified.150 Around 77 million rail passenger journeys are made each year within Scotland.151 Rail freight has also increased slightly from the mid 1990s.152 Scottish ports handle around 96 million tonnes of cargo every year and over 9.5 million passengers per annum pass through them.153 Shipping tonnage has fluctuated over the past 20 years but remains important, and lifeline ferry services are vital to island communities.154 There are also five main airports, four of which accounting for around 94% of total passengers and thirteen other airports mainly serving the islands.155

2.97 The disposal of waste to landfill can result in the loss of many tonnes of valuable materials, release pollutants into the soil and watercourses, and emit methane, a greenhouse gas. In Scotland, 7.4 million tonnes were landfilled in 2007 and Biodegradable Municipal Waste (BMW) accounted for 1.4 million tonnes (19%) of this total. Between 2000 and 2007 the total waste sent to landfill decreased by 34%, while the amount of BMW sent to landfill decreased by 28%. In 2008/09 BMW sent to landfill fell further to 1.26 million tonnes. BMW items such as paper and card, textiles, food and garden waste decompose and release the greenhouse gases methane and carbon dioxide.156

Evolution of the Baseline – Pressures, Trends and Key Environmental Problems

2.98 Agricultural livestock numbers show an overall decline between 2002 to 2012 for sheep, cattle and pigs, but a slight increase in poultry numbers since 2009.157 Trends in the cereal and oilseed rape harvest for 2012 show decreases in the area under production and in the yield for barley, wheat and oilseed rape. Oat production is predicted to increase, despite an expected 1% decrease in yield.158

http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Transport-Travel/TrendRoadNetwork (accessed 17/04/2012) 147 Scottish Government (2011) Private Transport–road traffic [online] Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Transport-Travel/TrendRoadTraffic (accessed 17/04/2012) 148 Ibid. 149 Scottish Government (2011) Adaptation framework transport sector action plan [online] Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Environment/climatechange/scotlands-action/adaptation/AdaptationFramework/SAP/Transport/TheChallenge (accessed 17/04/2012) 150 Ibid. (accessed 17/04/2012) 151 Ibid 152 Scottish Government (2011) Freight transport-road and rail freight [online] Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Transport-Travel/TrendRailFreight (accessed 17/04/2012) 153 Scottish Government (2011) Adaptation framework transport sector action plan [online] Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Environment/climatechange/scotlands-action/adaptation/AdaptationFramework/SAP/Transport/TheChallenge (accessed 17/04/2012) 154 Scottish Government (2011) Freight transport-coastwise shipping and inland waterway and pipeline [online] Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Transport-Travel/TrendWaterwaysPipelines (accessed 17/04/2012) 155 Scottish Government (2011) Adaptation framework transport sector action plan [online] Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Environment/climatechange/scotlands-action/adaptation/AdaptationFramework/SAP/Transport/TheChallenge (accessed 17/04/2012) 156 Scottish Government Key Waste Statistics http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Environment/waste-and-pollution/Waste-1/wastestrategy/key-facts (accessed 17/12/12) 157 Scottish Government High level Summary of Statistics Trend Last Update September 2012 Livestock Trends http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Agriculture-Fisheries/TrendLivestock (accessed 17/12/12) 158 Scottish Government (2012) Statistical Publication, Agriculture Series, First estimate of the cereal and oilseed rape harvest 2012. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0040/00404539.pdf (accessed 17/12/12)

Page 63: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

62

2.99 The Scottish Forest Strategy set out plans to increase woodland cover to 25%.159 In general, projected climate change is likely to increase productivity, markedly in the case of Sitka spruce, (Scotland’s forestry’s principle commercial species), Scots and lodgepole pine.

2.100 Roads, railways, airport runways, shipping terminals, canals and bridges are examples of the facilities and structures that are required to provide transportation, enabling the movement of people and freight. This infrastructure may be increasingly affected adversely by climate change impacts, including increased flooding, extreme weather conditions and landslides, causing disruption. Road and rail transport are generally more vulnerable to a changing climate than air and water transport and flooding is anticipated to be the most significant impact.160

2.101 According to the National Transport Survey, on average, Scots travelled 7,056 miles per person per year in the two-year period 2007/2008. The car was the main mode for three-quarters of the distance travelled. There has been a large rise in the distance travelled between 185/86 and 2007/2008, with most of the increase being due to travel by car.161 Census results show that, between 1966 and 2001, there was a large rise in the percentage who commute by car (up from 21% to 68%), and large falls in the percentages who use the bus (down from 43% to 12%) and who walk to work (down from 24% to 12%). Over the same period, there was little change in the percentages travelling to work by train and by bicycle, remaining at around 3-4 per cent and 1-2 per cent respectively.162 The railways also play an important role for freight transport, and coal and minerals was the most significant commodity (million tonne kilometres) moved in 2006-2007. Rail haulage of other commodities was slowly declining from 1996-2006 but recovered in 2006/07.163

2.102 The amount of controlled waste landfilled in Scotland in 2010 (4.56 million tonnes) was 37% less than that in 2006. Scottish local authorities recycled and composted 38.2% of the municipal waste they managed in 2010-2011. Although the recycling rate continued to grow over the five year period, the speed of the increase has slowed.164 Research carried out by DEFRA (2006) 165 investigated the carbon flows, energy and greenhouse gas benefits and impacts associated with alternative management routes for the predominant waste materials arising in the UK. The findings identified particular potential for reducing carbon flows, energy and greenhouse gas benefits and impacts for waste management through:

energy recovery via anaerobic digestion of agricultural manures/slurries; energy recovery via combustion of waste wood; recovery of both resources (through recycling) and energy (through combustion) from

waste paper and card; and recycling of non-ferrous metals.

159 Scottish Executive (2006), The Scottish Forestry Strategy [online] Available at: http://www.forestry.gov.uk/sfs (accessed 4/4/2012) 160 HR Wallingford, AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Ltd, The Met Office, Collingwood Environmental Planning, Alexander Ballard Ltd, Paul Watkiss Associates, Metroeconomica (2012) A Climate Change Risk Assessment for Scotland, DEFRA 161 Scottish Government High level Summary of Statistics Trend 2011, How people travel http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Transport-Travel/TrendHowPeopleTravel (accessed 17/12/12) 162 Scottish Government High level Summary of Statistics Trend 2011, Travel to work http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Transport-Travel/TrendTraveltoWork (accessed 17/12/12) 163 Scottish Government (2009) preparing for Tomorrow, Delivering Today, Freight in Scotland http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2009/08/03104646/0 (accessed 17/12/12) 164 SEPA (2012) Waste Data Digest 12: Key Facts and Trends http://www.sepa.org.uk/waste/waste_data/waste_data_digest.aspx 165 DEFRA (2006) Carbon Balances and Energy Impacts of the Management of UK Wastes Defra R&D Project WRT 237

Page 64: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

63

2.103 Support for waste projects are expected to significantly reduce the environmental impacts of waste. Waste management facilities have been associated with a number of health and environmental effects. Evidence suggests that these effects are generally minor, although further research and monitoring is required to clarify this further. 166

Spatial distribution

2.104 The Main Issues Report for NPF3 illustrates key issues for some of these sectors, including the importance of transport connections between cities, cities and their regions and more remote rural areas. This is also shown in the map on the following page, together with existing landfill sites.

Material assets – key issues

Agricultural change can result in impacts on landscape character, and the viability of rural communities. NPF3 and the SPP should aim to support economic development in rural areas, whilst protecting the qualities of the environment which support other activities.

Forestry and woodland is an important economic resource which also has a significant biodiversity role, and contributes to biomass production. NPF3 and the SPP should support sustainable forestry as an important element of climate change adaptation and mitigation.

Trends in the transport sector show increases in road traffic and journey distances. NPF3 and the SPP should seek to support sustainable travel choices and a reduction in journey distances.

Trends in waste disposal and recycling show a significant decline in the quantity of waste sent to landfill and an increase in the proportion of waste recycled. Planning can play a key role in providing guidance on the sustainable location of waste management facilities.

166 DEFRA (2004) Review of Environmental and Health Effects of Waste Management: Municipal Solid Waste and Similar Wastes http://www.defra.gov.uk/publications/files/pb9052a-health-report-040325.pdf (accessed 17/12/12)

Page 65: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

64

Page 66: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

65

3. Significant Environmental Effects of the National Planning Framework 3 Main Issues Report and Draft Framework

Introduction

3.1 NPF3 will replace the second National Planning Framework (NPF2), which was adopted in June 2009. NPF2 set out a national long term spatial strategy as well as 14 national developments, ranging from broad initiatives such as the Central Scotland Green Network, to more specific developments such as the Forth Replacement Crossing. An SEA of NPF2 was undertaken, and has been used as a reference point for the SEA of NPF3.

3.2 Since then, the wider context within which NPF2 was prepared has changed, and so the spatial strategy and its suite of national developments are now being updated. As a first step towards developing a revised Framework, the Main Issues Report for NPF3 sets out the preferred strategy, as well as options and alternatives. This assessment sets out the likely significant environmental effects arising from both the preferred and optional components of the Draft Framework, as set out in the Main Issues Report. More detailed findings from the assessment are set out in Appendix B.

Outline of the key components of National Planning Framework 3

3.3 The key elements of NPF3 are set out in Table 3.1 below. The Main Issues Report sets out a strategy that aims to ensure that Scotland becomes…

1. …a low carbon place. This section primarily focuses on energy, whilst wider low carbon objectives are also addressed in other parts of the strategy. To deliver the strategy, four national developments are identified as preferred options: onshore infrastructure to support offshore renewable energy, electricity grid enhancements, safeguarding sites for power stations at Longannet and Cockenzie and thermal generation and carbon capture and storage at Peterhead and Grangemouth.

2. …a natural place to invest. This section focuses on our natural and cultural heritage assets. It emphasises their importance as part of placemaking and economic development, and makes a continuing commitment to their protection. It prioritises two national developments: a national walking and cycling network, the Metropolitan Glasgow Strategic Drainage Plan.

3. …a successful, sustainable place. This section considers future distribution, scale and patterns of built development, including placemaking, green networks, health and homes. National developments are identified to deliver the strategy: redevelopment of the Dundee Waterfront, regeneration at Ravenscraig and the Central Scotland Green Network.

4. …a connected place. Focuses on physical and virtual links, within Scotland and from Scotland to the rest of the world. Five key infrastructure projects are identified as national developments: Aberdeen Harbour, Grangemouth Investment Zone, Freight Capacity on the Forth, High Speed Rail and Strategic Airport enhancements (at Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Prestwick and Inverness).

Reflecting where key developments are expected to take place, the Main Issues Report focuses on six areas for co-ordinated action: Orkney, Pentland Firth and North Caithness; Inverness and the Inner Moray Firth; Aberdeen and the North East; Firth of Forth; Firth of Clyde and the South West Coast

Page 67: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

66

Energy efficiency: continuing to recognise the importance of energy demand reduction.

Environmental protection: identifying and protecting our key assets. Tourism and recreation: recognising the importance of the environment for tourism and promoting new visitor infrastructure.

Heat: emphasising the importance of renewable and waste heat as part of the energy mix. Sustainable resource use: focusing on

use and management of water and waste. Onshore wind: a strategic approach to planning onshore wind energy development. Offshore renewables: supporting and capitalising on the opportunities for offshore wind, wave and tidal energy.

Built development: consolidating and creating distinctive, high quality places.

Community renewables: Enabling greater community and local ownership of renewable energy

Green infrastructure: recognising the value of green networks as an integral part of development. Thermal generation, carbon capture and

storage: supporting technical development to enable lower carbon baseload generation options.

Health and wellbeing: ensuring the strategy as a whole supports health and wellbeing objectives.

Electricity grid infrastructure: identifying the need for further enhancements to the electricity transmission and distribution grid.

Housing: responding to the economic context by promoting a flexible approach to housing. Oil and gas: building on past experience

and realising future opportunities. Low carbon transport: decarbonising transport and reducing the need to travel. Includes emphasis on ‘virtual’ links.

Retaining the benefits of the energy sector in Scotland: including through delivery of the aims of the National Renewables Infrastructure Plan.

Links between cities: connecting cities, cities and their regions, within the context of increased overall development density. Economic links: connecting areas for renewable energy, tourism and enterprise. International links: improving ports and harbours, as well as supporting further enhancement of airports.

Environmental Effects of the Main Issues Report and Draft Framework

3.4 The draft Framework as a whole will have mixed effects on the environment. The following paragraphs firstly set out the effects of each of the main strategy components, and their respective national developments. A summary of the regional level assessments is then provided, allowing for spatial cumulative impacts of NPF3 to be considered in more detail. Broader, overall cumulative effects arising from the NPF together with the SPP are set out in Section 5.

1 2

4

3

Page 68: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

67

Part 1 - A Low Carbon Place

A Low Carbon Place – Guide to Alternatives STRATEGY The assessment findings are set out in Section 3 and Appendix B. Preferred Strategy Reason for selection Planning should play a role in improving energy efficiency.

This reflects energy policy and will help to ensure the target for energy efficiency is met.

Increasing renewable heat.

This reflects energy policy and will help to ensure the target for renewable heat generation is met.

Support for onshore wind energy development.

This reflects energy policy and will help to ensure targets for renewable energy generation are met in a way that avoids adversely impacting on nationally important landscapes.

Support for offshore renewable energy generation.

This reflects energy policy and will help to ensure targets for renewable energy generation are met. The policy aims to ensure that onshore planning is consistent with marine planning.

Improving grid connections

Connections are required to support renewable energy generation, and to improve community resilience.

Support for the oil and gas sector

This is a key economic sector, providing investment and employment benefits in several areas.

Realising the benefits of the renewables sector

Aims to maximise the investment and employment benefits of the energy sector for Scotland.

Strategic Alternatives. Effects are set out in Section 3 and Appendix C Mapping of wild land to reflect its protection within the draft SPP. Site level options for marine renewable energy development.

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS Preferred options: These developments have been prioritised within the spatial strategy. The assessment findings are set out in Section 3. Preferred Options Reason for selection 1. Onshore Infrastructure for Offshore Renewable Energy

Onshore planning has a key role to play in supporting offshore renewable energy development, which in turn will make a significant contribution to climate change targets.

2. Electricity Grid reinforcements

Update of existing national development. Connections are required to support renewable energy generation. Ongoing national programme benefits from a co-ordinated planning approach.

3. New Non-Nuclear Baseload Capacity at Existing Power Station Sites (Longannet, Cockenzie)

Update of existing national development. Safeguarding and flexibility is required to allow power stations to evolve in line with market and regulatory requirements. Makes best use of existing infrastructure.

4. Peterhead and Grangemouth Carbon Capture and Storage

Thermal generation is required as part of the energy mix. Scottish Government is committed to the development of carbon capture and storage technologies. Makes best use of existing infrastructure.

Reasonable Alternatives: Reason for selection: These developments also meet the key criteria for national development status. Assessment findings are set out in Appendix C Strategic Port and Harbour Enhancements West of Hebrides Marine Renewables Innovation Zone New Power Station and Transhipment Hub at Hunterston River Clyde Barrage

Low carbon industrial heat hubs National Heat Supply and Demand Network Large Scale Storage Capacity Pumped Storage SSOS Scapa Flow Strategic Oil Storage facility Locally Owned Thermal Generating Capacity in central Scotland Development of the Gas National Transmission System

Page 69: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

68

3.5 This section of the Main Issues Report focuses on energy and the transition to a low carbon economy. This has the potential to raise a range of environmental issues. The proposals relating to energy efficiency and community and local ownership of renewable energy are expected to be generally positive, particularly in relation to climatic factors. However, some of the other technologies could have a range of potential environmental effects, depending on how they are planned for and consented at the project level. These effects are not expected to be significant, but will require further consideration within development planning and management.

3.6 The proposals for supporting renewable heat could generate a range of potential environmental effects, through a combination of greater deployment of biomass and other heat generating technology, and planting of higher levels of feedstocks. Issues include potential negative impacts on air quality, particularly if installations are clustered in areas where pollution is already concentrated. Further monitoring of impacts is therefore recommended. Additional, potentially less significant effects are also predicted for a range of environmental receptors, including biodiversity, soil, water, cultural heritage and landscape. There will be a need for appropriate land use planning and management to ensure that any increased planting to supply biomass fuel should be considered in more detail in relation to these receptors.

3.7 The proposed strategy for onshore wind could provide similarly mixed effects in relation to most environmental receptors. Significant positive effects for landscape are predicted from the proposed approach to increasing protection of nationally designated landscapes (National Scenic Areas and National Parks). However, impacts on wider areas will need to be considered carefully in the preparation of each local development plan and specifically spatial frameworks for wind. The specific individual and cumulative impacts of development on biodiversity, soil, water, cultural heritage and landscape will be identified and assessed at this level, reflecting the wider requirements proposed in the draft SPP. Impacts are not therefore expected to be significant, given the availability of mitigation at the plan and project level and the national level capacity to accommodate this type of development.

3.8 The draft proposals relating to offshore wind, wave and tidal energy development are expected to have similarly mixed potential effects, with benefits in relation to climatic factors, but potential challenges for biodiversity, cultural heritage, and the marine environment. Many of these effects would be clustered in coastal areas, requiring further assessment at the plan and project level. This work is ongoing, including at national scale through emerging sectoral marine plans for wind, wave and tidal energy, which are being subjected to a full sustainability appraisal. Regional marine spatial plans are also emerging and being subjected to SEA. Furthermore, project level assessments (including Environmental Impact Assessments) of early developments will be required or are already in progress.

3.9 The draft proposals relating to thermal generation and carbon capture and storage raise potential challenges across a range of environmental receptors. The Main Issues Report proposes including four key sites relating to this at Peterhead, Longannet, Cockenzie and Grangemouth, and with the latter in particular requiring extended infrastructure to transport carbon dioxide into offshore storage. Detailed assessments of specific proposals would be required as a matter of course, but at this stage the likely potential effects arising from the specific national development sites are broadly identified. The SEA of the Scottish Government’s Electricity Generation Policy Statement outlined potential for effects on biodiversity given the coastal location of these sites, and on air and water during both construction and operations. Local communities may also be affected by these developments, although effects will be minimised where best use is made of existing infrastructure. Effects on landscape, soils and cultural heritage are expected to be more

Page 70: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

69

limited, given than development was planned for existing power generation or industrial sites. Whilst effects on climatic factors remain uncertain and depend on the extent to which emissions are reduced through deployment of carbon capture and storage, the reliability and cost effectiveness of this technology. However, overall positive effects are anticipated, given the Scottish Government’s policy commitment to full abatement of emissions from thermal generation in the longer term.

3.10 Effects arising from grid infrastructure enhancements could be wide ranging, as projects vary from reconfiguring and upgrading existing infrastructure, to the construction of new on or offshore transmission cables. Although these effects cannot be specifically defined at this stage, attention should be paid at the scheme and project level to impacts on biodiversity, water, soil, cultural heritage and landscape. Effects on communities, as a result of visual impacts and also taking into account uncertainties around health, will also need to be taken into account as route options and siting proposals emerge. Impacts arising in coastal areas, particularly where offshore schemes connect onshore, will also require further assessment at the project level. Benefits for climatic factors are expected, given that the aim of many of the potential projects aims to connect areas where renewable energy is being generated. Specific effects of the proposed national development are set out in more detail below.

3.11 The proposals for the oil and gas sector within the Main Issues Report are not expected to go beyond general issues arising in relation to climatic factors, given that the draft Framework supports transfer of skills from the sector, and aims to realise the opportunities arising from continuing activities and decommissioning. As the NPF does not propose further specific developments, it will not generate significant environmental effects. Projects arising in specific parts of the country are already being assessed through the development planning and project consenting processes.

3.12 The draft Framework also focuses on realising the benefits from the renewable energy sector, by supporting the delivery of the proposals within the National Renewables Infrastructure Plan (NRIP). The SEA therefore refers to the findings of the assessment of NRIP and highlights a number of predicted effects of development focusing on ports and harbours. This includes effects on biodiversity and the water, coastal and marine environment. Mitigation has also been identified within the NRIP SEA, and project level planning and assessment will ensure potentially significant individual and cumulative impacts are mitigated to an acceptable level.

Page 71: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

70

Comparative effects of strategic alternatives (see Appendix C)

This section includes a question around whether the SNH 2013 mapping of core areas of wild land should be used as a guide to development constraint. This would provide further landscape benefits and could also benefit a range of other environmental receptors, including water, soil and biodiversity, given the importance of wild land in sustaining a range of ecosystem services. However, the scale of these positive effects would be limited to an extent, given the considerable overlap between wild land, NSAs and National Parks. It is not expected that this approach would constrain levels of development overall, as it focuses on spatial decisions. Benefits for population and health may be limited as a result of an emphasis on wild land, given that, by definition, these areas are often relatively inaccessible, and less frequently used by most members of the population.

The Main Issues Report also notes that Marine Scotland is undertaking planning and assessment which explores longer term options for offshore renewable energy development. This could lead to further projects arising for future iterations of the Framework to support as appropriate. Further assessment work exploring more specific options in the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters is expected to be published for consultation shortly, and will be taken into account as the national development description evolves for inclusion in the Proposed Framework. Similarly, projects off the Forth and Tay are progressing towards consenting, informed by regional level studies and development specific environmental assessments.

Assessment of Proposed National Developments

The following paragraphs set out the potential environmental effects arising from the proposed national developments supporting this part of the spatial strategy. A summary assessment of alternative national developments, which were also proposed, are not currently part of the proposed strategy, is provided in Appendix C. Consultee views on both the proposed national developments and the alternatives would be welcome.

Page 72: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

71

1. Onshore Infrastructure for Offshore Renewable Energy

Reinforcement of sub-sea cable from Orkney to Mainland, new subsea links to Outer Hebrides and Shetland Islands, HVDC link from Hunterston to North Wales, offshore link to prospective European offshore grid, HVDC offshore / onshore cables and convertor stations.

Key onshore connections and infrastructure to support offshore development in the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters, Moray Firth and off the Firths of Forth and Tay.

Potential negative effects from onshore components on biodiversity, including disturbance during construction, or long term loss of habitat. Overhead lines can have implications for some bird species (particularly swans, geese and those with aerial display flights). Many Natura sites are located on or around the coast and may therefore require further consideration.

Offshore links could impact on the marine environment, including seabed, coastal habitats and marine species. Cables are submerged and buried to minimise damage by trawlers, anchors etc., and this can result in temporary negative effects which may be significant, for example if marine protected features167

are impacted. This would require particular consideration at project level.168 Longer term effects will be neutral.

Potential for adverse effects on human health, although evidence on this remains inconclusive at present.169 Residential amenity of some coastal communities may be affected, depending on nature and location of development. Positive effects on energy security and resilience of remote rural communities. For offshore cabling, a detailed investigation of hazards such as munitions sites will be required prior to installation.

Potential for positive effects on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, given that the developments seek to ensure transmission of renewable energy generation.

In island communities, new connections would allow for more polluting sources of energy generation to be displaced e.g. reliance on diesel generation in Shetland.

Coastal areas, and coastal and marine waters, may be particularly vulnerable in relation to onshore grid connections where marine cables connect to land cables or overhead lines.170

Underwater geological works such as cutting and ploughing are required for cables to be submerged. This may have implications for coastal and offshore processes such as interference with sandbank mobility, sediment disturbance, erosion and altered seabed morphology.171

Effects will be largely temporary and are not expected to be significant. Localised impacts from development may arise where the grid connects onshore.

Disturbance to the seabed could adversely affect unknown and unprotected offshore archaeology given the rich underwater archaeology of the North Sea.172 173

167 SNH, recommended list of priority marine features in Scotland’s seas http://www.snh.gov.uk/protecting-scotlands-nature/safeguarding-biodiversity/priority-marine-features/priority-marine-features/ 168 SNH, Marine Protected Areas http://www.snh.gov.uk/protecting-scotlands-nature/protected-areas/national-designations/marine-protected-areas/ 169 National Grid, Electric and Magnetic Fields http://www.nationalgrid.com/NR/rdonlyres/621739AB-5214-49C4-925B-1397C87DE434/56958/NGElectricandMagnetic.pdf 170 Faber Maunsell and Metoc Plc (2007) Scottish Marine Renewables Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report, Prepared for the Scottish Executive, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/1086/0048531.pdf 171 123BMT Cordah LTd., (2007) SEA (Phase 1) for Offshore Wind Energy Generation: Scoping Report, for the DTI, http://www.offshore-sea.org.uk/site/scripts/download_info.php?fileID=80 172 Wessex Archaeology Ltd. (2007) Historic Environment Guidance for the Offshore Renewable Energy Sector, Commissioned by Cowrie Ltd., (project reference ARCH-11-05). This states that offshore renewable energy schemes can impact on the historic environment as a result of the construction of turbines and infrastructure such as cable laying. Impacts on the inter tidal zone can also be expected, and the coast can be affected by

Page 73: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

72

1. Onshore Infrastructure for Offshore Renewable Energy

Reinforcement of sub-sea cable from Orkney to Mainland, new subsea links to Outer Hebrides and Shetland Islands, HVDC link from Hunterston to North Wales, offshore link to prospective European offshore grid, HVDC offshore / onshore cables and convertor stations.

Key onshore connections and infrastructure to support offshore development in the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters, Moray Firth and off the Firths of Forth and Tay.

Implications for this and for protected sites (e.g. wrecks) should be explored in more detail as the specification for the individual projects becomes clearer. Historic wreck sites could also be vulnerable to this type of development.174

Potential for adverse effects on landscape character, depending on infrastructure requirements. Substations and overhead lines could raise significant issues requiring project level mitigation. There may be particular implications for coastal landscapes and seascapes.175

Material assets will benefit where development improves, extends, or makes best use of existing infrastructure.

construction of shore side infrastructure. The report states that although effects tend to be minor when viewed individually, their cumulative effects can be significant, particularly when combined with the effects of other developments and activities. The report makes recommendations for mitigation, including use of the precautionary principle, preservation in situ, mitigation of disturbance effects and preservation by record. 173 BMT Cordah LTd., (2007) SEA (Phase 1) for Offshore Wind Energy Generation: Scoping Report, for the DTI, http://www.offshore-sea.org.uk/site/scripts/download_info.php?fileID=80 174 Historic Scotland, Scotland’s Historic Sites, http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/index/heritage/wrecksites/scotlands-historic-wrecks.htm 175 SNH, (2002) Natural Heritage Zones: A National Assessment of Scotland’s Landscapes, http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/B464892.pdf. This notes that potential effects of renewable energy developments on some coastal and near short areas could be acute.

Page 74: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

73

Page 75: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

74

2. Electricity Grid reinforcements

Enhancement of inland grid infrastructure: reconductoring, reinforcement, substations, convertor stations, underground cables.

Projects have already being identified in the ENSG report (refreshed 2012).

Potential negative effects on biodiversity, including disturbance during construction, damage or long term loss of habitat. Overhead lines can have implications for some bird species (particularly swans, geese and those with aerial display flights). Underground cabling could also lead to habitat loss and damage, largely during installation.

Potential for adverse effects on health, although evidence on this remains inconclusive at present.176 Residential amenity may also be affected, depending on nature and location of development. Positive effects on energy security and resilience of remote rural communities.

Potential for positive effects on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, given that the developments seek to ensure transmission of renewable energy generation. Development will require appropriate siting to avoid negative effects, for example damage to peatland and associated release of carbon.

No impacts on air quality are anticipated. Potential effects on ground and surface water, depending on installation requirements,

route and baseline environment. Application of regulatory regimes will mitigate any localised effects.

Potential for negative effects on soil arising from construction and installation of infrastructure. See comments regarding high carbon content soils above.

Potential for adverse effects on cultural heritage, including direct effects on archaeology or protected resources, and wider impacts on the setting of key sites and buildings.

Potential for adverse effects on landscape character, depending on infrastructure requirements. Substations and overhead lines could raise significant issues requiring project level mitigation.

Material assets will benefit where development improves, extends, or makes best use of existing infrastructure.

176 National Grid, Electric and Magnetic Fields http://www.nationalgrid.com/NR/rdonlyres/621739AB-5214-49C4-925B-1397C87DE434/56958/NGElectricandMagnetic.pdf

Page 76: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

75

3. New Non-Nuclear Baseload Capacity at Other Existing Power Station Sites (Longannet, Cockenzie)

Potential new and refurbished power and heat generating plant at existing sites. Development may include modifications or additions to existing plan, and carbon

capture and associated infrastructure.

Effects on biodiversity could include habitat loss, should significant new development take place and impacts on the Firth of Forth SPA (also designated as a SSSI and Ramsar site).

Offshore carbon sequestration could raise issues for marine biodiversity. Potential for effects on population and health, in the short term during construction. Emissions and air pollution could lead to effects requiring mitigation through application of

appropriate regulatory regimes. Management of flood risk is likely to be an issue at both sites. Energy security would be assisted by continuing baseload energy provision. Long term positive effects on climatic factors will be dependent on the level of abatement

technology deployed at the sites, and therefore remains uncertain. Air quality effects are not expected to be significant, given regulatory regimes. Potential secondary effects on soils and water environment, from operational activities

and sourcing of fuels. Potential for temporary direct effects during construction. Development could result in damage to, or loss of, cultural heritage resources, impacts on

gardens and designed landscapes and on wider landscapes. Effects are expected to be limited given the emphasis on redevelopment of existing sites.

Material assets will benefit where development makes best use of existing infrastructure.

Page 77: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

76

Page 78: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

77

4. Peterhead and Grangemouth Carbon Capture and Storage

Redevelopment of existing Peterhead gas power station, including capture, transportation, compression and storage of CO2.

Development of a new Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Power Station with carbon capture at Grangemouth. CO2 transport network from Grangemouth to St. Fergus, comprising 20km pipeline extension, 2km new pipeline and modification of existing natural gas pipe to allow CO2 transportation, new compressor at Blackhill. CO2 transport hub at St Fergus, and CO2 storage site in Captain Sandstone Fairway beneath the central North Sea.

St Fergus is in close proximity to Loch of Strathbeg Special Protection Area (SPA). Peterhead is close to a coastal SPA (Buchan Ness to Collieston Coast), SAC

(Buchan Ness to Collieston) and a SSSI (Bullers of Buchan Coast). The Grangemouth Site is adjacent to the Firth of Forth SPA and could impact on the

River Teith SAC. The development will use naturalised reclaimed land, resulting in habitat loss, potentially affecting any species that have colonised the site. Further assessment will therefore be required.

Potential for short term impacts on nearby communities during construction, with longer term health and safety issues associated with the transportation of CO2 also requiring further consideration.

The power station at Grangemouth relies on the extraction and transport of coal which will result in long term emission of greenhouse gases. Peterhead involves conversion of an existing gas power station.

Carbon capture and storage contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel based power stations in the long term, whilst ensuring energy security.

It is not known if the development sites incorporate measures to facilitate adaptation to climate change, to avoid adverse threats to these new resources.

Air quality impacts will depend on the technology used at the power stations. Impacts on air quality are likely to be negative overall as a result of continued burning of fossil fuels and emission of air pollutants (particularly nitrogen oxides and particulate matter) which have negative air quality issues.

In addition CCS has an energy penalty177 requiring a greater input of fuel than a conventional power station.

Air quality impacts are greater for coal fuelled power stations (Grangemouth) than for gas fired power stations (Peterhead). Grangemouth AQMA is designated for SO2 . Carbon capture tends to decrease SO2 emissions from power generation as part of the technical requirement for CO2 capture178 which would limit adverse effects of this gas. The power station is likely to increase local emissions of NOx. The transport of coal to Grangemouth could be by rail or sea, the mode of transport of ash from the site is not known but could result in air quality emissions.

Air quality impacts at Peterhead may be less significant. The operation of the new power station at Grangemouth is expected to result in

discharge of cooling water to the environment, with potential long term adverse effects on the Firth of Forth. Construction activities could also result in short term adverse effects on water quality. Coastal flooding issues at Grangemouth are currently being considered.

177 European Environment Agency (2011) Technical Report No 14/2011 Air pollution impacts from carbon capture and storage http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/carbon-capture-and-storage 178 Ibid

Page 79: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

78

4. Peterhead and Grangemouth Carbon Capture and Storage

Redevelopment of existing Peterhead gas power station, including capture, transportation, compression and storage of CO2.

Development of a new Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Power Station with carbon capture at Grangemouth. CO2 transport network from Grangemouth to St. Fergus, comprising 20km pipeline extension, 2km new pipeline and modification of existing natural gas pipe to allow CO2 transportation, new compressor at Blackhill. CO2 transport hub at St Fergus, and CO2 storage site in Captain Sandstone Fairway beneath the central North Sea.

The Grangemouth development uses areas of reclaimed land, and at Peterhead development will use the existing power station site therefore limiting direct effects on soil. The disposal of the ash from the power stations has potential to result in adverse impacts on soil, depending on the method of disposal. The development at Grangemouth includes the construction of 20km of new pipeline to join onto the existing pipeline and the route could result in adverse impacts on soils.

The development at Grangemouth is not expected to impact on the setting of the Antonine Wall World Heritage Site due to the existing industrial landscape separating the two sites. Unknown archaeological remains are unlikely to be located in the late 20th century reclaimed land at Grangemouth. No significant cultural heritage effects are expected from the Peterhead development. The construction of the new pipeline to connect Grangemouth to the existing pipeline could result in adverse impacts on known and unknown archaeological resources. Other sensitive areas such as Culross could also be affected, but development will take place within the context of the existing industrial landscape of Grangemouth. Short term, temporary landscape effects may arise from installation of the pipeline extension.

Material assets will benefit from the use of existing infrastructure where appropriate.

Page 80: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

79

Page 81: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

80

Part 2 – A Natural Place to Invest

A Natural Place to Invest STRATEGY The assessment findings are set out in Section 3 and Appendix B. Preferred Strategy Reason for selection Emphasis on the importance of environmental protection

Continuing commitment to environmental protection, including of habitats and species, and landscapes which are internationally and nationally designated. Will provide environmental and economic benefits.

Planning to facilitate sustainable tourism development

Reflects the emerging aims of Scotland’s emerging tourism development plan. Will provide environmental and economic benefits.

Planning should support sustainable resource management.

Reflects wider environmental policy aims, including the Zero Waste Plan and River Basin Management Planning. Aims to make sustainable use of natural resources, and facilitate development of appropriate infrastructure. Will provide environmental and economic benefits.

Strategic Alternatives. Effects are set out in Section 3 and Appendix C. No reasonable alternatives were identified for this part of the strategy.

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS STRATEGY The assessment findings are set out in Section 3 and Appendix B. Preferred Strategy Reason for selection 5. National Cycling and Walking Network

Opportunity for targeted interventions to complete a national level network. Potential for benefits for residents and the visitor economy. Provides access to the environment.

6. Metropolitan Glasgow Strategic Drainage Scheme

Update of existing national development. Ongoing investment is required to ensure infrastructure is fit for purpose and resilient to the impacts of climate change,

Reasonable Alternatives: Reason for selection: These developments also meet the key criteria for national development status. Assessment findings are set out in Appendix C Lochinvar Coal - Canonbie Mine National Ecological Network National Waste Management and Renewable Energy centre, Ardeer, Irvine Bay

National Waste Infrastructure Network Advanced Gas Plasma Energy from Waste Merchant Facility for Commercial and Industrial Residual Waste Treatment

3.13 This section of the Main Issues Report focusing on environmental protection and enhancement is expected to have largely positive environmental impacts. Continuing environmental protection within the NPF2 will have significant positive environmental effects across all of the environmental sectors. The assessment shows that there may be scope to further enhance the strategy as a whole by making more specific reference to the European Landscape Convention, and by exploring the importance of cultural heritage more fully within the Proposed Framework.

3.14 The section focusing on tourism and recreation includes enhancement of a strategic walking and cycling network as a proposed national development. In addition, the proposed approach emphasised the importance of making best use of our environmental quality to encourage higher numbers of visitors and increased visitor spend. The SEA identifies some potential effects from this part of the strategy, mainly arising from increased visitor access to the outdoors, including to potentially sensitive areas. Visitor management is therefore recommended, to ensure that impacts of visitor activity on biodiversity, soil, cultural heritage and landscapes are avoided at a local level. In addition, increased tourism travel can lead to increased greenhouse gas emissions, particularly from long distance trips and air travel. This issue cannot be entirely avoided, but international travel emissions could in part be balanced by a greater emphasis on more sustainable transport options for visitors travelling within Scotland.

Page 82: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

81

3.15 The section focusing on sustainable resource management within the NPF is predicted to generate largely positive environmental effects. Proposals for waste management focus on improving networks of waste facilities and providing a range of processing and treatment options, but remain high level, rather than project specific. Waste facilities in general can have mixed effects, with the SEA noting that impacts on population and health will need to be addressed through appropriate planning and consenting at the project scale. Other environmental effects will depend on the location, design and operation of waste facilities and are not expected to be significant at a national scale. Positive effects in relation to climatic factors, the water environment and material assets are expected from this part of the NPF, given its emphasis on developing sustainable, low carbon infrastructure networks.

Assessment of Proposed National Developments and Alternatives

The following paragraphs set out the potential environmental effects arising from the proposed national developments supporting this part of the spatial strategy. Summary assessment of alternative national developments, which were proposed but which are not currently part of the proposed strategy, are provided in Appendix C. Consultee views on both the proposed national developments and the alternatives would be welcome.

Page 83: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

82

5. National Cycling and Walking Network

Connecting existing walking and cycling networks to form a complete national trail from the Scottish Borders to the north coast. Also includes connections to and within the islands.

Is expected to combine and link the National Cycle Network, Scotland’s Great Trails, Canals, long distance routes, Central Scotland Green Network, Nortrail and at a more local scale core paths where appropriate.

Potential for mixed effects on biodiversity. Improved access could result in disturbance, particularly for sensitive protected sites and species. This will require appropriate design and visitor management measures.

Wider benefits, including biodiversity enhancement and improved understanding of natural heritage are also expected.

Positive effects on population and health are expected from increased opportunities for active travel and physical activity. This will be particularly beneficial if routes are used by local communities on an everyday basis.

Positive effects on climatic factors are expected, particularly where use of routes is functional and replaces other, more polluting forms of transport.

The viability of coastal pathways over the long term, and the need to anticipate or adapt to this, should be considered in light of climate change impacts.

Generally positive (secondary) effects on air quality are expected, as a result of reduced pollution from transport. This could be particularly beneficial in areas where pollution is concentrated (Local AQMAs).

No significant effects on water and soil are expected, although route design may need to take into account local characteristics and sensitivities.

The development has a role to play in raising awareness and understanding of the enjoyment of the cultural heritage. At the project level, consideration should be given to whether construction of paths or routes could have visual impacts or negative effects on sites and their settings. Any potential adverse effects on known and unknown archaeological remains should be avoided or minimised through appropriate design, routing and construction.

The development has a role to play in raising awareness and enjoyment of landscapes. No adverse effects are expected at a landscape scale although localised mitigation may be required in sensitive locations to avoid negative effects from new tracks or associated infrastructure such as signage.

Page 84: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

83

6. Metropolitan Glasgow Strategic Drainage Scheme

Includes a range of environmental infrastructure: new and replacement trunk and local sewers, pumping stations, waste water treatment works, catchment management and flood risk reduction and drainage measures.

Potential for positive effects on biodiversity. SUDs and wetland creation could sustain and improve habitats along the Clyde, which is protected as a SPA and SSSI. The ecological condition of the water environment in general is expected to be improved.

Positive effects on population and health are expected over the long term. This will include reduced vulnerability of households to flooding and improved drainage and sewage infrastructure. Research shows that more disadvantaged communities are at greater risk from flood impacts, and as this area includes significant concentrations of disadvantage, positive effects are expected to be significant. 179 Indirect benefits will also arise where infrastructure capacity improvements unlock currently vacant land for regeneration and active use.

The project will directly support adaptation to climate change impacts over the long term, thereby providing significant positive effects.

Positive effects on air quality, soils and landscape may arise from additional planting or vegetation taken forward as part of SUDs or natural flood management measures.

Significant positive effects on the water environment and flooding are expected from improvements to the sewer network and waste water treatment works.

Measures could impact on known and unknown archaeological sites, through alterations to underground drainage systems. Improved hydrology could provide benefits for wider archaeological remains within the catchments. The Antonine Wall World Heritage Site should be taken into account where development is undertaken within its buffer.

The project will provide benefits for material assets by using and improving existing infrastructure.

179 Scottish Government (2006) Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation, Health Domain Rank, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2012/12/multiple-deprivation

Page 85: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

84

Page 86: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

85

Part 3 – A Successful, Sustainable Place

A successful, sustainable place STRATEGY The assessment findings are set out in Section 3 and Appendix B. Preferred Strategy Reason for selection Aims to promote sustainable patterns of development

Aims to reduce emissions from transport and minimise the impacts of development on the environment. Also promotes placemaking.

Emphasises the importance of cities and town centres

Aims to realise the economic and quality of life benefits of the cities network.

Supports higher density or clustered development in urban and rural locations

Reflects wider aspirations for the low carbon economy, as well as tourism development aspirations.

Supports development of green infrastructure as an integral part of placemaking

Emphasises the role of the natural environment as an integral part of place making. Aims to provide significant environmental benefits through enhancement, active travel and derelict land reclamation.

Provides a flexible approach to housing development

Supports housing development whilst maintaining flexibility in response to the needs of the sector.

Strategic Alternatives. Effects are set out in Section 3 and Appendix C. Setting regional targets for housing construction.

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS Preferred Options Reason for selection 7. Central Scotland Green Network

Update of existing national development. This development will provide significant environmental and health benefits.

8. Dundee Waterfront This project will transform the city centre of Dundee, create employment and support wider strategy aims including focusing on the cities network and placemaking.

9. Ravenscraig This project brings a significant and longstanding area of vacant land back into productive use and provides environmental benefits.

Reasonable Alternatives: Reason for selection: These developments also meet the key criteria for national development status. Assessment findings are set out in Appendix C. Scottish Sustainable Communities Initiative Clyde Gateway National Regeneration Priority – Investment For Growth.

3.16 This section of the draft Framework considers where development should take place, and how planning can best support the wider aims of economic recovery in a way which is consistent with climate change objectives. Proposals are based on placemaking, exploring opportunities for lower carbon approaches to settlement patterns and development locations. In broad terms, the NPF explores how sustainable development patterns vary between cities, towns and rural areas. The importance of development and reinvigoration of town centres is emphasised, as well as different approaches to rural development. NPF3 emphasises the potential carbon benefits arising from clustering of development, higher density development and stronger links with low carbon transport opportunities.

3.17 The overall approach will have generally positive effects on population and health and climatic factors by facilitating public transport use, heat networks, reduced travel and digital connections. Impacts on soil and landscapes could be reduced from higher density development and the continuing reuse of vacant and derelict land. Material assets would be supported by the emphasis on making best use of existing infrastructure capacity. However,

Page 87: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

86

there may be a need to reconcile increased density of development particularly within towns and cities with the need to manage cumulative impacts on air quality (arising from congestion) and flood risk, through development planning, site selection and development consenting. Impacts on biodiversity networks from more concentrated development patterns could also arise, but at the same time will benefit from the integration of green networks.

3.18 The section focusing on green infrastructure as an integral part of development strategies will generate significant positive environmental effects across all of the environmental topics. These effects would be particularly significant for population and health and soils, owing to the proposed emphasis on active travel and derelict land reclamation for the Central Scotland Green Network. Significant positive effects on landscape objectives, particularly those relating to enhancement and wider (non-designated) landscapes, can also be expected.

3.19 Positive effects on population and health are expected from the proposed strategy as a whole and some of the preferred national developments. Secondary effects may arise from measures to support climatic factors such as active travel, better infrastructure and cleaner energy generation.

3.20 Finally, this section focuses on the housing sector, and emphasises the importance of encouraging planning authorities to adopt a flexible approach to housing land provision, which better responds to changing market conditions. Mixed effects are expected from this part of the Strategy, in relation to biodiversity, water, soil, cultural heritage and landscapes. These effects can generally arise from housing development, but depend on housing sites which are identified at the plan and consenting stages. However, the NPF3 strategy together with the draft SPP, will provide high level mitigation for these effects, including by emphasising the need for sustainable approaches to spatial planning of development and promoting place making across all sectors.

Comparative effects of strategic alternatives (see Appendix C)

During the early engagement, some stakeholders suggested that NPF3 could take a more prescriptive approach to housing development, by identifying regional targets for housing development. This was not considered to be a reasonable alternative at this stage and so has not therefore been fully subjected to environmental assessment. Effects would be similar to those identified from housing development generally and will largely depend on the location, scale, design and construction of housing proposals.

Assessment of Proposed National Developments and Alternatives

The following paragraphs set out the potential environmental effects arising from the proposed national developments supporting this part of the spatial strategy. A summary assessment of alternative national developments, which were proposed but which are not currently part of the proposed strategy, are provided in Appendix C. Consultee views on both the proposed national developments and the alternatives would be welcome.

Page 88: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

87

7. Central Scotland Green Network

Project focusing on environmental improvements. The specification is broad but could include woodland expansion, landscape structural improvements, active travel and recreation routes, restoration of vacant and derelict land, habitat improvements, water environment management, and provision and improvement of a large scale network of multi-functional greenspace.

Significant, long term positive effects on biodiversity are expected. The project will improve green infrastructure and promote habitat links as an integral part of a multifunctional green network. The Main Issues Report notes opportunities for biodiversity enhancement, linking with the impacts of development proposals in sensitive areas.

Significant positive effects on population, physical and mental health are expected from the project. Key measures include active travel and outdoor recreation. Benefits would be maximised where walking and cycling routes are promoted for everyday use. Secondary positive effects are expected from improvements to wider environmental quality. Effects will be long term and significant in light of current and long established problems with social health disadvantage in the Central Belt.180

Active travel measures should help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to improve air quality over time by reducing car use, for example for short journeys. Planting and increased woodland cover could provide further benefits for example through absorption of pollutants such as NO2 and particulate matter. Adaptation to climate change could be facilitated by biodiversity networks providing opportunities for species movement.

Opportunities for improvements to the water environment are likely to be realised, including improved networks of wetlands and watercourses being recognised as part of ‘blue-green’ networks.

Positive effects on soils are expected from the proposed emphasis on vacant and derelict land reclamation, potential decontamination of polluted soils and broader environmental improvements.

The project is likely to take into account and work positively with the historic environment to add value to the green network. Potential adverse effects on known and unknown archaeological remains from activities such as planting will need to be taken into account and addressed by applying established good practice standards.

The project will provide significant benefits for landscapes across the Central Belt. It is likely to play an important key role in restoring degraded landscapes, and its spatial focus will help to ensure that enhancement of vulnerable areas , including transitional landscapes along strategic transport corridors, is prioritised. Care will be required at project level to ensure that environmental interventions are consistent with landscape character.

180 Scottish Government (2006) Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation, Health Domain Rank, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2012/12/multiple-deprivation

Page 89: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

88

Page 90: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

89

8. Dundee Waterfront

Regeneration project, incorporating transformational improvement and development projects.

Key components include the V&A, Dundee Airport and Port access improvements (rail freighthead and associated road access), Seabraes Yards Digital and Media Developments, reconfiguartion of city centre roads and establishment of a new grid iron street pattern, enhancement of Dundee Station, a park and ride scheme,

The majority of development is located on previously developed or brownfield land. Permanent habitat losses and fragmentation could occur as a result of development of the airport and park and ride facilities, some of which on greenfield land. All of the development is located in close proximity to the Firth of Tay and Eden Estuary SAC and SPA with potential impacts on water quality and disturbance of the qualifying species both in the short term during construction and to a lesser extent in the long term.

The development improves the quality of the built environment, access to the waterfront and transport links, therefore benefiting quality of life in the long term. The provision of park and ride also facilitates access to the centre of Dundee. Economic benefits could provide secondary positive effects on health, and these could be significant given the expected level of employment to be generated. Temporary negative impacts may arise for local residents through disruption, and noise during construction.

Improved access and services at the airport could have negative effects on greenhouse gas emissions. Providing park and ride facilities and improved railway station should equally promote sustainable transport options, and reduce congestion in the long term within Dundee city centre with some benefit in terms of emissions. The port developments aim to realise economic opportunities arising from offshore renewable energy development, therefore having secondary positive impacts on the aim of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from energy generation. It is not known if the waterfront developments include measures to support adaptation to climate change.

The whole of the Dundee City Council area is designated as an AQMA. Park and ride facilities and improving the railway station will potentially reduce traffic within Dundee City Centre, resulting in improvements to air quality. No other elements of the development will directly impact on air quality, other than through short term dust emissions during construction works and the long term operation of the airport.

Potential adverse effects on water quality may result from port related development, owing to increased traffic, risk of pollution and escape of invasive species in ballast water. The development of a former landfill site also poses a risk to water quality with potential consequences for the Firth of Tay and Eden Estuary SAC and SPA. Dundee is identified as a potentially vulnerable area, but it is not known if any elements of the development address flood risk.

The park and ride facility adjacent to the airport will result in redevelopment of a former landfill site and the majority of the waterfront development and port development will take place on previously developed land. General benefits for soils are expected.

The port area in particular may have historic value and includes a number of ‘A’ listed buildings and industrial heritage sites. The port and waterfront development area lies reasonably close to the City Centre, University and West End Suburbs Conservation Areas – development could impact positively on these areas in the long term, but short term negative impacts may arise during construction. Minor, but long term positive effects on the wider historic townscape may arise if the development reduces road freight movements within the city centre (thereby reducing emissions and vibration).

Page 91: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

90

8. Dundee Waterfront

Regeneration project, incorporating transformational improvement and development projects.

Key components include the V&A, Dundee Airport and Port access improvements (rail freighthead and associated road access), Seabraes Yards Digital and Media Developments, reconfiguartion of city centre roads and establishment of a new grid iron street pattern, enhancement of Dundee Station, a park and ride scheme,

The purpose of the waterfront development is to improve the built environment and access to the waterfront, with long term minor positive effects on the city centre townscape. Opportunities for high quality design are built into the project plans. Beyond the city centre, expansion of the airport and provision of park and ride facilities may have minor adverse local landscape impacts, depending on landscaping provided as part of these developments.

The development improves the transport and port infrastructure of Dundee, and will therefore have positive effects on material assets.

Page 92: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

91

Page 93: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

92

9. Ravenscraig

Development of new homes, a new town centre, a potential railway station, sports facilities, business and industry.

Includes skills development, reducing unemployment and job creation. Aims to also improve digital links and green infrastructure, establishing a high quality

built environment on a former derelict site.

Positive effects on biodiversity are expected, given the likely condition of the existing site and opportunities for enhancing green infrastructure. Careful consideration would be needed at the project level where species have begun to recolonize the site. Links with the CSGN and measures such as SUDs could provide further biodiversity benefits, particularly where they improve habitat and species connectivity. Effects are expected to be long term and significant, given the scale of the development and the character of the existing site.

Positive effects on physical and mental health are expected, from measures such as derelict land reclamation, promotion of active travel and outdoor recreation, and as secondary effects from the emphasis on skills, training and employment. Active travel will be particularly beneficial if it is used on an everyday basis for commuting. Secondary benefits are also expected from improvements to environmental quality. Effects will be long term and significant, given the long established problems with health disadvantage in the Central Belt.181 Temporary negative impacts on existing local communities arising from construction activity should be addressed through project consenting and good practice during construction.

Whilst emissions could rise from increased traffic in the area, promotion of access to public transport networks and active travel should reduce impacts. Green infrastructure improvements could facilitate adaptation to climate change by supporting species movement and providing sustainable flood risk management over the long term.

The site is not located close to existing AQMAs and is not therefore expected to generate emissions in areas where air pollution is already concentrated. Green networks and sustainable transport options, together with increased vegetation cover should minimise vehicle emissions and help to improve air quality.

There is some potential for localised negative effects on water courses, particularly related to the history of contamination on site, and to cultural heritage (unknown archaeology), but impacts would be limited to the construction phase and can be mitigated through good practice.

The land is derelict and requires remediation. Whilst some soil sealing will arise, this will be balanced by remediation of contamination, and provision green infrastructure and open space networks. Given the scale of the development proposals and the particular concentration of vacant and derelict land in North Lanarkshire noted in the baseline, significant positive effects are expected.

The project will provide significant positive landscape effects, by restoring a currently vacant area where landscape quality is currently poor. Care will be required at project level to ensure that development reinforces local character.

181 Scottish Government (2006) Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation, Health Domain Rank, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2012/12/multiple-deprivation

Page 94: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

93

Part 4 – A Connected Place

A Connected Place STRATEGY The assessment findings are set out in Section 3 and Appendix B. Preferred Strategy Reason for selection Supports low carbon transport options and aims to reduce the need to travel

Aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector and improve quality of life.

Aims to improve digital connections

Reflects broader commitments to digital infrastructure improvements, which will provide economic, social and environmental benefits.

Prioritises links between cities

Reflects aspirations for the cities network and the need to minimise journey time between cities

Reflects the importance of links to rural areas and scenic routes

Aims to support aspirations for economic development and connect more remote rural areas.

Aims to improve international connections by air, rail and sea

Ensures Scotland can access key markets, and supports investment in the economy.

Strategic Alternatives. Effects are set out in Section 3 and Appendix C. Building additional new infrastructure.

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS Preferred Options Reason for selection 10. Aberdeen Harbour This is a key transport hub, supporting several key economic sectors. 11. Grangemouth Investment Zone

Update of existing national development. This is a key transport hub, supporting several key economic sectors.

12. Additional Container Freight Capacity on the Forth

Update of existing national development. This is a key transport hub, supporting several key economic sectors.

13. High Speed Rail – to London, and between Edinburgh and Glasgow

Update of existing national development. This is a long term aspiration, providing an opportunity to reduce emissions from the transport sector, as well as economic benefits.

14 Strategic Airport Enhancements (Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Prestwick and Inverness)

Update of existing national development. This development supports the strategy’s aim of maintaining and improving international connectivity. Inverness is a new addition to the suite of national developments, prioritised as a result of the economic opportunities identified in the wider spatial strategy.

Reasonable Alternatives: Reason for selection: These developments also meet the key criteria for national development status. Assessment findings are set out in Appendix C. Access to Port development at Loch Ryan Links to Loch Ryan Ports The Scapa Flow North Europe Off-shore Container Transhipment Hub – The Hub New HSR Station in Glasgow Further High Speed Rail Links Scenic Routes A82 Upgrade National Tourist Routes Superfast Broadband / Improved Digital Links (various proposals) Strategic Rail Freight Schemes Dryport Dualling of the A1(T) (various proposals)

Upgrading of the A720(T) Edinburgh City Bypass (various proposals) Upgrading of A9 between Dunblane and Inverness (STPR Project 16) A9 Scrabster – Inverness – Perth improvements A96 Dualling Electrification of Rail Network from Glasgow / Edinburgh to Stirling and beyond Electrification of Rail Network to Aberdeen and Inverness Edinburgh to Glasgow Rail Improvement Programme Highland Mainline Rail Improvements Scottish Inter-city Express Network Improvements to Rail Accessibility Improvements to Connectivity New Rail Infrastructure West of Scotland Public Transport Enhancements Glasgow Crossrail

Page 95: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

94

3.21 Section 4 of the Main Issues Report focuses on connections, within Scotland and to the rest of the world. It addresses both transport and digital links. The first key component emphasises the need to reduce emissions from the transport sector, minimising the need to travel and distance travelled, and improving digital infrastructure. This approach is expected to generate significant positive effects on climate change objectives, by helping to reduce emissions from transport over time. Positive effects on material assets were also predicted, from the emphasis within the draft Framework on making best use of existing infrastructure. Air quality benefits will arise from the emphasis on reducing travel and promoting active and public transport choices, with secondary positive effects on health. Positive effects on population are expected from better connections, as well as further direct positive impacts on health from use of improved walking and cycling networks for everyday travel.

3.22 The Main Issues Report emphasises the importance of connections to support the cities agenda, and the SEA anticipates that this will provide similar benefits for climatic factors, should support be targeted to reduce congestion and therefore associated emissions. There is potential for mixed effects on a range of other receptors, including biodiversity (habitat loss or fragmentation), air quality, (depending on whether congestion issues are effectively addressed), soil, cultural heritage, water and landscapes from transport improvements, of different levels of significance depending on the scale and location of interventions. These effects could be mitigated at the project planning and consenting stages, with most effects being temporary where they arise during the construction phase, and therefore not significant.

3.23 The draft strategy broadly aims to prioritise connections to support economic investment and rural development. This could include making key improvements to routes connecting Enterprise Areas and National Renewables Infrastructure Plan sites in relatively remote rural areas, and opportunities to develop and promote scenic routes, particularly the A9 and A82 given their importance for national parks and tourism. Mixed environmental effects are expected from this part of the strategy, with potential impacts on biodiversity, water, soils, cultural heritage and landscape, as these routes could be in relatively scenic, remote and undeveloped areas. As with the previous component, these effects should be effectively resolved at the planning and consenting stages. Impacts on climatic factors could be negative, and this suggests that there would be benefit in prioritising investment in strategic rail routes in preference to road options where possible and appropriate.

3.24 The strategy prioritises improvements to international connections. As well as a number of specific national developments, it emphasises the overall importance of links with the rest of the UK and other parts of the world. This raises issues for climatic factors, as further long distance travel, particularly by air but also be sea, will increase greenhouse gas emissions. However, the long term commitment to high speed rail could provide some benefit for climate change, particularly by reducing the share of short haul flights to other parts of the UK. Mixed effects on population and health may arise, given the potential for large scale infrastructure enhancements to impact on residential amenity during both construction and operation. Potentially positive or negative localised effects on biodiversity, air, water, soil, cultural heritage and landscape may arise, but these are not expected to be nationally significant, given that development will take place at generally established transport hubs, plan and project level mitigation will be brought forward at the appropriate stage in the process.

Page 96: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

95

Comparative effects of strategic alternatives (see Appendix C)

A broad alternative of promoting additional infrastructure to improve connections was explored in general terms within the early engagement on the Main Issues Report. Many proposals for national developments focused on new or additional road and rail transport links. Should these projects be prioritised, their individual and cumulative impacts could reduce the expected positive impacts of the draft Framework, and could raise long term challenges in relation to climate change objectives. Specific effects would be identified and addressed as far as possible at project development and delivery stages.

Assessment of Proposed National Developments and Alternatives

The following paragraphs set out the potential environmental effects arising from the proposed national developments supporting this part of the spatial strategy. A summary assessment of alternative national developments, which were proposed but are not currently part of the proposed strategy, is provided in Appendix C. Consultee views on both the proposed national developments and the alternatives would be welcome.

Page 97: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

96

10. Aberdeen Harbour

On and offsite expansion of port-related activities to facilitate fishing, renewable energy manufacturing, operation and maintenance activities

New harbour facilities and associated infrastructure.

Potential for negative effects on biodiversity from land take, construction and operational disturbance. This could affect habitats and species. The nearby River Dee SAC is important for freshwater pearl mussel, salmon and otter. Works resulting in increased water turbidity and or noise from piling and alterations to the river mouth could have significant impacts on a range of species. Potential issues for salmon accessing the River Dee (throughout the year), should the entrance channel be widened. A significant increase in suspended solids could act as a barrier to fish movement. Effects on salmon movement could also result in effects on freshwater pearl mussels through dispersal. Potential impacts on cetaceans and bottlenose dolphins could also occur, for example from disturbance or piling activity.

There may be some disturbance of nearby residents during construction, but effects are not expected to be significant given that industrial use of the site and surrounding area is already established.

In terms of climatic factors, there may be an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, but impacts will be secondary and attributable to the activities that the enhancements will support, rather than the development itself.

Increased levels of shipping traffic and vessel movement could have negative impacts on air quality. The city centre AQMA is designated for NO2 and particulate matter.

The River Dee and coastal waters are currently of good ecological status. Development could have adverse impacts on water quality, including pollution during development activities such as sediment disturbance, water quality issues from operation by vessels and impacts such as loss or smothering of the seabed. The area around Aberdeen harbour is identified as a potentially vulnerable area to flooding, but it is not known if the harbour developments incorporate flood alleviation measures.

The reuse of previously developed land is likely to be maximised, limiting adverse effect on soils. Effects will depend on the extent of off-site expansion.

Footdee Conservation Area (a 19th century planned village) lies at the northern edge of the mouth of Aberdeen harbour. Conservation areas also adjoin the harbour area to the east and north and therefore development could impact on their setting. Development may also impact on unknown archaeological resources.

Any development giving rise to landscape scale change would be within the context of the already developed and industrialised landscape of the harbour and will be minor.

The development would make best use of existing infrastructure assets.

Page 98: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

97

Page 99: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

98

11. Grangemouth Investment Zone

This includes creation of a river berth outside the port lock, expanded freight storage and handling facilities and other port related development including improved sea access.

Transport improvements include railhead access within the port, and electrification of the rail link through Falkirk Grahamston (with a preferred rail turnout facility to the west). Also includes better connection to the M9 (junctions 5/6 / new slip roads) and improvements to the local road network including separation of community and dock traffic.

Also includes required flood alleviation measures.

The Firth of Forth SPA, Ramsar site and SSSI is immediately adjacent to the site. Mitigation may be required, in particular to address the impacts of creation of the river berth and flood defences. Effects could include direct habitat loss, impacts on sedimentation and coastal processes, and water pollution. Increased shipping and land based activities during the operational life of the development could result in disturbance to birds. Significant intertidal areas (which support high numbers of wintering waterfowl, waders and breeding seabirds) have already been lost as a result of land reclamation, including at Grangemouth docks. Further impacts on this important habitat should be avoided or mitigated to ensure that natural processes, including coastal squeeze, are not exacerbated. 182 Cumulative impacts from the development, as well as in-combination effects with other projects on the Firth of Forth, also need to be taken into account.

The road improvements and separation of freight and local traffic could improve safety and provide long term benefits for the local community. However the expanded freight storage and handling facilities and other port related development may also increase traffic in the Grangemouth area, with potential long term negative effects on human health from increased traffic and air quality issues. Disturbance may also increase, particularly during construction.

Potentially mixed effects for greenhouse gas emissions. Improving shipping and rail facilities will help to reduce freight sector emissions, but there will also be an increase in road traffic. Although shipping is the method for transporting freight over long distances with the lowest carbon footprint, it is estimated to account for 1.8 – 3.5% of global carbon emissions, and is a particular source of SO2 which in turn contributes to acidification.183 Grangemouth AQMA is designated to ensure that levels of SO2 arising in the area from its industrial use do not exceed specific targets. The number of exceedances of SO2 concentrations shows some increase from 2008 to 2011, including breach of the air quality objective, but these are also influenced by weather patterns.184. The proposed improvements to transport infrastructure have been designed to reduce congestion, thereby reducing the contribution of road traffic to air pollution and potentially providing local benefits.

Flood defence works should take into account long term climate change impacts. The measures to provide flood protection to the industrial areas could also provide long term benefits to the residential areas of Grangemouth. Care will be required to avoid displacing flood risk and affecting other communities.

182 Falkirk Council, Falkirk Area Biodiversity Action Plan: Estuary Action Plan (accessed 18/3/13), http://www.falkirk.gov.uk/services/development/planning/planning_and_environment/biodiversity/biodiversity%20pdfs/Estuary%20Action%20Plan.pdf 183 SEPA, (2006) State of Scotland’s Environment 2006, www.sepa.org.uk 184 Falkirk Council (2012) Air Quality Updating and Screening Assessment,( accessed 18/3/13) http://www.falkirk.gov.uk/services/development/environmental/environmental_protection/air_quality/updating_screening_assessment_2012.pdf

Page 100: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

99

11. Grangemouth Investment Zone

This includes creation of a river berth outside the port lock, expanded freight storage and handling facilities and other port related development including improved sea access.

Transport improvements include railhead access within the port, and electrification of the rail link through Falkirk Grahamston (with a preferred rail turnout facility to the west). Also includes better connection to the M9 (junctions 5/6 / new slip roads) and improvements to the local road network including separation of community and dock traffic.

Also includes required flood alleviation measures.

Potential negative effects on water quality as a result of risk of increased pollution from shipping, and risk of release of non-native species in ballast water. Water quality issues are not currently significant for the Firth of Forth in the Grangemouth area.

The development will result in reuse of brownfield land, with consequently positive impacts on soils. Some soil sealing may arise from specific interventions, including transport improvements.

There are limited cultural heritage resources within the development area and so few or minor effects on cultural heritage are expected. Parts of the Antonine Wall WHS are located close to junction 5 of the M9 and minor long term effects on the setting could result from improvement works, but these will depend on the scale of the works.

The development of the freight hub, the road and rail improvements will result in a degree of landscape change, but this will be within the context of a developed and industrial landscape, and are therefore expected to be localised and of minor significance.

The proposed works will have a long term positive effect material assets, by improving and making best use of existing freight handling, rail and road infrastructure in Grangemouth..

Page 101: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

100

12. Additional Container Freight Capacity on the Forth

Could involve a number of sites on the Forth. Provision of multimodal container terminal facilities with deep water access. Landward road and rail access provision.

Potential permanent and significant negative effects on biodiversity may arise from land take, and short term negative effects from construction and operation disturbance. Long term effects may include water quality impacts from dredging, and potential pollution impacts from vessels and other activities. These effects could impact on the Firth of Forth SPA and Forth Islands SPA. Increased boat traffic also increases the risk of release of non-native species with associated negative effects on biodiversity.

Although shipping has a relatively low carbon footprint compared to other freight options, it is estimated to account for 1.8 – 3.5% of global carbon emissions, and is a particular source of SO2 which in turn contributes to acidification.185 Increased levels of shipping activity associated with the development, and the overall increase in the freight movements, would generate more emissions, but this cannot be quantified at this stage. Promoting low carbon technology to reduce emissions and prioritisation of low carbon onshore freight transfer options may be beneficial.

Potential negative effects could arise from proximity to Grangemouth AQMA, and AQMA are also designated in Fife, West Lothian and Edinburgh. Levels of particulates (PM10) are already relatively high around this are. Emissions from shipping could contribute negatively to air quality issues.

Water quality in the Firth of Forth is generally good to moderate. Further vessel activity could increase the risk of water pollution and release of non-native species with potential adverse effects on the water environment. Dredging activities may result in temporary adverse effects on sediment distribution and coastal processes. Extensive areas of the coast surrounding the Firth of Forth are identified as Potentially Vulnerable Areas, and development should include measures to manage flood risk as appropriate.

Development may or may not result in additional soil sealing. This, and benefits in terms of derelict land reclamation, cannot be fully established, given the broad description of the development at this stage.

A number of cultural heritage features could be affected by the development: the Forth Bridge is currently being considered as a World Heritage Site (WHS), and elements of the Antonine Wall WHS are adjacent to the Firth of Forth. Several gardens and designed landscapes surround the Firth of Forth, including Hopetoun and Dalmeny. Impacts on the setting of these sites, archaeology and listed buildings may need to be considered further.

The landscape around the Firth of Forth is highly influenced by man’s activities. Whilst there are no nationally designated areas, a number of local landscape designations could potentially be affected by this type of development and will therefore need to be considered further at the project level.

The development of the freight container terminal would enhance freight handling infrastructure on the Firth of Forth, thereby benefiting material assets.

185SEPA, (2006) State of Scotland’s Environment 2006, www.sepa.org.uk

Page 102: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

101

13. High Speed Rail – to London, and between Edinburgh and Glasgow

High Speed Rail link – on route not yet defined. Potential new or modified stations in Edinburgh and Glasgow to allow for connections

with the wider rail network.

Potential impacts on biodiversity from new linear infrastructure. This could include direct impacts from land take to accommodate new or improved rail, such as habitat loss or damage, and disturbance during both construction and operation.

Impacts on population and health may arise from construction and operation of the route in the long term. Potential issues include noise and vibration, with secondary impacts on health. Positive impacts on air quality could also benefit health.

Reduced greenhouse gas emissions can be expected where rail use replaces other more polluting modes of transport. Emissions from operation of electric trains will depend on the generation source, and the construction of the rail line may raise embedded carbon issues. Overall it is anticipated that the HSR link would reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but further detailed study would be required to confirm the likely balance.186

The location of the stations and lines is unknown and therefore it is not possible to quantify impacts on AQMA. If an electrified service replaces diesel, emissions in the immediate vicinity of the rail line and stations would reduce.

Construction of the rail line and new stations could impact on waterbodies. This could include physical changes and water pollution. The degree of impact depends on the route chosen and mitigation to avoid or minimise impacts would be required at the site level. Effects may be significant given the scale of development, but remain uncertain at this stage.

The construction of the new rail stations and high speed line could result in permanent soil sealing where greenfield land is developed. The locations of the stations and route of the line is not known and therefore negative impacts on valuable soil resources such as prime quality agricultural land and peatland are unknown. There is potential for construction of stations to use areas of brownfield land, but this remains uncertain at this stage.

There is potential for permanent negative effects on cultural heritage where new track is constructed, including loss of known and unknown archaeological resources, impacts on historic buildings where established railway infrastructure is modified, and effects on the setting of some historic sites.

The development has the potential for short and long term, potentially significant negative effects on landscape, although this will depend on the extent to which new track is required and whether or not additional infrastructure will be located within landscapes where transport corridors are already an established features.

The development would improve the transport infrastructure and rail network in the long term, thereby benefiting material assets. Impacts on natural assets such as forestry, minerals and farmland will require further consideration.

186 Department for Transport (2012) Review of HS2 London to West Midlands Appraisal of Sustainability A report to Government by HS2 Ltd, Energy, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/3655/hs2-review-of-aos.pdf

Page 103: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

102

14(a) Strategic Airport Enhancements – Aberdeen Airport

Improvements in access by public transport by a range of modes. Improved terminal facilities, new aircraft stands, runway extension (including new

operational land)

There are no designated biodiversity sites in the immediate vicinity of the site, and so significant effects on biodiversity are not expected. There is potential for permanent loss of habitats from proposed developments and some short term disturbance during construction. The Aberdeen International Airport Master Plan 2013 states that the Aberdeen Airport Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) provides a context for the development, clearly identifying areas of ecological importance. 187

Transport improvements will have a positive effect on population by improving accessibility. However, air quality could be reduced and noise disturbance could increase by more frequent flights, and this in turn could impact on health. Issues could be short term, and temporary during construction, and longer term, extending into the operational phase.

The masterplan states that the airport handled 3.1 million in 2011 and that passenger numbers are forecast to grow to 4 million in 2020 and to 5.09 million in 2040.188 Effects on climatic factors from the development proposals will be mixed. Improved public transport links could provide benefits in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but increasing travel to the airport and air travel itself will increase emissions over the long term.

Mixed effects on air quality are expected from increased public transport, an overall increase in travel to the airport, and higher levels of air travel. It is not expected that effects will be significant: the three AQMAs within Aberdeen City, which are declared for nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter are some 7 miles from the airport.

The development has the potential to generate short term impacts on water quality from construction activities and long term impacts from operational activities. The masterplan states that the airport discharges surface water run-off into the adjacent Farburn, Mains of Dyce and River Don waterways. Effects are not expected to be significant.

The development will enhance transport infrastructure, thereby benefiting material assets.

187 Aberdeen International Airport, Aberdeen International Airport Master Plan 2013, A new approach. http://www.aberdeenairport.com/static/Aberdeen/Downloads/PDF/AIAL-Final-Master-Plan-2013.pdf 188 ibid

Page 104: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

103

14(b) Strategic Airport Enhancements – Edinburgh Airport

Access improvements including tram and rail interchange at Gogar, bus priority and cycle. Walking network, road dualling and junction improvements.

Operational development including maintenance hangars, aircraft stands and taxiways. Potential additional runway.

Consolidation and relocation of the Royal Highland Showground Progression of the Edinburgh International Business Gateway Resolution of Gogar Burn flooding issues.

Development, including construction and operation, could result in short and long term potential adverse impacts on Firth of Forth SPA. This might include impacts on water quality resulting from connectivity via River Almond, and impacts could also extend to the conservation objectives of the River Teith SAC. The airport improvements, transport network and Royal Highland Showground development could result in permanent loss of habitat. The development may also increase habitat fragmentation.

Transport improvements will enhance accessibility thereby providing benefits for population. However, increased road and air transport, and potentially further flight activity could reduce air quality and increase noise disturbance with impacts on human health.

Effects on climatic factors will be mixed. Improved public transport links could reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but increasing travel to the airport and air travel will increase emissions over the long term.

Development at Edinburgh airport does not impact directly on any of the City of Edinburgh declared AQMA, although a key route accessing the city centre via the west of the city may benefit from public transport access improvements. There will be an overall increase in travel to the airport, air travel and associated development at the airport will increase emissions.

The River Almond and Gogar Burn flood risk areas require consideration. These watercourses also have water quality issues. Impacts on the Firth of Forth and its tributaries may also require consideration.

New development, expansion of facilities and transport access improvements will result in soil sealing and potentially loss of good quality agricultural land.

There is potential for loss or damage to cultural heritage resources, including impact on setting of cultural heritage resources including listed buildings, scheduled monuments and gardens and designed landscapes. Loss of greenfield land would have implications for known and unknown archaeological resources.

New development in this area would result in permanent negative effects on landscape character and loss of green belt. The landscape character assessment of this area of green belt identified the rural character of the area and its limited capacity to accommodate new development. 189

The development will enhance transport infrastructure, thereby benefiting material assets.

189 Land Use Consultants in association with Carol Anderson Edinburgh Green Belt Study Stage 2 (2008) Midlothian Council, City of Edinburgh Council, East Lothian Council West Lothian Council, Scottish Borders Council and Scottish Natural Heritage http://www.sesplan.gov.uk/assets/files/docs/supporting-studies-and-docs/GB_Landscape_Character_Assessment_December_Final.pdf

Page 105: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

104

Page 106: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

105

14(c) Strategic Airport Enhancements – Glasgow Airport

Access improvements including sustainable transport interventions. Interventions remain undefined (feasibility study is ongoing).

Operational facilities including terminal improvements, aircraft stands and taxiways. Additional operational land for landside, terminal and airside facilities.

Land for business and industrial uses and supporting infrastructure.

The development has potential for loss of habitats, including greenfield land from proposed developments, and short term disturbance during construction. Black Cart SPA/SSSI, which is designated for Whooper Swans, is located close to the airport, and ongoing consideration of bird movements, risk of bird strike and habitat management will be required. Further sites include a Local Nature Reserve, Paisley Moss, adjacent to the south western end of the main runway and owned by the airport, and Walkinshaw Brickworks, a Site of Importance for Conservation. 190

Transport improvements will have a positive effect on population by increasing accessibility. However, air pollution and noise disturbance may increase if the development leads to more frequent flights, and this could impact on human health in the long term. Short term effects for communities may also arise during construction.

Effects on climatic factors will be mixed. The airport handled 7.2 million passengers in 2009 with forecasted numbers of 10.04 million in 2020 and 16.39 million in 2040.191 Improved public transport links could provide benefits in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but increasing travel to the airport and air travel will increase emissions over the long term.

Mixed effects on air quality are expected, with improved public transport reducing air pollution from traffic, whilst an overall increase in travel to the airport, air travel and associated development at the airport will increase emissions. There are three AQMAs within Glasgow City, which have been declared for NO2 (with one also designated for particulate matter), but they are some distance from the airport and therefore unlikely to be directly affected.

There is potential for short term impacts on water quality from construction activities and long term impacts from operational activities. Airport discharges surface water run-off into the adjacent Black and White Cart Waters with potential flood risk.

New development, expansion of facilities and access improvements could result in soil sealing with permanent negative effects on soil, and loss of agricultural land.

There is potential loss or damage to cultural heritage resources, and impact on setting of cultural heritage resources including listed buildings and scheduled monuments. Scheduled Monuments located within a five kilometre radius of the airport are not expected to be directly affected by further development in this location.

This part of the green belt is identified as a sensitive wedge within the overall green network of Glasgow and Clyde Valley.192 Loss of green belt land could have implications for a landscape that has already been significantly altered by strategic transport infrastructure. Any proposed development should be assessed at the project level for possible negative impacts on landscape character.

The development will enhance transport infrastructure, thereby benefiting material assets.

190 Glasgow Airport Master Plan 2011 http://www.glasgowairport.com/static/Glasgow/Downloads/PDF/GLA_masterplan_2011_report.pdf 191 ibid 192 Glasgow and the Clyde Valley Structure Plan Joint Committee, Glasgow and the Clyde Valley 2006 Structure Plan Alteration, Technical Report TR 6/06 Assessment of Potential Areas for Urban Expansion, http://www.gcvcore.gov.uk/archive/archive.htm

Page 107: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

106

14(d) Strategic Airport Enhancements – Prestwick Airport

Access improvements, including rail and bus interchanges, rail station upgrade, new parking provision, freight handling and multimodal facilities.

Operational facilities, including additional freight and aircraft maintenance facilities, aircraft stands and taxiways, improved terminal facilities and changes to the operational area. Radar improvements.

The airport is long established with very little original habitat remaining193 and surveys have shown that the prevalence of flora and fauna within the existing airport boundary is low. Nearby sites of value include Troon Golf Links and Foreshore Site SSSI, the Pow Burn & Prestwick Golf Course (an Ornithological Site), the Pow Mill Burn Wildlife Site, The Pow Burn Wildlife Corridor and the Glasgow to Stranraer railway link. No effects on these sites are expected although ongoing seasonal assessment will ensure long term development of the airport has no adverse effects.

Transport improvements will benefit population by increasing accessibility. Air pollution and noise disturbance may increase if the development leads to more frequent flights, and this could impact on health. Short term effects on local communities may arise during construction.

Effects on climatic factors will be mixed. It is assumed that there will be an annual 3.7% increase in total aircraft movements over the next ten years and 3% annually over the next 25 years.194 Improved public transport links could reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but increasing travel to the airport and air travel will increase emissions over the long term.

Mixed effects on air quality are expected, with improved public transport reducing air pollution from traffic, whilst an overall increase in travel to the airport, air travel and associated development will increase emissions.

There is potential for short term impacts on water quality from construction activities and long term impacts from operational activities, and management of flood risk on the site. Airport discharges are subject to regular audits and reported to SEPA.

Potential development could result in the long term effect of soil sealing and loss of the soil resource. There are some areas of contaminated land within the airport boundary, due to historical works and land uses, but their redevelopment is not considered to be an imminent threat to the environment.

The Pow Burn Bridge is recorded within the National Monuments Record of Scotland and is a listed building. The Airport Terminal building is also recorded by the National Monuments Records of Scotland.195 Numerous other sites of interest are recorded in PASTMAP in the vicinity of the airport.

A landscape assessment was carried out in 2007.196 The character is defined by being heavily populated with a dense network of settlements and roads.

The development will enhance transport infrastructure, thereby benefiting material assets.

193 Glasgow Prestwick Airport Draft Master Plan 2008 http://www.glasgowprestwick.com/userfiles/files/MasterPlan.pdf 194 ibid 195 See PASTMAP http://jura.rcahms.gov.uk/PASTMAP/Map 196 Glasgow Prestwick Airport Draft Master Plan 2008http://www.glasgowprestwick.com/userfiles/files/MasterPlan.pdf

Page 108: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

107

Page 109: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

108

14(e) Strategic Airport Enhancements – Inverness Airport

Improved access including new rail station and park and ride at Dalcross. Operational development including expansion of facilities, terminal expansion,

strategic freight terminal, maintenance facilities, aircraft stands and taxiways, runway extension and operational land.

Commercial uses within the Inverness Airport Economic Development Initiative area

There are no designated biodiversity sites in the immediate vicinity of the site. There is potential for permanent loss of habitats and for some short term disruption during construction. The airport is adjacent to Inner Moray Firth SPA which is designated for aggregations of breeding and non-breeding birds.

Transport improvements will have a positive effect on population by increasing accessibility. However, air pollution and noise disturbance may increase if the development leads to more frequent flights, and this could impact on human health in the long term. Short term effects for local communities may also arise during construction.

Effects on climatic factors will be mixed. Improved public transport links could reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but increasing travel to the airport and air travel will increase emissions over the long term.

Mixed effects on air quality are expected, with improved public transport reducing air pollution from traffic, whilst an overall increase in travel to the airport, air travel and associated development at the airport will increase emissions. Effects are not expected to be significant in this location.

There is potential for short term impacts on water quality from construction activities and long term impacts from operational activities.

Potential developments could result in the long term effect of soil sealing and loss of the soil resource, depending on the scale and location of development.

There is potential for loss or damage to cultural heritage resources, and impacts on their setting, including listed buildings and scheduled monuments.

The proposed developments could result in local landscape change, but these will be within the context of existing infrastructure, and are not expected to be significant in this location.

The development will enhance transport infrastructure, thereby benefiting material assets.

Page 110: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

109

Page 111: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

110

Regional level assessments

3.25 This section brings together the proposed spatial strategy and national developments, to identify environmental issues that may arise within the six areas of co-ordinated action identified in the Main Issues Report. This allows for the spatial cumulative effects from the strategy to be considered in more detail, together with opportunities to co-ordinate mitigation. For each area, a more detailed regional environmental baseline is described, followed by a summary of likely significant effects arising at this scale.

Area 1: Orkney, Pentland Firth and North Caithness

Regional Baseline

3.26 This region is based around the Pentland Firth and encompasses the most of the Orkney Islands and the northern eastern part of Caithness. The region as a whole is of ecological importance, as reflected in its protected areas along the coastline. The local economy is largely dependent on the region’s unique environmental assets. 197

3.27 While agriculture is important to the region, it also supports a range of other industries such as tourism, oil, fishing, aquaculture, shipping, forestry,198 and more recently, the renewables industry.199 Caithness links the mainland and Orkney with key rail and road routes servicing Thurso and Wick, and port and harbour facilities at Thurso, Scrabster, John O’Groats and Gill’s Bay. Important ports in Orkney include Stromness and Kirkwall, providing key connections with the mainland. Airports at Kirkwall and Wick provide essential links between the region and other parts of Scotland.200

3.28 In Caithness, inland areas consist mainly of gently undulating lowland, characterised by grassland with heather moorland and peatland on the fringes. Areas of forest and scattered woodland, natural or forestry plantations are also common. There are extensive upland areas, providing a sense of wildness. The region is also characterised by its proximity to the sea, particularly in Orkney where the coastal areas consist of cliffs, shallow bays and sea lochs.201 Erosion of soft coastal features is an ongoing concern, particularly in parts of Orkney, where sandy beaches sit within sheltered bays.202

3.29 Significant parts of both Orkney and Caithness are designated for protection, reflecting the importance of the region’s natural features both nationally and internationally. A number of protected sites, designated for both the presence of breeding birds (SPAs) and cliff habitat features (SSSIs), extend along the Caithness coastline. Inland there are also several sites with geological features, peatlands and blanket bogs, also supporting numerous bird species. Similarly, Orkney has important habitats and species. The largest of these sites is the Isle of Hoy where much of the island has been designated for both habitat and bird protection (SACs, SPA and SSSI).203

197 SNH (2002) SNH Natural Heritage Futures: Orkney and Northern Caithness [online] Available at:

http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A306319.pdf [accessed 05/03/2013] 198 ibid 199 The Scottish Government (2011) Scotland’s National Marine Atlas: Information for the National Marine Plan,

pg. 162 – 163. 200 SNH (2002) SNH Natural Heritage Futures: Orkney and Northern Caithness [online] Available at:

http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A306319.pdf [accessed 05/03/2013] 201 ibid 202 SNH (2002) SNH Natural Heritage Futures: Coasts and Seas [online] Available at:

http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A306281.pdf [accessed 05/03/2013] 203 SNH (2013) SNHi Information Service [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/publications-data-and-

research/snhi-information-service/map/ [accessed 28/02/2013]

Page 112: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

111

3.30 Many of the coastal areas are recognised for their national, regional or local landscape significance, the most notable being the northern half of Hoy and the western part of the west Orkney Mainland around Stromness, which has been designated as a NSA.204 Orkney in particular, contains a wide range of cultural heritage sites and features, many dating back to the Norse history of the region.205 The Heart of Neolithic Orkney206 World Heritage Site is of international significance, and there are many other nationally and regionally important sites and archaeological remains in the area. In addition, a number of listed buildings, gardens and designed landscapes,207 and coastal archaeological sites208 are within the region, mainly in coastal areas.

Potential for regional scale cumulative effects

3.31 The NPF3 Main Issues Report identifies a number of potential developments and key assets in this area:

Onshore development to support delivery of the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters Marine Energy Park.

Orkney Subsea Cable. Development at a number of National Renewables Infrastructure sites including

Lyness, Kirkwall and Wick, and Enterprise Areas at Hatston, Scrabster and Lyness. Long term safeguarding of deepwater access to Scapa Flow for future freight

development, and continuing recognition as strategic area for oil storage. Longer term recognition of the potential need for transport infrastructure projects,

with key hubs and routes including Wick / John O’Groats Airport, the Far North Rail Line and the A9 North of the Inverness.

Ongoing decommissioning of Dounreay Nuclear Facility.

3.32 The baseline demonstrated the number and range of protected sites within the area. The coastal proximity of many of the proposed national developments suggests that there is potential for cumulative effects on the coastal and marine environment, which will require further consideration.

3.33 The nature and extent of environmental impacts associated with the proposals in the NPF3 Main Issues Report will be site and project-specific. Many of the proposed developments located within this region will service off-shore industries, principally renewable energy developments as well as the oil and gas sector. Offshore developments and their onshore services are an important consideration in the development of marine sectoral and regional plans, which are currently in development.

3.34 Collectively, these proposals should contribute to Scotland’s low carbon economy by safeguarding infrastructure and facilitating the development of renewable energy generation in the region (i.e. N-RIP sites, Marine Energy Park, Orkney and Pentland Firth Subsea Cable). Infrastructure improvements associated with these developments (i.e. grid improvements and ancillary onshore developments) and transport infrastructure referred to in the Main Issues Report should in the longer term also provide benefits for the area’s

204 SNH (2013) SNHi Information Service [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/publications-data-and-

research/snhi-information-service/map/ [accessed 28/02/2013] 205 SNH (2002) SNH Natural Heritage Futures: Orkney and Northern Caithness [online] Available at:

http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A306319.pdf [accessed 05/03/2013] 206 UNESCO (2013) Heart of Neolithic Orkney [online] Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/514 [accessed

05/03/2013] 207 RCAHMS (2013) Pastmap [online] Available at: http://www.rcahms.gov.uk/pastmap.html [accessed 1/3/2013] 208 Scape (1999) Coastal Zone Assessment Surveys: Orkney Volumes I – III, Reported for Historic Scotland,

Published 1997 – 1999 [online] http://www.scapetrust.org/html/orkney.html [accessed 05/03/2013]

Page 113: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

112

population and economy, whilst improving efficiencies and potentially reducing emissions in the freight and transport sectors.

3.35 In general, adverse effects from construction works in site development and any associated infrastructure works may impact on surrounding areas and habitats both individually or cumulatively. This could particularly arise from developments undertaken over a short period of time (i.e. impacts on soil, water and air quality; impacts to heritage sites clustered along the coastline; disturbance from construction activities). However, such impacts are expected to be managed and mitigated in design, particularly infrastructure works where there is flexibility in setting alignments, and through the adoption of appropriate controls during the implementation stage. Such measures may include the use of management planning, staging development works, timing of works outside of bird breeding periods, and use of sediment and erosion controls, amongst others. Several of the proposed developments are expected to be located on existing industrial or port sites, and where possible, use existing infrastructure (i.e. N-RIP proposals for Lyness, Kirkwall and Wick). In such cases, the potential for adverse impacts on nearby sensitive areas may not be significant in light of the level of existing development and activity at these sites.

3.36 In operational terms, there is also potential for cumulative impacts arising from increased activity in the region as a whole. The likely increase in marine vessel numbers associated with development renewable energy development in Scapa Flow, from the transhipment of oil and servicing of renewable energy installation from the N-RIP sites, could have disturbance impacts on bird populations in the region. There is also potential for effects on valued landscapes or historic features. However any such impacts may be mitigated in the design stage of developments and will be considered through local and project level planning. Given the proximity of many of the proposed developments to protected coastal areas, these issues will be considered in project-level environmental assessments (i.e. HRA/EIA of specific developments).

3.37 Summary of key issues requiring regional or local mitigation:

Appropriate design of development works to mitigate potential impacts. Management of construction impacts of site development works. Assessment of the potential for cumulative impacts from increased vessel numbers and

vehicle traffic (i.e. at N-RIP sites, Scapa Flow and accessing port facilities). Project level investigation of impacts to important and protected sites, particularly in

coastal areas (i.e. designated sites, listed buildings, scheduled monuments).

Page 114: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

113

Area 2: Inverness and the Inner Moray Firth

Regional Baseline

3.38 This region encompasses the Moray Firth, the smaller Dornoch, Beauly and Cromarty Firths, and the surrounding coastal settlements and landscapes.

3.39 Industry in the region is dominated by timber production and agriculture, with others such as tourism, recreation, and servicing of the oil industry are also commonly focused in settlements at Inverness, Elgin, Nairn and Dingwall.209 The region serves as a transport hub with key air, rail and road connections focused on Inverness.210

3.40 The region is partly defined by its proximity to the coast and its contrasting land uses contribute to the variety in landscape. These include crofting, intensive arable farming on the estuarine coasts and forests on the Moray coast.211 The region’s natural coastal habitats include tidal flats, mud flats, saltmarshes, coastal cliffs and sand dunes, with each rich in biodiversity, providing food and shelter for internationally important migratory and resident bird populations. The region’s cliff areas also provide valued shelter and nesting for seabirds.212 Erosion of soft coastal features, particularly in the Inner Moray Firth, is an ongoing concern.213

3.41 The coastline has numerous designated sites, the most notable being the Moray Firth itself, which is an SAC, with protected subtidal sandbanks, resident Bottlenose dolphins, and a series of other important features, as reflected in its status as an SAC, SPA, Ramsar site and SSSI. These sites reflect the importance of the coastal formations as a habitat for bird species.214 The Firth is home common seals that use it as a haul out area, and is used by cetaceans.215

3.42 In general terms, the land types in the region transition inland from sand and shingle on the coastline, to lowland agricultural land, and then to hills and moorland. The region’s natural peatland, grassland and woodland habitats have been fragmented through the region’s long history of human activity. While some natural land remains, extending along river gorges and floodplains, and some are designated as SSSIs or SACs, many have been replaced by forests and intensive farming land that make use of the well-drained and arable soils in the region. However, these altered areas are also rich in wildlife - many of the timber plantations have developed into valued habitats, supporting wildlife similar to that of natural Caledonian pine forests.216

3.43 Key landscape designations include the Dornoch Firth National Scenic Area (NSA) and there are regionally and locally important Special Landscape Areas within other parts of 209 SNH (2002) SNH Natural Heritage Futures: Moray Firth [online] Available at:

http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A306396.pdf [accessed 05/03/2013] 210 ibid 211 Moray Firth Partnership (2011) Towards Sustainable Recreation, Tourism and Conservation of the Moray

Firth: A report looking at current and future issues facing the Moray Firth [online] Available at:http://morayfirth-partnership.org/assets/files/SMT%20files/Sustainable%20Marine%20Tourism%20Report%20Aug-11.pdf [accessed 13/03/2013]

212 SNH (2002) SNH Natural Heritage Futures: Moray Firth [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A306396.pdf [accessed 05/03/2013]

213 SNH (2002) SNH Natural Heritage Futures: Coasts and Seas [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A306281.pdf [accessed 05/03/2013]

214 SNH (2013) SNHi Information Service [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/publications-data-and-research/snhi-information-service/map/ [accessed 28/02/2013]

215 SNH (2002) SNH Natural Heritage Futures: Moray Firth [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A306396.pdf [accessed 05/03/2013]

216 Ibid.

Page 115: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

114

the area.217 A wide range of cultural heritage features are found throughout the region, including scheduled monuments, listed buildings, gardens and designated landscapes218 and archaeological sites.219

Potential for regional scale cumulative effects

3.44 The National Planning Framework 3 Main Issues Report identifies the following key developments within this area:

Onshore support for offshore renewable energy in Moray Firth. National Renewables Infrastructure Plan sites: Nigg and Ardersier (Phase 1) and

Invergordon, Highland Deephaven and Inverness as further opportunities. Enterprise Areas including Inverness Campus and at Forres. Potential further transport infrastructure improvements including surface access to

Inverness Airport, the A9 and links by road and rail from Inverness to Aberdeen.

3.45 The presence of a series of protected areas along the coast including the Moray and Dornoch Firth SACs, reflects the importance of the region’s natural resources and history. As with Orkney and North Caithness, many of the proposals set out in the Main Issues Report will support the offshore renewable energy sector. These developments will be located in coastal areas and will use existing industrial or port sites and, where possible, existing infrastructure (i.e. N-RIP sites at Nigg, Ardersier, Invergordon, Highland Deephaven and Inverness). Collectively, these proposals could make a substantial contribution to Scotland’s low carbon agenda. While largely located inland, infrastructure developments in the air, rail and road transport sectors that are specifically or broadly supported, are also likely to contribute to the low carbon sector and adaptation to climate change (i.e. reduced emissions, improved efficiencies) whilst also providing wider community benefits in relation to accessibility. Other low carbon transport proposals, will also contribute to these decarbonisation ambitions, particularly if used by communities for everyday use.

3.46 Several developments in this area raise potential impacts. There are issues at Ardersier and the wider Inverness to Nairn development corridor, including potential impacts on Natura sites and wider natural heritage interests. In particular, development at ports around the Moray Firth will need to address any issues arising from processes such as dredging and disposal of materials. Given their potential for adverse effects, construction works associated with these developments will require appropriate planning and mitigation, particularly at sites in relatively close proximity to designated or protected sites. Generally, impacts such as a reduction in soil, water and air quality, and disturbance from construction activities may occur, although these will depend on site and project-specific conditions. Many of these impacts are expected to be managed through appropriate design, or by adoption of control mechanisms in the construction stage. For example, transport projects will consider options for road alignments and use existing corridors where appropriate. Further measures such as seasonal timing and staging of development works, and adoption of sediment and erosion controls at the site level may also reduce the significance of potential individual or cumulative impacts.

3.47 The proposals could impact on valued landscapes or historic features, particularly in coastal areas where protected sites are generally clustered. However, it is expected that 217 SNH (2013) SNHi Information Service [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/publications-data-and-

research/snhi-information-service/map/ [accessed 28/02/2013] 218 RCAHMS (2013) Pastmap [online] Available at: http://www.rcahms.gov.uk/pastmap.html [accessed 1/3/2013] 219 University of Edinburgh (1998) Coastal Assessment Survey: Inner Moray Firth, Inverness to Dingwall,

Reported for Historic Scotland, September 1998 [online] http://www.scapetrust.org/pdf/Inner%20Moray%20Firth/moray2_1.pdf [accessed 05/03/2013]

Page 116: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

115

these would be addressed at the local planning and project consenting stages, and that they could be mitigated in the design stage of a development.

3.48 In operational terms, increased activity in coastal areas and greater use of transport infrastructure is likely, particularly in the vicinity of N-RIP sites. Additional growth of these areas, and others such as the Enterprise Park at Forres and the Tornagrain New Town, may create the potential for additional impacts in the future (i.e. soil and water quality impacts during expansion works, increased vehicle emissions) that will require mitigation. Potential for cumulative environmental impacts on the important and vulnerable coastal and marine sites in the Moray Firth are expected to be addressed in the project-level environmental assessment of specific developments (i.e. HRA/EIA).

3.49 Summary of key issues requiring regional or local mitigation:

Appropriate design of development works to mitigate potential impacts. Management of construction impacts from site development works. Consideration of the potential for increased vessel numbers and vehicle traffic

associated with developments (i.e. at N-RIP sites, Enterprise Areas) and future industrial growth in these areas.

Project level investigation of impacts to important and protected sites, particularly in coastal areas (i.e. designated sites, listed buildings, scheduled monuments).

Page 117: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

116

Area 3: Aberdeen and the North East

Regional Baseline

3.50 The North East Region includes the city of Aberdeen and other settlements in and around the city region. The region is very important for industry, fishing and agriculture, and is a key transport and service hub for northern Scotland, and offshore industries in the North Sea. Inland the landscape is open and gently undulating, with relatively intensive agriculture, permanent pasture, large fertile fields and smaller areas of semi-natural vegetation. The area’s peatlands and inland plains are a conservation priority.220

3.51 With the exception of the urban settlements, the coastal areas largely consist of areas of near-natural habitat, including sand dune systems broken by rocky sea cliffs, and undeveloped estuaries. These features shape the landscape, with views both out to sea and inland towards the hills. As such, many of the coastal areas, particularly the cliffs and dunes, are recognised as areas of regional or local landscape significance. Erosion of soft coastal features is an ongoing concern.221

3.52 There are a number of important environmental features within these coastal regions, several of which being of international or national importance. The most notable features include Buchan Ness to Collieston Coast SPA, SAC and SSSI at the Sands of Forvie and the Ythan Estuary for bird aggregations, plants, sand dunes, saltmarshes and geomorphology; and the River Dee which is designated as an SAC for marine fauna.222 More widely, farmland, urban gardens and parks act as refuges and feeding areas for wildlife, whilst more natural habitats such as sea cliffs are important for breeding birds.223

3.53 A wide range of cultural heritage and landscape features are found throughout the region, with listed buildings, gardens and designated landscapes,224 and historic battlefields.225 Much of the Aberdeenshire coastline and several large inland areas have been previously identified as at the local level as Areas of Landscape Significance (ALS).226 Several local air quality management areas (AQMA) are declared for vehicle emissions.227

Potential for regional scale cumulative effects

3.54 The National Planning Framework 3 Main Issues Report identifies the following key developments and assets within this area:

National Renewables Infrastructure Plan sites at Aberdeen Harbour and Peterhead. Aberdeen Harbour has been included as a proposed national development within the Main Issues Report.

220 SNH (2002) SNH Natural Heritage Futures: North East Coastal Plain [online] Available at:

http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A306379.pdf [accessed 01/03/2013] 221 Eurosion (2004) Living with coastal erosion in Europe: Sediment and Space for Sustainability, Part II – Maps

and statistics [online] Available at: http://www.eurosion.org/reports-online/part2.pdf [accessed 1/3/2013] 222 SNH (2013) SNHi Information Service [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/publications-data-and-

research/snhi-information-service/map/ [accessed 28/02/2013] 223 SNH (2002) SNH Natural Heritage Futures: North East Coastal Plain [online] Available at:

http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A306379.pdf [accessed 01/03/2013] 224 RCAHMS (2013) Pastmap [online] Available at: http://www.rcahms.gov.uk/pastmap.html [accessed 1/3/2013] 225 Historic Scotland (2013) Battlefields Directory: Aberdeenshire [online] Available at: http://data.historic-

scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2500:10:0 [accessed 1/3/2013] 226 Aberdeenshire Council (2005) Supplementary Planning Guidance: Use of Wind Energy in Aberdeenshire,

Guidance for Developers, August 2005 [online] Available at: http://www.aberdeenshire.gov.uk/planning/supplementary/wind_developers06.pdf [accessed 13/03/2013]

227 Air Quality in Scotland (2013) Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) [online] Available at: http://www.scottishairquality.co.uk/laqm.php [accessed 06/03/2013]

Page 118: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

117

Power generation with carbon capture and storage at Peterhead. This, with St. Fergus and onshore grid connections suggest that the area is a key energy ‘hub’.

Support for improved connections between cities, walking and cycling networks. Aberdeen Airport is proposed as a continuing national development.

3.55 The potential for significant environmental impacts from the proposed developments is will be site and operation specific. The proposals relating to Aberdeen and Peterhead Harbours will provide support and improve services for existing offshore industries (i.e. oil and gas and fishing) and contribute to the development of low carbon energy developments including offshore wind, wave and tidal energy and carbon capture and storage. This will therefore support wider climate change objectives, although emissions from increased on and offshore transport activity will also need to be taken into account.

3.56 Other proposals for transport improvements should provide benefits by improving efficiency and reducing congestion and associated emissions, and also by promoting modal shift in transport to rail, water and decarbonised alternatives. Transport improvements may also complement the wider strategy to improve Scotland’s adaptation to the effects of climate change, and potentially have a range of secondary benefits (i.e. improved air quality, connectivity and impacts on communities).

3.57 In general terms, impacts such as soil sealing, reductions in soil, water and air quality, and disturbance from construction activities may occur at the site level, particularly where land take is required for developments. The timing of construction activities could be an important factor in impacts on some receptors. For example, there is potential for impacts on sensitive sites such as the River Dee SAC located adjacent to Aberdeen Harbour from development at this site, and these could more significant for returning Atlantic salmon if undertaken during specific times of the year. These potential impacts can be effectively managed in the design stage (i.e. use of existing infrastructure, minimising areas of land-take) or mitigated through controls during implementation (i.e. sediment and erosion management, timing of works outside salmon runs).

3.58 There is also potential for proposed developments to impact on cultural heritage sites located throughout the region, particularly within Aberdeen City and around Aberdeen Harbour. These impacts will need to be addressed through local and project level planning, and in particular will be subject to mitigation in the design stage.

3.59 Increased operational capacity in both Aberdeen and Peterhead Ports and associated increases in vessel numbers using them, could generate adverse effects on air quality in the vicinity of the port. Similarly, enhancement of Aberdeen Airport and other infrastructure works could generate adverse local air quality impacts, and disturbance for nearby communities. Potential adverse impacts from construction works and ongoing operations associated with these developments will be subject to greater consideration at the project level (i.e. HRA/EIA of specific developments).

3.60 Summary of key issues requiring regional or local mitigation:

Appropriate design of development works to mitigate potential adverse impacts. Management of construction impacts from site development works and mitigation of

potential impacts to sensitive receptors (i.e. River Dee SAC, historic sites). Assessment of the potential for cumulative air and water quality impacts from increased

vessel numbers and vehicle traffic associated with specific developments (i.e. Aberdeen and Peterhead Harbour).

Page 119: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

118

Area 4: Firth of Forth

Regional Baseline

3.61 This region covers the eastern part of the central belt, home to around a fifth of Scotland’s population. It contains a significant share of our essential national infrastructure with key industrial sites located in Grangemouth and Mossmorran, and port facilities at including at Rosyth, Burntisland, Methil, Leith and Grangemouth.

3.62 The area is characterised by coastal lowlands, urban settlements, extensive floodplains and varied coastlines that give rise to a variety of wildlife and valued landscapes.228 229 Inland areas include fertile agricultural land. The region is centrally located with key transport links extending through it (i.e. to Aberdeen to the north, Glasgow and Stirling to the west and north-west, and the Scottish Borders and England to the south and east).

3.63 Cultural heritage assets are found throughout the region, with internationally recognised sites such as the World Heritage Listed Old and New Towns in Edinburgh (with the Forth Rail Bridge being a further candidate WHS), historic gardens and designed landscapes, valued local landscapes in coastal and inland areas (i.e. along the northern and southern Forth coastlines230 231), and wildlife tourism sites along the coast.232 These features and infrastructure, such as Edinburgh Castle, the Forth Bridges and a number of regional and country parks233 that are visible from both sides of the Forth, also contribute to the landscape character of the region.234 All of these resources and the quality of the Edinburgh townscape more generally, attracted many of the 3.2 million staying visits to the city in 2010.235

3.64 The region has a number of protected biodiversity sites, the most notable being the SPAs, SSSIs and Ramsar site in the coastal and in-shore areas of the Firth of Forth, which supports a wide range of internationally and nationally important bird species including wildfowl, wading birds and breeding seabirds. A range of important habitats have also been designated as SSSIs in coastal and inland parts of the Firth of Forth including saltmarshes, mudflats, cliffs and grassland areas amongst others.236

228 SNH (2002) SNH Natural Heritage Futures: Eastern lowlands [online] Available at:

http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A306377.pdf [accessed 28/02/2013] 229 Ibid. 230 The City of Edinburgh Council (2012) Local Landscape Designations: Map of Candidate Special Landscape

Areas [online] Available at: http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/downloads/file/1950/map_of_candidate_special_landscape_areas [accessed 13/03/2013]

231 Land Use Consultants (2009) Fife Local Landscape Designation Review: Final Main Report, Prepared for Fife Council, March 2009 [online] Available at: http://admin.1fife.org.uk/uploadfiles/publications/c64_CD38LocalLandscDesReview_09.pdf [accessed 13/03/2013]

232 SNH (2002) SNH Natural Heritage Futures: Eastern lowlands [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A306377.pdf [accessed 28/02/2013]

233 SNH (2013) SNHi Information Service: Interactive Map [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/publications-data-and-research/snhi-information-service/map/ [accessed 28/02/2013]

234 SNH (2002) SNH Natural Heritage Futures: Eastern lowlands [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A306377.pdf [accessed 28/02/2013]

235 Visit Scotland (2011) Edinburgh: Additional Facts and Insights [online] Available at: http://www.visitscotland.org/pdf/Final%20Edinburgh%20Additional%20Insights_pptx%20[Read-Only].pdf [accessed 28/02/2013]

236 SNH (2002) SNH Natural Heritage Futures: Eastern lowlands [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A306377.pdf [accessed 28/02/2013]

Page 120: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

119

3.65 Several local air quality management areas (AQMA) have been declared in the region. While these are largely a result of vehicle emissions (Nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter), an area at Grangemouth encompassing the petrochemical complex has been declared for SO2.237

Potential for regional scale cumulative effects

3.66 The National Planning Framework 3 Main Issues Report identifies the following key assets and developments within this area:

Grangemouth Investment Zone is proposed as a continuing national development, formerly Grangemouth Freight Hub in NPF2.

Captain Clean Energy Project at Grangemouth is proposed as a new national development.

Safeguarded sites for baseload generation at Longannet and Cockenzie power stations are maintained as national developments.

National Renewables Infrastructure Plan sites at Leith Port, Burntisland, Rosyth and Methil, as well as Enterprise Areas at Edinburgh Bioquarter, Bush Biocampus, and the Port of Leith, are supported in the strategy.

Central Scotland Green Network is retained as a national development. Edinburgh Airport and the associated Edinburgh International business area are also

retained as a national development.

3.67 The environmental importance of the Firth of Forth, and the presence of a range of designated sites within its catchment, reflects the need for careful management, not just in terms of the proposed national developments but for wider activities in this region. As such, proposed national developments located in coastal areas, close to sensitive habitats and species, including Grangemouth Investment Zone and the Captain Clean Energy project, Longannet and Cockenzie Power Stations, NRIP sites (Burntisland, Rosyth and Energy Park Fife) and the Enterprise Area at the Port of Leith will require careful management to avoid adverse effects.

3.68 The potential for significant environmental impacts, particularly on areas that are important for birds, will to a large extent be site and operation specific. Many of the sites proposed as national developments are in areas with long established industrial use. For example, the proposed Captain Clean Energy site is located adjacent to the existing petrochemical complex and the NRIP sites are largely in existing coastal industrial and/or port areas. However, the development of these sites may involve changes in land use or further development of existing land, including land-take or reclamation in some instances, with associated improvements to infrastructure (i.e. transport, energy).

3.69 Collectively, the group of proposed developments will contribute to Scotland’s low carbon ambitions and adaptation to climate change. Support for renewable energy developments in the N-RIP sites, and low carbon proposals such as the Clean Energy Carbon Capture and Storage Plant at Grangemouth with associated CCS pipeline extension are examples of this. Transport and infrastructure proposals should improve efficiencies and reduce congestion and associated emissions. However, increased transport and freight movement, and associated emissions will generate a degree of additional pollution that will need to be considered further.

237 Air Quality in Scotland (2013) Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) [online] Available at: http://www.scottishairquality.co.uk/laqm.php [accessed 06/03/2013]

Page 121: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

120

3.70 In general terms, landscape and cultural heritage impacts are not expected to be significant given the existing character of the development sites and the nature of the proposals themselves. Construction impacts could pose a risk to surrounding areas and habitats, both individually and cumulatively with existing or previous impacts (i.e. soil sealing; impacts on soil, water and air quality; disturbance from construction activities). However, many such impacts are expected to be managed at the design stage (i.e. transport infrastructure alignment) or through the adoption of appropriate controls during the construction works (i.e. management plans, staging of separate developments, timing of works outside of bird breeding periods, sediment and erosion controls).

3.71 In operational terms, increased activity at some sites is likely, and this may contribute greater cumulative impacts. For example, increased vessel numbers in the Firth of Forth is likely, and this could ultimately increase the cumulative impact on sensitive habitats in this area and contribute further to known air quality issues in the vicinity of the Grangemouth site. Similarly, upgrading of transport infrastructure may create local air quality issues from vehicle emissions.

3.72 For other developments which focus more on maintaining the existing situation, such as the continued operation of Longannet and Cockenzie thermal power stations, current environmental impacts are likely to continue (i.e. air and water quality, contribution to GHG emissions) and will require monitoring and mitigation in accordance with established regulations. Flood risk is an acknowledged concern for some developments due to the effects of climate change, particularly those in coastal areas or involving land reclamation such as Grangemouth.

3.73 Given the proximity of many of the coastal developments to European protected sites such as the Firth of Forth SPA, SSSI and Ramsar site, the potential for in-combination effects will need to be considered in greater detail at the project-level in the environmental assessment of specific developments. In the meantime, the Main Issues Report highlights the likely long term benefits that could be achieved by taking forward work to establish potential compensatory habitats, ideally close to the areas that may be affected.

3.74 Summary of key issues requiring regional or local mitigation:

Appropriate design of development works to mitigate potential adverse impacts and flooding.

Management of construction impacts from site development works. Assessment of, and mitigation where necessary, of potential impacts to sensitive

receptors (i.e. including Habitats Regulations Appraisal of individual and in-combination effects on European protected sites around the Firth of Forth).

Consideration of the potential for cumulative biodiversity and air quality impacts from increased vessel numbers and vehicle traffic associated with specific developments (i.e. Grangemouth development, transport infrastructure).

Page 122: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

121

Area 5: Firth of Clyde

Regional Baseline

3.75 This region contains almost half the Scottish population, and is centred on the Glasgow conurbation and the River Clyde. This is an urbanised and industrial area with much of the Glasgow conurbation and the Clyde Estuary being developed. The industrial legacy in the region has left significant areas of contaminated, derelict or vacant land.238

3.76 The River Clyde and its tributaries are distinctive features of the geographically diverse area. Beyond the urban townscapes of Glasgow and other settlements, the region is predominantly lowland, extending to undulating moorland that contains many areas and networks or semi-natural habitats. As the Clyde Estuary opens out to the west, there are extensive mudflats, sands and shingles and areas of saltmarsh and coastal grassland that add to the landscape value of the region, some of which is recognised as being of national importance.239 Further inland, there are areas of native woodlands and agricultural land.

3.77 Several country, regional and national parks are distributed across or around the region, including Pollok Country Park, Cathkin Braes Country Park, Clyde Muirshiel Regional Park, and Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park to the north. Though less formally recognised as biodiversity sites, many urban green spaces are havens and feeding areas for wildlife, including some rare species.240

3.78 In recent years, significant water quality improvements have helped to improve the environmental value of the region,241 particularly in the Inner Clyde.242 The river supports several fish species of international importance (i.e. Atlantic salmon, Lamprey and Powen) and complements a number of discrete SSSIs. The Inner Clyde SPA and RAMSAR site extends from Glasgow to Port Glasgow and is designated for Redshank birds. This area is also a SSSI with littoral sediment coast, and supports numerous bird species. A SPA and SSSI (Black Cart), near Glasgow Airport, has been designated for the Whooper Swan.243

3.79 Cultural heritage assets are found throughout the region, including numerous listed buildings and several gardens and designed landscapes244. The region is a key transport hub with key links to western and northern Scotland, and the south, and is served by Glasgow Airport, located to the south-west of the city. Several local air quality management areas (AQMA) have been declared in the region, due largely to vehicle emissions245.

Potential for regional scale cumulative effects

3.80 The National Planning Framework 3 Main Issues Report identifies the following key developments within this area:

238 SNH (2002) SNH Natural Heritage Futures: West Central Belt [online] Available at:

http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A306379.pdf [accessed 28/02/2013] 239 Ibid. 240 Ibid. 241 SNH (2013) SNHi Information Service [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/publications-data-and-

research/snhi-information-service/map/ [accessed 28/02/2013] 242 SEPA (2011) Water Classification report: 2007 – 2011

http://www.sepa.org.uk/water/monitoring_and_classification/classification.aspx [accessed 1/3/2013] 243 SNH (2013) SNHi Information Service [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/publications-data-and-

research/snhi-information-service/map/ [accessed 28/02/2013] 244 RCAHMS (2013) Pastmap [online] Available at: http://www.rcahms.gov.uk/pastmap.html [accessed 1/3/2013] 245 Air Quality in Scotland (2013) Local Air Quality Management (AQMA) [online] Available at: http://www.scottishairquality.co.uk/laqm.php [accessed 06/03/2013]

Page 123: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

122

Glasgow Airport is retained as a national development. Creative Clyde Enterprise Area and the potential National Renewables Infrastructure

Plan site at Inverclyde are supported within the wider strategy. Central Scotland Green Network remains a national development, with a focus on

active travel and derelict and vacant land restoration. Metropolitan Glasgow Strategic Drainage plan is retained as a national development. Redevelopment of the Ravenscraig site is supported as a proposed national

development, and other key developments, such as the Clyde Gateway, are also recognised as regional priorities.

3.81 The need for careful management, not just in terms of the proposed national developments but also wider activities in this region, is demonstrated by the small but important number of designated natural heritage sites located within this relatively developed region. Given the scattered nature of these sites, the potential for significant environmental impacts will largely depend on development locations and will be site and operation specific. The assessment of the national development proposals for Glasgow Airport suggests that further consideration of impacts on the Black Cart Water may be required.

3.82 Many of the proposed developments considered in the Main Issues Report have important environmental components, aiming to improve the quality of the built or natural environments. Several proposals specifically aim to improve the natural environment, including the Central Scotland Green Network. Others, such as those involving the redevelopment of industrial sites and using existing infrastructure where possible, such as Ravenscraig, could collectively provide significant environmental benefits by improving land, and more local positive impacts on water, townscape and landscape, and human health. There is potential for ecological benefits for biodiversity, water quality and reducing flood risk, particularly for the Inner Clyde, from the Metropolitan Glasgow Strategic Drainage Plan.

3.83 Cumulative construction impacts may raise issues for surrounding areas and habitats. While this is already a relatively urbanised area, temporary impacts in disturbance and soil, water and air quality may occur from undertaking some construction activities. However, many impacts are expected to be managed at the design stage or through the adoption of appropriate controls during the construction works (i.e. management planning, staging of land disturbances, sediment and erosion controls, dust suppression).

3.84 In operational terms, increased activity at developed sites is likely, particularly in the regeneration of long-disused sites. This, and any associated transport infrastructure works may create local air quality issues (i.e. vehicle emissions). In contrast, decarbonisation initiatives such, as the cycle and walking networks and emphasis on active travel in the Central Scotland Green Network, may create opportunities for everyday use, reducing transport emissions and improving for human health by encouraging active lifestyle. It is anticipated that many of these issues will be considered in greater detail at the project-level in the environmental assessment of specific developments (i.e. HRA / EIA processes).

3.85 Summary of key issues requiring regional or local mitigation:

Appropriate design of developments to mitigate potential adverse impacts. Management of construction impacts from site development works. Assessment of, and mitigation where necessary, of potential impacts to sensitive

receptors (i.e. Inner Clyde Firth and Black Cart SPAs). Consideration of potential cumulative air quality impacts associated with specific

developments (i.e. increase in localised vehicle emissions).

Page 124: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

123

Area 6: South West Coast

Regional Baseline

3.86 This region extends from Inverclyde through Ayrshire to Dumfries and Galloway, along the coastline of the Firth of Clyde. It is geographically diverse, extending across a number of local authority boundaries. It is an area of contrasts with agricultural lowlands, more remote hills and moorland, coastal settlements and urbanised centres such as Kilmarnock, Ayr and Girvan.

3.87 Inland, the area is characterised by undulating moorland and extensive agricultural land, dissected by corridors of semi-natural habitat, often along watercourses.246 This important industrial and agricultural region has a long history of mineral extraction, with coal mining, sand and gravel extraction, and stone quarrying to the east, as reflected in the landscape today. The region includes Prestwick Airport, and there are key ferry connections from Ardrossan and to Northern Ireland from Troon and Cairnryan. Road and rail routes connect with Glasgow to the north, and Dumfries and Galloway to the south.

3.88 Cultural heritage assets are scattered throughout the region in both coastal and inland areas, including a significant number of listed buildings and several gardens and designed landscapes, such as Culzean.247 The heritage of the Clyde Coast is also regionally significant, reflecting its historic and ongoing importance for tourism.

3.89 The region’s green space, its many areas of semi-natural habitat, and its agricultural land, support a variety of wildlife by providing important habitat networks and feeding areas. The landscape is predominantly agricultural and coastal in character,248 and there are a number of regionally and locally recognised designated areas.249 The most notable sites in the region include several SACs with raised bogs in the north, and SPAs for bird aggregations in the east. There are also several SSSIs located along the Firth of Clyde coastline, which have been designated for coastline features (i.e. sand dunes, shingle, cliffs), invertebrate assemblages and woodlands. Many of these sites, particularly the raised bogs, largely survive and are protected as small fragments, as industries such as peat extraction, farming, open-cast coal mining and urban development have reduced their extent.250 The sand dunes along the coastline are a prominent part of the local coastal landscape, and these features, and the sandy beaches are subject to ongoing erosion.251

3.90 In and around the south west of the region there are a number of significant natural areas, such as Galloway Forest Park and Moors, 252 with more recent recognition of the Galloway and Southern Ayrshire Biosphere Reserve.

246 SNH (2002) SNH Natural Heritage Futures: West Central Belt [online] Available at:

http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A306379.pdf [accessed 01/03/2013] 247 RCAHMS (2013) Pastmap [online] Available at: http://www.rcahms.gov.uk/pastmap.html [accessed 1/3/2013] 248 SNH (2002) SNH Natural Heritage Futures: West Central Belt [online] Available at:

http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A306379.pdf [accessed 28/02/2013] 249 SNH (2007) Landscape Designations [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/C144615.pdf

[accessed 13/03/2013] 250 SNH (2013) SNHi Information Service [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/publications-data-and-

research/snhi-information-service/map/ [accessed 28/02/2013] 251 Sneddon D., Rennie A., Hansom J. and Shearer I. (2002) Coastal Zone Assessment Survey: Firth of Clyde,

Project 1309, Prepared by Glasgow University Archaeological Research Division for Historic Scotland, Firth of Clyde Forum and The Scape Trust [online] Available at: http://www.scapetrust.org/pdf/Clyde1/clyde1.pdf [accessed 1/3/2013]

252 SNH (2013) SNHi Information Service [online] Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/publications-data-and-research/snhi-information-service/map/ [accessed 28/02/2013]

Page 125: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

124

Potential for regional scale cumulative effects

3.91 The National Planning Framework 3 Main Issues Report identifies the following key developments within this area:

Retaining enhancement of Prestwick Airport and associated business development as a national development.

Recognition of Hunterston National Renewables Infrastructure Plan site, and long term safeguarding of the deepwater access to it.

General recognition of the regeneration of Stranraer Waterfront, partly in association with the NPF2 national development at Cairnryan.

Central Scotland Green Network and wider environmental improvements.

3.92 Of the many designated and protected areas located within this region, many are located in coastal and inland more remote rural areas. Given the scattered nature of these sites in the region, amongst extensive areas of urban and rural development, the potential for significant environmental impacts will depend on development locations and are likely to be site and development specific.

3.93 At the regional level, the enhancement of green areas and wildlife corridors under the Central Scotland Green Network, and other initiatives such as the RSPB’s Futurescapes project, have the potential to have positive effects on biodiversity. Other proposals, such as the national walking and cycling network, improvements to outdoor access could increase opportunities for physical activity through active travel, thereby benefiting health. Other proposals involve the use of existing industrial sites and infrastructure will have generally few negative environmental impacts whilst also supporting Scotland’s low carbon ambitions. They could also contribute to the regeneration of coastal communities. There may be opportunities for additional community benefits arising from further regeneration and opportunities for tourism development. Associated transport and infrastructure improvements in the region, including upgrades to rail, road, air, cycling and walking infrastructure, could be beneficial for population and health, as well as the economy.

3.94 Construction impacts of the proposed development and infrastructure works have the potential to create temporary adverse impacts on surrounding areas and habitats. Impacts on soil, water and air quality are common in site development works. There is also potential for additional impacts such as soil sealing and disturbance to communities and sensitive receptors from construction activities. These impacts could potentially be managed at the design stage (i.e. transport infrastructure alignment, use of existing infrastructure where possible) or through the adoption of appropriate controls during the construction works (i.e. management plans, sediment and erosion controls).

3.95 In operational terms, increased activity at these sites and along transport routes is expected over the long term. In some instances, this could potentially contribute to cumulative impacts on sensitive receptors. This could generate local air quality issues from vehicle emissions in some areas, although at present, congestion and air quality is not a significant issue in this region. Changes in land use and likely increases in vehicle and vessel numbers accessing the Hunterston site may have the potential for disturbing sensitive sites and species and sites such as the breeding bird populations identified in the Renfrewshire Heights SPA and Portencross SSSI.

3.96 Flood risk and the potential for coastal erosion associated with development in this region are potentially a long term concern. The coastal location of many of the proposed developments, and their proximity to European sites and other designated sites, means that

Page 126: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

125

these issues will be considered in greater detail in project-level environmental assessments (i.e. HRA/EIA of specific developments).

3.97 Summary of key issues requiring regional or local mitigation:

Appropriate design of developments to avoid or mitigate potential adverse impacts. Management of construction impacts from development works and any associated

infrastructure. Assessment of, and mitigation where necessary, of potential impacts to sensitive

receptors including internationally and nationally protected biodiversity sites. Wider promotion of health benefits such as outdoor access and sustainable transport

options, to maximise potential for positive effects on local communities.

Page 127: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

126

4. Significant Environmental Effects of the Draft Scottish Planning Policy

Introduction

4.1 The Scottish Planning Policy (SPP) is currently being reviewed. The last revision of the SPP took place in 2009-2010, when, for the first time, the existing suite of subject specific planning policies was brought together and set out in a single consolidated version. An SEA of the key changes made to the policy at that time was undertaken, which highlighted a number of issues and opportunities to strengthen the policy. However, the current review of the SPP involves a more fundamental revision of the existing policy. As a result, an environmental assessment of the document as a whole has been undertaken. The assessment takes into account the description of the environmental context and baseline provided in Section 2.

4.2 This Section sets out the likely significant environmental effects arising from the key components of the draft Scottish Planning Policy. More detailed findings from the assessment are set out in the tables provided in Appendix B.

Outline of the key components of the Draft Scottish Planning Policy

4.3 The draft SPP includes six cross cutting policies, with further subject specific policies focusing on four key areas, as shown in Table 4.1. Some of this policy has been taken forward from the existing SPP and remains unchanged. Other parts of the draft SPP are updated or new policy directions. For the purposes of the SEA, all of the key components have been assessed using the same methodology.

4.4 The purpose of the SPP is to set out Scottish Ministers’ policy for planning, and to influence development plans and development management. By incorporating the principles of ‘Designing Streets’ it also guides the design of development, from initial concept to delivery. The draft SPP aims to achieve a consistent approach to planning, whilst also being flexible to allow for it to be appropriately applied in different local areas.

4.5 The draft SPP sets out three key outcomes from planning, that reflect the Scottish Government’s national outcomes and the overall emphasis on delivering better places:

Planning improves the quality of life by helping create well-designed sustainable places for Scotland’s people.

Planning protects and enhances Scotland’s natural and built environment. Planning enables faster sustainable economic growth and progression to a low

carbon economy.

4.6 The SPP addresses all of the key aspects of the development planning and management process. It brings together these different activities and considers them in relation to placemaking.

Page 128: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

127

Sustainable economic growth: this is the overarching purpose of the policy. The SPP explains that the plan led system has a key role to play in achieving the aims of the Government Economic Strategy. Sustainable development: this integrates social, economic and environmental objectives and outlines the role of planning in achieving good quality development.

Engagement: the SPP sets out importance of community involvement in the planning process.

Climate change: the SPP explains the role of planning in achieving transformational change required to meet climate change targets, and adapt to its future impacts.

Placemaking: the SPP describes the qualities of good quality places, and the role of planning in creating them.

Location of new developments: the SPP sets out policies that aim to guide development to the right places.

Enabling the delivery of new homes: the need for a flexible approach, providing attractive homes in the right places.

Valuing the natural environment: protecting important places and recognising their role as an ecosystem

Supporting business and employment: increasing economic activity by recognising and responding to key opportunities. Enhancing green infrastructure:

enhancing green assets to provide multiple benefits. Valuing the historic environment:

protecting the historic environment and maintaining viability through managed change.

Promoting responsible extraction of resources: securing sustainable supplies of minerals Movement: making best use of

infrastructure, supporting sustainable transport choices and identifying infrastructure requirements. Also supports freight improvements.

Supporting aquaculture: reflecting growth targets for aquaculture

Delivering heat and electricity: improving energy efficiency and a planned approach to generating renewable energy. Enabling digital communication:

improving links through well sited and designed infrastructure. Managing flooding and drainage: protecting the water environment through flood risk avoidance and reduction.

Reducing and managing waste management: delivering sustainable facilities to support sustainable use of resources.

1

3 2

4

5

Page 129: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

128

Environmental Effects of the Draft Scottish Planning Policy

4.7 The draft SPP as a whole will have mixed effects on the environment. This reflects the role of the policy overall, in balancing opportunities for development to support sustainable economic growth, with environmental protection and the promotion of high quality development. The following paragraphs set out the environmental effects arising from each of the main sections of the document. This is followed by consideration of the cumulative effects of both the NPF and SPP on specific environmental receptors, set out in Section 5.

Part 1. Cross cutting policies

Preferred Approach Reason for selection Commitment to sustainable economic growth To maximise the contribution of planning to

economic recovery, the low carbon economy Planning has a key role to play in delivering sustainable development.

To maximise the role of planning in meeting social, economic and environmental objectives.

Public engagement is an important part of the planning process.

To ensure the public is involved in the planning process.

Planning has an important role to play in meeting climate change targets and adaptation to its impacts.

To ensure that planning contributes to climate change.

Planning should be consistent with the principles of placemaking.

To ensure that planning delivers high quality development and contributes to quality of life.

Development should be directed to sustainable locations.

To minimise greenhouse gas emissions and ensure high quality development in sustainable locations.

Reasonable alternatives (see Appendix C) To give stronger emphasis to economic development within the planning process. To require more frequent analysis of town centres. Not broadening the coverage of town centre reviews.

4.8 All of the cross cutting policies are expected to have positive environmental effects or will be ‘neutral’ in relation to some topic areas. This is unsurprising, given that they aim to achieve the wider outcomes from the planning process and align with the wider principles of sustainable development. The policy on sustainable economic growth within the draft SPP is expected to be largely neutral when viewed on its own, although it could bring benefits for climatic factors by supporting the low carbon economy, as well as helping to enhance material assets. The policies on climate change, sustainable development and placemaking could have positive effects across most or all of the environmental topic areas, with significant benefits for climatic factors, population and health, cultural heritage and landscape. Policies on engagement will be largely neutral in relation to the environment, with obvious positive effects on population and human health objectives.

4.9 The draft SPP includes seven key components relating to the location of new development. The first sets out overall spatial strategies for development, in terms of location, layout and design. This performs very positively in relation to most of the environmental objectives (including soil, landscape, cultural heritage and biodiversity). However, the emphasis on more compact, lower carbon communities could have a negative impact on air quality, where higher density development has the secondary effect of increasing traffic congestion within existing urban areas. Impacts could be significant in settlements where AQMAs have been declared, but it is expected that this will be explored in more detail and mitigated (for example by focusing on low carbon transport options) at the development planning stage.

Page 130: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

129

4.10 The policy on town centres will have largely positive environmental effects, not least by prioritising future development within areas which are potentially less environmentally sensitive. However, there may be scope to draw further attention to the value of city and town centres as heritage assets and cultural focal points, and therefore strengthen their protection and improve links with policy on the reuse of historic buildings. The policy on rural development will also result in positive environmental effects, particularly in relation to population and health. However, there may be more mixed effects on other receptors, including biodiversity, soil, cultural heritage and landscape, given that the overall aim of the policy is to stimulate further development in areas which may previously have been of an undeveloped character.

Comparative effects of strategic alternatives (see Appendix C).

Consultees are asked to consider whether planning can give a greater emphasis to economic considerations. Environmental effects of the option cannot be fully established at this stage, although it is reasonable to conclude that this option would lead to higher levels of development. In turn, this could raise additional environmental effects on a range of receptors, increasing the need for planning to ensure that wider environmental protection policies are applied.

The draft SPP includes a number of options relating to these subject policies. The approach to town centres is discussed, with the options of whether or not town centre reviews should have broader coverage, or should be required to undergo regular updating. This is not expected to have significant environmental effects, although there may be indirect environmental benefits, for example if more frequent reviews identify changes to the quality of the built environment over time. Similarly, the option of not broadening the coverage of town centre reviews beyond retail and leisure uses was raised for consultees to consider. This could reduce some of the expected positive effects of this draft policy, as a broader approach could allow for fuller and more integrated consideration of all types of land use within town centres.

Part 2. Buildings

Preferred Approach Reason for selection Aims to develop the right homes in the right places. Provides policies relating to both the quantity and type of housing provision, with specific policies for particular places and groups.

To ensure that planning delivers a generous supply of land for housing, in the right locations. To meet housing need and demand.

Supporting business and employment by providing sufficient land to support economic activity.

To aid economic recovery and sustainable development patterns.

Valuing the historic environment. To protect and, where appropriate, enhance cultural heritage resources.

Reasonable alternatives – see Appendix C To define generosity allowance further. To vary requirements for housing land provision in accordance with confidence on

deliverability. For a continuous windfall allowance to be included in planning assumptions for meeting

requirements. National Parks are required to assess and meet their requirements in full. Strategic development plans to set targets for each LDP to provide a 5 year effective supply

across local development plan areas. For affordable housing provision to amount to no more than 25%. For business land audits to be carried out.

Page 131: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

130

4.11 The draft housing policy is expected to be generally neutral in terms of environmental effects, and positive in relation to population and health. Whilst housing development in general has the potential to generate environmental effects, on soil, water, biodiversity, cultural heritage and landscape, these effects do not emerge until the site selection and development stages, and the SPP focuses on facilitating sustainable site selection and good quality design to minimise these effects. In addition, the draft policy will help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, as it emphasises the importance of accessible locations and development patterns that minimise reliance on the car. The policy may also improve the overall quality and diversity of housing stock, thus supporting objectives to enhance material assets.

4.12 The policy on supporting business and employment is expected to generate similarly positive effects. To optimise the positive environmental impacts of the policy, it might be useful for the finalised SPP to link more explicitly with the need to reuse vacant and derelict land, build in climate change adaptation (thereby also reducing costs to businesses in the long term) and promote links with sustainable transport options.

4.13 The draft policy on cultural heritage will have obvious significant positive impacts on cultural heritage, with secondary benefits for landscape and communities. There may be an opportunity to further strengthen the finalised policy by responding more proactively to issues identified in the environmental baseline, and make provision for adapting the historic environment in response to climate change impacts.

Comparative effects of strategic alternatives (see Appendix C).

Alternatives to the proposed policy approach to delivering housing are set out in the draft SPP. It discusses the requirement for affordable housing contribution to be limited to no more than 25%. In general terms, this could reduce the positive effects of this part of the policy on population and health, but is unlikely generate wider environmental impacts.

A further option explores whether national park authorities should be expected to address housing requirements within their areas in full. This could increase pressure on protected areas to an extent, but the placemaking and protective principles also set out in the draft SPP, environmental regulations and appropriate site selection and development management procedures would mitigate these effects as a matter of course. Other proposals for changing the way that housing land is allocated may lead to increased levels of housing construction overall, including in National Parks, and this could increase the likely environmental impacts on a range of receptors.

In terms of supporting business and employment, an option for raising the significance of economic impact to make it a material consideration within planning is discussed in the draft SPP. This could include strengthening requirements for business land audits to inform the content of development plans. In very general terms, this could lead to higher levels of this type of development overall, which in turn could result in further environmental impacts. As with the housing options, it is expected that these could be mitigated at through site selection and design at the development planning and management stages.

Page 132: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

131

Part 3 Natural resources

Preferred Approach Reason for selection Policies protecting the natural environment To ensure that the planning system continues to

provide appropriate protection for the natural environment, including designated habitats and species and landscapes.

Aims to enhance green infrastructure To make best use of multifunctional networks of greenspace, realise their environmental, social, health and economic benefits.

Planning for sustainable extraction of resources

To support the minerals sector and provide appropriate criteria against which plans and projects can be assessed to minimise environmental and community impacts.

Planning for sustainable aquaculture. To support the aquaculture sector and provide a balanced framework for development proposals.

Reasonable alternatives (see Appendix C) To provide green infrastructure using place making approach, rather than standards based.

4.14 The draft SPP sets out policies relating to natural heritage, including policies protecting the natural environment, and proposals for minerals and aquaculture. Overall, this section will have positive environmental effects or, when considered together, effects across the environmental receptors will be ‘neutral’. There will be particularly significant positive effects on biodiversity and landscape from the policy on valuing the natural environment and landscape. Similarly, policy proposals for improving green infrastructure will have significant positive effects on people and health and biodiversity, and to a lesser extent water, soil and air quality. Climatic change objectives would also be supported by the aims of promoting low carbon transport as part of green infrastructure, and the policy is consistent with the aims of the European Landscape Convention.

4.15 The policy on extracting resources raises some further potential negative environmental effects but, as with housing and business development, these arise largely from the nature of the activity, rather than the content of the draft SPP. Mixed effects on biodiversity, population and health, air, soil, landscape and cultural heritage could arise from this type of development, but these would be largely temporary, and could be reduced to low significance at the project and consenting stage. Possible negative effects would also be replaced by more positive effects in the long term, by the continuing commitment to securing environmental restoration within the draft SPP. Mixed effects on climatic factors may arise, where materials are used to support low carbon initiatives, such as renewable energy construction. However, extraction processes and associated transportation of products and their end use could also lead to carbon emissions.

4.16 The policy on supporting aquaculture is also generally environmentally neutral, but mixed and potentially negative effects on biodiversity, water, coastal and marine environments could arise and will require the application of existing regulatory and monitoring mechanisms for the sector. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and locational guidance will also work with the policy to minimise environmental effects, as well as industry standards. The policy could be additionally strengthened by making reference to the need for climate change adaptation to minimise the impacts of increasing water temperature on the viability of fish populations.

Page 133: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

132

Part 4 – Movement

Preferred Approach Reason for selection Reducing the need to travel and prioritisation of sustainable transport. Also aims to provide infrastructure for low carbon vehicles.

To reduce the impact of transport on climate change and improve quality of life.

Linking transport infrastructure with land use planning

To ensure development sites are both sustainable and deliverable.

Reasonable alternatives (see Appendix C) No alternatives have been identified for this part of the SPP.

4.17 The section on movement covers a range of different transport related policies. It emphasises the need to reduce the need to travel, prioritises sustainable transport choices and modal integration. It also links transport infrastructure with land use planning, states that planning should aim to make best use of existing capacity, and notes the need for new facilities to facilitate greater use of new technologies including low carbon vehicles.

4.18 The assessment findings are positive, particularly in relation to climatic factors and air quality, as a result of the strengthening of the emphasis of the policy on low carbon options, and reducing the need to travel. However more mixed effects are also identified from the acceptance in the policy that new infrastructure development may be needed. New or enhanced transport infrastructure could, in general terms, lead to effects on some environmental receptors, particularly during construction. The SEA acknowledges this and notes that appropriate siting, design and assessment will be required at the project level to mitigate any effects.

Part 5 – Utilities

Preferred Approach Reason for selection Delivering heat and electricity. Sets out a range of policies that aim to guide development to appropriate locations. This includes prioritisation of protection of designated and other areas, a proposed increase in the community separation distance and recognition of future opportunities to repower existing sites. Includes an emphasis on community and local ownership.

To ensure that targets for renewable heat and electricity generation are met, with planning playing a key role in anticipating, addressing and managing potential development impacts.

Enabling digital communication encourages planning authorities to take into account and plan for new infrastructure. Aims to achieve this in an efficient way.

To ensure planning delivers wider aims for enhancing digital infrastructure in existing and new development.

Managing flooding and drainage. The policy sets out approaches to policy and development management that take into account and address flood risk.

To plan for and address current and future predicted flood risk and reduce its impact on homes and businesses.

Reducing and managing waste. This section emphasises the opportunities for the waste management sector to generate income and employment from resources.

To deliver the aims of the Zero Waste Plan, provide appropriate facilities and infrastructure for sustainable waste management, and minimise their impacts on communities and the environment.

Reasonable alternatives (see Appendix C) To increase requirements for heat mains connections. To secure more community benefits from renewable energy development. To require Strategic Flood Risk Assessment to inform the location of development. To increase requirements for sustainable design measures to assist with flood risk

management. To not require planning where the Controlled Activities Regulations apply.

Page 134: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

133

4.19 The first part of the final section focuses on delivering heat and electricity. The environmental effects of this part of the draft SPP will be largely positive. However, whilst the supportive approach to renewable energy development will have positive effects on climatic factors, there may be challenges for some parts of the environment that need to be addressed through the planning system. The draft SPP sets out the approach that planning authorities should take to preparing spatial frameworks for onshore wind, with different levels of constraint for different types of area. This will provide benefits, particularly for environmental assets that are recognised and designated at an international or national level. In particular, there will be significant positive landscape impacts from the clear statement that wind farms will not be appropriate in NSAs and National Parks. Other areas are also protected from inappropriate development, with the SPP noting that mitigation and / or relevant regulatory tests will need to be met. There may issues arising for the wider environment, including areas which may be locally valued, but not of national significance, and these are also recognised as requiring consideration within spatial frameworks. At the project level, care will be required, to identify and mitigate cumulative effects in areas which are identified as having development potential. This includes consideration of wider biodiversity, cultural heritage, landscapes, water and soils.

4.20 Effects of the policy on population and health are expected to be similarly mixed, but the draft SPP itself provides appropriate mitigation by highlighting issues to be taken into account, including community and residential amenity, shadow flicker, public safety and noise. The SPP also proposes an increase in the separation distance from settlements to 2.5km (from 2km). This may provide a more appropriate response to the larger scale of turbines which has emerged over time, helping to mitigate visual, noise and other impacts on communities. However, the scale of these benefits will vary depending on locations, the nature of local conditions including landscape, topography and the existing context.

4.21 Effects of the emphasis on heat within the draft SPP are similarly expected to be mixed. In particular, increased biomass energy will need to be monitored within urban areas to avoid exacerbating existing air quality challenges. More general environmental management to manage the planting and harvesting of feedstocks for biomass will also become increasingly important.

4.22 The section on enabling digital communication is expected to generate generally neutral or low level effects on the environment, as a result of the type and scale of activity that would take place. There is potential for localised effects on biodiversity, water, soil, cultural heritage and landscapes, depending on where activities take place. In particular, the emphasis within the SPP on making use of existing buildings and locating additional infrastructure within the built environment could result in issues for townscapes, including those with local cultural heritage value. However, existing regulations would avoid significant adverse effects on listed buildings and conservation areas.

4.23 The SPP’s policy on reducing the risk of flooding was expected to generate positive environmental effects, including on the water environment, population and health, and material assets as a result of its coverage of infrastructure provision. The policy will benefit biodiversity and the wider environment, including by highlighting opportunities for sustainable flood risk management.

4.24 Finally, the approach in the draft SPP to reducing and managing waste will be generally positive for the environment. Whilst there may be some localised issues arising from the development of new facilities and infrastructure, it is anticipated that these would be resolved through the planning process at the consenting stage.

Page 135: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

134

Comparative effects of strategic alternatives (see Appendix C).

The draft SPP considers whether there should be greater requirements for proposals to provide heat mains and connections to renewable heat sources. This could lead to more significant benefits in relation to climate change objectives.

The draft SPP asks consultees to consider what more planning do to ensure community benefits from this type of development, within the context of the planning system. The effects of this cannot be fully established at this stage and would need to be considered in relation to specific plans and projects. However, in general terms, more significant positive effects on population and health, might be expected if the policy was to promote benefits, including greater local ownership, more proactively. The assessment of the NPF considered environmental impacts that might be expected from its support for community and locally owned energy, noting potential for issues including localise impacts on biodiversity, soil, water, cultural heritage and landscapes that will need to be addressed through mitigation. Positive effects on climatic factors could also be expected.

In terms of digital planning, the draft SPP asks whether new developments should design-in capacity for broadband infrastructure (ducting and fibre). This is not expected to generate significant effects, aside from minor secondary benefits for climatic factors and material assets arising from improved digital connectivity. Building infrastructure into developments may also be relatively environmentally benign when compared with retrofitting.

Alternative approaches to the policy on flooding are also set out in the draft SPP. Consultees were asked whether Strategic Flood Risk Assessment should be required to inform the location of development. This could provide more significant positive effects in relation to water and flood risk objectives, as well as other receptors including population and health. Similarly, options to increase green design solutions could provide increased direct and indirect benefits for the environment.

Page 136: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

135

5. Strategic Cumulative Effects

Introduction

5.1 This Section brings together the assessment of the NPF3 Main Issues Report and the Draft SPP, to explain the potential cumulative effects arising from these combined changes to the national planning policy context set out in the two documents. It considers each of the SEA topics, and identifies key issues arising for each. More specific spatial cumulative effects arising from the NPF have already been described in Section 3.

Cumulative Effects on Environmental Receptors

Biodiversity, flora and fauna

5.2 The assessment shows that overall effects of the two documents on biodiversity will be mixed. NPF3 aims to realise opportunities for economic development, not least by making best use of our natural assets. Whilst in some cases, such as tourism, environmental protection is integral to development and business aspirations, in others there will be challenges. There will be a continuing need to ensure that renewable energy development and infrastructure could impact on habitats and species in more remote rural areas, and there may also be issues where transport links to these areas are upgraded in the longer term. As a result, mitigation is suggested at a strategic level, including a focus on addressing particular concentrations of development and essential infrastructure around Scotland’s firths.

5.3 Further balancing these ambitions, both the NPF and the SPP continue to protect key sites and species, particularly those which are recognised at the national and international level. The SPP also supports an overall emphasis on development to facilitate sustainable economic growth, and so the planning system will need to continue to manage local level individual and cumulative impacts on a range of environmental resources, particularly non-designated areas which nevertheless have natural heritage value and sensitivity.

Population and health

5.4 Effects on population and health from the combined documents are expected to be positive. Whilst some types of development require careful planning and management to avoid local level impacts on communities, the policies recognise and reflect this, emphasising the role of development management in addressing these issues. The NPF strategy overall raises no significant issues for population and health, but notes potential challenges around some types of energy developments, as well as transport infrastructure improvements. In addition, the strategy seeks to address long standing issues of social disadvantage, derelict land and reclamation and promotes environmental enhancement in areas which are densely populated, thereby providing opportunities for cumulatively positive impacts on population and health over time.

5.5 The assessment findings for this topic and the SPP are expected to be largely positive, reflecting the role of planning and the SPP in achieving an appropriate balance in development and protection of communities and their environment. Some localised issues could arise where some types of development, such as minerals extraction and renewable energy development take place. Many of the policy options presented in the draft SPP could help to address these issues more effectively.

Page 137: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

136

Climatic factors

5.6 Both the NPF and SPP reflect the objectives set out in climate change policy, including RPP2 and its constituent sectoral plans and programmes. The NPF strongly emphasises the transition to a low carbon economy, and aims to link this with wider economic growth. It is expected to result in positive effects on reducing emissions from key sectors, including energy and transport. The SPP will also contribute positively to our targets for climate change emissions reduction.

5.7 The assessment of both documents suggests that there may scope to improve the focus on the role of planning in facilitating adaptation to climate change. The NPF in particular is a long term document, and so resilience and flexibility, key principles for achieving adaptation, are implicitly covered within the strategy. The SPP also provides examples to adaptation, but there may be scope to strengthen these further during in the finalised version.

Air

5.8 The assessments of both the NPF and SPP highlights some interesting issues around air quality. The low carbon agenda suggests a need for higher density development, to reduce transport use and facilitate new infrastructure such as decentralised heat, waste and digital networks. However, this will need careful planning to avoid increasing congestion, and associated concentrations of air pollutions, particularly within existing urban areas and on key transport corridors. Mitigation is recommended, including ensuring that locational guidance that emphasises development in and around existing settlements is strongly linked with public and active transport infrastructure provision. Issues around heat and biomass are also raised in both assessments.

5.9 Most other components of the NPF and SPP are expected to have positive impacts on air quality. However, construction activity will require appropriate planning and mitigation at the project level to minimise any temporary effects.

Water, coastal and marine

5.10 Cumulative effects on coastal biodiversity are noted above, and other environmental assets in these areas could be impacted by some aspects of the NPF, including its emphasis on offshore and onshore renewable energy and associated infrastructure. Some of the national developments will be in areas with flood risk issues, and so further work will be required as these projects progress towards delivery to reach sustainable solution. Cumulative effects on the water environment more generally are expected to be positive. Some issues were identified from development activities covered by both the NPF and SPP, which will require mitigation at the project level.

5.11 Balancing this, the SPP’s policies on coastal locations, flooding and the water environment would help to minimise any effects, when applied in combination with other development specific approaches.

Soil

5.12 Both the NPF and the SPP should provide benefits for soil, not least because they both recognise the importance of high quality agricultural land and peatland. Positive cumulative effects are expected from the emphasis within both the SPP and NPF on reuse of derelict and vacant land, within their broader approaches to spatial development and placemaking. More localised negative impacts on soil arising from some types of

Page 138: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

137

development activity are identified, but are not expected to be cumulatively significant. The broad direction of travel within the draft SPP will help to minimise these effects, for example by indicating a preference for more compact, denser settlement patterns, and the town centre first approach.

Cultural heritage

5.13 Significant positive cumulative effects on cultural heritage are expected, given the emphasis within both documents on protecting, and enhancing where appropriate, the historic built environment. NPF3 notes its importance in relation to national heritage, identity and local distinctiveness, whilst the draft SPP aims to protect key assets.

5.14 As with other receptors, there is potential for some types of development to result in cumulative impacts on the historic environment. The NPF SEA in particular highlighted potential for relatively minor effects arising from some of the national developments, and the broader support for renewable energy generation and transmission grid infrastructure. The assessment suggests some potential for negative cumulative effects, particularly on buildings and sites that are not formally designated for protection. These will require an appropriate approach to planning and development management, as set out in the SPP.

Landscape

5.15 The NPF emphasises the importance of nationally designated landscapes, including National Scenic Areas and National Parks, particularly with regard to avoiding significant adverse impacts from commercial scale wind energy development. Consultees are also invited to provide views on the role of SNH’s 2013 map of core areas of wild land within this context. Initiatives such as the Central Scotland Green Network, national walking and cycling routes and the scenic tourist routes also provide opportunities to increase experience and enjoyment of the landscape. Whilst these parts of the strategy are expected to generate nationally significant positive effects on landscapes, some of the proposed national developments may result in more adverse effects and will require careful management, not least electricity grid improvements, but also other infrastructure projects.

5.16 These potential issues are balanced by the SPP, which strengthens its recognition of the need to safeguard National Scenic Areas and National Parks from large scale wind farm development, and recognises the importance of other features, including wild land, as further key considerations within spatial frameworks. The assessment acknowledges that some types of development could potentially result in adverse impacts, individually and cumulatively. It also notes likely benefits from the provision of clearer guidance on spatial frameworks for onshore wind.

Material assets

5.17 Finally, cumulative effects on material assets will be generally positive. In particular, the NPF’s focus on a ‘connected place’ and the SPP’s section on ‘movement’ both emphasise the need to make best use of existing infrastructure. Both documents also recognise the importance of other infrastructure, such as for sewerage and drainage, and coastal defences and safeguard other material assets, such as natural resources, whilst promoting their sustainable use.

Page 139: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

138

6. Mitigation and Monitoring

Introduction

6.1 The assessment of the NPF and draft SPP identifies a number of opportunities for mitigating environmental effects of the policy. In addition, the assessment explores scope for further enhancing already positive effects. This section of the Environmental Report brings together the propose mitigation measures that have emerged from the assessment. Consultee views on these proposals are invited.

National Planning Framework 3 – Proposed Mitigation

6.2 A number of environmental issues are identified in the assessment of NPF3, which should be addressed through appropriate mitigation. These range from issues arising from the broad components of the strategy, to more regional issues. In addition specific mitigation measures are identified for the proposed national developments. These are intended to be indicative at this stage, as they will depend on the detailed plans and projects that subsequently emerge in the process. However, they can be used as a starting point or checklist for consideration as the strategy and national developments progress through the planning process.

Strategic level mitigation measures

6.3 The assessment of the overall strategy components identifies a number of potential effects on the environment that can be avoided or minimised through strategic mitigation measures. The following schedule sets out these effects, the proposed mitigation and comments on how these measures can be deployed.

Table 6.1 – Strategic level mitigation measures

Issue Mitigation / Monitoring recommendation Potential for effects on air quality arising from increased biomass for heat.

Continuing monitoring of air quality impacts of biomass. This should particularly focus on areas where there are existing concentrations of air pollution, specifically AQMAs.

Potential landscape, visual and community impacts arising from onshore wind deployment.

Further consideration of landscape impacts (cumulative and individual) will be required within local spatial frameworks for wind energy development and their associated SEA. The SPP provides a framework for this. Monitoring of development should also continue.

Potential impacts arising from onshore infrastructure required to support offshore renewable energy.

Mitigation measures would be required to address specific issues arising in different measures. These should be considered further at the regional and project level.

Potential impacts arising from supply chain investment and development to support the renewable energy sector.

The National Renewables Infrastructure Plan identifies a range of specific mitigation measures that should be taken forward.

Page 140: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

139

Issue Mitigation / Monitoring recommendation Potential impacts on climate change emissions arising from further tourism travel.

The NPF emphasises the importance of low carbon transport options for visitors, by highlighting opportunities for projects such as scenic corridors to be multimodal.

Potential impacts on communities arising from development of waste infrastructure.

These effects remain uncertain at this stage and require fuller consideration and mitigation as project proposals progress to the consenting stage. The SPP provides an appropriate framework for achieving this.

Potential impacts on air quality arising from increased density of development, redevelopment of brownfield land and an emphasis on town centres and compact settlements.

Development plans should emphasise the importance of ensuring that site allocations are closely linked with public transport networks and access points. This is reflected in the SPP.

Potential impacts of housing development on biodiversity, soil, water, flooding, landscape and cultural heritage.

Development plans should aim to identify sites that minimise the potential for environmental effects. This will be explored further in the SEA of strategic and local development plans. Mitigation will be required as project proposals progress to the consenting stage. This is reflected in the SPP.

Potential effects from future improvements to transport infrastructure to support the cities network, economic development, including links to key investment sites and scenic tourism routes.

These effects remain uncertain at this stage and require fuller consideration. This will be explored further in the SEA of strategic and local development plans as well as transport plans. Mitigation will be required as project proposals progress to the consenting stage.

Impacts arising from improved international connections, including on climatic factors, water and the coastal environment.

Consider focusing on improving surface transport access to airports in the proposed Framework, rather than expansion of facilities to facilitate additional passenger numbers.

6.4 There may be opportunities to further enhance the positive effects arising from the strategy within the Proposed Framework. This includes additional reference to the European Landscape Convention across the policy topics, exploring further links with sustainable food production and additional opportunities for the strategy to actively address ongoing health issues. These will be considered further during the consultation and where appropriate built into the Proposed Framework. As noted in Section 7, consultee views on further environmental enhancements are also welcome at this stage.

Page 141: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

140

Regional Level Mitigation

6.5 The regional level assessments identifies the potential for spatial cumulative effects arising from the combination of developments in the Areas of Co-ordinated Action. There may be opportunities for collaborative working in these areas to identify and take forward regional level mitigation to address these effects. These opportunities will be explored further during the consultation on the Main Issues Report, but at this stage are expected to include the following measures:

Area 1: Orkney, Pentland Firth and North Caithness. Appropriate siting, design and construction of onshore developments. Further assessment of cumulative impacts of additional onshore and offshore transport movements. Project level investigation of impacts of development on protected sites, particularly natural heritage sites and cultural heritage assets, including the World Heritage Site and coastal areas protected for bird interests.

Area 2: Inverness and the Inner Moray Firth. Appropriate siting, design and construction of developments. Further assessment of cumulative impacts of additional onshore and offshore transport movements. Further consideration of impacts of growth on local communities and natural heritage sites along the Moray Firth Coast.

Area 3: Aberdeen and the North East. Appropriate siting, design and construction of developments. Further consideration of individual and cumulative impacts of development , including on key receptors such as the River Dee SAC. Assessment of cumulative air, noise and water impacts from increased transport movements to and from key hubs in the area including Aberdeen and Peterhead Harbours and Aberdeen Airport.

Area 4: Firth of Forth. Appropriate siting, design and construction of developments. Assessment and mitigation of impacts on designated sites around the Firth of Forth. Consideration of cumulative impacts on air quality arising from increased transport movements. Sensitive approaches to addressing coastal flood risk which takes into account potential secondary impacts on coastal habitats and species. Integration of development with opportunities for environmental enhancement identified within the Central Scotland Green Network.

Area 5: Firth of Clyde. Appropriate siting, design and construction of developments. Assessment and mitigation of impacts on designated sites including the Inner Firth of Clyde and Black Cart SPAs. Wider promotion of health benefits such as outdoor access and sustainable transport options. Integration of development with opportunities for environmental enhancement identified within the Central Scotland Green Network.

Area 6: South West Coast. Appropriate siting, design and construction of developments. Assessment and mitigation of impacts on designated sites particularly nationally protected areas along the coast. Wider promotion of health benefits such as outdoor access and sustainable transport options. Integration of development with opportunities for environmental enhancement identified within the Central Scotland Green Network.

Mitigating Impacts of National Developments

6.6 In addition, specific mitigation measures have been proposed for each of the proposed national developments. These will be considered further and addressed as appropriate within the action programme for NPF3. The table below summarises key mitigation requirements:

Page 142: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

141

Proposed National Development

Outline of Mitigation

1. Onshore Infrastructure for Offshore Renewable Energy

Avoid adverse impacts on biodiversity, particularly sensitive coastal and marine habitats such as priority features and Marine Protected Areas.

Consider potential impacts on coastal water quality. Avoid negative impacts on unknown and unprotected offshore

archaeology. Consider further within sectoral marine plans, regional marine

plans and at the project level.

2. Electricity Grid reinforcements

Avoid adverse localised impacts on biodiversity, soil (particularly carbon rich soils), water, particularly designated sites, through programme and project level planning and assessment, and application of existing regulatory regimes.

More strategic mitigation, including route selection, locational decisions, siting and design may be needed to address broader cultural heritage and landscape impacts.

3. New Non-Nuclear Baseload Capacity at Other Existing Power Station Sites (Longannet, Cockenzie)

Impacts on designated biodiversity sites and species should be further assessed, mitigated and monitored.

Impacts on other environmental features should be mitigated through siting, design and project level assessment.

Climate change impacts should be minimised, through deployment of carbon capture and storage technology as soon and as fully as possible.

4. Peterhead and Grangemouth Carbon Capture and Storage

Development should be designed to avoid adverse impacts on biodiversity, particularly designated sites. A Habitats Regulations Appraisal of the Grangemouth development is likely to be required.

Construction methods should seek to limit impacts on human health during construction.

Local air quality issues will require further consideration, including emissions arising from transportation of materials during construction and operation.

Impacts on water quality and coastal areas will require further assessment, and management of flood risk will need to be considered.

Effects of pipeline extensions on cultural heritage will require further assessment.

5. National Cycling and Walking Network

Avoid negative localised effects on a range of environmental receptors through attention to routing, design and construction methods.

Aim to encourage everyday walking and cycling to maximise climate benefits.

Target use to maximise potential health benefits. Use sensitive design and visitor management, to mitigate

impacts whilst encouraging enjoyment and appreciation of natural and cultural heritage.

Page 143: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

142

Proposed National Development

Outline of Mitigation

6. Metropolitan Glasgow Strategic Drainage Scheme

Potential negative effects on cultural heritage should be avoided through appropriate design and construction or installation methods.

7. Central Scotland Green Network

Mitigation of potential localised issues is expected to be achieve as a matter of course through project level planning and good environmental management.

There may be opportunities to maximise the benefits of the project for the Central Scotland area, by targeting health improvement measures, active transport, and restoration of previously damaged environments.

8. Dundee Waterfront Mitigation has already been built into the project planning and design process.

Habitats Regulations Appraisal of relevant development components will be required at the plan and / or project consenting stages.

9. Ravenscraig

The development should ensure that active travel and public transport links are prioritised to minimise climate change impacts.

Potential effects on a range of receptors arising during construction should be mitigated through appropriate construction methods.

10. Aberdeen Harbour

Mitigation of potential biodiversity effects could take the form of timing construction activity to avoid the most intense periods of migration. Depending on the development proposed, an Appropriate Assessment may be required to establish effects on the River Dee SAC.

Any flood risk management measures should take into account impacts of climate change on long term risks.

Air quality issues may require further consideration.

11. Grangemouth Investment Zone

It is not possible to quantify net air pollutant emissions at this stage and this therefore requires further investigation at a later stage of assessment.

Loss of intertidal habitats should be avoided as far as possible. The development is likely to require an appropriate assessment at the consenting stage, building on work already undertaken for local development plans.

Release of pollutants and sediment disturbance should be avoided.

Localised impacts during constructions should be mitigated as far as possible.

Page 144: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

143

Proposed National Development

Outline of Mitigation

12. Additional Container Freight Capacity on the Forth

Avoid negative impacts on the Firth of Forth SPA, Forth Islands SPA and other protected areas. Appropriate Assessment is likely to be required at the project consenting stage.

Local air quality issues resulting from transport from freight hub developments may need further consideration.

Development should seek to achieve a net decrease in greenhouse gas emissions from transportation, for example by using lower carbon transport options where possible.

Impacts on water, soils, the historic environment and landscape will require further assessment and can be reduced through appropriate siting and design. Brownfield sites should be used as far as possible.

13. High Speed Rail – to London, and between Edinburgh and Glasgow

Effects will depend on route and siting. Given the overall scale of the project there is potential for effects to be significant, accumulating along the overall route. Further consideration is required at the planning and project levels.

Landscape driven mitigation measures such as tunnelling and appropriate routing could reduce these effects but may also have implications for other environmental resources (e.g. soil, biodiversity, archaeology and groundwater).

14(a) Strategic Airport Enhancements – Aberdeen Airport

The BAP defines a series of management actions to maximise the ecological potential within the constraints of airport operations”.253

Discharges to the water environment are subject to permission from SEPA. The master plan states the airport will continue to work with SEPA to manage water quality and where feasible, will incorporate the principles of establishing SUDS into new developments.

Proposed developments could result in permanent soil sealing, with significance depending on the scale and location of development.

In terms of cultural heritage, there is potential for loss or damage to cultural heritage resources, and wider impact on the setting, including that of buildings and scheduled monuments. Records show that there are 17 defined and archaeological sites and features within the airport boundary, but none are still visible in the existing landscape. As noted in the masterplan, due consideration will be given to this when excavating.

The Aberdeen LCA254 shows that the airport is located within Dyce Plain. Changes in this area are likely to be highly visible given its topography, and the airport forms a key feature in its own right. However, the assessment suggests that additional development could easily be accommodated with minimal environmental effects. It also recommends the use of roadside tree planting to screen historic sites from industrial development.

253 ibid 254 http://www.snh.org.uk/publications/on-line/LCA/aberdeen.pdf

Page 145: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

144

Proposed National Development

Outline of Mitigation

14(b) Strategic Airport Enhancements – Edinburgh Airport

Flood risk management issues will need to be addressed. Depending on the scale and location of development, further

issues including impacts on soil, water quality, cultural heritage, biodiversity and landscape.

Continuing liaison with nearby residents will be required in recognition of potential impacts in terms of noise, vibration and emissions.

14(c) Strategic Airport Enhancements – Glasgow Airport

Potential biodiversity effects will require project level consideration and development progresses. Ongoing environmental management by the operator including as a management plan for the LNR and monitoring of impacts on birds using the nearby SPA, will help to mitigate potential effects on biodiversity.

Discharges to water are subject to permission from SEPA. The airport maintains a multi-layered assurance and inspection system to manage the risk of pollution.

Flooding issues will need further consideration at project level. Mitigation may be required to minimise adverse effects on

undesignated and unknown historic and archaeological resources as well as landscape change.

14(d) Strategic Airport Enhancements – Prestwick Airport

The draft masterplan proposes the enhancement of the Pow Burn to improve its role as a wildlife corridor. Bird hazards are also considered and there is ongoing liaison to address effects.

The operator proposes to mitigate noise from construction and operations where possible.

To minimise impacts on any soil loss as a result of development, where possible, excavated topsoil will be removed and stored for reuse.

Mitigation to minimise adverse effects on cultural heritage sites and buildings in the vicinity of the airport, as well as other unknown historic and archaeological resources.

Any proposed development should be assessed in more detail at project level to identify mitigation required to address any negative impacts on landscape character.

14(e) Strategic Airport Enhancements – Inverness Airport

Further project level assessment to establish effects on the environment will be required. Issues that may require further mitigation including impacts on the nearby SPA, and localised impacts on soil, water, cultural heritage and landscape.

Page 146: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

145

Draft Scottish Planning Policy – Proposed Mitigation

6.7 Many of the effects arising from the Draft Scottish Planning Policy will only become apparent as the policies are taken forward and used to inform development planning and consenting. Environmental assessments at these levels will therefore identify and implement locally appropriate mitigation measures. However, a number of broad issues are identified in the assessment, to be considered further as the Draft Policy is finalised following consultation:

1. In several parts of the SPP, the assessment suggests that whilst climate change mitigation is generally well covered by the policies, there may be opportunities for planning to build in climate change adaptation measures in response to predicted changes in weather patterns. There may be opportunities for this policies relating to housing, the historic environment, and in terms of infrastructure resilience.

2. The section focusing on spatial planning and development location could make more explicit reference the importance of cultural and architectural heritage, historic townscapes, listed buildings and conservation areas where it focuses on town centres. The SPP could, for example, note their importance in defining the special character and functionality of many town centres, and guide planning authorities on the need to balance reuse of buildings and new development to reinvigorate town centres, with the ongoing need to protect and enhance the existing historic environment. In addition, the impacts of new digital infrastructure on the historic environment could be considered more fully.

3. In addition, the part of the policy considering development layout and design could highlight opportunities for landscape enhancement that planning can help to achieve, for example development design assisting with improvements to settlement edges.

4. The policy focusing on rural development was found to be generally positive in environmental terms. However, the SEA suggests that it might be enhanced, if the environmental value and potential sensitivities of rural areas was highlighted, and development was recognised as an opportunity to work positively within this context to provide enhancement and protection as appropriate.

5. The policy on renewable energy development was found to be generally positive in environmental terms. Whilst there is benefit in prioritising protection for designated sites, it may be useful to also emphasise the need for careful planning to mitigate impacts on the wider environment, including water and soil resources. This will happen as a matter of course at the local level within development planning and supplementary guidance, and through project level EIA where appropriate.

6. Policy on green infrastructure may benefit from broader recognition of all types of open spaces within green networks and ecosystems. In addition, the emphasis within the SPP on improving network connectivity could be beneficial, but at the local level planning authorities should bear in mind that this could have negative effects where it facilitates the spread of invasive species, and should therefore seek further advice as appropriate.

7. On flooding, the assessment suggests that the opportunities for ‘green design’ measures should be taken forward at a project level wherever possible, and that there would be benefits from further strengthening the role of Strategic Flood Risk Assessments within development planning and decision making.

Page 147: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

146

Monitoring

6.8 The assessment has highlighted a number of issues that could form a focus for monitoring the environmental effects of the NPF and SPP. Work is currently ongoing under the ESPON project255 to produce indicators for national spatial planning. This includes identification of a focused set of key indicators, which relate to the existing Scotland Performs information and other ongoing data collection. There is potential to use the findings from this project, together with emerging work on indicators being taken forward by the Strategic Development Planning Authorities to embed the SEA monitoring into a wider monitoring framework for the NPF as a whole. We will consider this further as the findings from the research are finalised.

6.9 Experience gained from the preparation of the NPF2 monitoring report suggests that the following key considerations would also be helpful within the monitoring framework:

The extent to which broad environmental impacts have been identified and addressed within the SEA of strategic and local development plans.

The extent to which potential impacts arising from national developments have been identified and addressed within project level Environmental Impact Assessment.

6.10 The post-adoption SEA Statement will set out a schedule for monitoring, focusing on significant effects once both of the policies have been finalised. This will be used to inform the monitoring of NPF3 and the subsequent reviews of the SPP.

255 http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_TargetedAnalyses/kitcasp.html

Page 148: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

147

7. Next Steps

Questions for Consultees

7.1 This Environmental Report has been published for consultation alongside the NPF3 Main Issues Report and the Draft SPP. Views on the findings of the assessment are now welcome. Consultees may wish to consider the following questions:

1. What do you think of the environmental baseline information referred to in the Environmental Report? Are you aware of further information that could be used to inform the assessment findings?

2. Do you agree with the assessment findings? Are there other environmental effects arising from the Main Issues Report and Draft SPP?

3. Taking into account the environmental effects set out in the report, what are your views on: g) The overall approach to NPF3, as outlined in the Main Issues Report,

including key strategy proposals. h) The strategic alternatives, as highlighted in the questions in the Main

Issues Report? i) The proposed suite of national developments to be included in the

Proposed Framework? j) Alternative candidate national developments.? k) The policies proposed for the Draft SPP? l) The key questions for consultees set out in the Draft SPP?

4. What are the most significant negative effects arising from the assessment that should be taken into account as the NPF and SPP are finalised?

5. How can the NPF and SPP be enhanced, to maximise their positive environmental effects?

6. What do you think of the proposed approach to mitigation and monitoring proposed in Section 6?

7.2 Consultee views on other aspects of the Environmental Report, and on the draft policies in light of the assessment findings are also welcome. Comments can be made via the Scottish Government’s web page, or by writing directly to:

[email protected]

Freepost RTCT-TULH-UXJY, National Planning Framework Team, Area 2J South, Scottish Government, Victoria Quay, Edinburgh, EH6 6QQ.

Programme for finalising NPF3 and the SPP

7.3 Following consultation on the Environmental Report and the draft documents to which it relates, the Proposed NPF3 will be prepared. It will be submitted to the Scottish Parliament for a 60 period of consideration. At this time, on a voluntary basis, a consolidated Non Technical Summary of the SEA will be prepared and submitted to the Parliament. This will bring together the findings of the SEA at that point, and will outline

Page 149: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

148

views arising from the consultation for Parliament to take into account. Following the Parliamentary process, the NPF3 will be finalised and published in 2014.

7.4 The SPP will be finalised and adopted following the current consultation.

7.5 At the end of the process, following finalisation of both the SPP and the NPF, a post-adoption SEA Statement will be published and advertised. This will set out the assessment findings, views made in response to the consultation on the Environmental Report, and the Scottish Government’s response to them.

7.6 It is important to note at this stage that the environmental assessment of the NPF and SPP is not yet complete. Further assessment of changes to the SPP and the NPF will be undertaken throughout the remainder of the process. Should further significant effects be identified, additional public consultation on an updated Environmental Report, or an Annex to it, will be undertaken as appropriate. If not, the post-adoption SEA Statement will reflect on the processes and associated consultation, and explain how the issues have been addressed in the finalised policies.

Page 150: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

149

Appendix A Contextual Analysis

Source Key environmental objectives Air Directive 2008/50/EC Air Quality Framework Directive

Brings together existing legislation on air quality, including objectives for key pollutants: SO2, NOx, particulates, lead, benzene and ozone. Sets new objectives for fine particulates (PM2.5) including reduction target. Aims to combat emissions to meet World Health Organization standards.

The Air Quality Standards (Scotland) Regulations 2007

Implements European Directives on air quality (now consolidated into 2008 Directive). Requires attainment of standards in respect of concentrations of various pollutants. Allows air quality management zones to be identified and makes provision for information to be available to the public.

Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland

Aims to improve and protect ambient air quality in the UK, with overall aim of health protection. Sets objectives for specific emissions, against which monitoring is undertaken.

Local Air Quality Management – Revised Policy Guidance / Review

Explains the objectives for improving air quality and provides a framework for activities in Local Air Quality Management Areas.

Implications:

The SEA has assessed the extent to which NPF3 could help to reduce, or may increase emissions of pollutants to air at a national level.

The assessment has also focused on areas where pollution is already concentrated (Local Air Quality Management Areas).

Biodiversity, Flora and Fauna Council Directive 79/409/EEC on the conservation of wild birds / Directive 2009/147/EC (codified version)

Relates to the long term conservation of all species of naturally occurring birds in the wild state across European Member States. Applies to factors with potential to affect birds including human activity leading to the destruction and pollution of habitats. Allows for designation of special protection areas, as part of a coherent ecological network across European.

Council Directive 92/43/EEC the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora

Aims to promote the maintenance of biodiversity as part of sustainable development. Allows for designation of special areas of conservation, as part of a coherent ecological network across European. Notes that land-use planning and development policies should encourage the management of features of the landscape which are of major importance for wild fauna and flora. Also requires an appropriate assessment to be made of any plan or programme likely to have a significant effect on the conservation objectives of a designated site.

United Nations Aichi targets

Includes a number of strategic goals: address biodiversity loss through mainstreaming, reduce direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use, improve biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity, and enhance the benefit to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services. Also aims to enhance participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building.

Page 151: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

150

Source Key environmental objectives Our life insurance, our natural capital: an EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 (2011)

Sets out the 2050 vision, that EU biodiversity and the ecosystem services it provides are protected, valued and appropriately restored. Includes the headline target of halting the loss of biodiversity and degradation of ecosystem services by 2020, restoring them where possible and increasing the EU contribution to averting global biodiversity loss. Further targets cover improved conservation status, establishment of green infrastructure and restoration of at least 15% of degraded ecosystems, contribution of agriculture, forestry and fisheries, and combating invasive alien species. Notes the importance of spatial planning and land use management in reaching these targets.

Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981

Core legislation on biodiversity across the UK which explains the various levels of protection afforded to birds, animals and plants. Provides the legal framework within which activities that impact on protected species constitute an offence, and makes available powers of enforcement. Applies to the terrestrial environment and inshore waters. This legislation been amended in part by the Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act 2004.

Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act 2004

Introduced the duty for public bodies to further the conservation of biodiversity, and the requirement for a Scottish Biodiversity Strategy. Also sets the framework designating sites of special scientific interest (SSSIs).

Conservation (Natural habitats &c.) Amendment (Scotland) Regulations 2007

Part IVA sets out the requirement for the appropriate assessment of land use plans. This is required where a land use plan is likely to have a significant effect on a European site and is not directly connected with or necessary to the management of the site. The assessment should be undertaken prior to the plan being given effect and should include consultation with the appropriate nature conservation body (SNH). Notes that the opinion of the general public should be taken into account, if appropriate.

Wildlife and Natural Environment (Scotland) Act 2011

Draws together and updates legislation on nature conservation. Focuses on a series of key measures relating certain land management activities.

UK Biodiversity Action Plan (1994)

Emphasises the importance of biodiversity and notes the impact of human development and the use of land on the health of ecosystems. Includes the overall goal of conservation and enhancement of biodiversity within the UK, to contribute to the conservation of global biodiversity. Also aims to increase public awareness and involvement in conservation.

The Non-Native Species Framework Strategy for Great Britain (2008)

Aims to protect against the adverse impacts of invasive non-native species. Notes that this is considered to be a significant threat to biodiversity world wide, and that the distribution of species could be affected by climate change over the coming years. Also reflects on the significant level of expenditure already required to control invasive species. Calls for a more preventative approach.

Consultation on the 2020 Challenge for Scotland’s Biodiversity (2012)

Responds to the EU Biodiversity Strategy and the Aichi Targets set by the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. Aims to increase the general level of biodiversity and support ecosystems, engage people with the natural world and maximise the benefits of a diverse natural environment and the services it provides, contributing to sustainable economic growth. Consultation responses to the draft strategy are available on the Scottish Government website.

Page 152: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

151

Source Key environmental objectives Implications:

The SEA has assessed the extent to which NPF3 will contribute to the core aims or protection and enhancement of biodiversity.

It has established impacts on designated sites and species from the international to local level.

The SEA has helped to encourage NPF3 and the SPP to take positive action to reflect the aspirations and goals set out within the EU Biodiversity Strategy and the emerging Scottish response to the 2020 vision. The latter emphasises the importance of ecosystem health and frame biodiversity conservation within the context of sustainable economic growth.

Climatic Factors Limiting Global Climate Change to 2 degrees Celsius. The way ahead for 2020 and beyond (EC, 2007)

Overall strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Europe. Sets a number of targets, including improving energy efficiency by 20% by 2020, increasing the share of renewable energy to 20% by 2020 and adopt environmentally safe carbon capture and geological storage policy (CCS) by 2015. Aims to strengthen the EU ETS, limit transport emissions, emissions from residential and commercial buildings. Also supports research and technological development.

Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009

Sets targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, including a 42% reduction target by 2020, and a 80% reduction by 2050, and requires the setting of annual targets for 2010-2050. These targets are subject to expert advice from the UK Committee on Climate Change, followed by the Scottish Committee on Climate change when established. Requires regular reporting of progress to the Scottish Parliament. Establishes climate change duties on Scottish public bodies (covering both climate change mitigation and adaptation). Part 5 focuses on climate change adaption and action by specific sectors, public engagement and carbon assessment.

Climate Change Delivery Plan (Scottish Government, 2009)

Sets out key challenges arising from climate change, and identifies key sectors for reducing emissions including: electricity demand and supply, heat demand and supply, transport, rural land use and waste. The plan aims to achieve 4 transformational outcomes:

A largely decarbonised electricity generation sector by 2030 A largely decarbonised heat sector by 2050 with significant

progress by 2030 Almost complete decarbonisation of road transport by 2050,

with significant progress by 2030 A comprehensive approach to ensure that carbon is factored

into land use decisions. Low Carbon Scotland: Meeting Our Emissions Reduction targets 2013-2027 the Draft Second Report on Proposals and Policies (2013)

Sets out actions that will be taken to ensure commitments to climate change targets are met. Focuses on areas, including energy and transport, which are key sources of emissions. Also covers business and industry, public sector, waste and resource use and rural land use. Refers to the role of NPF3 and the SPP in assisting with taking forward proposals and policies.

Page 153: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

152

Source Key environmental objectives Scotland’s Climate Change Adaptation Framework (Scottish Government, 2009)

Provides an overarching framework for adaptation to climate change, which is currently in the process of being updated to reflect more recent information on climate change risk assessment. Emphasises the importance of understanding and responding to climate change impacts, and integrating this into public sector plans and strategies. Notes that adaptation will be needed to address a wide range issues including changing air quality, impacts on the natural environment and land management, issues around the water environment, and challenges for resilience.

Climate Change Adaptation Framework Sector Action Plans (Scottish Government, 2011)

Series of sectoral plans focusing on required activities to adapt to climate change. Spatial planning and land use sector action plan is of particular relevance to NPF3, although the SEA should also take into account wider actions. The plan notes that development plans should reflect the adaptation objectives set out in NPF. A range of relevant impacts are referred to including: impacts on ecosystems and habitat networks, the need for action at a landscape scale, impacts on freshwater systems, coastal areas and firths, flooding, species migration, soil erosion and impacts on peatland. Refers to work being undertaken by SNH to identify the impact of climate change on landscapes.

Implications:

The SEA has assessed the extent to which NPF3 delivers on both climate change mitigation, and adaptation.

For mitigation, the assessment has highlighted progress in helping to achieve objectives for renewable energy generation, heat and sustainable transport.

The assessment of the contribution to adaptation takes into account planning’s role in addressing issues such as changing vulnerability of the natural environment, the need for land use change, and requirements for long term resilience.

Cultural Heritage Scottish Historic Environment Policy (SHEP) 2011 (currently being reviewed)

Provides the overarching policy framework for planning the historic environment. Notes that the protection of the historic environment is not about preventing change – rather change should be managed intelligently and with understanding. Key challenges noted include a lack of understanding of its role in regenerating and revitalising communities, short term vision for the development of places, changing land management, loss of sites from coastal erosion, inappropriate change, the need for renewable energy generation and carbon reduction and lack of traditional skills. In response, Scottish Ministers want to realise the potential of the historic environment across the country, for the population as a whole. Key aspirations include making use of the historic environment to achieve economic and social regeneration.

Managing Change in the Historic Environment: Engineering Structures, Guidance Note (2010)

Relates to works of civil engineering and historic structures, and notes that in many cases buildings of value are likely to be listed. Notes that any remedial or strengthening work should be sympathetic to the workings of the structure, aiming to restore strength and extend its life. Provides guidance on materials and alternative uses.

Page 154: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

153

Source Key environmental objectives Managing Change in the Historic Environment: Historic Battlefields, Interim Guidance Note (2011)

Notes that battlefields are an important element of the landscape, contributing to cultural identity and offering tourism opportunities. Calls for change affecting battlefields to be managed in a way that respects their value and character. Notes that provision should be made for battlefields within development plans and that they should be a consideration within decision making. Also recommends the creation of conservation plans.

New Design in Historic Settings Toolkit

Sets out key principles for the design of new development in historic settings. Aims to raise standards and improve quality of design. Aims to ensure new development responds to urban structure, urban grain, density and mix, scales, landscape, materials and detailing, and historical development. Suggests that proposals for new development should be based on an understanding of an area or settlement’s history.

Architecture Policy (2012 Consultation)

Consultation on the development of an Architecture Policy for Scotland. Aims to support sustainable economic growth, shape Scotland’s future, embed built environment design into wider policy agendas and recognise the cultural value of architecture, urbanism and heritage. The document seeks views on the content of future policy, and invites comments on other areas to be considered.

Designing Places This planning policy statement was launched in 2001 and sets out government aspirations for design and the role of the planning system in delivering these. Aims to demystify urban design and demonstrate how it can contribute to quality of life. Designing Places is a material consideration in decisions in planning applications and appeals. It also provides the basis for a series of Planning Advice Notes (PANs) for more detailed aspects of design.

Designing Streets Designing Streets supports Designing Places and is the first policy statement in Scotland for street design and marks a change in the emphasis of guidance on street design towards place-making and away from a system focused upon the dominance of motor vehicles.

Scottish Sustainable Communities Initiative

The Scottish Sustainable Communities Initiative (SSCI), launched in 2008, aims to encourage projects that demonstrate ambition and vision in the creation of new places and in the regeneration of existing places. The Initiative also provides an opportunity to raise the profile of a variety of developments which will serve as exemplars, demonstrating innovation in design and delivery.

Implications:

The SEA has considered impacts of NPF3 and the draft SPP on cultural heritage, from a national perspective.

Whilst some of the guidance on this is relatively site specific, the SEA has considered whether NPF3 and the draft SPP could give rise to cumulative effects on a number of sites across the country.

Key principles for change in the historic environment could be applicable at a broader scale. The SEA has tested the extent to which future change is based on an evaluation and understanding of historic development patterns.

As with policy relating to biodiversity, national policy on cultural heritage emphasise the role of the environment in supporting sustainable economic growth.

The SEA has also helped to explore consistency between placemaking and design policy and the NPF and SPP.

Page 155: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

154

Source Key environmental objectives Landscape and geology Council of Europe, European Landscape Convention (2000)

Highlights the importance of all landscapes and five key principles: Our landscape – where people are involved in their

management. All landscape – recognising the importance of areas which

are not formally designated, whether intact or degraded. Changing landscapes – reflecting the continuous evolution

of landscape and the need to manage change. Understanding landscapes – the need to improve

awareness of landscapes and their benefits. Tomorrow’s landscapes – supporting a forward-looking

approach that reflects past evolution of landscapes and shapes new ones.

SNH Natural Heritage Futures

Various documents focusing on the natural heritage from a range of different perspectives. Notes the importance of the diversity of Scotland’s landscapes and their role inspiring people, creating sense of place and areas for recreation and enjoyment. Emphasises strong cultural links with the environment. Recommends integrated solutions and spatial plans with sufficient flexibility and clear objectives for natural heritage. The core prospectus has since been updated. Of particular relevance to NPF3 is the update on settlements, which includes objectives relating to greenspace, biodiversity enhancement in and around communities, understanding and awareness of the natural heritage and making use of open space for sustainable settlements by enabling food production, regeneration and social enterprise. Provides a vision for future management of regions and resources, with references to challenges including land use change and development pressure.

Scotland’s Landscape Produced by the Scottish Landscape Forum and SNH, the Charter sets an agenda for landscape planning and management. Reflects the key principles of the European Landscape Convention and emphasises the need to maintain distinctiveness and sense of place within Scotland. Calls on public bodies to recognise the importance of landscape in decision making, encourage involvement of communities in managing landscape change, recognise the need for landscape expertise within planning, raise awareness of the role of local and national designations in safeguarding landscapes.

National Scenic Areas Programme

Scotland has 40 National Scenic Areas, covering 13% of the total area. SNH published information on the special qualities of each area, with further guidance expected on how protection of these characteristics can be achieved.

SNH Wild Land Policy Review of Status and Conservation of Wild Land in Europe / Mapping Scotland’s Wildness Project

Notes the importance of wild land in Scotland. Interim guidance was published in 2007 to guide the assessment of impacts on wild land. Notes the potential impact of a range of activities and developments on the essential qualities of wild land. The Review focuses on wild land in Europe and Scotland, referring to the wilderness quality index. Notes the need for a common and rigorously defensible definition of wild land in Scotland, and recommends that policy to protect wild land may best be developed through the existing network of National Scenic Areas. Mapping project identifies the areas where wildness is a key quality.

Page 156: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

155

Source Key environmental objectives Implications:

The SEA has assessed the effects of NPF3 on landscape quality and diversity. The assessment has gone beyond a focus on protected areas, such as National Scenic Areas, to also take less formally recognised areas, such as landscapes that would benefit from enhancement.

The assessment has reflected the principles of the European Landscape Convention, including the all landscape approach and recognition of the importance and potential of landscapes close to where people where enhancement and regeneration could be achieved. Recommendations on this have been made, including for the SPP.

Population and Health Achieving a Sustainable Future: Regeneration Strategy (2011)

Sets out the vision for regeneration, where Scotland’s most disadvantaged communities are supported, in the context of devolved responsibility for local regeneration. Aims to achieve a holistic approach to regeneration, delivering solutions to the economic, physical and social needs of communities. Calls for a co-ordinated approach across all sectors and communities to achieve this. Overall aims are:

o Putting communities first and involving local people o A holistic approach, linking physical, social and economic

dimensions o A long term vision, focusing on safety and quality of places o Linking regeneration with economic strategies o Addressing worklessness o Funding streams that are simple and integrated o Strong leadership, making use of partnership working.

Aims to break the cycle and transform Scotland’s poorest places by improving delivery, working together and ensuring the public sector has a key role to play. Also emphasises the importance of local people delivering local change through community led regeneration, supported by the establishment of the People and Communities Fund. The Strategy refers to the importance of links with environmental quality. Key initiatives include the Central Scotland Green Network Development Fund, support for heritage projects and targeting investment in renewable energy as a mechanism for skills and employment creation. A review of town centres is highlighted, and action is also proposed to improve housing and provide 30,000 affordable homes over 5 years. Placemaking is also emphasised, with the Strategy noting the importance of efficient planning, quality design and the SSCI programme in achieving this.

Environmental Noise Directive

Noise is recognised as a statutory nuisance, including within the Environmental Protection Act 1990. The Environmental Noise Directive aims to avoid and prevent or reduce issues arising from exposure to environmental noise. It introduced methods for mapping noise, plans to address it and requirements for making information available to the public. The mapping focuses on major sources of noise, including transport networks, outdoor and industrial equipment and mobile machinery. A first phase of noise mapping in Scotland has focused on Edinburgh and Glasgow, with a second round to cover further areas planned for 2012.

Page 157: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

156

Source Key environmental objectives Achieving our Potential: A Framework to tackle poverty and income inequality in Scotland (2008)

Aims to tackle inequalities, by reducing poverty and increasing healthy life expectancy at birth in the most deprived areas. The Strategy introduces longer-term measures to reduce income inequality, tackle poverty and the drivers of low income, supports those experiencing or at risk of poverty and aims to make the tax credits and benefits system work better for Scotland. It notes the importance of ensuring these objectives are embedded within Single Outcome Agreements. It highlights the challenges for fragile rural areas and notes the HIE Growth at the Edge approach. It continues to support the six Urban Regeneration Companies across Scotland, to target regeneration in these areas. Increasing the rate of new housebuilding and the number of affordable homes, and improving perceptions of neighbourhoods are key indicators.

Equally well: Implementation Plan

This sets out a programme for change across the key priority areas including early years, key diseases (cardiovascular disease and cancer), drugs and alcohol problems and links to violence, and mental health and wellbeing. Sets out a shift from providing services to building capacity and addressing barriers for people, families and communities. Sets out eight local test sites where the recommendations will be taken forward: Whitecrook, East Lothian, Govanhill, Blairgowrie, Lanarkshire, Fife, Dundee and Glasgow City. The latter area focuses on integrating health into current and future city planning. Greenspace improvement and increasing levels of physical activity are key objectives.

Child Poverty Strategy for Scotland (2011)

The main aims of the Strategy are maximising household resources, and improving children’s wellbeing and life chances. It notes the importance of good quality employment for parents, and reducing costs (e.g. energy costs) to improve the financial position of households. The Strategy refers to the role of communities and place and notes that multiple deprivation is often clustered within particular areas. Links with wider regeneration plans are noted. The importance of green space and play opportunities is noted as having the potential to improve health and wellbeing.

Let’s Make Scotland More Active – National Physical Activity Strategy

Aims to ensure Scotland’s people benefit from a physically active life, with the goal of increasing and maintaining the proportion of physically active people in Scotland. Strategic objectives include developing and maintaining long-lasting, high quality physical environments to support inactive people to become active.

Celebrating Outcomes – Community Food and Health Scotland

Reports on community food initiatives. Notes the aim of improving health by increasing access to healthy food. Aims to secure infrastructure for healthy food.

Preventing Overweight and Obesity in Scotland: A Route Map Towards Healthy Weight and Obesity Route Map Action Plan (2011)

Includes a number of objectives focusing on addressing the causes of obesity. Aims to increase ‘energy expenditure’ with walking, cycling and other physical activity. Significant investment will be required to address current trends. Includes a number of specific measures: linking food production with consumption of lower energy foods and local distribution networks, Scotland’s Cycling Action Plan, the national cycle network and promoting active travel. Specifically, the Action Plan notes the role of NPF2 in influencing development plans to create healthier places, refers to the Designing Places and Designing Streets work and the SSCI. Addressing crime and creating safer communities, creating opportunities for active play and sport are also included.

Page 158: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

157

Source Key environmental objectives Towards a Mentally Flourishing Scotland: Policy and Action Plan 2009-2012

Identifies six strategic priorities including mental health of infants, children and young people, later life, communities, employment and working life, reducing suicide, self-harm and common mental health problems and improving quality of life for those experience problems and illness. Refers to the physical and social environment, aiming to build stronger communities and create more supportive environment. Notes links with wider community regeneration programmes and highlights the importance of the physical environment in mental health (noise and light levels, the layout of buildings, access to escape facilities such as green space and community facilities, the design of building including good, secure housing and transport systems).

Homes Fit for the 21st Century: the Scottish Government’s Strategy and Action Plan for Housing in the Next Decade: 2011-2020

Notes that more homes are needed as household sizes fall and stock requires renewal. Includes numerous objectives, with some focusing across all tenures and others focusing on the needs of specific sectors. Emphasises the need for quality and fitness for purpose. Strategic objectives are: To build new, high quality, affordable homes (including social

housing) to meet current need and the demand arising from our growing and ageing population.

To maximise the sustainable housing options available across all tenures, including for people living on lower incomes, and to significantly improve the quality of the existing housing stock and the places we create.

Explores the role of planning and notes the need for land availability to be addressed, to facilitate development. Emphasises the need for a more flexible and responsive approach to identifying sites. Notes that planning conditions and agreements are being reviewed to ensure they remain fair and effective, and also refers to work on compulsory purchase and infrastructure investment. Also notes the work being undertaken on the SSCI.

Implications:

There are numerous ongoing commitments to improving mental and physical health and wellbeing. Planning has a key role to play within this, as part of its role in placemaking, in improving communities, providing access to facilities, promoting active transport and recreation and ensuring healthier, safer environments. The SEA has broadly explored the extent to which these objectives are being met.

Equality and addressing poverty through improving communities and access to employment are key objectives across many existing strategies.

Food supplies are an increasingly important aspect of the health and wellbeing policy framework.

Noise and other nuisances are also a focus for legislation and solutions that aim to reduce the contribution of noise to community and individual health and wellbeing problems. The SEA has highlighted where developments, particularly proposed by the NPF, could contribute to nuisance issues, temporarily or permanently.

Housing policy also continues to raise important objectives for planning to address, including ensuring an effective supply of land for housing and working to link the needs of communities and households with available stock. Whilst this is an issue for the policy itself to focus on, it is also relevant to the assessment of the performance of the NPF on population and health.

Page 159: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

158

Source Key environmental objectives Soil / land Proposal for a Soil Framework Directive COM(2006) 232

Aims to protect soil and its capacity to provide environmental, economic, social and cultural functions. Notes the essential nature of soil, and the need to avoid degradation. Key functions are noted including biomass production, storing, filtering and transforming nutrients and water, supporting biodiversity and human activities, proving raw materials, storing carbon, archaeology and geological heritage. Also notes that soil is under increasing pressure and that further knowledge is required. States soil should be used sustainably in a manner which maintains its functions. Of particular relevance, the proposed Directive notes that sealing intensity has grown with increasing demand for land. Reuse of brownfield land and other mitigation measures to reduce soil sealing and / or its effects are recommended.

Scottish Soil Framework, 2009

Notes the multiple functions of soils. Highlights pressures on soils, but also acknowledges that in general, Scotland’s soils are in good condition. Notes the need for further information on soils to determine where change or damage is occurring. Climate change is highlighted as a further threat. Construction is also raised as a pressure, resulting in sealing, acidification and eutrophication and loss of biodiversity. Includes a vision for soils to be recognised as a vital part of our economy, environment and heritage, to be safeguarded for existing and future generations.

Asset Management Review of Rural Land

Aimed to clarify rural land assets held by the Scottish Government (812, 731 hectares) including land used for NNRs, forestry, business, community user, crofting, plant science, research and education. Notes that land is well managed, and makes recommendation for recording land assets. Suggests considering use of surplus land for allotments and new entrants to farming.

Pollution Prevent and Control (Scotland) Regulations 2000

Set out a regime for preventing and controlling pollution. Identifies activities that are subject to pollution control.

Management of carbon rich soils (Discussion Paper)

Notes the importance of peatlands and other carbon-rich soils in holding carbon. Emphasises the multiple benefits of peatland in particular, and the complexity of restoration.

Environmental Liability (Scotland) Regulations 2009

Provide the framework for preventing and remedying environmental damage. Apply to protected species, natural habitats, water and land. Require steps to be taken to prevent or limit environmental damage, and set out requirements bearing the cost of preventative or remedial measures.

Getting the Best from Our Land: A land use strategy for Scotland, 2011.

Recognises the importance and value of land resources. Aims to ensure decisions on land use provide benefits. Targets land based businesses and stewardship of land, and seeks to achieve better connections between both urban and rural communities and the land. Highlights the importance of ecosystems and taking into account climate change. Notes that restoration of derelict and vacant land to productive use should continue to be a priority. Also recognises the importance of safeguarding land which is suitable for food production, flood management, water catchment management and carbon storage.

Page 160: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

159

Source Key environmental objectives Implications:

Soil is recognised in European and national policy as a key resource requiring protection.

Potential pressures on soils include those arising from construction activity, such as soil sealing and loss of biodiversity. Policy aims to address these pressures by reflecting the multiple functions of soils and their value to society and the environment.

Soil has become increasingly recognised as a valuable resource within the context of climate change. Safeguarding carbon rich soils, including peatland, has become a high priority.

Policy also reflect the need to make best use of our land by bringing derelict land back into productive use and protecting soils which support primary activities.

The SEA has considered the extent to which the NPF and SPP reflect the importance of different types of soils.

Water Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC

Introduced in 2000, the Directive provided a framework approach to managing the water environment. Covers all water bodies including Shellfish and Bathing Waters. The Directive was transposed into Scots law by the WEWS Act (2003) (see below).

Bathing Water Directive (76/1160/EEC)

Aims to protect reduce pollution of bathing waters. Makes provision for identifying and monitoring bathing waters and requires the identification of acceptable quality standards.

Water Environment and Water Services (WEWS) (Scotland) Act 2003

The Act took forward the provisions of the Water Framework Directive. Set out the systems for developing River Basin Management Plans for Scotland. These plans aim to improve the environmental status of water bodies, and reduce adverse impacts on the water environment as a whole.

Flood Risk Management (Scotland) Act 2009

The Act provides a framework for a modernised approach to flood management, taking into account the impact of climate change and improved management processes. Aims to achieve co-ordinated approaches to flood management and requires the preparation of flood risk management plans. Sets out processes and responsibilities, including for flood protection schemes and public engagement in the process.

Scotland River Basin Management Plan (2009-2015)

Notes that many of Scotland’s water bodies are already of a high quality, but that around 35% are under significant pressure from human activity and are not in good condition. The plan therefore explains the measures required to ensure that the target of 98% of water bodies to be in good condition by 2027 are met. Progress towards meeting this targeted will be reviewed annually, and reported in updated plans in 2015, 2021, and 2027. The RBMP notes the importance of the Water Environment (Controlled Activities) (Scotland) Regulations 2005, in taking forward measures to address identified pressures. These apply to: activities that could lead to pollution, water abstraction, water impoundment, engineering activities. SEPA co-ordinates the development, review and implementation RBMPs. Sewage disposal, drinking water supplies, hydropower and urban land uses and flood protection are noted as activities that are responsible for pressure on the water environment.

Page 161: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

160

Source Key environmental objectives Water Resources Bill The Bill (as introduced) makes provision for the development of

water resources. Sets out responsibilities of Scottish Water and Scottish Ministers. Key elements relate to water abstraction, water quality, water supplies and sewerage services.

Solway Tweed River Basin Management Plan (2009-2015)

Like the Scotland RBMP, the Plan sets out a framework for action to improve the ecological status of water bodies. The target of this plan is ensuring that 92% of all water bodies in this district are in good condition by 2027/

Implications:

Policy relating to the water environment aims to improve the condition of water bodies through appropriate management of activities that could lead to a range of pressures, including pollution, modification through engineering works, and abstraction.

Planning policies and decisions have a role to play in ensuring that the targets set by Scotland’s two River Basin Management Plans are met.

Protection of the water environment extends to coastal water bodies, including those which are recognised as Bathing Waters.

Policy on flood risk management seeks to promote sustainable solutions that reflect and address the impact of climate change on the water environment over the long term.

Marine and coastal environment European Marine Strategy Framework Directive 2008/56/EC

Notes the need to address pressure on natural marine resources, and to reduce impacts on marine waters. Emphasises the value of the marine environment, for maintaining biodiversity, and “providing diverse and dynamic oceans and seas which are clean, healthy and productive”. Therefore requires consideration of environmental qualities across all types of policies to promote the sustainable use of the seas and conserving marine ecosystems. Calls for the establishment of marine protected areas to achieve good environmental status. Requires appropriate legislation to be made to foster the integration of environmental concerns into policy and decision making. Calls on Member States to develop marine strategies for their own areas. Emphasises the need for transboundary co-operation.

National Marine Plan Pre-Consultation Draft

The pre-consultation draft of the National Marine Plan was published in 2011. This noted the interaction of marine and terrestrial planning, and highlighted the spatial overlap occurring between the mean high water spring tides (the limit of the NMP) and the mean low water spring tides (NPF boundary). The pre-consultation draft NMP emphasised the importance of consistency between the two planning regimes with terrestrial planning helping to ensure that offshore activities are appropriately managed onshore, through recognition of their effects on the environment and coastal communities. A number of key challenges were identified in the pre-consultation draft including marine activities with impacts on land, and land based development with implications offshore, including:

requirement for protection of environmental assets, recognising the impact of climate change on marine and coastal ecosystems.

Page 162: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

161

Source Key environmental objectives renewable energy development, with key issues including

grid connections and links with the supply chain. access and recreation in coastal areas, emphasising the

need for coastal access points and a better understanding of current activity.

an aspiration for carbon capture and storage. transport links within and around the marine area,

recognising the potential benefit of replacing road borne freight with shipping transport.

the importance of coastal protection, taking into account issues such as affordability and climate change.

the need to safeguard water resources and ensure abstraction does not damage the environment.

reducing emissions associated with the pumping and treatment of waste water.

the need to avoid sterilising aggregate deposits and to manage disposal activities sustainably.

Implications:

These policies and plans, and their environmental objectives, emphasise the importance of the coastal zone for renewable energy investment, alongside a wide range of other activities.

There are numerous existing environmental protection objectives for the marine and coastal area, including those that recognise and protect their valued natural and cultural heritage objectives.

Coastal planning emphasises the importance of integrated management of these areas, whilst the emerging National Marine Plan requires a consistent approach with terrestrial planning.

Material assets – Energy Infrastructure Low Carbon Economic Strategy

Forms an integral part of the Government’s Economic Strategy to secure sustainable economic growth, and a key component of the broader approach to meet Scotland’s climate change targets and secure the transition to a low carbon economy in Scotland.

Electricity Generation Policy Statement (Draft) (2012)

Sets out the approach to meeting the target of the equivalent of at least 100% of gross electricity consumption from renewables by 2020. It explains what changes are required to meet this target, by considering the generating mix as a whole. It aims to balance issues including security of supply, affordability, economic benefit and community ownership. The Policy notes that thermal generation plays an important role as part of the mix, through a minimum of 2.5GW of generation, to be progressively fitted with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). The policy aims to enable community ownership of at least 500MW by 2020. Energy efficiency is also included in the policy, which seeks to lower final consumption by 12%. Electricity grid improvements and the development of storage solutions, are also supported, to facilitate increased output from renewable energy. The policy confirms that nuclear energy will be phased out in Scotland over time, with no new nuclear build taking place in Scotland. This does not preclude extending the operating life of Scotland’s existing nuclear stations to help maintain security of supply over the next decade while the transition to renewables and cleaner thermal generation takes

Page 163: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

162

Source Key environmental objectives place. The policy confirms the position on bioenergy, noting that biomass should be used in small heat only and CHP applications, off gas grid, to contribute to the target of 11% of heat demand from renewable sources by 2020.

2020 Routemap for Renewable Energy

The Routemap sets out a range of targets, as referred to in the EGPS (see above). This includes the 100% of electricity demand equivalent from renewables by 2020, 11% of heat demand from renewables by 2020 and at least 30% of overall energy demand from renewables by 2020 (covering heat, transport and electricity). The 500MW target for community and locally owned renewable energy by 2020 is also highlighted in the Routemap. The Routemap explains the potential contribution of different sectors to achieving these targets. Offshore renewable energy technologies are identified as playing an important role, with innovation and investment in this sector strongly supported. Onshore technologies are also identified as having an important role to play. With regard to heat, the Routemap notes the rolling out of heat mapping, building on research on waste heat from fossil fuel power stations, and further work on district heating. The Routemap notes that new strategies for agri-renewables and microgeneration will be developed.

Environmental and Clean Technologies Action Plan

The Plan sets out the approach to developing Environmental Clean Technologies through collaboration and development support. The plan sets out governance arrangements for taking forward projects that promote environmental and low carbon activities. The work is intended to lead to a long term approach to establishing an ECT industry in Scotland.

Sectoral Marine Plans for Offshore Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy

Blue Seas: Green Energy was published 2011. It sets out a plan for offshore wind energy development in Scottish Territorial Waters, reflecting the significant potential for marine renewable energy throughout Scottish Waters. The Plan identifies a number of ‘short term’ sites for offshore wind development, distributed around Scotland’s coast. It also explores medium term options and provides a framework for research and monitoring, to allow future planning and decision making to be informed by evidence on the environmental, social and economic impacts of offshore renewable energy. A review of Blue Seas: Green Energy is now underway, and work has also commenced on preparing new sectoral marine plans for wave and tidal energy. These plans will be informed by a Sustainability Appraisal, which will explore the potential impacts of development opportunities. The finalised plans will be published in 2013.

National Renewables Infrastructure Plan (Stages 1 and 2)

Aims to ensure that infrastructure development takes place to realise the opportunities arising from renewable energy development. Focuses on offshore renewable energy, noting the significant potential for investment arising from offshore wind, wave and tidal projects. Phase 1 sites identified for offshore wind include: Leith, Dundee, Nigg, Methil, Aberdeen, Hunterston, Arnish, Campbeltown / Machrihanish, Ardersier, Peterhead and Kishorn. Phase 2, focusing on wave and tidal activities in the medium to long term, explores sites with potential to meet industry needs, including clusters in the Forth / Tay and Moray Firth, where initial investment could be prioritised. The importance of the Pentland

Page 164: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

163

Source Key environmental objectives Firth for wave and tidal infrastructure is also emphasised. Phase 3, involving implementation and working with industry and port owners is underway. The N-RIP calls for the key sites of strategic importance to be recognised within the National Planning Framework.

Conserve and Save: Energy Efficiency Action Plan

This Plan aims to achieve a step-change reduction in energy use, alongside other strategies that focus on low carbon generation. It sets the target of reducing final energy consumption by 12% by 2020, and provides a framework for monitoring this. Key areas of effort include: encouraging behaviour change, domestic energy efficiency, energy efficiency for business and across the public sector, building standards, transport, skills and finance. Specifically with regard to infrastructure and the built environment, a number of actions are included, such as encouraging low carbon communities, using SSCI projects as exemplars, the commitment in Designing Streets to low carbon transport, district heating, and promoting microgeneration.

Material Assets - transport Infrastructure Investment Plan (with 2012 progress report)

Sets out short, medium and long term investment in a range of infrastructure projects including transport, water, waste, health, education, housing, digital, energy, culture, sport, regeneration and justice. Progress report sets out key activities since the IIP was published, including delivery of a number of priorities set out in NPF2.

National Transport Strategy

The NTS aims to promote economic growth by building, enhancing managing and maintaining transport services, infrastructure and networks to maximise their efficiency. Its key themes include connecting remote and disadvantaged communities, increasing accessibility, protecting the environment and improving health through investment in public transport, improving safety and integrating different modes of transport.

Strategic Transport Projects Review

The STPR set out a range of projects that aim to improve journey times and connections, reduce emissions and improve quality, accessibility and affordability. Key infrastructure improvement projects are identified in the programme, and they formed important components of NPF2.

Rail 2014 Consultation The Consultation on the Rail programme aimed to inform the framework for contracting rail passenger services and financial arrangements for Network Rail, which are due for renewal in 2014 (High Level Output Specification). The consultation noted the importance of the rail industry in delivering sustainable economic growth. Reference is made to the Government Economic Strategy, and the aim of delivering high quality rail infrastructure and services which: reflect needs, are efficient and represent good value for money, support businesses and communities by connecting settlements and rural areas, and provide a more sustainable personal and freight transport option.

Making the Case for High Speed Rail Connections with Scotland (2012)

This document reflects strong support for establishing a high speed rail network across the UK, to support economic competitiveness. It emphasises the need to ensure that links to Scotland are included in plans for a high speed rail network, noting the need for connections to both Glasgow and Edinburgh. Such a link could increase rail capacity to accommodate future demand, reduce

Page 165: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

164

Source Key environmental objectives journey times, facilitate a modal shift from air and road to rail, and support Scottish businesses.

Scottish Ferry Services: Ferries Plan (2013-2022)

Notes the essential role of ferries within Scotland’s transport network. Provides a comprehensive review of ferry services. Provides guidance of development of services in the next 10 years, ranging from short to long term actions. Aims to support economy and communities through reliable, high quality and affordable transport links.

Material Assets – Forestry Scottish Forestry Strategy

The Scottish Forestry Strategy aims to achieve sustainable development of forests and woodlands, through good management and better integration with other land uses. Its key themes include climate change (mitigation and adaptation), getting the most from timber resources, business development and employment, sustainable forest management, improving quality of life and well-being, access to woodlands, improving health, protection of the environmental quality of natural resources, biodiversity protection and enhancement.

Scottish Government Rationale for Woodland Expansion (2009)

The Scottish Forestry Strategy sets out an ambition to increase Scotland’s woodland cover. This document explained how woodland expansion can best increase the delivery of public benefits from Scotland’s land. It notes the role of forestry expansion in tackling greenhouse gas emissions, habitat restoration, adaptation to climate change, ecosystem services management, sustainable industry, rural development and diversification, and community benefits. Of specific relevance to planning, it notes the role of forestry expansion in enhancing urban areas and improving landscapes.

The Right Tree in the Right Place – Planning for Forestry and Woodland

This guidance provides Scottish Government advice to planning authorities on planning for forestry and woodlands.

Material Assets – waste Zero Waste Plan The Zero Waste Plan aimed to achieve a significant shift in the way

our waste is managed. Its key measures included waste prevention, reducing landfill, improving management, and contributing to renewable energy. The Plan set new targets of 70% of waste to be recycled and a maximum of 5% to be sent to landfill, by 2025. Measures also relate to improving information to inform future decisions, and measuring the carbon impacts of waste to prioritise recycling for resources which could provide the most significant benefits.

Scotland’s Policy for Higher Activity Radioactive Waste (2011)

The Scottish Government Policy is that the long-term management of higher activity radioactive waste should be in near-surface facilities. Facilities should be located as near to the site where the waste is produced as possible. Developers will need to demonstrate how the facilities will be monitored and how waste packages, or waste, could be retrieved. All long-term waste management options will be subject to robust regulatory requirements. The Policy is not prescriptive in its approach, recognising that it applies to Waste which may not be produced for decades and for which long-term management options may not be feasible at present or have yet to be developed.

Page 166: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

165

Source Key environmental objectives Material Assets – agriculture / rural development Scotland Rural Development Plan

The SRDP is a programme of economic, environmental and social measures, utilising some €680m of European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development funding, with Scottish Government match funding. The programme is designed to support rural Scotland from 2007 to 2013. A review of the programme is underway, with working groups having been established to develop consultation proposals for the 2014 update of the programme.

Crofting Reform (Scotland) Act 2010

The Crofting Reform (Scotland) Act (2010) aims to modernise the crofting sector, It makes provisions covering the Crofters Commission, establishment of a crofting register, and duties of crofters.

Our Rural Future (2011)

Sets out a vision for rural Scotland. Aims to ensure that rural areas are dynamic and diverse, and to improve rural prosperity by making best use of resources including people, land, seas, rivers and wildlife. It emphasises the importance of rural communities, opportunities to control local assessments and support local services. Income and employment are key themes, and this is balanced with the need to protect and enhance, natural, cultural and built environments. Key infrastructure priorities include: higher speed broadband, affordable housing using sustainable design, affordable motor fuel and effective use of public transport, and improving rural health care services. Land use priorities include the need for better partnership working and improved co-ordination. Community participation components focus on renewable energy and its potential for shared community and land manager benefits. Community enterprise priorities seek more community control of assets / resources and promotion of development trusts and local enterprises. Business and skills are also supported, including local business growth, making best use of local resources, skills and training linking with local economic need, and public procurement opportunities.

Material Assets – Digital / Media Scotland’s Digital Future (2011)

This strategy aims to position Scotland at the forefront of the digital economy. It emphasises the need to increase the rate of broadband uptake by people in Scotland, and to deliver next generation broadband availability to all. It aims to secure the best possible share from UK allocated funds for broadband delivery, and to work in partnership to develop a strategic infrastructure plan for Scotland, comprising regional broadband strategies.

Scotland’s Digital Future – Infrastructure Action Plan (2012)

The infrastructure action plan sets out the intent to deliver world-class digital access to all of Scotland by 2020 with an interim milestone of delivering next generation broadband (40-80Mbps) to 85-90% of premises by 2015, and putting in place measures to ensure an uplift in service can be delivered to the remaining 15%. It aims to raise participation rates and support projects that trial new technologies.

Page 167: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

166

Source Key environmental objectives Implications:

These policies, plans and strategies set out a number of objectives of relevance to the NPF, the SPP and their environmental assessment.

Many of the aims around material assets focus on improving infrastructure, with underpinning themes that seek to reduce emissions from key activities such as transport and waste.

These objectives also have a strong economic focus, but are linked with opportunities for making the best use of resources and creating stronger, more resilient communities and environments.

The SEA has explored the extent to which these broader aims to improve strategic infrastructure are embedded within the NPF’s spatial strategy and the draft SPP.

Page 168: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

167

Appendix B – Assessment Matrices – Strategy Components

In the following tables, symbols have been used to summarise the assessment findings:

Positive effect Negative effect (significant) Negative effect Positive effect (significant) Neutral

Page 169: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

168

National Planning Framework Main Issues Report

Low Carbon Place Key objective: Continuing to recognise the importance of energy demand reduction. This part of the NPF supports energy efficiency in general and in relation to the built environment, but also links with wider actions around settlements, transport, digital connections, waste and energy. This part of the assessment draws on the findings of the SEA of the Energy Efficiency Action Plan (2009).256 BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species

No significant effects on biodiversity are expected from the support of energy efficiency in general. Biodiversity was scoped out of the EEAP SEA, following consideration of potential issues, including the effects of insulation measures on bats.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

Potential for minor positive effects arising from reduced fuel costs and improvements to housing stock. There is also potential for positive effects on households affected by fuel poverty257, providing that measures are supported by appropriate assistance. Substantial savings were anticipated in the Energy Efficiency Action Plan. However, as NPF3 is not the primary driver of efficiency, and generally supports these measures, effects are expected to be minor.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

Positive effects are expected from reduction in energy use and associated greenhouse gas emissions. These effects could be significant given the importance of energy efficiency as part of the overall policy framework (given the target of reducing energy consumption by 12% by 2020)258. In terms of adaptation, climate change impacts could reduce the need for efficiency measures, such as insulation, over the long term.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

?

256 Scottish Government (2009) Consultation on the Energy Efficiency Action Plan for Scotland, Strategic Environmental Assessment: Environmental Report, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/287692/0087737.pdf 257 Fuel poverty is defined as where a household is required to spend more than 10% of its income on all household fuel use. Although fuel poverty fell between 1996 and 2002, more recently it has risen, and in 2010, 28% of households were in fuel poverty, compared to 13% in 2002. The Scottish Government is aiming to eliminate this issue as far as possible by 2016. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Housing-Regeneration/TrendFuelPovertyhttp://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Housing-Regeneration/TrendFuelPoverty 258 As confirmed in the EEAP and more recently the draft Electricity Generation Policy Statement http://scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0038/00389294.pdf

Page 170: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

169

Low Carbon Place Key objective: Continuing to recognise the importance of energy demand reduction. This part of the NPF supports energy efficiency in general and in relation to the built environment, but also links with wider actions around settlements, transport, digital connections, waste and energy. This part of the assessment draws on the findings of the SEA of the Energy Efficiency Action Plan (2009).256 AIR Avoid adverse effects on

air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

No significant effects on air quality are expected.259 The SEA of the EEAP did not expect that there would be overall significant effects on emissions, or in relation to areas where pollution is concentrated.

Improve air quality Avoid adverse effects on air quality

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

No significant effects on the water or marine environment are expected. However, the water sector is a key energy user and so the wider target is relevant to the sector in general, and considered further within the EEAP.

Avoid and reduce flood risk

Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil

No significant effects on soil or land are expected.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

Effects on the protected and wider historic environment remain uncertain but are not expected to be significant. Energy efficiency measures require careful management within listed buildings, but this will be achieved through required consenting processes where applicable. The EEAP SEA concluded that existing legislation on the historic environment would provide sufficient protection from any efficiency measures and the EEAP itself recognises the importance of sensitive and appropriate measures.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

No significant effects on landscapes are expected.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

Enhance landscape quality

259 The SEA of the EEAP anticipated a net reduction in emissions and associated pollutants, within AQMAs, but more generally in terms of background levels. Positive effects were expected, although they were not expected to be significant.

Page 171: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

170

Low Carbon Place Key objective: Continuing to recognise the importance of energy demand reduction. This part of the NPF supports energy efficiency in general and in relation to the built environment, but also links with wider actions around settlements, transport, digital connections, waste and energy. This part of the assessment draws on the findings of the SEA of the Energy Efficiency Action Plan (2009).256 MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

Generally positive effects on housing stock and other buildings are expected from measures to inform the energy performance of buildings.

Enhance material assets

Page 172: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

171

Low Carbon Place Key objective: This section recognises the importance of renewable and waste heat as part of the energy mix, and supports developing heat networks to distribute heat generated by biomass, gas and waste heat from industry and power generation. This part of the assessment draws from the SEA of the EGPS and 2020 Renewable Energy Routemap (2012).260 BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species

No significant effects on biodiversity are expected from general promotion of heat networks within the planning process. Potential for secondary effects on wider biodiversity objectives from planting of feedstocks was noted in the SEA of the EGPS and 2020 Routemap but these cannot be fully defined at this stage and may be positive or negative depending on the location, type and management of planting. Guidance on this has been produced by SNH.261

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

/?

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

Potential for minor positive effects on health and quality of life, particularly for households at risk of fuel poverty. The EGPS / Routemap SEA concluded that there could be benefits from renewable heat generation is areas which are off the gas grid. Careful planning will be required to avoid perceived or actual adverse effects on communities.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

Potential for positive effects on climatic factors, as a result of the role of the 115 renewable heat target’s general contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Use of waste heat from existing power plants could provide particular benefits, as noted and recommended in the SEA of the EGPS and Renewable Energy Routemap.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

? Biomass schemes account for the majority of heat generation schemes at present (some 90%), but other technologies could increasingly be used. Use of biomass for heat has the potential to adversely impact on air quality. Whilst small scale use of wood fuel reduces greenhouse gas emissions, it can result in concentrations of NOx,

Improve air quality ? Avoid adverse effects on air quality

?

260 Scottish Government, (2012) Electricity Generation Policy Statement, Renewable Energy Routemap: Strategic Environmental Assessment, Environmental Report, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0039/00390178.pdf 261

SNH, (2009) Bioenergy and the Natural Heritage, SNH’s Approach. http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/B410085.pdf This provides guidance on planting of feedstocks, including avoidance of designated sites and attention to the role of new planting within wider green infrastructure.

Page 173: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

172

Low Carbon Place Key objective: This section recognises the importance of renewable and waste heat as part of the energy mix, and supports developing heat networks to distribute heat generated by biomass, gas and waste heat from industry and power generation. This part of the assessment draws from the SEA of the EGPS and 2020 Renewable Energy Routemap (2012).260

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and fine particulates. 262 Effects on AQMAs remain largely uncertain and will depend on the scale and location of installations.263 Heat networks which are based on using ‘ waste’ energy sources (such as landfill gas) or waste heat from industry have a positive effect on air quality by reducing air quality impacts from other sources

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

? No significant effects on the water environment are expected. Opportunities to make more use of waste heat from thermal power stations could provide benefits by reducing discharge of warm water into the coastal marine environment. Potential for secondary effects on the water environment from planting of feedstocks was noted in the SEA of the EGPS and 2020 Routemap. In some cases planting could be aligned with natural measures to alleviate flood risk, providing temporary benefits.

Avoid and reduce flood risk

?

Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil

? Some renewable heat schemes have been used to support reuse of vacant and derelict land and it is expected that there will be further opportunities for this in the future.264 Loss of good quality agricultural land to feedstock production is expected to be avoided and is supported by wider NPF and SPP policies that recognise its importance as an asset. However, more general potential for secondary effects on soil from planting of feedstocks was noted in the SEA of the EGPS and Routemap.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

262 Research commissioned by the Scottish Government showed that whilst localised emissions are unlikely to be problematic, cumulative effects could arise in city centres and could reduce scope for meeting particulate emissions targets. . 263 Only one AQMA in Scotland has been designated on the basis of localised biomass emissions, but others exist in some of our city centres and therefore monitoring is recommended. 264 For example, the Glasgow City Plan Main Issues Report notes that vacant and derelict land could be used for woodland or short rotation coppicing to provide woodfuel for energy. http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=13033&p=0

Page 174: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

173

Low Carbon Place Key objective: This section recognises the importance of renewable and waste heat as part of the energy mix, and supports developing heat networks to distribute heat generated by biomass, gas and waste heat from industry and power generation. This part of the assessment draws from the SEA of the EGPS and 2020 Renewable Energy Routemap (2012).260 CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

No significant effects on the historic environment are expected. Potential for secondary effects on cultural heritage (archaeology) from planting of feedstocks was noted in the SEA of the EGPS and 2020 Routemap.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

?

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

No significant effects on landscape are expected. Potential for secondary effects on landscape from planting of feedstocks was noted in the SEA of the EGPS and 2020 Routemap, and could be positive or negative depending on the character of the landscape.265

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

/?

Enhance landscape quality

/?

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

No significant effect on material assets are expected. Opportunities for energy from heat (potentially contributing an estimated 3% of total heat and electricity demand, and 6% of heat demand) could contribute to the aims of the Zero Waste Plan, but should be prioritised within the context of the waste hierarchy, with only residual waste being used. Forestry management will be required to manage impacts of harvesting of feedstocks on the wider environment.

Enhance material assets

265 Research commissioned by SNIFFER found that impacts will be site, landscape and crop specific. The work identified extensive areas within Scotland where biomass planting may be appropriate, but noted varying sensitivity and potential for particular impacts on lowland grassland and associated flora and fauna. It also noted the need to avoid high carbon content soils to avoid net emissions. Where best practice is applied, effects were not expected to be significant, although changing sensitivity resulting from climate change impacts will need to be taken into account. http://www.fwr.org/environw/er05.htm

Page 175: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

174

Low Carbon Place Key objective: Considering the issues arising from onshore wind energy development. The option presented focuses on reducing the impacts of commercial scale wind farms on areas with national landscape value, including National Scenic Areas, National Parks. It suggests mapping areas where wind energy development would not be appropriate based on these national landscape criteria. This part of the assessment draws from the SEA of the EGPS and 2020 Renewable Energy Routemap (2012)266 and focuses on the effect that could arise from protecting nationally significant landscapes from this type of development. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species

/? General issues arising from this type of development could include collision risk for birds and bats, loss of or damage to habitats. However, many of Scotland’s highest valued biodiversity sites are within the areas where NPF3 suggests onshore wind energy could be controlled. Impacts on biodiversity will depend on the actual location and scale of development that takes place. 267 Whilst some areas could benefit from increased protection, pressure could be displaced to other areas. However, onshore wind can also generate long term benefits for ecosystems through land management, restoration or other improvements proposed as part of the development scheme.268 Project level EIA will be required where effects could be significant.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

/?

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

/? As with biodiversity, mixed effects are expected. Communities living close to onshore developments could be impacted during construction and operation. Impacts can include shadow flicker, noise, general construction impacts and visual impacts, affecting residential amenity. Positive effects may be achieved as the wider policy aims to link development with empowerment of communities. The planning system, and in particular the SPP and spatial frameworks should mitigate impacts on communities, health and residential amenity. Project level EIA, and application of appropriate standards (e.g. noise guidelines) will also identify and address effects.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC Avoid increasing Wind is an essential part of the energy 266

Scottish Government, (2012) Electricity Generation Policy Statement, Renewable Energy Routemap: Strategic Environmental Assessment, Environmental Report, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0039/00390178.pdf 267 Scottish Government (2012) National Planning Framework 2 Monitoring Report, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0039/00396457.pdf This showed that wind energy developments to date have tended to avoid nationally designated natural heritage sites (Map 7). 268 Scottish Government, Guidance on Onshore Wind, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0040/00405870.pdf, Online: last updated October 2012.

Page 176: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

175

Low Carbon Place Key objective: Considering the issues arising from onshore wind energy development. The option presented focuses on reducing the impacts of commercial scale wind farms on areas with national landscape value, including National Scenic Areas, National Parks. It suggests mapping areas where wind energy development would not be appropriate based on these national landscape criteria. This part of the assessment draws from the SEA of the EGPS and 2020 Renewable Energy Routemap (2012)266 and focuses on the effect that could arise from protecting nationally significant landscapes from this type of development. FACTORS greenhouse gas

emissions mix, accounting for a significant and growing share of renewable energy generation.269 This proposal is likely to result in broad spatial redistribution of development, rather than significantly altering levels of development that take place. As a result, it is expected that wind development overall will continue to play an important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Should peatland be included as a constraint, explicitly or indirectly through protection of NSAs, there will be further benefits for its role in carbon sequestration.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

No significant effects on air quality are expected from this type of development generally, or from the proposals within NPF3. Improve air quality

Avoid adverse effects on air quality

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

/? Onshore wind energy can generate impacts on waterbodies, including surface water bodies being affected from sedimentation during construction, and changes to groundwater. At a national scale significant effects on the water or marine environment are not expected. Project level EIA will be required to identify and mitigate any potentially significant effects.

Avoid and reduce flood risk

Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil

/? The proposed approach to spatial guidance could have mixed effects on important soils. An emphasis on reducing development in areas of deep peat could be beneficial, but may result in increased development pressure in other areas, such as those with value for agriculture, or vacant and derelict land.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

/?

Reduce vacant and derelict land

?

269 Renewable electricity generation in Scotland was 14,646 GWh in 2012 – up 6.7% on 2011 (previous record year for renewables). Wind generation in 2012 was 8,296 GWh, up 18.7% on 2011 (previous record year for wind) Renewable electricity generation in Scotland made up approximately 35% of total UK renewable generation in 2012. At the end of 2012, there was 5,883 MW of installed renewables electricity capacity in Scotland, an increase of 21.5% (1,041 MW) from the end of 2011. An additional 4.3 GW of capacity is either under construction or consented, the majority of which is expected from wind generation, particularly offshore. Taking into account pipeline projects in planning, this figure totals 19.2 GW (see figure 1) – nearly four times the level deployed by the end of 2011. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0041/00417390.pdf

Page 177: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

176

Low Carbon Place Key objective: Considering the issues arising from onshore wind energy development. The option presented focuses on reducing the impacts of commercial scale wind farms on areas with national landscape value, including National Scenic Areas, National Parks. It suggests mapping areas where wind energy development would not be appropriate based on these national landscape criteria. This part of the assessment draws from the SEA of the EGPS and 2020 Renewable Energy Routemap (2012)266 and focuses on the effect that could arise from protecting nationally significant landscapes from this type of development.

A carbon calculator has been produced to guide development on peatland.270 Project level EIA will be required to identify and mitigate any potentially significant effects.

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

/? As with biodiversity, water and soils, effects could be mixed. Onshore wind energy can result in direct or indirect effects on cultural heritage, with impacts on specific sites, or their wider setting. Archaeology can be affected by vibration during construction or changes to groundwater. These impacts may be negligible in some areas, but increase in others. Project level EIA will be required to identify and mitigate any potentially significant effects.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

/?

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

Significant positive impacts on landscape at a national scale are expected from the specific proposals within NPF3. These will be significant for the designated areas (NSAs and National Parks) which would be used to guide national level spatial guidance. Effects on wider landscapes are uncertain and will require mitigation on a case by case basis.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

/?

Enhance landscape quality

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

No significant effects on material assets are expected.

Enhance material assets

270 http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Business-Industry/Energy/Energy-sources/19185/17852-1/CSavings

Page 178: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

177

Low Carbon Place Key objective: Supporting and capitalising on the opportunities for offshore wind, wave and tidal energy development. Offshore renewables are covered by marine planning. The proposals within NPF3 therefore focus on the onshore development requirements that are needed to support the sector and in particular onshore links. These are assessed in more detail as a candidate national development. Potential development implications include extending from offshore schemes to the coast and further inshore, construction of substations and other ancillary developments. The assessment draws on recent work on environmental assessment of offshore renewables and refers to ongoing work to prepare a pilot marine spatial plan for the area271. In addition recent work by the Crown Estate has explored potential impacts of grid infrastructure to support offshore renewable energy development.272 BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects

on protected habitats and species

/? Impacts on biodiversity will depend on specific proposals for onshore development. However, the baseline mapping shows that many coastal areas, including the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters and the Firths of Forth and Tay have environmental sensitivities and include internationally and nationally protected designated sites. Onshore developments could include cables extending from offshore schemes to the coast and further inshore, construction of substations and other ancillary developments. These have the potential to impact on biodiversity, including impacts such as disturbance on marine and terrestrial mammals, fish and habitats during construction, and operational effects ranging from temporary to permanent. Further assessment of specific proposals is provided in relation to candidate national developments. A planned approach, for example which prioritises development clusters in areas with greater capacity, could result in secondary positive impacts on particularly sensitive coastal areas.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

/?

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

No significant effects on population and health are expected as a result of the proposed approach. Some coastal communities could be affected by development (e.g. disturbance, vibration, impacts on residential amenity, impacts on transport infrastructure), but it is expected that impacts would be largely temporary during construction and should be mitigated through the EIA process.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

271 For the Marine Scotland Plan Scheme (2012), see http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2012/11/4241 272 http://www.transmissioninfrastructure-offshoregen.co.uk/

Page 179: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

178

Low Carbon Place Key objective: Supporting and capitalising on the opportunities for offshore wind, wave and tidal energy development. Offshore renewables are covered by marine planning. The proposals within NPF3 therefore focus on the onshore development requirements that are needed to support the sector and in particular onshore links. These are assessed in more detail as a candidate national development. Potential development implications include extending from offshore schemes to the coast and further inshore, construction of substations and other ancillary developments. The assessment draws on recent work on environmental assessment of offshore renewables and refers to ongoing work to prepare a pilot marine spatial plan for the area271. In addition recent work by the Crown Estate has explored potential impacts of grid infrastructure to support offshore renewable energy development.272 CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

Overall, offshore renewable energy generation has the potential to make a substantial contribution to reducing emissions from the energy sector. The Main Issues Report proposes targeted support for the onshore components of developments, to help facilitate the sector. Net positive effects are expected, and although their scale and significance cannot be fully established, these may be significant given the scale of available opportunities273. Minor temporary effects could arise from emissions of construction vehicles. No significant effects on climate change adaptation are expected.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

No significant effects on air quality are expected as a result of the proposed approach.

Improve air quality Avoid adverse effects on air quality

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

/? Onshore developments could include cables extending from offshore schemes to the coast and further inshore, construction of substations and other ancillary developments. These have the potential to impact onshore and offshore. Effects could include disturbance of sediments or hazards during installation of subsea cables, or impacts from onshore construction such as excavations, or contamination of watercourses. A planned approach, for example which prioritises development clusters in areas with greater capacity, could result in secondary positive impacts on particularly sensitive coastal areas.

Avoid and reduce flood risk

Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

/?

Improve the water environment

273 For example, the Marine Scotland (20110 Blue Seas, Green Energy: Sectoral Marine Plan for Offshore Wind Energy, identified short term sites for offshore wind amounting to potential generation of around 5GW and further Round 3 sites beyond Scottish Territorial Waters could provide an additional 4.8GW of power.

Page 180: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

179

Low Carbon Place Key objective: Supporting and capitalising on the opportunities for offshore wind, wave and tidal energy development. Offshore renewables are covered by marine planning. The proposals within NPF3 therefore focus on the onshore development requirements that are needed to support the sector and in particular onshore links. These are assessed in more detail as a candidate national development. Potential development implications include extending from offshore schemes to the coast and further inshore, construction of substations and other ancillary developments. The assessment draws on recent work on environmental assessment of offshore renewables and refers to ongoing work to prepare a pilot marine spatial plan for the area271. In addition recent work by the Crown Estate has explored potential impacts of grid infrastructure to support offshore renewable energy development.272 SOIL Avoid adverse impacts

on soil /? Effects on soil are not expected to be

significant given that development is likely to be relatively small scale and impacts will be relatively localised. Sediment disturbance could raise issues for water quality and biodiversity and there may be minor impacts on soil during construction of onshore infrastructure. It is not expected that valuable soil resources would be significantly affected.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

/? Onshore developments could include cables extending from offshore schemes to the coast and further inshore, construction of substations and other ancillary developments. Coastal areas include significant archaeology and historic buildings274, which could be directly or indirectly affected. Development could also impact on their setting. Effects may be mixed: a planned approach could help to avoid sensitive areas. Further scrutiny of specific proposals is provided in relation to candidate national developments.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

/?

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

/? Potential impacts on protected and wider landscapes will depend on the scale of development and sensitivity of the location, and could be positive or negative depending on the effectiveness of a planned approach. Impacts may include lighting during construction or land use change (e.g. removal of woodland to accommodate new structures), or more permanent effects from the presence of new development in the landscape.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

/?

Enhance landscape quality

274 Historic Scotland (2012) Towards a Strategy for Scotland’s Marine Historic Environment, http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/marine-strategy.pdf notes the importance of coasts and near shore areas for cultural heritage, and that marine renewable energy development can have impacts that require appropriate planning and assessment.

Page 181: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

180

Low Carbon Place Key objective: Supporting and capitalising on the opportunities for offshore wind, wave and tidal energy development. Offshore renewables are covered by marine planning. The proposals within NPF3 therefore focus on the onshore development requirements that are needed to support the sector and in particular onshore links. These are assessed in more detail as a candidate national development. Potential development implications include extending from offshore schemes to the coast and further inshore, construction of substations and other ancillary developments. The assessment draws on recent work on environmental assessment of offshore renewables and refers to ongoing work to prepare a pilot marine spatial plan for the area271. In addition recent work by the Crown Estate has explored potential impacts of grid infrastructure to support offshore renewable energy development.272

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

? Whilst these developments would in effect provide new infrastructure, there may also be potential for impacts on existing assets including coastal defences that should be taken into account at the project level. Further scrutiny of specific proposals is provided in relation to candidate national developments.

Enhance material assets

Page 182: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

181

Low Carbon Place Key objective: Enabling greater community and local ownership of renewable energy for development planning. The Main Issues Report provides general support for this objective, but does not make specific proposals for development. However, in general terms development implications include potential for a greater number of small scale renewable energy developments, which are community owned. This part of the assessment draws from the SEA of the EGPS and 2020 Renewable Energy Routemap (2012).275 BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects

on protected habitats and species

? Effects on biodiversity from community and locally owned renewable energy developments cannot be fully identified at this stage, as they will depend on the location, siting and design of development proposals. It is expected that any significant effects would be identified and addressed through project consenting and assessment.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

?

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

The EGPS SEA noted that this could play a role in reducing fuel poverty over time. As noted in the Main Issues Report, community renewable energy schemes can also help to strengthen communities, with particular scope for benefits in fragile and remote rural areas.276 Social effects could also include changes in the perception of renewable energy development, although these can be mixed and are subjective. Opportunities for this type of development may vary between rural and urban areas. Deployment of a wide range of technologies, as supported in existing policy, should help to address this and broaden potential benefits.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

Generally positive effects in relation to climate change are expected from an increase in community and locally owned renewable energy developments across the country. No significant effects on adaptation to climate change are expected.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

No significant effects on air quality are expected from an increase in community ownership of renewable energy projects.

Improve air quality Avoid adverse effects on air quality

WATER, COASTAL,

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

? No significant effects on the water, coastal or marine environment are expected from an

275

Scottish Government, (2012) Electricity Generation Policy Statement, Renewable Energy Routemap: Strategic Environmental Assessment, Environmental Report, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0039/00390178.pdf 276 Aigas Associates (2010) The Impact of Community Energy Projects: An Initial Review, www.communityenergyscotland.org.uk This report noted that community renewable energy projects, particularly wind over 7kW and biomass projects, created employment and training opportunities, particularly in revenue generating projects. Other benefits included skills, education and networking.

Page 183: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

182

Low Carbon Place Key objective: Enabling greater community and local ownership of renewable energy for development planning. The Main Issues Report provides general support for this objective, but does not make specific proposals for development. However, in general terms development implications include potential for a greater number of small scale renewable energy developments, which are community owned. This part of the assessment draws from the SEA of the EGPS and 2020 Renewable Energy Routemap (2012).275 MARINE Avoid and reduce flood

risk increase in community ownership of

renewable energy projects. However, effects on specific waterbodies at a local scale and in terms of cumulative issues could arise and will require mitigation through assessment and consenting at the project level.

Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil

? Like biodiversity, there may be potential for localised effects on soils, but this will depend on the specific proposals for development that are taken forward by communities. An assumption that many of these projects will take the form of onshore wind energy applications, suggests that there could be some localised issues for soil, and some broader issues around peatland. Project level assessment and mitigation are expected to limit the significance of these impacts. Use of the carbon calculator would help to reduce impacts arising from any wind farm proposals on peatland.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

? There may be potential for localised effects on cultural heritage, but this will depend on the specific proposals for development that are taken forward by communities. Project level assessment and mitigation are expected to limit the significance of these impacts.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

?

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

? Whilst they cannot be fully established at this stage, as they will depend on the projects that are taken forward, individual and cumulative effects on landscape may arise. Project level assessment and mitigation could limit the significance of impacts. Monitoring of the type and location of community owned schemes could help to establish the extent to which this is an issue in different parts of the country.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

?

Enhance landscape quality

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

Positive impacts on the sustainability of rural communities, including agricultural businesses were identified in the EGPS and Routemap SEA and could provide secondary benefits for material assets.

Enhance material assets

Page 184: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

183

Low Carbon Place Key objective: Supporting technological development of carbon capture and storage, to enable lower carbon thermal generation options. The Main Issues Report suggests that there is a need for new thermal generation, reflecting the draft Electricity Generation Policy Statement. It identifies key projects being proposed to deliver this priority. These have been subject to more detailed assessment. This part of the assessment focuses on the concept of thermal generation with carbon capture and storage. Development implications include new thermal power stations on existing sites, CCS infrastructure, potential for issues arising such as ash disposal if power stations use coal. This part of the assessment draws from the SEA of the EGPS (2012).277 BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species

/? Thermal generation with CCS has the potential to result in negative impacts on biodiversity. Issues such as habitat loss and disturbance could arise during construction. Key thermal generation sites are located close to the coast, in some cases adjacent to internationally protected habitats, but the emphasis on redevelopment of existing sites should reduce the likely significance of effects. Project level assessment and mitigation will be required.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

/?

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

/? Community health and wellbeing could be impacted by associated activities such as transportation of materials, dust, noise and vibration during construction and operation. Employment generated could, however, have longer term positive effects on health and the proposals278 would contribute to security of energy supplies by supporting a diverse mix of energy generation sources.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

/?

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

? Impacts on climate change remain unclear as they will depend on a number of factors, not least the level and effective deployment of new carbon capture and storage technologies.279 Scottish Government policy sets an increasing requirement for levels of abatement over time: therefore long term benefits should be expected.280

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

?

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

277 Scottish Government, (2012) Electricity Generation Policy Statement, Renewable Energy Routemap: Strategic Environmental Assessment, Environmental Report, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0039/00390178.pdf 278 Scottish Government (2010) Carbon Capture and Storage – A Roadmap for Scotland, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/306380/0096201.pdf This notes that there is considerable scope for employment in the CCS industry – estimated at 10,000 new jobs in the next 15-20 years with significant international investment and income generation potential from the industry. 279 Scottish Government (2013) Low Carbon Scotland: Meeting our Ambitions for Climate Change 2013 – 2027. The Draft Second Report on Policies and Proposals, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0041/00413150.pdf The RPP notes that CCS is an important part of the energy mix, and that Scotland has significant storage capacity in the central North Sea (up to 100MtCO2e per year to 2030 and 500 MtCO2e per year beyond 2030). 280 The 2010 CCS Roadmap (see above) also notes that if all the appropriate tests are passed, then CCS would be judged viable, leading to a requirement for all new build coal plants from 2020 to be fitted with 100% CCS from the outset, as well as retrofitting full CCS to those coal plants built between now and 2018.

Page 185: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

184

Low Carbon Place Key objective: Supporting technological development of carbon capture and storage, to enable lower carbon thermal generation options. The Main Issues Report suggests that there is a need for new thermal generation, reflecting the draft Electricity Generation Policy Statement. It identifies key projects being proposed to deliver this priority. These have been subject to more detailed assessment. This part of the assessment focuses on the concept of thermal generation with carbon capture and storage. Development implications include new thermal power stations on existing sites, CCS infrastructure, potential for issues arising such as ash disposal if power stations use coal. This part of the assessment draws from the SEA of the EGPS (2012).277

AIR Avoid adverse effects on

air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

? The main effect from the burning of fossil fuels would be emissions to air, including NOX SO2 and CO2. These pollutants are strictly regulated.281 CCS incurs an energy penalty which requires additional consumption of fuel, increasing potential negative impacts on air quality, notwithstanding abatement measures. Secondary effects from pollutants could arise for water and soils.

Improve air quality Avoid adverse effects on air quality

?

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

? Issues could arise for the water and marine environment. In terms of thermal generation, cooling processes can have impacts on marine species and the wider water environment. Coal waste products such as fly ash also contain heavy metals such as cadmium, arsenic, mercury and lead and can be dangerous if released into the environment.282 Fly ash sludge is contained in storage ponds which can give way if not correctly managed, with potential for water pollution. Secondary impacts on the water environment could arise from emissions to air. CCS pipelines could impact on the seabed, habitats and species and other marine environmental features. Effects of the storage itself will depend on a number of factors. There is a risk to marine organisms and water quality, from water discharge and other processes. 283

Avoid and reduce flood risk

Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

?

Improve the water environment

?

281 For further information on the Large Combustion Plant Directive, see SEPA: http://www.sepa.org.uk/air/process_industry_regulation/large_combustion_plant.aspx 282Scottish Power, Longannet EMAS Statement, 2008. Available at: www.scottishpower.com/uploads/longannetemas2008.pdf 283 The Marine Atlas (see http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/345830/0115137.pdf ) provides further information on potential impacts. It notes that these will depend on the extent to which existing infrastructure is used, but may include increased salinity from the use of salt caverns, which would be toxic to marine life, pollution, and CO2 leakage into subsurface microbial systems, causing acidification and impacting on habitats and plankton dynamics. Habitat changes could also occur, particularly during construction or decommissioning.

Page 186: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

185

Low Carbon Place Key objective: Supporting technological development of carbon capture and storage, to enable lower carbon thermal generation options. The Main Issues Report suggests that there is a need for new thermal generation, reflecting the draft Electricity Generation Policy Statement. It identifies key projects being proposed to deliver this priority. These have been subject to more detailed assessment. This part of the assessment focuses on the concept of thermal generation with carbon capture and storage. Development implications include new thermal power stations on existing sites, CCS infrastructure, potential for issues arising such as ash disposal if power stations use coal. This part of the assessment draws from the SEA of the EGPS (2012).277 SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on

soil /? Impacts on soils could be mixed.

Secondary adverse impacts could arise from emissions of pollutants to air and / or water. Disposal of ash from coal fired thermal power plants could result in adverse impacts on soil as a result of the requirement for land or coastal areas for ash disposal. However, the emphasis within NPF3 on focusing development at existing sites with baseload generation could provide positive impacts by ensuring the continuing use of land that could otherwise become vacant following future decommissioning.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

/? Whilst development could has the potential for localised impacts on the historic environment, in broader terms the emphasis on the reuse of existing industrial or power generation sites would limit these. Effects will largely depend on the scale and location of development, and could be confined to the construction or installation phases. It is expected that project level mitigation would assess and mitigate any effects as required.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

/?

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

Whilst each development could have the potential for impacts on landscape, in broader terms the emphasis on the reuse of existing industrial or power generation sites would limit these. Effects will largely depend on the scale and location of development, and would be primarily within the construction or installation phases. Project level mitigation would assess and mitigate any effects as required. Effects of extraction of materials for fuel have not been assessed as their source is unknown at this level.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

/?

Enhance landscape quality

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

/ Coal waste products require appropriate management to ensure their constituents are not released to the environment.

Enhance material assets

Page 187: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

186

Low Carbon Place Key objective: Identifying the need for further enhancements to the electricity transmission and distribution grid. Proposed enhancements could range from changing cables to construction of pylons and installation of undersea links. Potential development implications range from changing cables on existing pylons, to construction of pylons and installation of undersea links. The assessment has reflected on, and makes reference to the findings of the SEA of NPF2 (2008-9) and the EGPS (2012).284 BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species

/ The SEA of NPF2 highlighted potential for impacts on biodiversity from a range of different approaches to enhancement of the grid. This could include effects on both terrestrial and marine environments. It also highlighted potential issues for some bird species. Installation and construction processes could also result in disturbance and damage to or loss of habitats. Effects should be explored in more detail through project level assessment. Effects would be neutral where best use is made of existing infrastructure.

Enhance biodiversity / Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

/

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

/? Regulations are in place to provide safe limits to EMF that avoid negative direct and indirect impacts on health. Levels of radiation are usually lower than accepted guidelines and research has not established a causal link between EMFs and cancer or other disease.285 There are potential issues for living environments arising from construction of new infrastructure, such as visual and general amenity effects. Improved grid connections could help to provide further electricity supply options for communities, by assisting with decentralisation of energy generation and distribution.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

/?

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

The purpose of this national development is to facilitate further development of renewable energy generation and other new technologies, with consequent indirect positive impacts on objectives for climate change mitigation. As noted in NPF2 it is important that any impacts on peatland from construction are recognised and mitigated to avoid undermining emissions reduction benefits.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

284 Scottish Government, (2012) Electricity Generation Policy Statement, Renewable Energy Routemap: Strategic Environmental Assessment, Environmental Report, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0039/00390178.pdf 285 See DECC National Policy Statement on Electricity Networks. https://whitehall-admin.production.alphagov.co.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/37050/1942-national-policy-statement-electricity-networks.pdf

Page 188: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

187

Low Carbon Place Key objective: Identifying the need for further enhancements to the electricity transmission and distribution grid. Proposed enhancements could range from changing cables to construction of pylons and installation of undersea links. Potential development implications range from changing cables on existing pylons, to construction of pylons and installation of undersea links. The assessment has reflected on, and makes reference to the findings of the SEA of NPF2 (2008-9) and the EGPS (2012).284 AIR Avoid adverse effects on

air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

No significant positive or negative impacts on air quality are expected as a result of general improvements to the electricity grid.

Improve air quality Avoid adverse effects on air quality

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

/ Potential localised impacts arising on ground water and surface water, depending on the route, the nature of the enhancement and the character of the receiving environment. Subsea cables could impact on the coast and marine environment, as noted previously. Further assessment at the project level should consider both on and offshore impacts.

Avoid and reduce flood risk

Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment

/

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil

/ There is potential for localised negative effects on soil arising from construction or installation of new infrastructure. Significance will depend on the value and sensitivity of the soils that could be affected by development and the level of development that takes place.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

/

Reduce vacant and derelict land

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

/ There is potential for adverse effects on the historic environment, ranging from broad effects on wider cultural landscapes or the setting of features, to specific impacts directly on sites. There are potential issues for coastal and marine archaeology arising from both on and offshore components of subsea cabling. Mitigation will be required at the project level.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

/

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

/ Negative effects on landscape could arise where new infrastructure is required. Grid enhancement using existing pylons, would not, however, have a visual or landscape effect. Underground cabling could reduce landscape effects but could generate effects on other receptors such as soils, biodiversity, water and archaeology.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

/

Enhance landscape quality

/

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

No significant positive or negative effects on material assets are expected, although the overall aim of the strategy is to enhance existing grid infrastructure.

Enhance material assets

Page 189: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

188

Low Carbon Place Key objective: Building on past experience and future opportunities from the oil and gas sector. This section of the Main Issues Report broadly recognises the importance of the oil and gas sector, and its decommissioning for the national economy, and in particular for some regions including the North East and the Northern Isles. Development implications include continued support for offshore oil and gas exploration, decommissioning activities, exploitation of onshore reserves like shale gas and coal bed methane. Potential for reuse of oil and gas infrastructure for CCS and other activities in the future. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species

No significant or direct effects on biodiversity are expected as a result of the general nature of the proposals within the Main Issues Report.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

No significant or direct effects on population and health are expected as a result of the general nature of the proposals within the Main Issues Report.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

Whilst in the strategy generally recognises the importance of the oil and gas sector as part of the Scottish economy, ultimately decommissioning will provide scope to replace fossil fuels with lower carbon options. The approach in the Main Issues Report reflects a general need for the sector to evolve in line with aspirations to adapt to the impacts of climate change.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

/

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

No significant or direct effects on air quality are expected as a result of the general nature of the proposals within the Main Issues Report.

Improve air quality Avoid adverse effects on air quality

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

/? Given the nature of the oil and gas sector and the broad locations it relates to, there is potential for adverse impacts on the marine, coastal and water environment. However, requirements for appropriate project level mitigation are in place to ensure significant effects are mitigated in line with industry requirements.

Avoid and reduce flood risk ? Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

/?

Improve the water environment

/?

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil

No significant or direct effects on soils are expected as a result of the general nature of the proposals within the Main Issues Report.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

No significant or direct effects on cultural heritage are expected as a result of the general nature of the proposals within the Main Issues Report.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Page 190: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

189

Low Carbon Place Key objective: Building on past experience and future opportunities from the oil and gas sector. This section of the Main Issues Report broadly recognises the importance of the oil and gas sector, and its decommissioning for the national economy, and in particular for some regions including the North East and the Northern Isles. Development implications include continued support for offshore oil and gas exploration, decommissioning activities, exploitation of onshore reserves like shale gas and coal bed methane. Potential for reuse of oil and gas infrastructure for CCS and other activities in the future.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

No significant or direct effects on landscape are expected as a result of the general nature of the proposals within the Main Issues Report. Exploitation of onshore reserves such as shale gas and coal bed methane could result in local landscape change as a result of the infrastructure required. This is not a specific proposal within NPF3 and so has not been subjected to more detailed assessment.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

Enhance landscape quality

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

The strategy is expected to make best use of existing infrastructure, but significant effects are not expected given the general nature of this part of the strategy.

Enhance material assets

Page 191: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

190

Low Carbon Place Key objective: Retaining the benefits from the energy sector in Scotland. This component reflects the support in the Main Issues Report for the National Renewables Infrastructure Plan. Development implications include providing infrastructure to support renewable energy development at Scottish sites, particularly ports and harbours. The findings are informed by the SEA undertaken for the Phase 1 sites.286 BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species

/? The NRIP SEA reported that there was potential for disturbance to a range of species arising from the Phase 1 sites. This included birds, fish, seals, otters, bottlenose dolphins, other cetaceans. Development could also result in some habitat loss.287

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

/?

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

No significant adverse effects on population and health are expected from these developments. Localised temporary impacts during construction would be mitigated at the project level.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

/ Whilst these developments would support the development of the renewable energy sector, the NRIP SEA noted that there may be small increases in greenhouse gas emissions from increased vessel movement during operations and maintenance activities.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

/? The NRIP SEA identified uncertainty around the contribution of NOx emissions from vessels, to total Scottish emissions of NOx and local pollutant loadings. Mitigation through international obligations on emission reduction was highlighted.

Improve air quality ? Avoid adverse effects on air quality

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

/? The NRIP SEA identified potential for negative impacts on water quality and / or ecological potential, resulting from dredging (e.g. loss of benthic habitat, increased suspended sediment, decreased light penetration and smothering. This could affect habitats or species in or near areas to be dredged. Potential for adverse effects on coastal processes arising from land reclamation were also noted, with possible secondary effects including

Avoid and reduce flood risk

Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

?

Improve the water environment

/?

286 http://www.hie.co.uk/growth-sectors/energy/n-rip.html 287 More specifically, the NRIP SEA noted potential impacts on birds, more specifically disturbance affecting a number of sites. Impacts on fish were also identified, including from increased water turbidity and noise from piling, with species affected including Atlantic salmon, sea trout, and river, brook and sea lamprey. Potential impacts on seals, cetaceans and also bats were also noted. Habitat loss was also an issue where land reclamation would be required. Mitigation included timing of construction to avoid sensitive seasons and appropriate construction methods.

Page 192: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

191

Low Carbon Place Key objective: Retaining the benefits from the energy sector in Scotland. This component reflects the support in the Main Issues Report for the National Renewables Infrastructure Plan. Development implications include providing infrastructure to support renewable energy development at Scottish sites, particularly ports and harbours. The findings are informed by the SEA undertaken for the Phase 1 sites.286

loss of bird feeding and roosting areas. SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on

soil No significant effects on soils are

expected as a result of these development proposals. Development will largely take place on or in areas adjacent to existing ports and harbours.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

No significant effects on cultural heritage are expected as a result of these development proposals. At a local level, development proposals should take into account the importance of coastal and nearshore areas for archaeology.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

No significant effects on landscape are expected as a result of these development proposals. Most construction would take place at existing ports and harbours and would therefore not constitute significant change.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

Enhance landscape quality

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

? Issues around waste material were raised in the NRIP SEA. It noted that waste arising from site clearance or building demolition could be sent to landfill facilities. As a result, mitigation was suggested including reducing waste volumes, re-using existing buildings and construction materials where feasible. It recommended that this is considered in more detail at the site level.

Enhance material assets

Page 193: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

192

A Natural Place to Invest Key objective: Identifying and protecting our key assets and to enhance green infrastructure. This includes continuing recognition and protection of key environmental assets. This section of the Main Issues Report takes forward and updates the commitments to environmental protection in NPF2. It also highlights key opportunities for environmental enhancement to support the wider spatial strategy. This would mean protecting land for agriculture, forestry, peatland, and landscape. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species

The importance of biodiversity, including designated sites is emphasised within the Main Issues Report.288 Particular priorities for conservation and enhancement, complementing the wider development strategy, are also set out.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

Support for environmental protection and enhancement will provide benefits for communities and health, including improved access to the outdoors, opportunities for physical exercise and general support for wellbeing through environmental quality.289 Scope to make more reference to the role of environmental quality in supporting food security and the food and drink industry could be considered further to provide more significant benefits.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

The need to recognise the role of the natural environment as a tool for regulating greenhouse gas emissions is emphasised with the Main Issues Report. Peatland and woodland expansion are highlighted, with the Main Issues Report reflecting on the emerging RPP2290 and the Land Use Strategy and associated pilot projects.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

Measures such as further tree planting could make a contribution to air quality management, depending on species and methods of planting.291 Improve air quality

Avoid adverse effects on air quality

288 The SEA Baseline has outlined the extent and condition of protected areas within Scotland. Scotland’s national performance indicators include one focusing on the condition of protected sites. This shows that in monitoring between 1999 and 2005, 71.4% of natural features were found to be in favourable condition. By the end of March 2012, 77.2% were in favourable condition (the same percentage as in March 2011). This suggests a generally static situation for the 380 Natura 2000 sites and 1,450 Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Scotland. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/About/Performance/scotPerforms/indicator/naturesites 289 SNH (2009) Developing the contribution of the Natural Heritage to a Healthier Scotland, http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A289431.pdf 290

Scottish Government (2013) Low Carbon Scotland: Meeting our Ambitions for Climate Change 2013 – 2027. The Draft Second Report on Policies and Proposals, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0041/00413150.pdf 291 For further information on trees and air quality, see http://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/URGC-7EDHQH This explains that chemical pollution and particulates can be eased by trees and greenspace, although some tree species can also form pollutants. Planting strategies can maximise benefits, for example trees alongside linear transport infrastructure provide can absorb pollutants where they exist in greater concentrations.

Page 194: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

193

A Natural Place to Invest Key objective: Identifying and protecting our key assets and to enhance green infrastructure. This includes continuing recognition and protection of key environmental assets. This section of the Main Issues Report takes forward and updates the commitments to environmental protection in NPF2. It also highlights key opportunities for environmental enhancement to support the wider spatial strategy. This would mean protecting land for agriculture, forestry, peatland, and landscape. WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

Generally positive effects on the water environment are expected, given that the baseline noted the importance of the water environment for biodiversity and wider natural heritage. There may be scope for this section to go further by considering issues such as natural management of land to reduce flood risk. An ecosystems approach to environmental management could help to ensure that some aspects of environmental change avoid adversely impacting on the water environment.

Avoid and reduce flood risk

Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil

The Main Issues Report highlights nationally important soil resources, including prime quality agricultural land and peatland. The baseline highlighted where these areas are located, showing considerable overlap between formally protected areas and peatland in particular.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

Whilst some natural environment measures could generally support protection and enhancement of the historic environment, there may be scope to recognise the importance of the cultural value of our environment in a more explicit way within this section. Further references, e.g. to gardens and designed landscapes have been added.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

Generally positive effects on landscape are expected from this section. There will be particular benefits for areas such as NSAs which are nationally protected. There may be scope to enhance this part of the report by highlighting the objectives of the European Landscape Convention and reflecting on its implications for the wider spatial strategy.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

Enhance landscape quality

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

No significant effects on material assets are expected.

Enhance material assets

Page 195: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

194

A Natural Place to Invest Key objective: Promoting sustainable tourism and recreation. This section notes the importance of the environment for tourism and highlights opportunities arising from the national tourism strategy, such as hotel accommodation and conference facilities, sailing berths, and long distance routes. The latter is explored in more detail and it is proposed that further work is undertaken to bring together plans to complete a national network and designate it as a national development. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects

on protected habitats and species

Generally neutral effects on the environment are expected, based on an assumption that tourism development will work with, as opposed to impact on our key environmental resources. Providing additional visitor access links could require careful management to avoid adverse environmental effects such as damage and disturbance.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

/

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

There is potential for additional facilities for walking and cycling to benefit communities by linking with an aspiration for higher levels of every day activity. The general proposal to work with environmental assets should complement the aim of improving living environments.292

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

/ Overall, mixed effects on climatic factors are expected. Whilst an increase in visitor spend could include additional tourist visits and therefore generate emissions from both short haul flights long distance travel, the emphasis within the Main Issues Report is on promoting lower carbon opportunities such as walking and cycling.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

/

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

/

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

No significant positive or negative impacts on air quality are expected from this part of the strategy. Minor secondary effects may arise from the emphasis within the Tourism Development Plan on air connections.

Improve air quality Avoid adverse effects on air quality

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

Generally neutral effects on the water environment are expected. However, depending on the proposals that come forward, there may be issues for coastal areas given their general importance for tourism and recreation. The Development Plan notes that coastal tourism should accord with the aims of Marine Scotland’s tourism development strategy.293

Avoid and reduce flood risk

Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

?

Improve the water environment

292 Visitscotland, (2013) Draft Tourism Development Plan for Scotland, prepared by Geddes Consulting. http://www.visitscotland.org/pdf/Tourism%20Development%20Plan%20for%20Scotland_VisitScotland_efile.pdf This emphasises that tourism infrastructure improvements could also benefit local communities. 293 Marine Scotland published a pre-consultation draft National Marine Plan in 2011. This supports tourism development, but also notes potential environmental impacts including marine litter, introduction of alien species

Page 196: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

195

A Natural Place to Invest Key objective: Promoting sustainable tourism and recreation. This section notes the importance of the environment for tourism and highlights opportunities arising from the national tourism strategy, such as hotel accommodation and conference facilities, sailing berths, and long distance routes. The latter is explored in more detail and it is proposed that further work is undertaken to bring together plans to complete a national network and designate it as a national development. SOIL Avoid adverse impacts

on soil No significant positive or negative

impacts on soil resources are expected. Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

Given the important role of cultural heritage in supporting the visitor economy, there is potential to enhance this part of the strategy by making reference to our key national assets as a resource and an opportunity. Local level management will be required to avoid adverse impacts on archaeology, for example from development of facilities, or route construction and maintenance.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

/?

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

/? Effects on landscape could be mixed, given their importance for the visitor economy. There may be more scope to enhance these measures by further highlighting the spatial aspects of our valued landscapes and identifying further opportunities for positive planning to support access to, and enjoyment of these areas.294

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

/?

Enhance landscape quality

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

A commitment to enhancing long distance walking and cycling networks could provide a more complete network of sustainable access routes, that can be used and enjoyed by visitors and residents.

Enhance material assets

from boating activity, disturbance to coastal and marine habitats. It notes that the sector should be developed in an environmentally sustainable manner. 294 The emerging Tourism Development Plan (see reference above) recognises the importance of landscapes for the Scottish tourism sector, and also emphasises the need for appropriate development within sensitive areas to avoid adverse impacts on landscape and scenic qualities.

Page 197: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

196

A Natural Place to Invest Key objective: Supporting sustainable resource management. This section includes continuing support for sustainable waste and water infrastructure development management. The preferred approach focuses on a decentralised approach to waste. Proposals also include continuing support for the Metropolitan Glasgow Strategic Drainage Plan, whilst alternatives include large scale energy from waste facilities – these have been assessed separately. Development implications include protecting minerals resources, supporting use of energy from waste, sustainable flood management including water and drainage infrastructure for MGSDP. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species

No significant effects are expected from the preferred approach of decentralised waste management and sustainable water management. Improvements to water quality will generally result in secondary positive effects on biodiversity, although changes will require management at the site level.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

/? The proposed approach would provide more, smaller scale waste facilities close to where people live, thereby reducing transportation requirements but potentially increasing the number of facilities. These facilities have the potential for local level individual and cumulative effects on communities (e.g. dust, odour, noise, concern about the presence of facilities and their impacts).295 These effects will require mitigation at the consenting or development plan level. The water resource proposals would result in improved infrastructure, supporting regeneration and provision of more robust services in the long term.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

/?

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

The proposed approach would help to minimise emissions from the waste sector by following the waste hierarchy and facilitating reuse of materials as a resource.296 Water management proposals could also reduce emissions from the sector, and will facilitate long term adaptation to climate change.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

No significant effects on air quality are expected from the preferred approach. Issues with odour could arise in the vicinity of some waste facilities, requiring appropriate mitigation.

Improve air quality ? Avoid adverse effects on air quality

295

Scottish Government, (2009) Strategic Environmental Assessment of the National Waste Management Plan for Scotland: Environmental Report, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2009/08/25102241/4 296

Scottish Government (2013) Low Carbon Scotland: Meeting our Ambitions for Climate Change 2013 – 2027. The Draft Second Report on Policies and Proposals, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0041/00413150.pdf This explains the role of the waste sector in helping to reduce climate change emissions, noting that landfill gas is accounts for the main contribution of waste to greenhouse gas emissions. The aims of the Zero Waste Plan and support for more diverse facilities and technologies aim to substantially reduce emissions from the sector overall.

Page 198: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

197

A Natural Place to Invest Key objective: Supporting sustainable resource management. This section includes continuing support for sustainable waste and water infrastructure development management. The preferred approach focuses on a decentralised approach to waste. Proposals also include continuing support for the Metropolitan Glasgow Strategic Drainage Plan, whilst alternatives include large scale energy from waste facilities – these have been assessed separately. Development implications include protecting minerals resources, supporting use of energy from waste, sustainable flood management including water and drainage infrastructure for MGSDP. WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

Generally positive effects on the water environment are expected from the proposed approach, and in particular support for sustainable water management. Improved infrastructure could reduce the risk of pollution from discharges or leakage into the water environment. More resilient infrastructure will help to reduce flood risk from surface water run off. Improved waste facilities will reduce the use of landfill sites, thereby addressing impacts on the water environment. 297

Avoid and reduce flood risk Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil

No significant effects on soil are expected from the preferred approach. There are likely to be benefits from reducing waste going to landfill sites, through diversification of facilities. Effects of alternative facilities may require mitigation at the project level.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

No significant effects on cultural heritage are expected from the preferred approach. Whilst a decentralised approach to waste management could result in changes to the built environment, facilities may be smaller scale and national scale impacts, including on sensitive areas are not expected. Project level assessment and mitigation would be required to avoid any significant effects on townscapes and the historic built fabric.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

/

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

/

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

No significant effects on landscape are expected from the preferred approach. Development of smaller scale waste facilities could be accommodated within the built environment.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

Enhance landscape quality MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

The preferred approach would aim to provide decentralised and improved environmental infrastructure. It will support a modernised network of water and waste services, reducing resource use and making best use of existing assets.

Enhance material assets

297 Scottish Government, (2009) Strategic Environmental Assessment of the National Waste Management Plan for Scotland: Environmental Report, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2009/08/25102241/4

Page 199: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

198

A Successful, Sustainable Place Key objective: Consolidating and creating distinctive, high quality places. This aims to identify sustainable settlement patterns within cities, towns and rural areas, by emphasising the need for densification of the built environment and linking land use decision making with public transport provision. The importance of town and city centres as part of this is noted, whilst in rural areas the clustering of development where appropriate is highlighted as an opportunity to facilitate reduced travel, improved access to services, decentralised energy networks and digital links. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species

The overall approach of increasing density within the built environment could reduce pressure for development on greenfield land and therefore lower the risk of issues for biodiversity arising from development. Development impacts from housing development generally can include habitat damage or loss and disturbance. Rural development may raise localised issues that will be addressed through the planning process.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

/

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

The approach aims to improve the quality of the living environment, whilst maintaining distinctiveness. The strategy emphasises the importance of community led regeneration and working with existing assets such as town centres to generate more sustainable development patterns in the future. Secondary effects on health and population could arise from any adverse impacts on air quality, including in areas of relative disadvantage.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

/

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

The approach aims to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, by facilitating lower carbon transport and energy options.298 It will also help to make best use of existing resources, by evolving the existing built environment. Densification and clustering could facilitate climate change adaptation, although this would depend on current and future resilience to climate change of existing settlements. In some circumstances, for example where settlements could become increasingly vulnerable to issues such as flood risk, an alternative approach may be preferable.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

298

Scottish Government (2013) Low Carbon Scotland: Meeting our Ambitions for Climate Change 2013 – 2027. The Draft Second Report on Policies and Proposals, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0041/00413150.pdf Notes the role of planning in helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including by linking development with low carbon transport options.

Page 200: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

199

A Successful, Sustainable Place Key objective: Consolidating and creating distinctive, high quality places. This aims to identify sustainable settlement patterns within cities, towns and rural areas, by emphasising the need for densification of the built environment and linking land use decision making with public transport provision. The importance of town and city centres as part of this is noted, whilst in rural areas the clustering of development where appropriate is highlighted as an opportunity to facilitate reduced travel, improved access to services, decentralised energy networks and digital links.

AIR Avoid adverse effects on

air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

/? Mixed effects on air quality could arise from increasing density in existing settlements. Congestion issues should be anticipated and addressed. In the long term this risk should decline as measures to promote lower carbon transport options take effect.

Improve air quality ? Avoid adverse effects on air quality

/?

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

No significant effects on the water environment are expected from the preferred approach. There will be a need to ensure that infrastructure capacity is suited to an increase in density within existing settlements. Guidance on sustainable flood risk management states that where development takes place, opportunities for strengthening resilience to flood risk should be considered as part of planning,299 and this reflected in the relevant policy within the draft SPP.

Avoid and reduce flood risk

Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil

Potential for positive effects on soils, by reducing pressure for expansion of settlements in to greenfield locations, The approach could make a substantial contribution to increasing redevelopment of vacant and derelict land within and close to settlements, where these areas fit within broader aspirations for sustainable settlement patterns.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

No significant effects on cultural heritage are expected. Whilst development within existing settlements could result in change that may affect the historic environment, there would be a reduced risk of disturbing archaeology through development in greenfield locations, and the approach aims to work with, and support the distinctiveness of our settlements.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

This approach could reduce impacts of new development on wider and

299 Scottish Government, (2011) Flood Risk Management (Scotland) Act 2009: Delivering Sustainable Flood Risk Management http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/351427/0117868.pdf

Page 201: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

200

A Successful, Sustainable Place Key objective: Consolidating and creating distinctive, high quality places. This aims to identify sustainable settlement patterns within cities, towns and rural areas, by emphasising the need for densification of the built environment and linking land use decision making with public transport provision. The importance of town and city centres as part of this is noted, whilst in rural areas the clustering of development where appropriate is highlighted as an opportunity to facilitate reduced travel, improved access to services, decentralised energy networks and digital links.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

protected landscapes, by focusing investment within settlements and around public transport infrastructure. Enhance landscape

quality

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

The approach should make best use of existing infrastructure and support sustainable resource management. Enhance material assets

Page 202: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

201

A Successful, Sustainable Place Key objective: Recognising the value of green infrastructure as an integral part of our development strategies. This section emphasises the role of the green infrastructure, including the Central Scotland Green Network, as an integral part of developing the built environment. Development implications include active travel routes, habitat enhancement, vacant and derelict land reclamation, landscape enhancement, flood management. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species

The overall support for green infrastructure will provide benefits for both protected and non-protected biodiversity sites. This is already a key objective of the CSGN: its 2010 Baseline Report300 noted that improvements to habitat connectivity will be measured and reported as the network developments. The Report also recorded the extent of the area which actively managed for conservation, noting that at 57% of the area, this was less than the national figure (64%). Nevertheless, the area has several national and international wildlife designated sites, and some land is managed by nature conservation bodies.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

By particularly focusing green infrastructure on areas where there are concentrations of poor health and environmental challenges such as vacant and derelict land, there is potential for this aspect of the strategy to generate more significant long term benefits. There is potential for nationally significant impacts on areas where these issues are concentrated.301

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

Positive effects on greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets are expected as a result of increased levels of active travel. There are also likely to be long term benefits from additional woodland planning and wetland management.302 Green infrastructure can also facilitate adaptation of the natural and built environment to the impacts of climate change.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

300 Central Scotland Green Network Partnership (2010) The 2010 Baseline, http://www.centralscotlandgreennetwork.org/Monitoring-and-Evaluation/baseline2010.html 301 The environmental baseline noted that vacant and derelict land and health and social disadvantage are concentrated in the Central Belt of Scotland. SIMD maps are available at http://simd.scotland.gov.uk/publication-2012/ 302 Scottish Government (2013) Low Carbon Scotland: Meeting our Ambitions for Climate Change 2013 – 2027. The Draft Second Report on Policies and Proposals, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0041/00413150.pdf This notes that there is significant potential for land use management to contribute to climate change emissions reduction, including agricultural activities, peatland management and woodland and forestry activities. As part of this, there is an ongoing commitment to increasing forestry cover by 10,000 hectares per annum.

Page 203: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

202

A Successful, Sustainable Place Key objective: Recognising the value of green infrastructure as an integral part of our development strategies. This section emphasises the role of the green infrastructure, including the Central Scotland Green Network, as an integral part of developing the built environment. Development implications include active travel routes, habitat enhancement, vacant and derelict land reclamation, landscape enhancement, flood management.

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air

quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

Generally positive impacts on air quality are expected from integration of green infrastructure into planning of the built environment. The emphasis on linking with transport infrastructure could also increase these benefits. Air quality improvements could be optimised through further woodland expansion.

Improve air quality Avoid adverse effects on air quality

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

Generally positive impacts on the water environment could be achieved through a continuing commitment to green infrastructure enhancement. There may be further opportunities to address issues such as flood risk, by making further links with water infrastructure such as canals and wetlands.

Avoid and reduce flood risk Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil

Positive impacts on soils are expected from the continuing commitment to green infrastructure and environmental enhancement. These impacts could be particularly significant for reducing vacant and derelict land303, both by establishing temporary uses and enhancing environmental quality to stimulate long term investment.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

Generally positive impacts on cultural heritage are expected. Ongoing projects such as the Inner Forth Landscape Initiative link natural heritage with the cultural heritage value of the area. There may be further opportunities to link industrial heritage with cultural and local identity and the visitor economy.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

Positive impacts on landscapes are expected. There may be particular benefits for areas which are not formally designated for protection and require enhancement, including post-industrial and derelict areas and landscapes on settlement edges.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

Enhance landscape quality

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

Green infrastructure would be enhanced and has the potential to link with changes to wider transport infrastructure improvements.

Enhance material assets

303 Scottish Government Survey of vacant development land is available at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2013/01/2295

Page 204: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

203

A Successful, Sustainable Place Key objective: Promoting health and well being. This part of the strategy suggests that the NPF can contribute to health by enhancing employment opportunities, promoting sustainable development patterns, active travel and focusing national level efforts to improve environmental quality. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species

No significant or direct effects are expected from this part of the strategy.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

The proposed approach is expected to provide generally positive effects for communities, wellbeing and health.304 More substantial benefits will be achieved through a continuing commitment to change over the long term.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

Measures to improve health through active travel would be consistent with climate change objectives for mitigation and adaptation. Whilst there may be health issues arising from climate change in the future, it is difficult to fully anticipate these and build in planning for adaptation in response.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

Environmental enhancement, sustainable settlement patterns and low carbon transport should contribute to improved air quality. However the need to avoid negative effects from densification and clustering have already been noted.

Improve air quality Avoid adverse effects on air quality

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

No significant or direct effects are expected from this part of the strategy

Avoid and reduce flood risk Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil

This part of the strategy could provide generally positive effects in relation to vacant and derelict land redevelopment and reuse, given that these issues can coincide in general terms with areas where there are concentrations of health and economic disadvantage.305

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

304Scottish Government (2010) Cycling Action Plan for Scotland, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/316212/0100657.pdf This notes the physical and mental health benefits of active travel including cycling, and the role of planning in supporting this. 305 The Scottish Vacant and Derelict Land Survey explores the links between disadvantage and concentrations of derelict and vacant land. Whilst some areas with pockets of deprivation have relatively little vacant and derelict land, the two factors do coincide in some parts of the country. The analysis also showed that there is a clear

Page 205: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

204

A Successful, Sustainable Place Key objective: Promoting health and well being. This part of the strategy suggests that the NPF can contribute to health by enhancing employment opportunities, promoting sustainable development patterns, active travel and focusing national level efforts to improve environmental quality. CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

In general proposals should contribute to enhancement of the overall quality of the built environment.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

No significant or direct effects are expected from this part of the strategy.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

Enhance landscape quality MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

No significant or direct effects are expected from this part of the strategy.

Enhance material assets

relationship between lower levels of deprivation and a lower proportion of the population living within 500m of a derelict site. This was also noted to be an issue in the 2006 and 2012 surveys.

Page 206: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

205

A Successful, Sustainable Place Key objective: Responding to the economic context by promoting a flexible approach to housing. The overall approach to this part of the strategy is not to allocate specific developments, but to generally support greater flexibility in response to changing market conditions. As an exception to this, Ravenscraig is highlighted as a nationally significant project, given its role in transforming one of the largest areas of derelict land in Scotland. National level guidance is not provided in the form of targets, but the general need for flexibility is emphasised. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species

No significant or direct effects are expected from this part of the strategy. In general, housing development has the potential for mixed effects on biodiversity, including loss of or damage to sites and species. It is expected that any significant effects would be avoided at the consenting stage, and would not specifically affect protected sites.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

/

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

There is potential for this part of the strategy to make a generally positive contribution to population and health objectives. The environmental baseline noted the importance of good quality housing stock for health, and that problems could grow in the coming years as a result of climate change impacts.306

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

No significant or direct effects are expected from this part of the strategy. Whilst the domestic sector and homes account for a significant share of greenhouse gas emissions, it is expected that new housing construction will be required to adhere to updated Building Regulations as well as wider housing and planning policies that support lower carbon choices.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

No significant or direct effects on air quality are expected from this part of the strategy.

Improve air quality Avoid adverse effects on air quality

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

/ No significant or direct effects are expected from this part of the strategy. . However, housing development generally could result in adverse effects on the water environment, through run off and diffuse pollution, or engineering works to water courses. Mitigation is already in place, through requirements for SUDs and project level assessment.

Avoid and reduce flood risk / Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment

306

HR Wallingford, AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Ltd, The Met Office, Collingwood Environmental Planning, Alexander Ballard Ltd, Paul Watkiss Associates, Metroeconomica (2012) A Climate Change Risk Assessment for Scotland, DEFRA

Page 207: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

206

A Successful, Sustainable Place Key objective: Responding to the economic context by promoting a flexible approach to housing. The overall approach to this part of the strategy is not to allocate specific developments, but to generally support greater flexibility in response to changing market conditions. As an exception to this, Ravenscraig is highlighted as a nationally significant project, given its role in transforming one of the largest areas of derelict land in Scotland. National level guidance is not provided in the form of targets, but the general need for flexibility is emphasised.

Mitigation in terms of flood risk management are proposed in the draft the SPP.

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil

/ Housing development can impact on soils, for example by increasing soil sealing. The approach aims to contribute to the reclamation and redevelopment of vacant and derelict land. This was noted as an ongoing environmental problem within the environmental baseline.307

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

No significant or direct effects are expected from this part of the strategy. Direct or indirect effects on cultural heritage arising from housing development in general will require careful management through project consenting. The emphasis within both the NPF and SPP on placemaking should help to ensure opportunities to enhance the quality of the built environment are optimised.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

/

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

No significant or direct effects are expected from this part of the strategy. Extensions to existing settlements could help to improve vulnerable landscapes308 but will require careful planning and management at the project consenting stage.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

/

Enhance landscape quality

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

Generally positive effects are expected from the emphasis within the strategy on making best use of existing infrastructure.

Enhance material assets

307

Scottish Government Survey of vacant development land is available at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2013/01/2295 308

Note that SNH’s Landscape policy recognises the importance of landscape in providing the setting of settlements. http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A147583.pdf

Page 208: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

207

A Connected Place Key objective:: Decarbonising transport and reducing the need to travel. The overall strategy aims to reduce travel by promoting low carbon options, emphasising the importance of digital connections and supporting the provision of infrastructure for electric vehicles. This means reducing travel by improving digital connections, supporting infrastructure for electric vehicles.. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species

No significant or direct effects on biodiversity are expected as a result of this part of the strategy. Minor secondary positive effects may arise where the approach minimises the construction of additional new infrastructure and therefore limits impacts on habitats and species.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

Generally positive impacts on population and health are expected from the long term transition to low carbon transport and improvements in air quality. This could also benefit communities where there are health and economic disadvantage as well as the population in fragile rural areas. Air quality is strongly influenced by transport, and this in turn has important impacts on health.309

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

As transport is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions,310 it is expected that this part of the strategy could provide significant benefits in relation to climate change, and the need to reduce emissions. Adaptation could also be supported, through reducing the need to travel and use infrastructure which may become increasingly vulnerable to climate change.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

The strategy aims to reduce emissions from the transport sector, and issues including congestion could be overcome by reducing travel distance and in particular reliance on the car.

Improve air quality Avoid adverse effects on air quality

309

Scotland’s Environment (undated) Air quality [online] Available at: http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/our_environment/air_and_climate/air_quality.aspx This notes that, despite reducing pollution levels, air pollution continues to harm human health and the environment. It is currently estimated to reduce the life expectancy of every person in the UK by an average of 7–8 months, with associated costs of up to £20 billion each year. Across the UK, air pollution causes up to 24,000 deaths per year – nine times more than traffic fatalities. Air pollution also has a detrimental effect on natural ecosystems, food crops and our built environment. 310 Scottish Government (2013) Low Carbon Scotland: Meeting our Ambitions for Climate Change 2013 – 2027. The Draft Second Report on Policies and Proposals, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0041/00413150.pdf This notes that transport emissions, including international aviation and shipping, make up just under a quarter of Scotland’s emissions: two thirds of these rom road transport.

Page 209: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

208

A Connected Place Key objective:: Decarbonising transport and reducing the need to travel. The overall strategy aims to reduce travel by promoting low carbon options, emphasising the importance of digital connections and supporting the provision of infrastructure for electric vehicles. This means reducing travel by improving digital connections, supporting infrastructure for electric vehicles.. WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

No significant or direct effects on water or the marine environment are expected as a result of this part of the strategy, beyond potential for reduced secondary effects arising from lower levels of air pollution.

Avoid and reduce flood risk Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil

Minor positive effects on soil quality might be expected as a result of reduced emissions to air and the water environment from the transport sector.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

No significant or direct effects on cultural heritage are expected as a result of this part of the strategy. Enhance, where

appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

No significant or direct effects on landscape are expected as a result of this part of the strategy. Avoid adverse effects on all

landscapes

Enhance landscape quality MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

The approach should support the wider aim of making best use of existing transport infrastructure. Enhance material assets

Page 210: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

209

A Successful, Sustainable Place Key objective: Links within and between cities and their regions, to support consolidation and an increase in development density. This part of the strategy sits within the context of the need to promote lower carbon transport options. However, it does acknowledge that around and between some of our cities targeted interventions are required to support growth and accommodate development aspirations. As a result some key road improvements are noted, and key public transport improvement projects are highlighted as important components of the wider spatial strategy. Development implications could include road maintenance and improvements, public transport improvement and active transport links. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species

No significant or direct effects are expected from this part of the emerging strategy. Localised impacts could arise from specific transport projects, including habitat fragmentation, but it is expected that these would be addressed at the route or project level through further assessment and consenting.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

/

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

/ The purpose of this part of the strategy is to prioritise transport investment in areas where people already live. Generally positive impacts are expected although this could raise issues for the population living beyond the cities network. Specific impacts on the population from development proposals would require more detailed assessment at the route or project level. Direct negative impacts would be largely confined to construction and therefore temporary.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

/

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

This approach is supportive of climate change objectives, as it seeks to reduce congestion and target interventions in areas where there is most significant need. This could also increase the overall volume of traffic as it makes road transport more viable. Interventions could also help to build long term resilience of the transport network to climate change impacts.311

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

?

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

/ Generally positive impacts on air quality are expected from targeted interventions that aim to reduce congestion. 312 Improve air quality /

311 For further information on the need for climate change adaptation of the Scottish Transport Network, see the sectoral adaptation action plan for transport http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/175776/0114931.pdf This notes that higher temperatures could put pressure on surfaces of roads and runways and heat stress on rail infrastructure as well as problems for passengers, severe cold weather could lead to delays, storm events could also raise safety issues and cause disruption, coastal erosion may raise issues for ports and harbours, changing vegetation could require maintenance regimes to be altered. These changes should be taken into account as new infrastructure is designed and developed. 312

Scotland’s Environment (undated) Air quality [online] Available at: http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/our_environment/air_and_climate/air_quality.aspx This notes the importance of reducing road transport and tackling congestion, to address ongoing concentrations of pollutants, particularly in AQMAs.

Page 211: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

210

A Successful, Sustainable Place Key objective: Links within and between cities and their regions, to support consolidation and an increase in development density. This part of the strategy sits within the context of the need to promote lower carbon transport options. However, it does acknowledge that around and between some of our cities targeted interventions are required to support growth and accommodate development aspirations. As a result some key road improvements are noted, and key public transport improvement projects are highlighted as important components of the wider spatial strategy. Development implications could include road maintenance and improvements, public transport improvement and active transport links.

Avoid adverse effects on air quality

However, any proposals for further road capacity expansion could ultimate lead to negative impacts on air quality, suggesting that there would be particular benefit in focusing on public transport provision in the first instance.

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

/ No significant or direct effects are expected from this part of the emerging strategy. Localised impacts could arise from specific transport projects, but it is expected that these would be addressed at the route or project level through further assessment and consenting.

Avoid and reduce flood risk Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil

/ No significant or direct effects are expected from this part of the emerging strategy. Localised impacts could arise from specific transport projects, but it is expected that these would be addressed at the route or project level through further assessment and consenting.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

No significant or direct effects are expected from this part of the emerging strategy. Localised impacts could arise from specific transport projects, but it is expected that these would be addressed at the route or project level through further assessment and consenting.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

/

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

No significant or direct effects are expected from this part of the emerging strategy. Localised impacts could arise from specific transport projects, but it is expected that these would be addressed at the route or project level through further assessment and consenting.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

/

Enhance landscape quality

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

Generally positive effects are expected from an emphasis on making best use of existing infrastructure and prioritising investment in parts of the infrastructure network where pressure is greatest.

Enhance material assets

Page 212: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

211

A Connected Place Key objective:: Links to support economic investment / rural development. This includes potential links to areas where investment is expected – including to the north and west where NRIP projects are planned, and making more of scenic corridors providing access to national parks. Development implications could include rail improvement, road improvement, and enhancements to scenic routes, digital links and infrastructure for electric vehicles. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects

on protected habitats and species

? Proposals for improvements to key routes and corridors have the potential to impact on designated and wider biodiversity. This could include habitat loss or damage during construction, habitat fragmentation and increased disturbance during operation. Route or project level assessment and mitigation will be required to address these effects.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

?

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

Increased accessibility of relatively remote areas could benefit rural communities. The emphasis on supporting infrastructure linking areas for investment could also improve employment and income, thereby contributing to health and wellbeing.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

? There is potential for route improvement and transport capacity expansion to reduce congestion but also lead to an increase in use and therefore contribute to emissions. Possible long term benefits in terms of adaptation to climate change could be achieved if these issues are accounted for in the design. Some of these key routes are vulnerable to issues such as landslides, and this could be exacerbated by changes to levels and patterns of precipitation. 313

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

?

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

No significant effects on air quality are expected, as these routes are not generally problematic in terms of congestion and less likely to include AQMA, taking into account the baseline information.

Improve air quality Avoid adverse effects on air quality

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

? Localised impacts on water could be an issue, depending on the siting and design of infrastructure improvements. These would be identified and addressed at the project level through the required assessment and consenting processes.

Avoid and reduce flood risk

Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment

313

For further information on the need for climate change adaptation of the Scottish Transport Network, see the sectoral adaptation action plan for transport http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/175776/0114931.pdf (see previous comments).

Page 213: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

212

A Connected Place Key objective:: Links to support economic investment / rural development. This includes potential links to areas where investment is expected – including to the north and west where NRIP projects are planned, and making more of scenic corridors providing access to national parks. Development implications could include rail improvement, road improvement, and enhancements to scenic routes, digital links and infrastructure for electric vehicles. SOIL Avoid adverse impacts

on soil ? As with water, there is potential for

negative impacts on the soil environment, requiring project level mitigation. However, these are likely to be localised and not expected to be significant in terms of damage to high carbon soils or prime agricultural land.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

? Localised impacts on cultural heritage could arise during construction. Longer term effects on the setting of the historic environment may also be an issue. Project level assessment and mitigation will therefore be required through the consenting process.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

? Impacts on landscapes could arise from changes to routes and associated improvements. These could range from temporary effects during construction to longer term changes. However, the emphasis on improving existing routes suggests that these effects would be localised and that project level design and mitigation could reduce the likelihood of significant impacts.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

?

Enhance landscape quality

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

The approach aims to make best use of existing infrastructure, through targeted improvements. The approach to scenic corridors would also ensure that functional infrastructure is given a more direct role to play in supporting investment and income.

Enhance material assets

Page 214: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

213

A Connected Place Key objective: International connections. This includes improvements to ports, airports and maintaining options for high speed rail. More detailed assessments area set out for each of the constituent national developments, and so this part of the assessment simply considers the issues arising from these types of development in principle. Development implications could include improvements to ports, airports and maintaining options for high speed rail. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species

? These developments could raise issues for biodiversity. This could include habitat loss or damage during construction, habitat fragmentation as well as longer term disturbance. Actual impacts will depend on the location and design of specific projects, and would be identified and addressed at the project level.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

?

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

/ These developments could have mixed effects on population and health. Communities in the vicinity of new rail routes or ports and harbours that are being significantly upgraded could be directly or indirectly affected by noise, dust, vibration and other impacts on amenity during construction. In the longer term effects could be mixed with positive or negative effects on the amenity of residents, visual impacts, noise and disturbance. In general, enhanced infrastructure aims to support the economy thereby providing potential for positive effects for the population more generally.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

/

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

There is potential for significant adverse effects on climatic factors, arising from increased travel distance, emissions from air transport and shipping.314 In the long term the introduction of high speed rail could reduce emissions from short haul air transport to an extent. Climate change adaptation could be supported, depending on the extent future impacts are taken into account in the design of projects. Commitments to international emissions reduction targets by the air transport and shipping sectors could also reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the long term.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

?

314

Scottish Government (2013) Low Carbon Scotland: Meeting our Ambitions for Climate Change 2013 – 2027. The Draft Second Report on Policies and Proposals, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0041/00413150.pdf This notes that transport emissions, including international aviation and shipping, make up just under a quarter of Scotland’s emissions: two thirds of these rom road transport.

Page 215: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

214

A Connected Place Key objective: International connections. This includes improvements to ports, airports and maintaining options for high speed rail. More detailed assessments area set out for each of the constituent national developments, and so this part of the assessment simply considers the issues arising from these types of development in principle. Development implications could include improvements to ports, airports and maintaining options for high speed rail. AIR Avoid adverse effects on

air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

/ An emphasis on surface transport access to airports and ports could reduce congestion and thereby contribute to air quality management objectives, but supports air travel which has negative impacts on air quality.

Improve air quality / Avoid adverse effects on air quality

/

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

? These developments could raise localised issues for the water environment. Actual impacts will depend on the location and design of specific projects, and would be identified and addressed at the project level. There is potential for significant effects arising from port developments on the coastal and marine environment. 315 This will depend on the sensitivity of these areas and the design and mitigation of projects.

Avoid and reduce flood risk

?

Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

?

Improve the water environment

/

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil

It is not expected that this part of the strategy would generate significant or direct effects on soils. Avoid adverse impacts on

valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

It is not expected that this part of the strategy would generate significant or direct effects on cultural heritage.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

It is not expected that this part of the strategy would generate significant or direct effects on landscape, although there will be local impacts.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

Enhance landscape quality

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

These combined aspirations for improved international connectivity could contribute positively to the maintenance and use of our existing infrastructure.

Enhance material assets

315 The environmental baseline showed varying quality of coastal waterbodies around Scotland, with particular concentrations of problems in and around the Firth of Clyde and Inner Firth of Forth.

Page 216: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

215

Scottish Planning Policy Cross Cutting Policies Key objective: Sustainable Economic Growth. Overall principles are set out, including plan-led system, spatial strategy for economic growth within development plans, fostering a supportive business environment, positive approach to development, take into account economic impact of development proposals and support infrastructure development and innovation to achieve the transition to a low carbon economy. This is essentially an updating and minor evolution of the existing principles within the SPP, to reflect the key aims of the Government Economic Strategy, including its emphasis on a supportive business environment, infrastructure and the low carbon sector. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on protected

habitats and species No significant positive or negative effects

on biodiversity are expected from the overall principles set out here. The SPP focuses on the balancing role of the planning system, encouraging economic development in a sustainable way.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

No significant positive or negative effects on population and health are expected from the overall principles set out here. Indirect positive or negative effects could arise for health, as a result of new and expanded economic and employment opportunities, but also from the impacts of development.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

The particular emphasis on the low carbon sector will provide generally positive impacts on climatic factors, specifically mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

No significant positive or negative effects on air quality are expected from the overall principles set out here. Improve air quality

Avoid adverse effects on air quality

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

No significant positive or negative effects on the water, coastal or marine environment are expected from the overall principles set out here.

Avoid and reduce flood risk Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil No significant positive or negative effects

on soil are expected from the overall principles set out here.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

No significant positive or negative effects on cultural heritage are expected from the overall principles set out here. Enhance, where appropriate, the

historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

Improve the quality of the wider

Page 217: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

216

Cross Cutting Policies Key objective: Sustainable Economic Growth. Overall principles are set out, including plan-led system, spatial strategy for economic growth within development plans, fostering a supportive business environment, positive approach to development, take into account economic impact of development proposals and support infrastructure development and innovation to achieve the transition to a low carbon economy. This is essentially an updating and minor evolution of the existing principles within the SPP, to reflect the key aims of the Government Economic Strategy, including its emphasis on a supportive business environment, infrastructure and the low carbon sector.

built environment LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on

protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

No significant positive or negative effects on landscape are expected from the overall principles set out here. Avoid adverse effects on all

landscapes

Enhance landscape quality MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

Emphasis on infrastructure improvements are expected to have potentially positive impacts in terms of protecting and enhancing material assets.

Enhance material assets

Page 218: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

217

Cross Cutting Policies Key objective: Placemaking. Sets out the six qualities of a successful place: distinctive, welcoming, adaptable, resource efficient, safe and pleasant and easy to move around and beyond. Recommends a design led approach, with supportive development plan policies. In essence this section combines the SPP with ‘Designing Places’. Principles are set out, but it will be for development plans to apply the policy. Effects are therefore high level and to an extent uncertain at this stage. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on protected

habitats and species Potential for positive effects arising from

the emphasis on conserving natural features and greenspaces, improving and protecting habitats and wildlife.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

Potential for positive effects on population and health, arising from planning’s contribution to improved living environments. Emphasis on design which contributes to safety (e.g. through natural surveillance) could also provide positive effects for communities, health and wellbeing.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

Likely to contribute generally to climate change objectives by reducing emissions from transport and encouraging more efficient use of resources, including an emphasis on sustainable water and waste management. Supportive of design to accommodate renewable energy and improving energy efficiency. ‘Adaptability’ in this context may not specifically relate to climate change adaptation, but would nevertheless be compatible with this objective, providing secondary benefits.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

Placemaking aims to promote opportunities for walking and cycling, which in turn could help to reduce air pollution from transport and congestion.

Improve air quality Avoid adverse effects on air quality

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

Placemaking approach aims to work with environmental features. Notes the importance of efficient use of water. No specific effects on coastal areas or the marine environment are expected.

Avoid and reduce flood risk Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil Potentially positive effects are expected

from a general emphasis on working with natural environmental context within placemaking.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

Principles are likely to encourage design that responds to and enhances the historic built environment and the setting of features. Refers to the importance of

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Page 219: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

218

Cross Cutting Policies Key objective: Placemaking. Sets out the six qualities of a successful place: distinctive, welcoming, adaptable, resource efficient, safe and pleasant and easy to move around and beyond. Recommends a design led approach, with supportive development plan policies. In essence this section combines the SPP with ‘Designing Places’. Principles are set out, but it will be for development plans to apply the policy. Effects are therefore high level and to an extent uncertain at this stage.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

land marks, art, quality signage and lighting. Distinctiveness is also a key theme, aiming to complement building and street forms, skylines and materials. Positive effects are therefore expected.

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

Positive effects on landscapes expected as the principles note the importance of complementing local landscapes, topographies and natural features. Aims to improve views and provides opportunities for enhancement.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

Enhance landscape quality

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

Aims to work with existing infrastructure and assets and promotes sustainable resource use. Enhance material assets

Page 220: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

219

Cross Cutting Policies Key objective: Engagement. Sets out the responsibility for planning authorities to engage with stakeholders and the public in a meaningful, early and proportionate way. This section refers to circulars and the existing Planning Advice Note on Community Engagement. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on protected

habitats and species No significant positive or negative effects

are expected from this component of the Draft SPP. Enhance biodiversity

Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

Potential for indirect positive effects on population and health, as a result of the opportunities for engaging in the planning process and decision making that could affect people’s living environments and quality of life.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

No significant positive or negative effects are expected from this component of the Draft SPP. Support actions which contribute

to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

No significant positive or negative effects are expected from this component of the Draft SPP. Improve air quality

Avoid adverse effects on air quality

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

No significant positive or negative effects are expected from this component of the Draft SPP. Avoid and reduce flood risk

Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil No significant positive or negative effects

are expected from this component of the Draft SPP.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

No significant positive or negative effects are expected from this component of the Draft SPP. Enhance, where appropriate, the

historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

No significant positive or negative effects are expected from this component of the Draft SPP. Avoid adverse effects on all

landscapes

Enhance landscape quality MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

No significant positive or negative effects are expected from this component of the Draft SPP. Enhance material assets

Page 221: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

220

Cross Cutting Policies Key objective: Sustainable Development. This component explains the meaning of sustainable development, fundamentally the integration of economic, social and environmental objectives. Notes that this is reflected in the Government’s purpose. Explains the role of planning in approving good quality development, and meeting a range of objectives (as explored in more detail in the subject policies) and in contributing the climate change agenda. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on protected

habitats and species Generally positive impacts on the

environment are expected from this part of the draft SPP. Enhance biodiversity

Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

Generally positive impacts on the environment are expected from this part of the draft SPP. Improve the health and living

environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

Generally positive impacts on the environment are expected from this part of the draft SPP. Support actions which contribute

to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

Generally positive impacts on the environment are expected from this part of the draft SPP. Improve air quality

Avoid adverse effects on air quality WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

Generally positive impacts on the environment are expected from this part of the draft SPP. Avoid and reduce flood risk

Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil Generally positive impacts on the

environment are expected from this part of the draft SPP.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

Generally positive impacts on the environment are expected from this part of the draft SPP. Enhance, where appropriate, the

historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

Generally positive impacts on the environment are expected from this part of the draft SPP. Avoid adverse effects on all

landscapes

Enhance landscape quality MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

Generally positive impacts on the environment are expected from this part of the draft SPP. Enhance material assets

Page 222: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

221

Cross cutting policies Key objective: Climate Change. States that the planning system should support transformational change required to meet climate change targets. Outlines the requirement for public bodies to act in the way to deliver climate change targets and adaptation programme. Notes the need to support both climate change mitigation and adaptation. Considers building design to minimise emissions through improved efficiency and facilitating renewable energy generation in general terms. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species

Long term positive effects are expected from the continuing commitment to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Impacts of specific interventions such as renewable energy have been considered under topic specific policies.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

Long term positive effects are expected from the continuing commitment to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Impacts of specific interventions such as renewable energy have been considered under topic specific policies.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

Long term positive effects are expected from the continuing commitment to climate change mitigation and adaptation. The planning system has a potentially significant role to play in contributing to climate change objectives.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

Long term positive effects are expected from the continuing commitment to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Impacts of specific interventions such as renewable energy have been considered under topic specific policies.

Improve air quality Avoid adverse effects on air quality

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

Long term positive effects are expected from the continuing commitment to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Impacts of specific interventions such as renewable energy have been considered under topic specific policies.

Avoid and reduce flood risk Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil

Long term positive effects are expected from the continuing commitment to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Impacts of specific interventions such as renewable energy have been considered under topic specific policies.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

Page 223: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

222

Cross cutting policies Key objective: Climate Change. States that the planning system should support transformational change required to meet climate change targets. Outlines the requirement for public bodies to act in the way to deliver climate change targets and adaptation programme. Notes the need to support both climate change mitigation and adaptation. Considers building design to minimise emissions through improved efficiency and facilitating renewable energy generation in general terms. CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

Long term positive effects are expected from the continuing commitment to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Impacts of specific interventions such as renewable energy have been considered under topic specific policies.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

Long term positive effects are expected from the continuing commitment to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Impacts of specific interventions such as renewable energy have been considered under topic specific policies.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

Enhance landscape quality

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

Long term positive effects are expected from the continuing commitment to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Impacts of specific interventions such as renewable energy have been considered under topic specific policies.

Enhance material assets

Page 224: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

223

Key objective: Location of New Development. Spatial Strategies. Notes that development plans should set out a spatial strategy to guide development to the right places. Gives guidance on location of new development, layout and design. Other key considerations are deliverability, links with infrastructure and environmental protection. Development should be within settlements or adjacent to them, or plans should set out where development outwith settlements is required. In some instances new settlements may be appropriate but must be served by public transport, and must not have significant adverse environmental effects. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on protected

habitats and species Positive effects on biodiversity are

expected, as the SPP emphasises the need to balance development with avoidance of impacts on natural heritage. Factors to be considered in the layout and design of developments include habitat connectivity and green infrastructure. Water resources are also taken into account. Policy on new settlements sets out a need to avoid significant adverse effects on natural or built heritage interests.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

The overall aim of this part of the SPP is to guide the development of spatial strategies in a way which provide positive direct and indirect long term effects on communities and quality of life. Active travel networks, and sustainable construction and energy options would also provide benefits for population and health,

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

The policy guides the development of spatial strategies and emphasises the importance of reducing the need to travel and ensuring communities have access to public transport. Avoidance of flooding is also noted, although the SPP could go further by highlighting the need to take into account the long term impacts of climate change in avoiding future flood risk. Zero waste is also covered, as well as higher density and compact places, and energy efficiency, zero carbon technologies and construction materials. It also states that the lifecycle of the development should be considered.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

?

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

? By emphasising a need for compact places and higher density development, there is potential for congestion issues to arise, which in turn could contribute further to issues in existing AQMAs. Most of these areas have been designated as a result of transport emissions.

Improve air quality ? Avoid adverse effects on air quality

?

Page 225: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

224

Key objective: Location of New Development. Spatial Strategies. Notes that development plans should set out a spatial strategy to guide development to the right places. Gives guidance on location of new development, layout and design. Other key considerations are deliverability, links with infrastructure and environmental protection. Development should be within settlements or adjacent to them, or plans should set out where development outwith settlements is required. In some instances new settlements may be appropriate but must be served by public transport, and must not have significant adverse environmental effects. WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

The SPP specifically refers to the need to take into account and avoid flooding and coastal erosion. It also notes that the layout and design of new development.

Avoid and reduce flood risk Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil The draft policy specific emphasises the

importance of development within existing settlements, compact places, denser patterns of development and regeneration / reuse of previously developed land before greenfield sites. It does not rule out the use of green belt land, and recommends that a review of boundaries can be undertaken where necessary. However, the main drivers behind this part of the SPP are densification and expansion only where necessary.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

The policy emphasises the need to take into account cultural heritage within the layout and design of new developments. Whilst natural heritage is considered as part of locational decisions, cultural heritage is not – it may strengthen the SPP to emphasise this.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

?

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

The locational policy within this part of the SPP notes the need to recognise issues of landscape character and capacity. The section focusing on layout and design emphasises the need to consider a range of criteria, but do not extend to cover opportunities for enhancement. The section focusing on green belt, and scope for this to be reviewed could acknowledge the relevant landscape issues (e.g. treatment of settlement edges).

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

Enhance landscape quality

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

The policy aims to make best use of existing infrastructure, and sustainable choices where possible. Enhance material assets

Page 226: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

225

Key objective: Town Centres. This part of the draft SPP emphasises a ‘town centres first’ approach for a mix of uses, to support successful town centres. It states that town centre health checks should be used to inform plans and consenting, to measure issues arising from town centres. These should be undertaken or updated regularly, to monitor performance. It also proposes development of a town centre strategy, and outlines what this should cover. This includes development capacity, constraints to implementation, accessibility and measures to reduce environmental impacts (e.g. urban drainage and CHP). Networks of centres should also be identified. Development management requirements, including retail impact analysis and sequential approach (which is extended to a wider range of uses) are also set out. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species

No significant effects on biodiversity are expected from this aspect of the SPP, given that biodiversity interests in town centres are relatively limited. Secondary minor positive effects could, however, arise by reducing out of town developments and focusing on making best use of existing town centres.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

Generally positive impacts on population and health are expected from general improvements to the quality of existing town centres.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

The policy could have generally positive effects in relation to the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Town centres can provide key hubs for public transport networks. By using existing buildings, the carbon impacts of development should generally be reduced. Higher density within existing settlements could also be more conducive to low carbon technologies, for example electric vehicle charging and heat networks. Opportunities for CHP are noted.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

? Higher density development and an emphasis on town centres could exacerbate congestion and associated air quality issues. Many AQMAs in Scotland have been designated in, or close to existing town centres.316 There is a need to emphasise public transport, walking and cycling to balance the drive for development, including homes, within town centres, and any potential impacts for traffic management.

Improve air quality ? Avoid adverse effects on air quality

?

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

Generally neutral effects on the water environment are expected from this part of the SPP. Secondary minor positive effects could arise by reducing out of town developments and focusing on

Avoid and reduce flood risk Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and

316

Scotland’s Environment (undated) Air and climate [online] Available at: http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/our_environment/air_and_climate.aspx

Page 227: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

226

Key objective: Town Centres. This part of the draft SPP emphasises a ‘town centres first’ approach for a mix of uses, to support successful town centres. It states that town centre health checks should be used to inform plans and consenting, to measure issues arising from town centres. These should be undertaken or updated regularly, to monitor performance. It also proposes development of a town centre strategy, and outlines what this should cover. This includes development capacity, constraints to implementation, accessibility and measures to reduce environmental impacts (e.g. urban drainage and CHP). Networks of centres should also be identified. Development management requirements, including retail impact analysis and sequential approach (which is extended to a wider range of uses) are also set out.

the marine environment making best use of existing town centres. The SPP notes the need to promote sustainable urban drainage systems.

Improve the water environment

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil

Generally neutral effects on soils are expected from this part of the SPP. Secondary minor positive effects could, however, arise by reducing out of town developments, avoiding additional soil sealing and focusing on making best use of existing town centres.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

? Effects on the historic built environment may benefit from further consideration. The emphasis of the policy is on improving town centres by making use of existing buildings, and this could provide benefits. The current draft of the policy could make further reference to physical structure of town centres and cultural activities. A more robust approach could be to recognise the intrinsic cultural heritage value and importance of town centres and to use this as an asset upon which local distinctiveness and identity can be strengthened. 317 There will also be a need to overcome constraints of the historic fabric in providing innovative approaches to town centre regeneration, and planning has a key role to play in this.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

?

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

?

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

?

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

Generally neutral effects on landscapes are expected from this part of the SPP. Secondary minor effects could, however, arise by reducing out of town developments and focusing on making best use of existing town centres.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

Enhance landscape quality

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

Positive effects are expected from this part of the SPP, given that it emphasises the need to make use of the existing built environment and infrastructure.

Enhance material assets

317

SHEA (2011) Historic environment Audit [online] Available at: http://www.heritageaudit.org.uk/ Notes the importance historic buildings in defining the identity of towns, cities and villages, and the prevalence of Category A listed buildings located in settlements (as opposed to rural areas).

Page 228: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

227

Key objective: Rural Development. This part of the SPP takes a positive approach to rural development, and balances this with the need for environmental protection. It notes that the character of rural areas vary. The SPP requires plans to set out strategies which reflect the aim of diversification and growth of the rural economy. Differentiates between development in accessible or pressurised rural areas (a more restrictive approach) and remote rural areas (where development can help to support communities). A positive approach to holiday or second homes is promoted in both types of area. Single homes are supported where they fit with the landscape or impacts on this or carbon can be mitigated through woodland planting. On national parks, the policy confirms the overriding precedence of natural and cultural heritage considerations. In coastal areas, a holistic approach is encouraged. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species

/ Impacts on biodiversity of the policy could be mixed. The policy generally supports development in rural areas, although it notes where a more restricted approach to development may be needed in more accessible or pressurised rural areas. No specific reference is made to ecological value of rural areas (although the policy is intended to be read in conjunction with policy on natural heritage). Development plans will need to balance the need to protect biodiversity with the need to facilitate rural development at the local level. The National Parks section will provide benefits for some parts of the country, and the Coastal policy will also help to steer development towards areas which are already of a more developed character.

Enhance biodiversity / Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

/

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

Generally positive effects on population and health are expected from the emphasis within this part of the SPP on facilitating development that supports but also protects rural communities. Aims to facilitate development outside of settlements.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

? The policy could have mixed effects on climate change. It emphasises the need to cluster developments in accessible areas, and suggests that carbon impacts of more isolated development would need to be offset by significant woodland planting. The section on coastal planning notes the need to take into account the impact of climate change and consequently a precautionary approach to coastal flooding.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

?

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

No significant effects on air quality as a result of the rural policy proposed. The environmental baseline showed that air quality in rural areas is relatively good, Improve air quality

Page 229: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

228

Key objective: Rural Development. This part of the SPP takes a positive approach to rural development, and balances this with the need for environmental protection. It notes that the character of rural areas vary. The SPP requires plans to set out strategies which reflect the aim of diversification and growth of the rural economy. Differentiates between development in accessible or pressurised rural areas (a more restrictive approach) and remote rural areas (where development can help to support communities). A positive approach to holiday or second homes is promoted in both types of area. Single homes are supported where they fit with the landscape or impacts on this or carbon can be mitigated through woodland planting. On national parks, the policy confirms the overriding precedence of natural and cultural heritage considerations. In coastal areas, a holistic approach is encouraged.

Avoid adverse effects on air quality

with few AQMAs having been designated as areas where pollution is concentrated at present.318

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

The policy would be generally neutral in relation to the water environment. However, positive effects on coastal areas

Avoid and reduce flood risk

Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil

/ The policy specifically emphasises the importance of minimising the loss of prime agricultural land, and sets out limited circumstances where this is permissible. However, it is likely that the overall emphasis on facilitating development could result in higher levels of development in rural areas overall, including in areas outwith settlements. This could result in cumulative, small scale impacts on soil resources through soil sealing. Mixed effects on less valued agricultural land may therefore be expected.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

/

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

/ Mixed effects on cultural heritage are expected from this part of the draft SPP. The historic environment is not specifically referenced, although the policy should be considered in conjunction with the topic specific chapter. However, in general terms the aim of facilitating more development in rural areas could lead to impacts on the historic environment, including loss of or damage to archaeology and its setting, or impacts on the wider built environment. Impacts will require management at the planning and project level.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

/

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

/

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

/

318

Scotland’s Environment (undated) Air and climate [online] Available at: http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/our_environment/air_and_climate.aspx

Page 230: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

229

Key objective: Rural Development. This part of the SPP takes a positive approach to rural development, and balances this with the need for environmental protection. It notes that the character of rural areas vary. The SPP requires plans to set out strategies which reflect the aim of diversification and growth of the rural economy. Differentiates between development in accessible or pressurised rural areas (a more restrictive approach) and remote rural areas (where development can help to support communities). A positive approach to holiday or second homes is promoted in both types of area. Single homes are supported where they fit with the landscape or impacts on this or carbon can be mitigated through woodland planting. On national parks, the policy confirms the overriding precedence of natural and cultural heritage considerations. In coastal areas, a holistic approach is encouraged. LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on

protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

/ Landscape effects could also be mixed as a result of this policy. The overall emphasis on a positive approach to sustainable development which supports rural communities could result in impacts on landscapes. The policy recognises this and suggests that mitigation through woodland planting should be considered. This will only be feasible and appropriate in some landscapes, and in others alternative approaches to mitigation will be required.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

/

Enhance landscape quality

/

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

No significant effects on material assets are expected from the proposed policy on rural areas. Effects of development on infrastructure will need to be considered at the planning and consenting stages.

Enhance material assets

Page 231: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

230

Key objective: Subject policy: Delivering housing. Sets out requirement to identify generous supply of land within each housing market for at least 5 years supply of effective housing land at all times. Provision of range of attractive housing in the right place: well designed, energy efficient, good quality housing at effective locations. Affordable housing, and specialist housing needs also set out. The policy explains what constitutes a generous supply of land in terms of additional 5% to 10% of the requirement. It also notes that in some areas windfall sites may contribute and states expectations for meeting housing needs in national parks. Assumptions are therefore that that policy will lead to higher levels of housing development overall. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species

There is potential for additional housing development to result in the loss or fragmentation of habitats. Effects on non-protected sites and species are more likely, as designated areas will be protected through recognition of their value and vulnerability. Mitigation is available through assessment of development plans and application of criteria based policy. Within the SPP itself, the emphasis on placemaking will help to limit potential for negative impacts at a national scale.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

Provision of sufficient, high quality housing that is linked to demand and need within an area, will result in positive effects on people and health. This could become increasingly significant over time as climate change impacts on the housing stock and its health impacts.319 The combination of this policy with the emphasis within the SPP as a whole on placemaking will optimise these benefits. The policy also aims to ensure that specific needs are identified and met, including for affordable housing and for groups with specific housing needs. Construction impacts could arise for communities in places where development takes place, but these will be localised and temporary in nature. Positive effects are expected overall.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

319

HR Wallingford, AMEC Environment & Infrastructure UK Ltd, The Met Office, Collingwood Environmental Planning, Alexander Ballard Ltd, Paul Watkiss Associates, Metroeconomica (2012) A Climate Change Risk Assessment for Scotland, DEFRA

Page 232: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

231

Key objective: Subject policy: Delivering housing. Sets out requirement to identify generous supply of land within each housing market for at least 5 years supply of effective housing land at all times. Provision of range of attractive housing in the right place: well designed, energy efficient, good quality housing at effective locations. Affordable housing, and specialist housing needs also set out. The policy explains what constitutes a generous supply of land in terms of additional 5% to 10% of the requirement. It also notes that in some areas windfall sites may contribute and states expectations for meeting housing needs in national parks. Assumptions are therefore that that policy will lead to higher levels of housing development overall. CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

Generally positive effects in relation to climate change are expected. Whilst new housing development will result in further use of resources, creation of new stock provides an opportunity to improve the overall performance of the domestic sector in relation to emissions by ensuring that more recent requirements for using sustainable materials, improving energy efficiency and accommodating low carbon infrastructure at a micro scale, such as waste sorting facilities, could provide benefits. The SPP clearly emphasises the importance of location in contributing to wider placemaking and climate change objectives. It could be useful for the SPP to emphasise the opportunity to build in adaptation measures to provide further benefits.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

?

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

Minor localised effects on air quality could arise during construction, but positive effects are expected overall. The emphasis within the SPP on accessible locations could help to ensure that car use arising from new development is minimised.

Improve air quality Avoid adverse effects on air quality

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

Generally neutral effects on the water environment are expected, as a result of the emphasis within the SPP as a whole on placemaking and sustainable locations for development, and in combination with the subject policies relating to the water environment and flooding.

Avoid and reduce flood risk

Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil

/ There is potential for negative impacts on soil resources generally, as use of land for housing development could result in soil sealing if greenfield sites are used. The SPP notes that for sites to be effective, land should be free of a range of constraints including contamination. This could reduce the impact of wider aims of reducing vacant

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

?

Page 233: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

232

Key objective: Subject policy: Delivering housing. Sets out requirement to identify generous supply of land within each housing market for at least 5 years supply of effective housing land at all times. Provision of range of attractive housing in the right place: well designed, energy efficient, good quality housing at effective locations. Affordable housing, and specialist housing needs also set out. The policy explains what constitutes a generous supply of land in terms of additional 5% to 10% of the requirement. It also notes that in some areas windfall sites may contribute and states expectations for meeting housing needs in national parks. Assumptions are therefore that that policy will lead to higher levels of housing development overall.

and derelict land to an extent. CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

The emphasis within the SPP on placemaking should mean that additional housing developments will respect and could enhance the quality of the historic built environment. Potential for negative impacts during construction should be temporary and or limited through appropriate site selection and application of policies to protect the historic environment at the development plan level.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

Effects on landscapes will depend on the location of development at the settlement and site level, however the emphasis within the SPP on sustainability and placemaking could help to limit any potentially negative impacts arising from new housing development. Effects on protected landscapes are not expected to be significant, but the policy could lead to more pressure on vulnerable landscapes such as those on settlement edges, but also create an opportunity for enhancement. The preferred approach is to allow National Park Authorities to work with neighbouring areas to meet housing needs partly outwith their areas. This could help to avoid undue pressure on these important landscapes.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

Enhance landscape quality

?

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

The policy will help to create more sustainable and diverse housing stock. The SPP emphasises the importance of linking with infrastructure capacity.

Enhance material assets

Page 234: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

233

Key objective: Subject policy: Supporting business and employment. Aims to promote business and industrial development, and increase economic activity whilst safeguarding the environment. States that planning authorities should allocate diverse range of sites, and highlights the need for flexibility to accommodate change and new opportunities. Notes the key sectors, including low carbon and tourism, importance of strategic sites for business and marketable sites. Links with placemaking and emphasises importance of transport network links. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species

The policy is not necessary expected to result in higher levels of land allocation. Instead it focuses on better linking development needs with provision of diverse and flexible sites. As a result, it is not expected that the policy would directly lead to significant impacts on biodiversity. Links with placemaking have the potential to result in enhancement, and the policy specifically notes this as an aspiration.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

The policy aims to stimulate business and industrial opportunities through a flexible approach to land allocations. This in turn could result in indirect benefits for people and their health by creating employment opportunities. In environmental terms, no significant effects are expected, although it is acknowledged that there is potential for localised temporary effects arising during construction. Policy includes reference to the need to identify major hazard sites within areas. Also notes importance of co-existence of low impact uses with residential amenity and supports home working, live-work units and micro businesses.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

Indirect positive effects are expected on climate change mitigation, given the emphasis within the policy on low carbon development and links with existing transport networks / mixed use to reduce travel. There may be scope to enhance the policy by highlighting opportunities to build in adaptation to climate change, but the general emphasis on flexibility will support this objective generally.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

?

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

Minor localised effects on air quality could arise during construction, but positive effects are expected overall. The emphasis within the SPP on accessible locations could help to ensure that car use arising from new development is minimised, although it may be helpful to prioritise public

Improve air quality Avoid adverse effects on air quality

Page 235: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

234

Key objective: Subject policy: Supporting business and employment. Aims to promote business and industrial development, and increase economic activity whilst safeguarding the environment. States that planning authorities should allocate diverse range of sites, and highlights the need for flexibility to accommodate change and new opportunities. Notes the key sectors, including low carbon and tourism, importance of strategic sites for business and marketable sites. Links with placemaking and emphasises importance of transport network links.

transport links over the road network. The policy also highlights the importance of locating developments that generate freight away from congested areas – thereby helping to address air quality issues on the road network.

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

Generally neutral effects on the water environment are expected, as a result of the emphasis within the SPP as a whole on placemaking and sustainable locations for development, and in combination with the subject policies relating to water t and flooding.

Avoid and reduce flood risk Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil

/ Development in general has the potential to impact on soils through soil sealing. The extent of potential impacts is, however, unclear as it will depend on the nature and location of sites identified in development plans. The policy does not specifically aim to target reclamation of vacant and derelict land, but does note opportunities for addressing underuse of sites through flexibility.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

?

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

Significant impacts on cultural heritage are not expected, although there may be opportunities arising from the emphasis on reusing vacant properties or underused sites. Mitigation at the project level would be required, including appropriate site selection, design, and good practice during construction.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

Generally neutral effects on landscapes are expected, as the policy does not steer development to specific areas. Impacts at the local scale will depend on appropriate site selection and design solutions, but this should be assisted by the emphasis on placemaking overall.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

Enhance landscape quality

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

The policy proposed provides an opportunity to make best use of existing sites and buildings, and aims to link development more readily with infrastructure capacity, thereby providing opportunities to protect and enhance material assets.

Enhance material assets

Page 236: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

235

Key objective: Subject policy: Valuing the historic environment. The policy aims to protect designated and non-designated aspects of the historic environment. It also aims to enable changes to assets based on an understanding of their importance, to ensure they remain viable. The policy has been updated to reflect more recent policies on battlefields and trees in conservation areas. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on protected

habitats and species No significant effects on biodiversity are

expected from this part of the SPP. Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

Generally positive effects on population and health are expected as a result of the contribution that the policy could make to protecting and enhancing the quality of settlements, and supporting the special character and identity of the built environment.320

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

No significant effects on climatic factors are expected from this part of the SPP. The policy could provide further benefits by exploring the role of planning in tackling issues arising from the need for the historic environment to adapt to climate change.321

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

?

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

No significant effects on air quality are expected from this part of the SPP.

Improve air quality Avoid adverse effects on air quality

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

No significant effects on the water environment are expected from this part of the SPP. Avoid and reduce flood risk

Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil No significant effects on soil are

expected from this part of the SPP. Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

The policy will provide significant positive effects across all of the criteria relating to the historic environment and cultural heritage by ensuring this remains a key consideration within the

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

320

SHEA (2011) Historic environment Audit [online] Available at: http://www.heritageaudit.org.uk/ Notes the importance historic buildings in defining the identity of towns, cities and villages, and the prevalence of Category A listed buildings located in settlements (as opposed to rural areas). 321 The Climate Change Sector Adaptation Plan for the Built Environment states that historic buildings and structures could be vulnerable to climate change impacts, and their conservation should take this into account. It also notes that coastal erosion could impact on vulnerable coastal archaeology and cultural landscapes. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Environment/climatechange/scotlands-action/adaptation/AdaptationFramework/SAP/BuiltEnvironment/PDF

Page 237: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

236

Key objective: Subject policy: Valuing the historic environment. The policy aims to protect designated and non-designated aspects of the historic environment. It also aims to enable changes to assets based on an understanding of their importance, to ensure they remain viable. The policy has been updated to reflect more recent policies on battlefields and trees in conservation areas.

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

planning process.

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

Positive effects on landscape are expected. This could include direct effects, through the protection given to gardens and designed landscapes, as well as indirect effects from the commitment to protecting the wider setting of historic sites and buildings.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

Enhance landscape quality

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

Conservation of the historic environment would make best use of existing resources and assets. Enhance material assets

Page 238: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

237

Key objective: Subject policy: Natural Resources. Valuing the Natural Environment and Landscape Supports opportunities for enjoyment and understanding of the natural heritage. Broader approach than simply focusing on protected sites and species, emphasising wider ecosystems and natural processes. Aims to reduce fragmentation and enhance species and habitats, facilitating change and respect distinctiveness. Policy also covers woodland, hedgerows and trees. Also aims to safeguard core areas of wild land, identify and promote green networks. Also highlights the importance of protecting the water environment. Explains application of the precautionary principle. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species

Significant positive effects on biodiversity are expected from this proposed policy. The draft SPP emphasises the importance of considering both designated sites and wider aspects of the natural environment. As well as habitats, protected species are specifically referred to. The policy supports application of the precautionary principle, and emphasises the need for proportionality by recommending that assessments are only undertaken where there is a reasonable prospect of gaining consent.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

Generally positive effects on population and health are expected from this part of the SPP. Effects could be direct or indirect as a result of the contribution of the natural environment to quality of life and health.322

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

The proposed policies would provide benefits for climate change, including by protecting and enhancing natural assets. Policies to protect peat and supporting retention of woodland and / or compensatory planting will contribute to wider targets for emissions reduction.323 Recognition of the importance of biodiversity networks and connectivity could also assist with adaptation of the natural environment in the long term.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

Positive effects on air quality are expected from this component of the SPP, as a result of measures including tree planting.

Improve air quality Avoid adverse effects on air quality

322

SNH (2009) Developing the contribution of the Natural Heritage to a Healthier Scotland, http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A289431.pdf 323

Scottish Government (2013) Low Carbon Scotland: Meeting our Ambitions for Climate Change 2013 – 2027. The Draft Second Report on Policies and Proposals, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0041/00413150.pdf This notes the importance of both peatland restoration and woodland planting in helping to meet emissions reduction targets.

Page 239: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

238

Key objective: Subject policy: Natural Resources. Valuing the Natural Environment and Landscape Supports opportunities for enjoyment and understanding of the natural heritage. Broader approach than simply focusing on protected sites and species, emphasising wider ecosystems and natural processes. Aims to reduce fragmentation and enhance species and habitats, facilitating change and respect distinctiveness. Policy also covers woodland, hedgerows and trees. Also aims to safeguard core areas of wild land, identify and promote green networks. Also highlights the importance of protecting the water environment. Explains application of the precautionary principle. WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

The policy specifically notes that development plans should include policies to protect and enhance the water environment, including lochs, ponds, watercourses and wetlands for their value on their own and as part of green networks. Coastal areas are also referred to as being potentially sensitive to development.

Avoid and reduce flood risk Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil

The policy aims to protect natural heritage and achieve enhancement where possible. This could include benefits for soils, although they are

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

Generally positive effects on the historic environment are expected, although this is not the primary objective of this policy. Enhance, where

appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

The proposed policy supports protection of designated landscapes and wild land. It notes the particular sensitivity of designated areas and wild land to development, as well as upland, mountain and coastal areas more generally. It seeks to ensure that development does not have an unacceptable impact on landscapes.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

Enhance landscape quality

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

No significant effects on material assets are expected from this component of the SPP. Enhance material assets

Page 240: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

239

Key objective: Subject policy: Improving Green infrastructure. The policy sets out how the planning system should make provision for green infrastructure. It aims to use enhance green infrastructure to provide multiple benefits for people and the environment. Coverage also extend to the water environment. The opportunities for connectivity to be improved are raised. Reference is also made to the role of green belts in directing development to appropriate locations. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species

Significant positive effects on biodiversity are expected from this component of the draft SPP. Green infrastructure can plan an important role in supporting the role and connectivity of biodiversity sites and species. Improved connectivity can also facilitate movement of invasive species, requiring appropriate management at the site level.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

The policy will support health and wellbeing by providing environmental enhancements and facilitating access to the outdoors, active travel and sport. Allotments and sustainable, local food production are also supported within the overall concept. Green belt policy also aims to support agricultural production.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

Green infrastructure can support climate change mitigation and adaption, but providing for low carbon transport and sustaining the functional role of ecosystems.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

Positive effects on air quality could be expected from improvements to green infrastructure. Woodland planting and future forestry activities are supported, within the context of policies that aim to provide a long term vision for an area.

Improve air quality Avoid adverse effects on air quality

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

The policy recognises the importance of the water environment within the wider context of green infrastructure. Avoid and reduce flood risk

Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil

Generally positive effects on soils are expected from this part of the SPP.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

Page 241: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

240

Key objective: Subject policy: Improving Green infrastructure. The policy sets out how the planning system should make provision for green infrastructure. It aims to use enhance green infrastructure to provide multiple benefits for people and the environment. Coverage also extend to the water environment. The opportunities for connectivity to be improved are raised. Reference is also made to the role of green belts in directing development to appropriate locations. CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

Generally positive effects on the historic environment are expected from this part of the SPP. Green infrastructure can play an important role in providing the setting for the historic built environment, including sites, buildings and townscapes.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

The policy is expected to provide benefits for landscapes. Green belts in particular have an important role in providing the setting for towns and cities. The policy is consistent with the aims of the European Landscape Convention and provides opportunities for integration of green belts with wider green networks.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

Enhance landscape quality

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

Green belt policy within this section aims to accommodate provision of essential infrastructure, such as electricity grid and digital infrastructure.

Enhance material assets

Page 242: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

241

Key objective: Subject policy: Extracting Resources. The draft SPP aims to ensure that an adequate and steady supply of minerals is available to meet the needs of the construction, energy and other sectors. It recognises the continuing role of indigenous coal, oil and gas in maintaining a diverse energy mix and improving energy security. It safeguards resources. It also aims to minimise impacts on communities and the environment. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species

/ The policy could lead to higher levels of extraction, which in turn could have implications for biodiversity that require consideration. The SPP notes the importance of managing impacts on communities and the environment generally, and it is expected that mitigation would be available at the project level.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

?

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

/ Minerals extraction can result in adverse effects on people, health and living environments that require appropriate mitigation. Whilst the overall policy could lead to higher levels of minerals extraction, it also emphasises the need, where appropriate, for buffers around communities, with limited scope for breaching this where local circumstances suggest it would be beneficial. Effects are not expected to be significant as the policy states that mitigation will be required to address any issues. The policy also aims to balance impacts with opportunities for community benefit.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

/

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

/ This policy could have mixed effects on climate change objectives. Extraction of materials will be required to help deliver aspirations for the low carbon economy, including renewable energy generation. However, extraction processes and associated activities such as transportation of products and their end use can in themselves generate emissions.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

/

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

?

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

Potential for adverse effects on air quality arising from minerals extraction, for example dust emissions. These require mitigation, as would be achieved through the project consenting process and regulatory mechanisms managing extraction processes. It is unlikely that extraction would coincide where there are existing AQMAs, so national scale effects are not expected to be significant.

Improve air quality Avoid adverse effects on air quality

Page 243: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

242

Key objective: Subject policy: Extracting Resources. The draft SPP aims to ensure that an adequate and steady supply of minerals is available to meet the needs of the construction, energy and other sectors. It recognises the continuing role of indigenous coal, oil and gas in maintaining a diverse energy mix and improving energy security. It safeguards resources. It also aims to minimise impacts on communities and the environment.

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

/? Minerals extraction can impact on the water environment, including groundwater and surface water bodies.324 Whilst the policy specifically notes the importance of protecting the water environment from this type of development, mitigation will be required through the project consenting process.

Avoid and reduce flood risk Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment

?

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil

Minerals extraction has the potential to impact on soil in terms of direct loss of resources, pollution via the water environment and impacts on stability.. Effects will require mitigation at the project consenting stage. It is not expected that prime quality land would be particularly affected by extraction. Protection of peatland is noted, and is extended to include peatland with restoration potential, thereby providing benefits The policy emphasises the importance of restoration and aftercare, limiting potential for long term negative effects.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

/ Minerals extraction can adversely impact on cultural heritage, including the setting of the historic built environment, or more direct effects through damage or displacement of archaeological remains. Effects will require mitigation at the project consenting stage. Commitments to restoration could also provide longer term benefits for the historic environment.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

?

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

?

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

/

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

/ Minerals extraction can impact on landscapes and there remains a legacy of landscape change in areas where extraction has historically taken place.325 Short term effects (during extraction) are expected to be negative on landscapes. These effects will depend on the location of extraction sites, but may be more or less significant depending on the area’s

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

Enhance landscape quality ?

324 Scotland’s Environment Web notes that historical mining and quarrying had left a legacy of environmental change, including contaminated land and water around mine dumps and subsidence above abandoned coal mines. 325 British Geological Survey, (2004) Sustainable Development of Minerals. https://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/sustainability/home.html

Page 244: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

243

Key objective: Subject policy: Extracting Resources. The draft SPP aims to ensure that an adequate and steady supply of minerals is available to meet the needs of the construction, energy and other sectors. It recognises the continuing role of indigenous coal, oil and gas in maintaining a diverse energy mix and improving energy security. It safeguards resources. It also aims to minimise impacts on communities and the environment.

character and capacity. However, there may be opportunities for enhancement as a result of the emphasis within the SPP on restoration and aftercare, with negative impacts being replaced by positive effects in the long term.

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

The policy aims to protect and make best use of material assets overall. Protection of resources is a key aim of the policy. Regulations are in place to manage waste products arising from the minerals extraction process, and the industry emphasises the importance of recycling and waste minimisation.

Enhance material assets

Page 245: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

244

Key objective: Subject policy: Supporting aquaculture. Reflects growth targets for the aquaculture industry. Aims to be sustainable, diverse, competitive and economically viable. Appropriate locations should take account of locational policies. Sets out coverage of EIAs and proposed shared use of onshore facilities. Also requires protection of access to the foreshore. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species

? This part of the SPP takes into account the need to identify areas for development that are suitable in terms of natural heritage. Whilst there is potential for adverse effects on benthic habitats, wild salmonids and other species,326 these are addressed through the EIA process and are also taken into account in locational guidance. It is also expected that the planned approach to development would help to avoid these effects by steering development to more appropriate locations.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

?

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

No significant effects on population and health are expected from these proposals. Potential for minor indirect benefits arising from maintenance of access to the foreshore.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

No significant effects on climatic factors are expected from this subject policy. Long term adaptation to climate change impacts (e.g. storm events, changing water temperatures) may be required, and there may be additional opportunities for the sector arising from changes to the availability and supply of food. Planning should take these changing conditions into account, as well as the ongoing and predicted growth of the sector as a whole. 327

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

No significant effects on air quality are expected from this subject policy.

Improve air quality Avoid adverse effects on air quality

326 Scotland’s Environment Web notes that impacts can include interbreeding of escaped fish and spread of disease. http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/our_environment/water/coastal_waters/pressures.aspx Scotland’s marine Atlas also notes pressures including the impact of chemical contamination of anti-fouling treatment on benthic habitats and species, lowering of water oxygen levels, organic enrichment and marine litter. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2011/03/16182005/62 327 The Sectoral Adaptation Action Plan for the Marine and Fisheries sector notes that changing weather patterns, ocean acidification and long term redistribution of species and habitats will require a flexible response. Engineering solutions are already being developed, and standards are being altered, for example to minimise the risk of escapes in light of the increase in extreme weather events. Sustainable feed sources are also being explored and changing food networks may lead to further opportunities for growth of the sector. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/175776/0114919.pdf

Page 246: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

245

Key objective: Subject policy: Supporting aquaculture. Reflects growth targets for the aquaculture industry. Aims to be sustainable, diverse, competitive and economically viable. Appropriate locations should take account of locational policies. Sets out coverage of EIAs and proposed shared use of onshore facilities. Also requires protection of access to the foreshore. WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

/ Whilst aquaculture has the potential to generate adverse effects on the water environment (see biodiversity above), the policy aims to avoid significant impacts through planning and assessment during the consenting stage. Controlled Activities Regulations (CAR) are applied to aquaculture operations, ensure adverse effects on the water and wider marine environment are minimised. 328

Avoid and reduce flood risk Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

/

Improve the water environment

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil

No significant effects on soil are expected from this subject policy. Impacts on the seabed are noted under biodiversity above.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

No significant effects on cultural heritage are expected from this subject policy. Infrastructure has the potential to affect the setting of coastal sites, and there may be impacts on underwater archaeology, but these effects would be mitigated as appropriate at the development management stage.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

No significant effects on landscape are expected from this subject policy. Inappropriately designed and sited infrastructure can have visual impacts, including on coastal views, but these would be mitigated as appropriate at the development management stage and through the application of relevant guidance.329 Impacts can range from those arising from large scale, relatively visible infrastructure, to significant impacts from smaller scale fishfarms in relatively isolated locations.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

Enhance landscape quality

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

No significant effects on material assets are expected from this subject policy.

Enhance material assets

328 http://www.sepa.org.uk/water/water_regulation/regimes/aquaculture/marine_aquaculture.aspx 329 SNH Guidance is available at http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/heritagemanagement/marineaquaculture.pdf

Page 247: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

246

Key objective: Subject policy: Movement. This policy aims to support development that makes best use of existing infrastructure, reduces the need to travel, supports sustainable transport choices and integration of modes. The SPP encourages planning authorities to identify requirements for new infrastructure including low carbon vehicles. It notes that new trunk road junctions will not normally be acceptable unless it would support growth or regeneration. Aims to protect infrastructure including disused railway lines. Also supports freight improvements, including rail freight and strategic sites. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species

/ Improved transport connections have the potential to generate impacts on biodiversity, for example through habitat loss or fragmentation or disturbance of species. However, the policy makes best use of existing infrastructure, thereby reducing potential for additional infrastructure requirements. There is, however, potential for some proposed developments to have impacts, for example where new connections are considered to be in the interests of the economy or regeneration.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

/

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

/ Generally neutral or positive effects on health are expected from the policy. The emphasis on sustainable transport choices and accessibility by public transport will provide benefits. However, some types of development can have impacts on communities and health, including construction of new infrastructure. These are expected to be largely temporary and localised. Longer term benefits could arise from reduce congestion as a result of higher use of public transport.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

/

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

The overall aim of the policy is to support decarbonisation of the transport system and therefore benefit climate change.330 The policy supports new technologies including for electric vehicles and emphasises the need for public transport links. Policy on car parking standards reflects wider aims of reducing car ownership and use. There may be scope to emphasise the need for long term resilience to climate change.331

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

?

330

Scottish Government (2013) Low Carbon Scotland: Meeting our Ambitions for Climate Change 2013 – 2027. The Draft Second Report on Policies and Proposals, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0041/00413150.pdf This notes that transport emissions, including international aviation and shipping, make up just under a quarter of Scotland’s emissions: two thirds of these rom road transport. 331 See the Climate Change Adaptation Sectoral Action Plan for Transport. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/175776/0114931.pdf This notes that higher temperatures could put pressure on surfaces of roads and runways and heat stress on rail infrastructure as well as problems for passengers, severe cold weather could lead to delays, storm events could also raise safety issues and cause disruption, coastal erosion may raise issues for ports and harbours, changing vegetation could require

Page 248: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

247

Key objective: Subject policy: Movement. This policy aims to support development that makes best use of existing infrastructure, reduces the need to travel, supports sustainable transport choices and integration of modes. The SPP encourages planning authorities to identify requirements for new infrastructure including low carbon vehicles. It notes that new trunk road junctions will not normally be acceptable unless it would support growth or regeneration. Aims to protect infrastructure including disused railway lines. Also supports freight improvements, including rail freight and strategic sites. AIR Avoid adverse effects on

air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

The overall approach of achieving a modal shift away from reliance on the car could help to address air quality issues arising from congestion on key routes.332 Higher levels of public transport, walking and cycling will help to achieve this.

Improve air quality Avoid adverse effects on air quality

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

/ As with biodiversity and population and health, there may be temporary localised effects where new infrastructure or improvements are required. However, the overall aims of the policy of making best use of existing infrastructure should help to avoid negative effects. No significant effects on coastal or marine areas are expected, although the policy supports access to and improvement of ports and ferry services in general.

Avoid and reduce flood risk

/

Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment

/

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil

/ Significant effects on valued soil resources are not expected. The policy could support the reuse of vacant and derelict land, where this lies close to existing transport infrastructure, but overall significant effects are not expected. Some requirements for new or improved infrastructure could have temporary or localised effects on soils that require management at the consenting stage.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

Significant effects on cultural heritage are not expected, as they would be subject to further consideration at the plan and consenting stages. There is potential for temporary or localised effects arising from development of new or improved infrastructure.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

/

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

maintenance regimes to be altered. These changes should be taken into account as new infrastructure is designed and developed. 332

Scotland’s Environment (undated) Air quality [online] Available at: http://www.environment.scotland.gov.uk/our_environment/air_and_climate/air_quality.aspx This notes the importance of reducing road transport and tackling congestion, to address ongoing concentrations of pollutants, particularly in AQMAs.

Page 249: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

248

Key objective: Subject policy: Movement. This policy aims to support development that makes best use of existing infrastructure, reduces the need to travel, supports sustainable transport choices and integration of modes. The SPP encourages planning authorities to identify requirements for new infrastructure including low carbon vehicles. It notes that new trunk road junctions will not normally be acceptable unless it would support growth or regeneration. Aims to protect infrastructure including disused railway lines. Also supports freight improvements, including rail freight and strategic sites.

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts

on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

Significant effects on landscapes are not expected, as they would be subject to further consideration at the plan and consenting stages. There is potential for temporary or localised effects arising from development of new or improved infrastructure.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

/

Enhance landscape quality

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

The policy aims to make best use of existing infrastructure. This includes safeguarding disused railways and making the best use of existing rail services before considering new infrastructure.

Enhance material assets

Page 250: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

249

Key objective: Subject policy: Delivering Heat and Electricity. Sets out a tiered approach to energy, from energy efficiency to recoverable energy and heat, renewable energy, and emissions reduction. Policy supports renewable energy developments. Sets out requirements for spatial frameworks for wind farms, from areas that are not suitable for development to areas where development can proceed, with different levels of mitigation. Notes the need to take into account cumulative impacts, and sets a framework for undertaking this. This section builds on the findings of the assessment of parallel components of the NPF. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects

on protected habitats and species

/ The policy emphasises the need to safeguard natural heritage resources. In terms of heat, planting for feedstocks has the potential for negative impacts on biodiversity, depending on their location.333 For wind turbines, the policy aims to protect areas designated for natural heritage interest (Natura sites and SSSIs, and NNRs) within the second tier. Regional and local natural heritage designations are noted to be important, but less significant considerations and with potential opportunities for development through good design or mitigation. Development management policy notes that impact on natural heritage, including birds, is a consideration to be taken into account. As a result, significant adverse effects on protected sites are not expected. Cumulative effects may arise from development, and non-protected areas are more likely to be impacted than designated sites. Appropriate plan and project stage assessment and decisions will therefore be required.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

/?

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

The policy aims to contribute to a lower carbon energy sector and security of supplies, and notes the need to link provision of technology including heat in areas where there is fuel poverty or institutional uses. Impacts of wind energy development on population and health could be mixed and include shadow flicker, noise, safety concerns, impacts during construction and longer term effects on residential amenity.334 The policy on onshore wind proposes an increase in the minimum separation distance between developments and communities (from 2km to 2.5km) and notes the need to take potential impacts into account. As a result, the policy itself should have positive effects, and in accordance with this appropriate planning response and plan and project level mitigation should be identified. The draft SPP asks for views on increasing community benefit providing potential for further positive impacts on population.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

The draft policy is expected to help ensure that planning makes a positive contribution to the wider aim of reducing emissions from the energy sector. It Support actions which

333 SNH, (2009) Bioenergy and the Natural Heritage, SNH’s Approach. http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/B410085.pdf This provides guidance on planting of feedstocks, including avoidance of designated sites and attention to the role of new planting within wider green infrastructure. 334Online planning guidance explains more about these impacts and relevant standards and mitigation measures. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0040/00405870.pdf

Page 251: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

250

Key objective: Subject policy: Delivering Heat and Electricity. Sets out a tiered approach to energy, from energy efficiency to recoverable energy and heat, renewable energy, and emissions reduction. Policy supports renewable energy developments. Sets out requirements for spatial frameworks for wind farms, from areas that are not suitable for development to areas where development can proceed, with different levels of mitigation. Notes the need to take into account cumulative impacts, and sets a framework for undertaking this. This section builds on the findings of the assessment of parallel components of the NPF.

contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

emphasises the need for the right development in the right location, and discourages inappropriate application of constraints to development. It also recommends that the contribution of developments to renewable energy targets should be taken into account at the development plan stage. Peat is also safeguarded from development (see below).

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

? The policy supports improvement of the coverage of heat networks in accordance with national energy policy.335 Biomass is likely to continue to be a key source of heat. The preceding assessment of the parallel policy within NPF3 has noted that that localised issues can arise from biomass projects, and recommends monitoring with a view to mitigation where cumulative impacts arise. Wind energy development is not expected to generate significant impacts on air quality.

Improve air quality Avoid adverse effects on air quality

/

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

/? The SPP notes that heat can be generated from mine waters and aquifers, suggesting a need to mitigate potential impacts on ground water at the project consenting stage. Wind energy development can have negative impacts on the water environment. The approach to spatial frameworks for wind notes the need to avoid cumulative environmental impacts generally, and also protects natural heritage sites. The policy also aims to avoid development in flood risk areas. The recommended considerations for development management do not specifically include impacts on the water environment, but this is taken into account on a case by case basis and is also covered by policies elsewhere in the SPP supporting protection of the water environment more generally.

Avoid and reduce flood risk

Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil

/? Energy developments can generate effects on soils, including soil sealing, impacts on soil stability or soil disturbance during construction. The draft SPP aims to protect important soil resources, including peatland which is noted as a Group 3 constraint for spatial guidance. The policy also refers to the use of the carbon calculator to assess wind farm developments on peat. Development management criteria also include carbon rich soils. Heat generation could have direct impacts on soils, or indirect depending on the type and extent of feedstocks required. The policy does not specifically support reuse of vacant or

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

335

This supports the emerging vision for heat in Scotland, and delivery of development to meet the stated target of 11% of heat to be generated from renewable sources. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0041/00413386.pdf

Page 252: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

251

Key objective: Subject policy: Delivering Heat and Electricity. Sets out a tiered approach to energy, from energy efficiency to recoverable energy and heat, renewable energy, and emissions reduction. Policy supports renewable energy developments. Sets out requirements for spatial frameworks for wind farms, from areas that are not suitable for development to areas where development can proceed, with different levels of mitigation. Notes the need to take into account cumulative impacts, and sets a framework for undertaking this. This section builds on the findings of the assessment of parallel components of the NPF.

derelict land but this could benefit indirectly from the policy support for biomass.

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

/ The policy prioritises protection for designated cultural heritage sites. This includes advice for spatial frameworks that notes the need to avoid impacts on World Heritage Sites, archaeological sites, conservation areas, listed buildings and sites in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes. Indirect positive effects could be expected for the built heritage more generally as a result of the proposed separation distances for wind energy developments. Development management criteria include impacts on the historic environment. Localised impacts will require mitigation at the project level.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

/?

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

/ The draft policy clearly steers development away from nationally important landscapes, including National Scenic Areas and National Parks. In the second tier, wild land and cumulative impacts are also noted. Local and regional landscape designations are noted as a constraint with less significance and as a consideration for development management. This approach will have positive impacts on different levels protected areas. Project level assessment will be required to address wider impacts on non-designated landscapes. All effects will be temporary during construction and time limited operation. Opportunities for enhancement could arise from the restoration of projects. Visual effects could be positive or negative, depending on the nature and predisposition of the receptor. The increased buffer from communities could reduce negative landscape effects in relation to settlement edges, depending on the viewer, scale and location of development. Biomass feedstock production could generate secondary effects on landscapes, depending on the scale, type and location of planting.336

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

/?

Enhance landscape quality

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

/ The policy refers to the need to avoid impacts on aviation and defence, broadcasting installations, and road traffic in both spatial frameworks and development management. As a result, positive effects are expected from the approach.

Enhance material assets

336

Research commissioned by SNIFFER found that impacts will be site, landscape and crop specific. The work identified extensive areas within Scotland where biomass planting may be appropriate, but noted varying sensitivity and potential for particular impacts on lowland grassland and associated flora and fauna. It also noted the need to avoid high carbon content soils to avoid net emissions. Where best practice is applied, effects were not expected to be significant, although changing sensitivity resulting from climate change impacts will need to be taken into account. http://www.fwr.org/environw/er05.htm

Page 253: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

252

Key objective: Subject policy: Enabling Digital Communication. Supports improvements to digital connections, through delivery of suitably sited and designed infrastructure. Identifies criteria to assess development proposals, including using small equipment, concealing masts, mast sharing, use of existing structures or buildings and ground based masts. Aims to take into account technical and cumulative visual impacts. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species No significant effects on biodiversity are

expected from this component of the SPP. Effects on protected species may require mitigation – for example where equipment is concealed in roof spaces and installation could impact on bats.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

? The effects of the policy on health remain uncertain. The SPP notes the requirement for compliance with the appropriate ICNIRP guidelines for public exposure to radiofrequency radiation.337 It also notes that planning should not be used to replace other guidelines, including those for health.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

?

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

The emphasis within the SPP on facilitating this type of development is expected to result in indirect positive effects on climate change mitigation objectives, by helping to reduce the need to travel through improved virtual connectivity.338 Monitoring of radio waves is undertaken as a matter of course to ensure it complies with requirements and standards. A wide safety margin is allowed for within these requirements.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

No significant effects on air quality are expected from this component of the SPP. Improve air quality

Avoid adverse effects on air quality

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

No significant effects on the water environment, or coastal and marine areas, are expected from this component of the SPP.

Avoid and reduce flood risk Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil No significant effects on soils are

expected from this component of the SPP.

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

337 http://www.icnirp.de/documents/statgdl.pdf 338

Scottish Government (2013) Low Carbon Scotland: Meeting our Ambitions for Climate Change 2013 – 2027. The Draft Second Report on Policies and Proposals, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0041/00413150.pdf This notes that the digital agenda will play a key role in reducing emissions from the transport sector.

Page 254: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

253

Key objective: Subject policy: Enabling Digital Communication. Supports improvements to digital connections, through delivery of suitably sited and designed infrastructure. Identifies criteria to assess development proposals, including using small equipment, concealing masts, mast sharing, use of existing structures or buildings and ground based masts. Aims to take into account technical and cumulative visual impacts. CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

/? As noted for landscape below, there is no specific prioritisation of designated cultural heritage sites for protection, but the draft SPP notes the need for appropriate siting and design mitigation. The nature of this type of development has, however, the potential for significant individual and cumulative impacts on the historic environment and its setting. The policy aims to minimise these impacts, particularly through emphasising the need to minimise environmental impacts in general. Existing regulatory mechanisms including listed building consent, are expected to also mitigate any significant individual and cumulative effects.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

/?

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

/? The policy sets out the need to take into account design and siting, visual impact and cumulative effects. No specific guidance is provided that differentiates between landscape and visual impacts, or protected and non-protected areas, but the overall approach is for infrastructure to be appropriately sited to minimise environmental impacts. Mitigation to be taken into account in site selection include concealing and disguising masts and other components using design and camouflage techniques. Effects would not be individually significant given the scale of this type of development in general, but could be significant in cumulative terms in some circumstances, and appropriate project level mitigation will be required.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

/?

Enhance landscape quality

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

Positive effects on material assets are expected. The policy aims for an efficient approach that make best use of existing infrastructure (e.g. mast sharing, opportunities for the sewer network to be used to accommodate new capacity.)339 Impacts on aerodromes and transmitter / receiver facilities are addressed by the policy.

Enhance material assets

339 Scottish Government, (2011) Scotland’s Digital Future: A Strategy for Scotland, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/981/0114237.pdf

Page 255: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

254

Key objective: Subject policy: Reducing the Risk of Flooding. Aims to protect and improve the water environment. Recommends a precautionary approach to flood risk through avoidance and flood reduction. Notes requirements for SUDs, avoiding displacing risk and for SDPs to consider cross boundary issues. Also refers to sustainable flood management and the need to safeguard areas for natural flood risk management. Sets out risk framework for decision making. Includes references to Strategic Flood Risk Assessment and Flood Risk Management Plans. Requires developers to take into account insurance. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse effects on

protected habitats and species

/ The policy aims to protect and improve the water environment. This could provide benefits for biodiversity in general, given the links between these receptors. Opportunities for natural flood risk management could provide indirect benefits for some types of habitats such as wetlands and watercourse, and the species which relay on them. 340

Enhance biodiversity / Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

/

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

Positive effects on population and health are expected from the emphasis in the policy on planning taking into account flood risk. New development would be less likely to generate adverse effects, including direct impacts of flooding and cumulative adverse effects on other parts of the built environment through displaced flood risk or pressure on drainage infrastructure. Safety issues, including effects of flooding on emergency service access are also highlighted within the draft policy. Benefits could be significant, given links established between current social deprivation and vulnerability to flooding and heat issues arising from climate change.341

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

The approach to flooding within the draft SPP notes that climate change should be taken into account within planning for flood risk. This would help to facilitate adaptation to climate change over the long term.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

/

AIR Avoid adverse effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

No significant effects on air quality are expected from this component of the SPP. Improve air quality

Avoid adverse effects on air quality

340 Scottish Government, (2011) Flood Risk Management (Scotland) Act 2009: Delivering Sustainable Flood Risk Management, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/351427/0117868.pdf 341 Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2011) Climate Change, Justice and Vulnerability, http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/climate-change-justice-vulnerabilityEBOOK.pdf

Page 256: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

255

Key objective: Subject policy: Reducing the Risk of Flooding. Aims to protect and improve the water environment. Recommends a precautionary approach to flood risk through avoidance and flood reduction. Notes requirements for SUDs, avoiding displacing risk and for SDPs to consider cross boundary issues. Also refers to sustainable flood management and the need to safeguard areas for natural flood risk management. Sets out risk framework for decision making. Includes references to Strategic Flood Risk Assessment and Flood Risk Management Plans. Requires developers to take into account insurance. WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

This policy specifically aims to address flood risk and support the sustainable management of the water environment. Mapping of flood risk shown in the environmental baseline highlights areas where flood risk is currently greatest, and risks will increase as a result of climate change. The approach aims to apply a risk framework to decision making, and builds in more specific considerations, such as site and development characteristics, scale, flood protection methods etc.

Avoid and reduce flood risk Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil No significant effects on soil are expected from this component of the SPP. Secondary benefits may arise where natural flood management solutions coincide with aims to improve the soil environment (e.g. peatland management and restoration)

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

No significant effects on cultural heritage are expected from this component of the SPP. There may be secondary positive effects on archaeology as a result of changes to groundwater systems.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

No significant effects on landscape are expected from this component of the SPP. Natural flood risk management and / or flood defences could have implications for some types of landscapes, but the guidance emphasises that this should be recognised as an opportunity for enhancement.342 More negative impacts are expected to be localised and would be addressed at the project level.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

Enhance landscape quality

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

The approach aims to support existing environmental infrastructure such as flood defences. A risk based approach should reduce the need for future infrastructure provision.

Enhance material assets

342

Scottish Government, (2011) Flood Risk Management (Scotland) Act 2009: Delivering Sustainable Flood Risk Management, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/351427/0117868.pdf

Page 257: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

256

Key objective: Subject policy: Reducing and Managing Waste. Seeks to enable provision of waste management infrastructure to increase capacity and meet the aims of the Zero Waste Plan. Notes the waste hierarchy, and encourages planning of capacity for a range of facilities. Safeguards existing infrastructure. Notes opportunities for colocation alongside areas for employment, industry and storage. Identifies possible buffers as a guide between sensitive receptors and different types of facilities. Reflects opportunities for economic benefits. BIODIVERSITY Avoid adverse

effects on protected habitats and species

No significant effects on biodiversity are expected from this component of the SPP. An increase in energy from waste could generate emissions to air which in turn impact on biodiversity. However, these are not expected to be significant given existing regulatory measures.343 Planning policy would ensure that localised effects of specific developments would be mitigated.

Enhance biodiversity Avoid adverse effects on all habitats and species

POPULATION AND HEALTH

Avoid adverse effects on health and quality of life

? The policy aim is for an increase in the range and number of facilities: impacts on communities will require management at the plan and project consenting stage. Beyond those which are strictly regulated344 impacts can include those arising from transport - the SPP notes that as a network of facilities takes shape, deployment of the proximity principle should be given greater weight in making locational decisions. Health impacts for local communities cannot be entirely ruled out and would require assessment at the project level.345 It also aims to ensure residential facilities are designed to facilitate waste separation and collection. Appropriate buffer distances are provided as a guide. There may be positive effects over the long term, as a result of reduced reliance on landfill sites for waste. Updated guidance on appropriate sites and assessing their suitability will be provided in due course.

Improve the health and living environment of people and communities

?

CLIMATIC FACTORS

Avoid increasing greenhouse gas emissions

Positive effects on climate change mitigation objectives are expected from this component of the SPP. Provision of waste management facilities, together with an emphasis on the waste hierarchy should help to minimise emissions from the waste sector. The policy extends beyond domestic waste to also include industrial and construction wastes.

Support actions which contribute to targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Support adaptation to climate change, and ‘future proofing’ of new development

343 Scottish Government (2009) Consultation on Scotland’s Zero Waste Plan, SEA Environmental Report, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2009/08/25102241/0 344 http://www.sepa.org.uk/waste/waste_regulation/guidance__position_statements.aspx 345

Health Protection Scotland, Scotland Environmental Protection Agency (2009) Incineration of Waste and Reported Human Health Effects(accessed 5/3/13) http://www.documents.hps.scot.nhs.uk/environmental/incineration-and-health/incineration-of-waste-and-reported-human-health-effects.pdf

Page 258: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

257

Key objective: Subject policy: Reducing and Managing Waste. Seeks to enable provision of waste management infrastructure to increase capacity and meet the aims of the Zero Waste Plan. Notes the waste hierarchy, and encourages planning of capacity for a range of facilities. Safeguards existing infrastructure. Notes opportunities for colocation alongside areas for employment, industry and storage. Identifies possible buffers as a guide between sensitive receptors and different types of facilities. Reflects opportunities for economic benefits. AIR Avoid adverse

effects on air quality where air quality is a known issue through AQMA

Significant effects on AQMAs are not expected from this type of development. However, some types of waste management facility could generate emissions to air, and odour, and these are the subject of careful management through the consenting process. A larger buffer for some types of facility is suggested as a guide.

Improve air quality ? Avoid adverse effects on air quality

?

WATER, COASTAL, MARINE

Avoid adverse impacts on the ecological status of waterbodies

/? The SPP will help to reduce levels of waste going to landfill, thereby decreasing risks to the water environment of these facilities, including leachate. Some other types of waste facility have potential for impacts on the water environment that will require appropriate mitigation at the project level.

Avoid and reduce flood risk

Avoid adverse impacts on sensitive coastal areas and the marine environment

Improve the water environment

SOIL Avoid adverse impacts on soil

/? The SPP will help to reduce levels of waste going to landfill, thereby decreasing risks to soils, including secondary effects from pollution to the water environment. Localised impacts on soils will require appropriate mitigation at the project level..

Avoid adverse impacts on valuable soil resources e.g. prime agricultural land, carbon rich soils

Reduce vacant and derelict land

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Avoid adverse impacts on the protected historic environment and its setting.

Whilst the policy could result in increased numbers of waste management facilities, it is not expected that these would generate effects on cultural heritage, beyond those expected from more general light industrial or business uses.

Enhance, where appropriate, the historic environment.

Avoid adverse effects on the historic environment

Improve the quality of the wider built environment

LANDSCAPE Avoid adverse impacts on protected landscape, wild land and geodiversity

Whilst the policy could result in increased numbers of waste management facilities, it is not expected that these would generate effects on landscapes, beyond those expected from more general light industrial or business uses.

Avoid adverse effects on all landscapes

Enhance landscape quality

Page 259: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

258

Key objective: Subject policy: Reducing and Managing Waste. Seeks to enable provision of waste management infrastructure to increase capacity and meet the aims of the Zero Waste Plan. Notes the waste hierarchy, and encourages planning of capacity for a range of facilities. Safeguards existing infrastructure. Notes opportunities for colocation alongside areas for employment, industry and storage. Identifies possible buffers as a guide between sensitive receptors and different types of facilities. Reflects opportunities for economic benefits.

MATERIAL ASSETS

Avoid adversely impacting on material assets (infrastructure etc.)

The policy aims to achieve the objectives of the Zero Waste Plan,346 emphasising and prioritising the need to reduce waste. It also supports the growth of the waste management sector. Resource efficiency is also highlighted. The draft SPP proposes consolidating the policy to remove the need for the narrative in Annex B of the Zero waste plan, to help clarify and simplify key messages. An enabling approach to this type of development is proposed, with a view to developing a network of facilities in appropriate locations.

Enhance material assets

346 Scottish Government (2010) Scotland’s Zero Waste Plan http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2010/06/08092645/0

Page 260: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

259

Appendix C Assessment Matrices – Alternatives STRATEGIC OPTIONS Strategic Option Environmental Impacts National Planning Framework – Strategy Options Guiding onshore wind energy development away from core areas of wild land through inclusion of 2013 SNH mapping.

Potential for significant landscape benefits, given the special character of wild land and its sensitivity to development.

Potential for significant benefits for biodiversity, given the role of wild land in supporting species and habitats. Many areas of wild land coincide with nature conservation protected areas.

Relatively minor benefits for population and health, given that these areas are less frequently used by most people.

Potential benefits for soil and water, as well as sustainable flood management, given the importance of wild land as part of our national ecosystem.

Potential for positive effects on climatic factors. Whilst the policy may restrict development on wild land, its underlying aim is to support development by providing clarity for the development sector and others.

Neutral effects on climatic factors are expected as the option would not change levels of development, but focuses on location.

Site level options for marine renewable energy development (onshore consequences).

Effects of other options will be fully explored through the ongoing SEA of plans for offshore wind, wave and tidal energy. Generic effects of this type of development are:

Potential for negative impacts on coastal and marine species and habitats. Effects could be direct (i.e. damage to or loss of habitats) or disturbance, and indirect (impacts of activities such as dredging on abundance and distribution of species).

Localised landscape and visual impacts. It is expected that these could be minimised, for example through selection of cable routes, sites for development and screening.

Potential impacts on coastal communities, although these would be largely temporary, during construction.

Impacts on cultural heritage, including protected sites and buildings and their settings, and impacts on undesignated or unknown coastal and marine archaeology.

Potential for positive effects on climatic factors, as the development will facilitate renewable energy generation.

Setting regional targets for housing construction.

It is not possible to define development locations or distribution of housing construction at this stage. The option would lead to an increase in development rates in some areas, and potentially overall although in some areas levels may reduce. Generic effects of this type of development are:

Potential for negative impacts on biodiversity, soil, water, cultural heritage and landscape, where the option leads to greater levels of housing construction.

Positive and negative impacts on climatic factors and air quality. New housing construction provides an opportunity to build in improved energy efficiency, renewable energy and waste technologies, thereby contributing to a long term reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from the domestic sector.

Page 261: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

260

Strategic Option Environmental Impacts However, construction is also likely to involve further extraction and

use of materials, transport movements etc. Positive impacts on material assets, as a result of improved

housing stock overall. Effects on population and health would be mixed. Further housing

construction will provide improved housing and this is likely to be more efficient, thereby helping to reduce fuel poverty and improve health. Benefits will depend on location and quality of housing provided, and could be increased where affordability and specific needs are incorporated. There is also potential for negative effects at a local level from construction activities, including noise, dust, vibration.

Building additional new infrastructure.

It is not possible to define development locations or distribution of infrastructure construction at this stage.

Potential for localised negative impacts on biodiversity, soil, water, cultural heritage and landscape, where the policy option leads to greater levels of infrastructure construction. Impacts will depend on the nature, scale and location of the development and the character of the receiving environment.

Potential for negative impacts on air quality in the long term. Whilst additional transport infrastructure capacity may reduce congestion and therefore emissions in the short term, it is also likely to lead to higher volumes of traffic overall. Rail improvements would reduce emissions to air where they support a transition from diesel to electrified services.

Positive impacts on material assets, as a result of improved infrastructure.

Localised impacts on population and health, particularly during construction.

Potential for negative impacts on climatic factors, as a result of emissions from increased transport movements, and due to construction activities and sourcing of materials.

Scottish Planning Policy – Policy Options To give stronger emphasis to economic development within the planning process.

It is assumed that this policy option would lead to higher levels of development overall.

Impacts will depend on the nature, scale and location of the development and the character of the receiving environment.

Increased overall levels of economic development could help to reduce climate change emissions where projects support the transition to a low carbon economy, but are also likely to generate emissions by increasing levels of construction, transport movements and lead to further operational activities.

Increased risks of impacts on other environmental receptors including biodiversity, soil, water, cultural heritage and landscape.

Secondary positive effects on population and health may be expected where the option leads to higher levels of economic activity and employment, although there may also be more localised impacts on communities from construction activity.

Page 262: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

261

Strategic Option Environmental Impacts To require more frequent analysis of town centres.

This option is not expected to result in significant environmental effects as it focuses on procedural matters.

There is potential for environmental benefits, where impacts and environmental quality are included within the review process.

Effects may be more significant for receptors including population and health, cultural heritage and material assets.

Not broadening the coverage of town centre reviews.

This option is not expected to result in significant environmental effects as it focuses on procedural matters.

There is potential for environmental benefits, where impacts and environmental quality are included within the review process.

Effects may be more significant for receptors including population and health, cultural heritage and material assets.

To define generosity allowance further. To vary requirements for housing land provision in accordance with confidence on deliverability.

It is not possible to define development locations or distribution of housing construction at this stage. For the purposes of the assessment it is assumed the option would lead to an increased level of development overall. Generic effects of this type of development are:

Potential for negative impacts on biodiversity, soil, water, cultural heritage and landscape, where the option leads to greater levels of housing construction.

Positive and negative impacts on climatic factors and air quality. New housing construction provides an opportunity to build in improved energy efficiency, renewable energy and waste technologies, thereby contributing to a long term reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from the domestic sector. However, construction is also likely to involve further extraction and use of materials, transport movements etc.

Positive impacts on material assets, as a result of improved housing stock overall.

Effects on population and health would be mixed. Further housing construction will provide improved housing and this is likely to be more efficient, thereby helping to reduce fuel poverty and improve health. Benefits will depend on location and quality of housing provided, and could be increased where affordability and specific needs are incorporated. There is also potential for negative effects at a local level from construction activities, including noise, dust, vibration.

For a continuous windfall allowance to be included in planning assumptions for meeting requirements.

It is not possible to define development locations or distribution of housing construction at this stage. It is assumed the option could result in a more fragmented approach to housing provision overall. Generic effects are:

Potential for negative impacts on biodiversity, soil, water, cultural heritage and landscape, where the policy results in increased cumulative impacts as a result of a less proactively planned approach.

Positive and negative impacts on climatic factors and air quality. New housing construction provides an opportunity to build in improved energy efficiency, renewable energy and waste technologies, thereby contributing to a long term reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from the domestic sector. However, construction is also likely to involve further extraction and use of materials, transport movements etc.

Page 263: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

262

Strategic Option Environmental Impacts Positive impacts on material assets, as a result of improved housing

stock overall. Effects on population and health would be mixed. Further housing

construction will provide improved housing and this is likely to be more efficient, thereby helping to reduce fuel poverty and improve health. Benefits will depend on location and quality of housing provided, and could be increased where affordability and specific needs are incorporated. There is also potential for negative effects at a local level from construction activities, including noise, dust, vibration.

National Parks are required to assess and meet their requirements in full.

For the purposes of the assessment, it is assumed that this policy option will lead to increased development activity within National Park boundaries.

Potential for negative effects on a range of environmental receptors, given the special character and sensitivity of National Parks.

Impacts on biodiversity and landscape could be significant, given that there are nationally and internationally designated sites within these areas.

Impacts on populations and health would be mixed, with positive effects arising from improved housing stock and affordability, but also negative effects at a local level during construction.

Impacts on climatic factors may be positive where the policy strengthens local housing provision and reduces the need to travel to and from the national park areas.

Strategic development plans to set targets for each LDP to provide a 5 year effective supply across local development plan areas.

It is not possible to define development locations or distribution of housing construction at this stage. For the purposes of the assessment it is assumed the option would lead to an increased level of development overall. Generic effects are:

Potential for negative impacts on biodiversity, soil, water, cultural heritage and landscape, where the option leads to greater levels of housing construction.

Positive and negative impacts on climatic factors and air quality. New housing construction provides an opportunity to build in improved energy efficiency, renewable energy and waste technologies, thereby contributing to a long term reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from the domestic sector. However, construction is also likely to involve further extraction and use of materials, transport movements etc.

Positive impacts on material assets, as a result of improved housing stock overall.

Effects on population and health would be mixed. Further housing construction will provide improved housing and this is likely to be more efficient, thereby helping to reduce fuel poverty and improve health. Benefits will depend on location and quality of housing provided, and could be increased where affordability and specific needs are incorporated. There is also potential for negative effects at a local level from construction activities, including noise, dust, vibration.

Effects would be fully established at the SDP level, and within LDPs and the accompanying SEA of each.

Page 264: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

263

Strategic Option Environmental Impacts For affordable housing provision to amount to no more than 25%.

For the purposes of the assessment it is assumed that this option would reduce the levels of affordable housing overall.

This could reduce negative impacts from construction on a range of receptors, including biodiversity, soil, water, air, cultural heritage and landscape.

There would be mixed effects on population and health. Whilst the option would reduce positive effects including on disadvantaged communities where it reduces provision of affordable housing, localised impacts of housing construction would also reduce.

No significant impacts on climatic factors are expected from this policy option.

For business land audits to be carried out.

This option is not expected to result in significant environmental effects as it focuses on procedural matters.

There is potential for environmental benefits, where impacts and environmental quality are included within the land audit process.

Secondary positive effects on population and health may be expected where the option leads to higher levels of economic activity and employment, although there may also be more localised impacts on communities from construction activity.

To provide green infrastructure using place making approach, rather than standards based.

This option could result in positive effects on population and health, where it shifts the policy emphasis from quantity towards quality of open space provision. Improved greenspaces are likely to provide opportunities for active travel and recreation, and contribute to improved quality of life overall.

The option could also have benefits for other environmental receptors, where they help to improve the multifunctionality and quality of open spaces, and increase a focus on their role as part of ecosystems.

To require proposals for heat mains and connections

This option would facilitate increased levels of renewable and waste heat, thereby helping to meet the wider target for heat. Positive effects on climatic factors are therefore expected.

Potential for further positive effects on population and health, where this helps to address fuel poverty and improve the resilience of the housing stock.

Other environmental receptors may benefit from anticipating needs and providing infrastructure as part of development, as impacts from retrofitting may include issues for soils, biodiversity and the water environment.

To say more community benefits

For the purposes of the assessment, it is assumed that this will not lead to higher levels of renewable energy developments overall, but this will depend on the options and approaches suggested by consultees.

Positive impacts on population and health are expected overall, where the option leads to higher levels of community and local ownership and therefore increased benefits for people. There would be particular benefits where this type of development addresses fuel poverty. Potential for further secondary benefits from increased community income and infrastructure.

There will, however, be localised effects including from construction that are required to be addressed through the planning process.

Other generic effects from renewable energy will depend on the technologies, location and scale of development by may include impacts on biodiversity, landscape, cultural heritage, soil and water.

Page 265: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

264

Strategic Option Environmental Impacts Potential benefits for material assets through improved

infrastructure. To require Strategic Flood Risk Assessment to inform the location of development.

This option would strengthen the role of SFRA within the development planning process.

Significant positive effects on the water environment and flood risk management could be expected.

There may also be secondary benefits for population and health where the option is more effective in avoiding and addressing flood risk.

Minor secondary benefits may also arise in relation to climate change adaptation.

To increase requirements for sustainable design measures to assist with flood risk management.

This option would ensure that the built environment, design and placemaking makes a more direct contribution to flood risk management.

Significant positive effects on the water environment and flood risk management could be expected.

There may also be secondary benefits for population and health where the option is more effective in avoiding and addressing flood risk.

This type of design could have mixed effects on cultural heritage, and would require sensitive planning and consenting.

There may be secondary benefits for other receptors, particularly biodiversity where the option leads to increased naturalisation of the built environment.

Minor secondary benefits may also arise in relation to climate change adaptation.

To not require planning where the Controlled Activities Regulations apply.

This option aims to streamline the consenting process, and is not expected to generate environmental impacts, given that the Controlled Activities Regulations would address impacts on the water environment.

Page 266: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

265

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS Development Summary Outline of potential effects A Low Carbon Place

Strategic Port and Harbour Enhancements – Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters - North West Coast Port and Harbour Enhancements

Enhancement and expansion of the ports and harbours to promote and support the expansion of the marine renewables industry. Proposals range from development at specific locations, including NRIP sites, and nation-wide opportunities.

Potential negative effects on protected areas close to ports and harbours due to increased disturbance and impacts on water quality.

Support for climate change objectives. Development will also increase levels of use and activity at ports which may increase greenhouse gas emissions.

Local level negative impacts on air quality resulting from increased transport movements.

Local negative impacts on water quality resulting from increased transport and possible construction activities.

Potential impacts on sedimentation as a result of changes in coastal structures and dredging requirements.

West of Hebrides Marine Renewables Innovation Zone

The area West of Hebrides in respect of the following technologies: Wave Energy Conversion; Deep Water Offshore Wind.

Potential negative impacts on marine mammals and habitats from construction, electromagnetic frequency, and operation of turbines.

Support for climate change objectives. Secondary positive impacts on air quality. Potential local negative effects on water quality

from construction activity. Potential local negative impacts on sediments and

coastal processes. Potential local negative impacts on unknown

archaeological resources. Landscape and seascape change arising from the

presence of turbines and associated infrastructure. New Power Station and Transhipment Hub at Hunterston

Power generation; fuel storage yard; carbon capture infrastructure; container transhipment hub; maritime construction and decommissioning yard; related industrial processes; renewable energy testing, assembly manufacturing and servicing; associated environmental works

The proposed development uses a previously developed site but includes development of additional infrastructure. This could help to minimise negative effects on biodiversity, including habitat loss, impacts on sensitive coastal areas and disturbance to bird species. There may be short term impacts on biodiversity during construction. The development of the transhipment hub may have impacts on biodiversity resulting from dredging, increased boat traffic and pollution risk.

Burning fossil fuels and increasing shipping activity has air quality impacts which may affect health.

Potential impact on local community during construction and operation.

Use of fossil fuels has negative effects on emission of greenhouse gases, but the development aims to reduce this through increasing deployment of carbon capture and storage technology.

Thermal power stations will result in discharge of cooling water to adjacent coastal waterbodies. Increased risk of water pollution from vessels.

Impacts on soil are expected to be minor, but the use of coal is likely to result in continued production of ash which requires disposal and can impact on soils and sediments.

Page 267: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

266

Development Summary Outline of potential effects Development of the site and operational activities

such as ash disposals could result in negative landscape change.

The development supports security of energy supply for carbon based and renewable power generation.

River Clyde Barrage

Barrage at Greenock; deep water port; industrial and development land; road and rail link.

Potential negative effects on Inner Clyde SPA resulting from construction and operation of the barrage.

Positive contribution to climate change objectives, although to an extent increased transport use could generate further emissions.

Local negative impacts on water and air quality from increased boat activity at ports and harbours and during construction and maintenance. There is also potential for sedimentation as a result of changes in coastal structures and dredging requirements, with secondary impacts on the wider environment.

The development could result in both positive and negative landscape and townscape impacts, depending on precise location and design.

Low carbon industrial heat hubs

Development to facilitate the generation, distribution and use of renewable heat in industrial areas with high heat loads, and also the development of district heat networks in the surrounding areas.

Positive contribution to climate change objectives through the development and use of heat networks

Effects on air quality could be mixed and will depend on the fuel and technology deployed. Whilst biomass can generate emissions to air, heat networks would contribute to wider objectives to reduce reliance on fossil fuel generation.

National Heat Supply and Demand Network

A national infrastructure development consisting of a series of strategic heat networks across Scotland, linking significant heat producers with heat users.

Impacts cannot be fully established given the broad scope of this development.

In general the development could be expected to contribute positively to climate change targets, including the 11% renewable heat target.

Localised impacts will depend on locations and technologies, but may include effects on air quality.

Large Scale Storage Capacity

Pumped Storage Potential negative effects on biodiversity including loss of habitat, and impacts on local hydrology.

Positive effect on reducing greenhouse gas emissions by increasing security of supply and supporting renewable energy generation.

Potential local negative effects on hydrology from managing watercourses to balance flow into the closed reservoir system.

Permanent loss of soil during reservoir construction and site development.

Potential significant local landscape impacts resulting from construction of upper and lower storage reservoirs.

Page 268: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

267

Development Summary Outline of potential effects Pumped Storage Dam and Upper

Reservoir, Underground Generating Station, Tailrace structure, Jetty and administration building, System of tunnels and portals for access and ventilation, Water-carrying tunnels, Electricity transmission infrastructure

Potential negative effects on biodiversity resulting from loss of habitat, and impacts on local hydrology.

Positive effect on reducing greenhouse gas emissions by increasing security of supply and supporting renewable energy generation.

Potential local negative effects on hydrology resulting from managing watercourses to balance flow into the closed reservoir system

Permanent loss of soil during reservoir construction and site development.

Potential significant local landscape impacts resulting from construction of upper and lower storage reservoirs, generating station and underground infrastructure.

Possible landscape effects from electricity transmission infrastructure.

SSOS Scapa Flow Strategic Oil Storage facility

Strategic, secure oil storage facility; Cold Cracking facility to refine crude.

Potential significant negative effects on biodiversity due to the proximity of a number of internationally protected sites to the proposed development, and the particular sensitivity of the marine environment in this location

Potentially significant air quality impacts from oil refining activity.

Potentially significant impacts on water quality due to risk of accident from shipping transporting oil.

Potential negative landscape impacts on Hoy and West Mainland National Scenic Area.

Locally Owned Thermal Generating Capacity in central Scotland

High efficiency Combined Cycle Gas Turbine CHP power stations; infrastructure for storage and transmission of heat; carbon capture plant and CO2 pipelines; anaerobic digestion plant and associated pipelines.

Potential negative impacts on biodiversity, water, soil, cultural heritage and landscape from construction of new power stations and pipeline.

Potential negative impacts on local air quality with implications for human health, depending on fuel type used.

Possible benefits for population and health through security of supplies and further opportunities associated with community ownership.

Positive effects on climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions through use of heat networks.

Positive impacts on air quality overall through reducing additional emissions of air pollutants. Local impacts on air quality may, however, result from new CHP power stations.

Development of the Gas National Transmission System

Extensions to existing compressor sites; new compressor sites; new flow control valves; pipeline network modifications

Minor local impacts on biodiversity, water and soil as a result of additional development and modification of existing pipeline.

Positive effect on security of gas supply and infrastructure.

Page 269: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

268

Development Summary Outline of potential effects A Natural Place to Invest

Lochinvar Coal - Canonbie Mine

Exploration of coking coal deposits by; underground deep mining; surface installations. Link to M74 Motorway. Link to West Coast Main Rail Line

Potential negative effects on Natura site, because the site is located upstream of Loch Ken and River Dee Marshes SPA. Mining activity and buildings will result in loss of habitat.

Water quality issues could affect private water supplies in the area.

Indirect negative effects on climate change resulting from extraction of a fossil fuel for combustion. Indirect negative effects by producing coal for coke.

Negative effects on water quality as a result of mining activity, potential impacts on Natura site.

Negative impacts of soil sealing under surface installations and production of slag which will require surface storage also resulting in soil sealing.

Mining activity could result in local impacts on unknown archaeology.

Negative local landscape effects. Positive effect resulting from support for the use of

a material asset. National Ecological Network

Various proposals for a National Ecological Network. Aims to link key sites in public ownership and designated sites, and extends to wider ecosystem development.

Significant positive effects for biodiversity, particularly, but not limited to, designated sites.

Further benefits for wider ecosystems, including soil, water and air.

Potential significant benefits for climate change mitigation and adaptation, depending on the measures deployed.

Likely positive impacts on landscapes, although there may be a need to reconcile competing natural heritage objectives within the network.

Significant benefits for population and health could be expected in the long term.

National Waste Management and Renewable Energy centre, Ardeer, Irvine Bay

National centre of excellence for renewable energy and waste disposal research and development. Waste recycling facilities. Anaerobic Digestion. Gas fired power station. Coastal wind farm. offshore wave and tidal energy. Industrial science park.

Negative effects on biodiversity could arise from habitat loss from construction of the new gas fired power station if these are on greenfield land.

Negative effects on population and human health could arise from amenity impacts due to visual impacts on amenity and air quality impacts of the new power station.

It is not possible to rule out adverse health effects resulting from air emissions from modern well regulated municipal waste incinerators with complete certainty, any potential damage to the health of those living close-by is likely to be very small, if detectable. However potential impacts need to be considered when siting new facilities. Waste management facilities can generate noise, odour and dust. These effects range from small scale effects that can be controlled through operating techniques, to significant issues such as odour from landfill. Waste storage facilities can generate significant odour issues.

Page 270: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

269

Development Summary Outline of potential effects Waste incineration can result in negative air quality.

The area around Ardeer is not identified as having significant issues in relation to particulates or nitrogen dioxide, nor are there any declared AQMA in North Ayrshire. The location of the majority of proposed developments is unknown, therefore it is not possible to identify impacts on AQMA or areas of poor air quality.

The development has a positive effect on climatic factors through generating power from waste, and avoiding direct loss of methane to atmosphere, although it is recognised that greenhouse gases are still emitted from the process.

Negative effects on local amenity resulting from location of waste management infrastructure and emissions to air from the power station.

Negative impacts on water quality associated with run off from waste management infrastructure sites. Effects on water arise from the risk of contamination. In the case of incineration, this can arise from leaching from ash, and whilst landfill can also introduce risk of contamination, this is reported to be low at existing landfill sites in the UK. The water quality of Irvine Bay is of moderate status and waste development at Ardeer should seek to avoid adverse impacts on water quality.

Negative effects of soil sealing from construction of new waste management infrastructure and power station.

Cultural heritage and landscape impacts are dependent on the site level detail and mitigation.

The development supports energy generation, security of supply and waste management infrastructure.

Waste Energy from waste facilities (combined heat and power)

It is not possible to rule out adverse health effects from modern well regulated municipal waste incinerators with complete certainty, any potential damage to the health of those living close-by is likely to be very small, if detectable. HHowever, potential impacts need to be considered when siting new facilities.

Positive effect on climatic factors from burning waste as fuel and drawing benefit as heat and avoiding release of greenhouse gases which would otherwise be a waste emission.

Negative air quality impacts Impacts on water quality should be minimal if

cooling water is handled correctly. Positive reduction in waste volume.

Page 271: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

270

Development Summary Outline of potential effects National Waste Infrastructure Network

Preferred strategic locations for a range of nationally significant waste management infrastructure. Informed by: the waste hierarchy as possible; existing waste management infrastructure and capacity; future projections waste arisings; potential to contribute to heat and power networks; potential to create leverage and synergies with other businesses

Negative effects could arise from habitat loss resulting from construction of new nationally significant waste management developments if these are on greenfield land.

Negative effects could arise on population and human health from amenity impacts due to proximity of populations to waste management infrastructure and air quality issues.

Positive effect on climate of generating heat from waste, avoiding direct loss of methane to atmosphere.

Negative impacts on water quality associated with run off from waste management infrastructure sites.

Negative effects of soil sealing from construction of new waste management infrastructure.

Negative effects of construction of waste infrastructure on setting of cultural heritage and landscape features.

Positive effect on material assets through support for efficient management of waste.

Advanced Gas Plasma Energy from Waste Merchant Facility for Commercial and Industrial Residual Waste Treatment

Centre for advanced plasma gasification development

It is not possible to rule out adverse health effects from modern well regulated municipal waste incinerators with complete certainty, any potential damage to the health of those living close-by is likely to be very small, if detectable. However potential impacts need to be considered when siting new facilities.

Positive effect on climatic factors from burning waste as fuel and drawing benefit as heat and avoiding release of greenhouse gases which would otherwise be a waste emission.

Negative air quality impacts Impacts on water quality should be minimal if

cooling water is handled correctly Positive reduction in waste volume

A successful, sustainable place

Scottish Sustainable Communities Initiative

The 11 SSCI exemplar projects (collectively)

Potential loss of habitat and disruption to habitat networks, but also potential positive effects resulting from habitat creation and enhancement.

Positive effect on human health resulting from creation of new homes and facilities, but potential negative effect on amenity of existing communities.

Potential negative effects resulting from increased travel demand.

Potential negative air quality impacts resulting from increased demand for travel.

Potential flood risk for sites, and development of sites increasing flood risk elsewhere.

Negative effects resulting from soil sealing. Potential negative local impacts on cultural heritage

and landscape.

Page 272: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

271

Development Summary Outline of potential effects Clyde Gateway National Regeneration Priority – Investment For Growth

Extends to 850 ha of the East End of Glasgow and parts of South Lanarkshire comprising the Clyde Gateway URC. Includes Commonwealth Games Infrastructure and major employment locations at Shawfield National Business District and Dalmarnock Regeneration.

Significant positive effects on soils are expected from the role of the project in reclaiming and redeveloping extensive areas of vacant and derelict land.

Construction activities can have negative effects, including on biodiversity, soil and water. These require ongoing mitigation at the plan and project level.

Significant positive effects on population and health are expected, including from the legacy impacts from the Commonwealth games, and the wider improvements to residential amenity, employment creation and reduced derelict land.

Potential for significant positive impacts on landscape and cultural heritage from the overall approach to sustainable regeneration of an extensive area.

The project includes measures to enhance drainage and water infrastructure, thereby providing benefits for the water environment.

Positive effects on climatic factors are likely, although increased construction and transport activity could generate some smaller scale emissions.

A Connected Place Access to Port development at Loch Ryan

M77 improvements; Girvan, Maybole and South Ayrshire Villages road infrastructure improvements/bypasses/signage on A77; rail and bus integration improvements for ferry passengers

Negative effects from loss of habitat, habitat severance and increased barriers to movement resulting from road improvements.

Positive effect on population and human health from improvements to travel time and safety.

Mixed effects on climatic factors and air quality resulting from reduced congestion, but facilitating road travel.

Negative impacts on water quality resulting from construction impacts and run off from road surface.

Negative local impacts on historic environment and potential impacts on unknown cultural heritage. Negative landscape impacts as a result of increased scale of road, and volume of traffic.

The Scapa Flow North Europe Off-shore Container Transhipment Hub – The Hub

Orkney Hub, including ICHL's Next Generation Container Transhipment Hub; expanding green infrastructure; facilitating expansion in renewable energy.

Potential significant negative effects on biodiversity due to the proximity of a number of internationally protected sites to the proposed development, and the particular sensitivity of the marine environment in this area.

Potentially significant impacts on water quality due to increased shipping.

The development would be on brownfield land with positive impacts on the soil resource.

Potential negative impacts on marine heritage including scheduled monuments and historic wreck sites.

Potential negative landscape impacts on Hoy and West Mainland National Scenic Area.

Page 273: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

272

Development Summary Outline of potential effects Links to Loch Ryan Ports

Landward links to Cairnryan ferry port; Improvements identified by the North Chanel Partnership; Rail freight inter-modal facility at Stranraer

Negative effects from loss of habitat, habitat severance and increased barriers to movement resulting from road improvements and rail freight facility.

Positive effect on population and human health from improvements to travel time and safety.

Mixed effects on climatic factors and air quality resulting from reduced congestion and improved rail freight handling, but facilitating road travel.

Negative impacts on water quality resulting from construction impacts of roads and rail freight facility and run off from road surface.

Potential negative local impacts on historic environment and potential impacts on unknown cultural heritage.

Potential negative landscape impacts as a result of increased size and scale of road, and volume of traffic and construction of rail freight terminal.

New HSR Station in Glasgow

High speed rail terminus; Commercial development on adjacent sites

Positive effect on population and human health from improvements to travel time and access to public transport.

Potential negative effects on cultural heritage, water, soil and landscape depending on the location of the station. Site selection and mitigation will influence the extent of these effects

Further High Speed Rail Links

Various proposals for extending coverage of high speed rail. This includes links between cities and from the central belt to the north of Scotland

This is a broad, long term proposal, and so precise effects cannot be fully identified at this stage.

Where the development requires construction of new lines, significant cumulative impacts on biodiversity, soil, water and cultural heritage could arise during construction.

Potential for significant impacts on landscapes, depending on the route and infrastructure required.

Potential benefits for air quality and climatic factors, should the link reduce road transport activity.

Scenic Routes A82 North of Tarbet; A83 Rest and Be Thankful; A84 Callander to Glen Ogle

There is uncertainty over the extent of biodiversity impacts as they will depend on the design and scale of the improvements.

Minor positive effects for population and health are likely to result from improved access, economic development, and opportunities for enjoyment of the countryside.

Improvements to the A83 include stabilisation to reduce the threat of landslide providing an adaptation solution to climate change impacts.

Improvements to the roads should reduce congestion and improve air quality.

There is uncertainty over the extent of impacts on water which is dependent on the design and scale of the improvements.

Positive effect on reducing landslides as part of improvements to the A83 and this will help to stabilise soil.

There is uncertainty over the extent of cultural heritage and landscape impacts as these will depend on the design and scale of the improvements.

Page 274: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

273

Development Summary Outline of potential effects A82 Upgrade Improvements to the

A82 Benefits for population and health arising from

improvements to safety. Impacts on communities, from construction require further consideration at the design and implementation stages.

Localised issues around the route require to be taken into account. This includes landscape and biodiversity sensitivities, as well as issues around cultural heritage, soil and water environments.

Improvements to the route could increase road transport activity, with impacts on climate change.

National Tourist Routes

information centres, rest stops and viewing platforms designed to enhance visitor experience.

Mixed effects from increased access and disturbance, with increased management of biodiversity which supports tourism activity.

Minor positive effects are likely to result from improved access and enjoyment of the countryside.

There is uncertainty over the extent of minor negative effects on water, soil, cultural heritage and landscape dependent on design and scale of the improvements.

Superfast Broadband / Improved Digital Links (various proposals)

Provision of infrastructure to deliver superfast broadband to communities, particularly throughout the Highlands and Islands. Installation of new broadband subsea fibre optic cable for the Outer Hebrides and improved infrastructure for Orkney.

Positive effect for population and human health as it reduces the need to travel, increases the viability of rural communities and improves quality of life.

Minor positive effects on climatic factors and air quality resulting from a reduced need to travel.

Strategic Rail Freight Schemes

Gauge Clearance for international shipping containers, Capacity Enhancement Mossend Area, Freight Capacity on West and East Coast Main Lines, Freight Capacity Enhancement Central Belt to Inverness and Aberdeen Infill Electrification to link with existing electrified network, Grangemouth Freight Hub

Potential for negative effects on biodiversity from habitat loss due to access and construction to implement works.

Positive effects on population and human health resulting from reduced road transport.

Positive effects on climatic factors as a result of improved transport infrastructure for freight reducing greenhouse gas emissions from road transport.

Positive effect on air quality as a result of reduced road transport.

Local impacts on water quality, soil and cultural heritage as a result of construction activities

Potential landscape impacts of electrification due to new overhead infrastructure.

Dryport New freight Dryport an inland intermodal terminal directly connected to seaport(s) with high capacity transport mean(s), where customers can leave/pick up their standardised units as if directly to a seaport

Potential negative effects on protected areas as a result of development of a seaport, and large scale land take required for inland intermodal terminal.

Impacts on population and human health could arise from increased road and rail transport to the dryport with impacts on residential amenity and health.

Port development supports sea and rail based freight movement which potentially reduces greenhouse gas emissions and air quality emissions from road transport. Potential local air quality impacts depending on the location of the

Page 275: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

274

Development Summary Outline of potential effects dryport.

Local negative impacts on water quality are likely to result from increased vessel activity at ports and harbours.

Potential impacts on sedimentation as a result of changes in coastal structures and dredging requirements to support sea access, and soil sealing as a result of the inland development.

Local landscape and cultural heritage impacts resulting from sea and land based infrastructure development.

Positive effect on material assets, from enhancing freight handling infrastructure.

Dualling of the A1(T) (various proposals)

Dualling of existing single carriageway sections between Dunbar and the Border. Associated junction alterations and improvements.

Negative effects on biodiversity from damage to or loss of habitat, habitat severance and increased barriers to species movement.

Positive effect on population and human health from improvements to travel time and safety.

Mixed effects on climate and air quality from reduced congestion, but this would be offset by emissions arising from increased road travel.

Negative impacts on water from construction and run off from road surface.

Negative effects of soil sealing resulting from road development.

Negative local impacts on historic environment and potential impacts on unknown cultural heritage.

Negative landscape impacts as a result of increased scale of road, and volume of traffic.

Upgrading of the A720(T) Edinburgh City Bypass (various proposals)

Sheriffhall Roundabout grade separation; Assessment and capacity increase of Old Craighall interchange; Assessment and capacity increases of other junctions. Increased road and junction capacity in the Edinburgh Bypass

Negative effects on biodiversity from damage to or loss of habitat, habitat severance and increased barriers to species movement.

Positive effect on population and human health from improvements to travel time and safety.

Mixed effects on climate and air quality from reduced congestion, but this would be offset by emissions arising from increased road travel.

Negative impacts on water from construction and run off from road surface.

Negative effects of soil sealing resulting from road development.

Negative local impacts on historic environment and potential impacts on unknown cultural heritage.

Negative landscape impacts as a result of increased scale of road, and volume of traffic.

Upgrading of A9 between Dunblane and Inverness (STPR Project 16)

Major junction improvements, especially grade separation, not covered by permitted development rights

Positive effects on population and health are expected from improvements to safety. However, local level issues including impacts of construction on communities will require further consideration.

Potential for significant adverse effects on landscapes, including designated areas such as the Cairngorm National Park. This will require a designed approach to the improvements.

Potential impacts on the setting of historic features. Potential effects on biodiversity, including noise,

vibration and disturbance, damage to or loss of habitats and fragmentation of biodiversity corridors.

Page 276: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

275

Development Summary Outline of potential effects Impacts on designated sites and species will require further consideration.

Potential for impacts on soil during construction, and also possible permanent soil sealing and increased risk to soils from run off. Issues, such as avoidance of areas of peat, will require further consideration at the design stage.

Issues for the water environment include requirements for engineering of watercourses, the need for appropriate drainage measures, and impacts on water quality.

Route design should build in measures to ensure resilience to the future impacts of climate change.

A9 Scrabster – Inverness – Perth improvements

The section of the A9 Trunk road corridor between Scrabster and Perth via Inverness that provides the principal link between the Northern Highlands and Islands and Central Scotland

Many of the issues noted above could also be applicable to any further improvements of the A9 north of Inverness.

Impacts on soil, water, cultural heritage and communities will require further consideration through project design.

There are numerous biodiversity protected sites along the route, including SPAs and SACs around the Dornoch Firth, along the coast, and numerous further biodiversity and geological SSSIs.

Impacts on peatland and associated habitats and species would require consideration

Landscape sensitivities in the area include the Dornoch Firth National Scenic Area. Careful route planning and design would be required at the project level to avoid significant adverse effects on national, regional and locally protected landscapes.

Positive impacts on communities would be expected from safety improvements and increased accessibility. Local level effects from construction on residential amenity would need further consideration.

A96 Dualling This includes the principle of completing a dual carriageway between Aberdeen and Inverness; the provision of appropriate junctions along the route; the provision of high quality pedestrian and cycle links along the route; and associated environmental works.

In general terms the SEA of the A96 corridor masterplan identified potential for negative effects on biodiversity, habitats, soil and water.

Potential effects on air quality and climatic factors arising from road infrastructure improvements. This would be reduced to an extent by provision of further opportunities for walking and cycling.

Page 277: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

276

Development Summary Outline of potential effects Electrification of Rail Network from Glasgow / Edinburgh to Stirling and beyond

Construction / enabling works not covered by permitted development rights: Strategic Rail Network; Edinburgh to Glasgow Improvements Programme; Rail enhancements on the Highland Nain Line between Perth and Inverness; Rail Enhancements between Aberdeen and the Central Belt

Potential for negative effects resulting from habitat loss due to access and construction to implement works. Potential barrier effect to species movement from new lines.

Positive effects on population and human health resulting from reduced travel times and improved access to public transport. Local level construction impacts may require further management.

Positive effects on climatic factors and air quality as a result of improved public transport reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Local impacts on water quality as a result of construction activities

Local impacts on soil from new development and construction of new rail routes.

Potential local negative effects on cultural heritage and landscape, depending on route of line. Impacts arising from construction of new lines, landscape impacts of electrification due to new overhead infrastructure.

Positive improvement to transport infrastructure Electrification of rail Network to Aberdeen and Inverness

Electrification of railway lines between Glasgow/Edinburgh – Aberdeen/Inverness

The STPR SEA identified benefits from further electrification of the strategic rail network.

This includes benefits for material assets through improvement to transport infrastructure.

Minor benefits for air quality and reducing climate change emissions were also expected.

Benefits for population and health from improved accessibility.

Potential negative landscape impacts from overhead lines required for electrification. The setting of cultural heritage features could also be affected.

Other effects during construction could include impacts on communities, air, soil, water and biodiversity, and would require to be addressed through project design and implementation.

STPR Project 15: Edinburgh to Glasgow Rail Improvement Programme

Full implementation of Project including electrification of lines between Edinburgh/Glasgow and Alloa/Dunblane

Scoping of the EGIP identified potential impacts on biodiversity, including designated sites. Impacts could include severance of linear habitats and pathways, and effects on habitats arising from land take. Disturbance and displacement of bats, birds and other species may occur.

Potential benefits for air quality arising from move from diesel fuelled to electrified rolling stock.

Potential impacts on communities from noise and vibration. Electrification can increase noise and vibration on routes and at stations.

Construction could impact on soils, including through contamination, as well as impacts on geology. Potential for loss of arable farmland.

Development could impact on groundwater levels and flow, but some interventions in areas of flood risk could help to address existing problems through measures such as permeable surfaces and SUDS systems. This could also improve the resilience of the route to long term climate change.

Electrification would reduce reliance of fossil fuels

Page 278: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

277

Development Summary Outline of potential effects and provides and provide an opportunity to use renewable electricity sources.

Improved material assets through greater energy efficiency and improved transport infrastructure.

Potential impacts on cultural heritage features and visual impacts on their settings. Overhead cables could impact on landscapes.

STPR Project 17: Highland Mainline Rail Improvements

Improvements to Perth – Inverness railway line to improve rail passenger and freight capacity and reliability, and reduce journey times between Inverness – Perth – Edinburgh/Glasgow.

Positive effects on population through modal shift. Improved material assets through enhancement of

transport infrastructure. Minor benefits for population and health. Improved air quality and reduced greenhouse gas

emissions, benefiting climatic factors. Localised impacts of interventions cannot be fully

established, but could include impacts on biodiversity, water, geology, cultural heritage, soils, and landscape.

Impacts on Natura sites, SSSIs and other areas of natural heritage value would require further consideration at the project level.

Scottish Inter-city Express Network

Enhancements to the inter-city rail infrastructure to include: increased investment in electrification; a new direct link from the Forth Bridge through Fife to improve journey times from the Central Belt to Aberdeen and Inverness; enhancement of the rail track at Usan and others to dual running status; development of interchanges at major cities.

This development has not been specifically assessed as it includes a large number of transport projects.

For general environmental effects, refer to the SEA of the STPR, which sets out specific effects of a wide range of interventions.

Generally positive effects on climatic factors could be expected from the development as a whole. Positive effects on air quality, population and health are also likely.

Potential biodiversity issues in areas such as Montrose may require further consideration in relation to Natura sites.

Improvements to Rail Accessibility

Connecting all settlements with a population of 8,000+ to the rail network. Provision of access to the rail network (new stations) for all settlements adjacent to a rail line with a population of 3,000+. Provision of access to the rail network (new stations) for all remoter settlements adjacent to a rail line with a population of 1,000+.

This development has not been specifically assessed as it includes a large number of transport projects.

For general environmental effects, refer to the SEA of the STPR, which sets out specific effects of a wide range of interventions.

Generally positive effects on climatic factors could be expected from the development as a whole. Positive effects on air quality, population and health are also likely.

Page 279: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

278

Development Summary Outline of potential effects Improvements to Connectivity

Detailed specification of transport improvements throughout Scotland.

This development has not been specifically assessed as it includes a large number of transport projects.

For general environmental effects, refer to the SEA of the STPR, which sets out specific effects of a wide range of interventions.

Improvements to Connectivity

New rail link across Dornoch Firth; passenger and freight capacity upgrade on Thurso-Wick rail line; High speed rail line from Glasgow to Edinburgh and England; Dual track on Highland Main Line from Perth to Inverness

Negative effects resulting from habitat loss due to access and construction to implement works, particularly through construction of bridge across Dornoch Firth and Morrich More SAC and Moray Firth SPA. Potential barrier effect to species movement from new lines.

Positive effects resulting from reduced travel times and access to public transport.

Both positive and negative effects on climatic factors as a result of improved public transport reducing greenhouse gas emissions but an overall increase in travel to the airport will increase emissions.

Positive effect on air quality as a result of improved public transport access to the airport.

Local impacts on water quality as a result of construction activities

Local impacts on soil from new development and construction of new routes.

Potential local negative effects on cultural heritage and landscape, depending on route of line. Impacts arising from construction of new lines, landscape impacts of electrification due to new overhead infrastructure.

Positive improvement to transport infrastructure New Rail Infrastructure

New rail services on Borders rail line; New rail services on Levenmouth and Alloa Dunfermline Rosyth rail lines; New rail stations at Reston, East Linton, Newburgh, Winchburgh, Bonnybridge, Grangemouth; Gauge enhancements for freight services; infrastructure to maximise Borders Rail benefits

Potential positive impacts on population and health arising from improved low carbon transport options.

Impacts from construction on communities would require mitigation through design and construction.

Rail improvements will generally help to improve air quality and to reduce climate change emissions from the transport sector.

Localised effects on soil, water, biodiversity, cultural heritage will depend on the scale, nature and location of the interventions.

The STPR SEA identified potential for adverse effects on biodiversity, water quality, soils and geology and cultural heritage as a result of land take required for the new line to the Borders.

Page 280: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

279

Development Summary Outline of potential effects West of Scotland Public Transport Enhancements

Edinburgh Glasgow Improvement Programme; Improved rail connectivity through and across Glasgow; improved connectivity between rail, subway and bus services; fastlink and services; improvements to transport interchanges rail, bus and park and ride improvements, walking and cycle access to public transport

Partly assessed in relation to other proposals including EGIP and Glasgow Crossrail.

Effects would provide general benefits on population and health, air quality and climatic factors.

Benefits on material assets, through enhanced transport infrastructure would also be expected.

Improved safety through transport enhancements. Localised effects from construction on soil, water,

cultural heritage, landscape and biodiversity would need to be mitigated at the design and construction stages.

Glasgow Crossrail New rail lines and station (?) to allow trains from north and south to connect and allow for trains to pass through Glasgow and continue North or South without passengers having to transfer between Central and Queen Street stations.

Potential benefits to population and health, including improved access to public transport, reduced accidents, improved health and air quality. Construction impacts including dust, noise and vibration would require mitigation at the development stage.

Climate change benefits arising from modal shift to rail, as well as benefits for air quality.

Uncertain effects in the absence of detailed information about the intervention. Construction of a tunnel could impact on cultural heritage, soils, geology and biodiversity.

Page 281: National Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy ... · PDF fileNational Planning Framework 3 Scottish Planning Policy Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report

w w w . s c o t l a n d . g o v . u k

© Crown copyright 2013

You may re-use this information (excluding logos and images) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence. To view this licence, visit http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/ or e-mail: [email protected].

Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned.

ISBN: 978-1-78256-552-9 (web only)

The Scottish GovernmentSt Andrew’s HouseEdinburghEH1 3DG

Produced for the Scottish Government by APS Group ScotlandDPPAS14225 (05/13)

Published by the Scottish Government, May 2013