National MallNational Mall

Amardeep SaraiAmardeep Sarai

HistoryHistory The history and culture associated with the National Mall, the The history and culture associated with the National Mall, the

Washington Monument Grounds, and West Potomac Park as Washington Monument Grounds, and West Potomac Park as National Parks has in fact been an on-going reflection of "American National Parks has in fact been an on-going reflection of "American History" itself. As a setting and back drop to four major History" itself. As a setting and back drop to four major "presidential memorials" (the Washington Monument, the Lincoln "presidential memorials" (the Washington Monument, the Lincoln Memorial, the Thomas Jefferson Memorial, and the Franklin D. Memorial, the Thomas Jefferson Memorial, and the Franklin D. Roosevelt Memorial) as well as currently three "war memorials" Roosevelt Memorial) as well as currently three "war memorials" (the Vietnam Veteran's Memorial, DC War Memorial, and Korean (the Vietnam Veteran's Memorial, DC War Memorial, and Korean War Veteran's Memorial), these three national park reservations are War Veteran's Memorial), these three national park reservations are emblematic of our nation as a free and dynamic people. In essence, emblematic of our nation as a free and dynamic people. In essence, the memorials reflect our nation's democratic system of the memorials reflect our nation's democratic system of government in action. All of these memorials located within what is government in action. All of these memorials located within what is called the Federal Central Enclave of our nation's capital, called the Federal Central Enclave of our nation's capital, Washington, DC, symbolize "milestones" in our country's over two-Washington, DC, symbolize "milestones" in our country's over two-hundred years of history as a "free people." Moreover, all three of hundred years of history as a "free people." Moreover, all three of these national park reservations, throughout the twentieth century, these national park reservations, throughout the twentieth century, have also served as a back drop and rallying ground by which our have also served as a back drop and rallying ground by which our nation's citizens come to gather, to both celebrate and to make nation's citizens come to gather, to both celebrate and to make American History.American History.

In addition to both the White House Grounds area (known In addition to both the White House Grounds area (known as the President's Park) and the U.S. Capitol Building as the President's Park) and the U.S. Capitol Building Grounds, the park's memorials as well continue to this day Grounds, the park's memorials as well continue to this day to serve as significant settings by which our nation's to serve as significant settings by which our nation's citizenry exercises both its constitutional and political rights citizenry exercises both its constitutional and political rights of "freedom of expression." Many different groups of people of "freedom of expression." Many different groups of people who have come to the National Mall, the Washington who have come to the National Mall, the Washington Monument Grounds, and West Potomac Park to be heard do Monument Grounds, and West Potomac Park to be heard do so through "first amendment activities." Such activities so through "first amendment activities." Such activities include holding demonstrations, marches/rallies and include holding demonstrations, marches/rallies and sometimes staged vigils. Once again, all of these instances sometimes staged vigils. Once again, all of these instances are important because they reflect our ongoing free system are important because they reflect our ongoing free system of government here in the United States. Such major of government here in the United States. Such major significant historic events within National Capital Parks-significant historic events within National Capital Parks-Central have included the following: Dr. Martin Luther King, Central have included the following: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr's. "I Have A Dream" speech delivered on the steps of the Jr's. "I Have A Dream" speech delivered on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in West Potomac Park on August 28, 1963; Lincoln Memorial in West Potomac Park on August 28, 1963; the many anti-war marches and demonstrations against the the many anti-war marches and demonstrations against the Vietnam War held along the National Mall, the Washington Vietnam War held along the National Mall, the Washington Monument Grounds, and West Potomac Park during the late Monument Grounds, and West Potomac Park during the late 1960s and early 1970s; the first major Earth Day 1960s and early 1970s; the first major Earth Day celebration held on the Washington Monument Grounds in celebration held on the Washington Monument Grounds in 1971; the Million Man March conducted on the National Mall 1971; the Million Man March conducted on the National Mall Grounds in October 1995 and the Promise Keepers rally Grounds in October 1995 and the Promise Keepers rally held on the National Mall in 1997. held on the National Mall in 1997.

The creation and historical development of the three general The creation and historical development of the three general park reservations within National Capital Parks-Central (listed park reservations within National Capital Parks-Central (listed as the National Mall, the Washington Monument Grounds, and as the National Mall, the Washington Monument Grounds, and West Potomac Park) are divided into two major periods: the West Potomac Park) are divided into two major periods: the Pre-McMillan Period of 1790 to 1900 and the Post-McMillan Pre-McMillan Period of 1790 to 1900 and the Post-McMillan Period from 1901 to the present. From 1791, when Pierre Period from 1901 to the present. From 1791, when Pierre L'Enfant first conceived of the National Mall as a grand-open L'Enfant first conceived of the National Mall as a grand-open promenade, to 1902, when the McMillan Park Commission promenade, to 1902, when the McMillan Park Commission officially presented their plan, the National Mall was in fact officially presented their plan, the National Mall was in fact comprised of not one, but many separate individual parks and comprised of not one, but many separate individual parks and grounds. The history of National Capital Parks-Central may be grounds. The history of National Capital Parks-Central may be divided into five major milestones with its development. They divided into five major milestones with its development. They are as follows: the Pierre L'Enfant Plan of 1791, the Andrew are as follows: the Pierre L'Enfant Plan of 1791, the Andrew Jackson Downing Plan of 1851, the McMillan Commission Plan Jackson Downing Plan of 1851, the McMillan Commission Plan of 1901-02, the Acquisition by the National Park Service in of 1901-02, the Acquisition by the National Park Service in 1933, and the Mall Master Plan of 1966. From 1800 to 1900 1933, and the Mall Master Plan of 1966. From 1800 to 1900 there existed an almost constant deviation from Pierre there existed an almost constant deviation from Pierre L'Enfant's original vision and plan for the city's Federal Central L'Enfant's original vision and plan for the city's Federal Central Enclave. The one significant development during the Enclave. The one significant development during the nineteenth century within the context of the L'Enfant Plan was nineteenth century within the context of the L'Enfant Plan was the building and completion of the Washington Monument. the building and completion of the Washington Monument. The Andrew Jackson Downing Plan of 1851 in fact represented The Andrew Jackson Downing Plan of 1851 in fact represented a departure from the unified formality of the L'Enfant Plan in a departure from the unified formality of the L'Enfant Plan in terms of its landscape architecture.terms of its landscape architecture.

From 1902 onward with the McMillan Park Commission Plan and From 1902 onward with the McMillan Park Commission Plan and Report, the National Mall (Reservation #3), the Washington Report, the National Mall (Reservation #3), the Washington Monument Grounds (Reservation #2), and the newly created Monument Grounds (Reservation #2), and the newly created West Potomac Park (Reservation #332) symbolizes throughout West Potomac Park (Reservation #332) symbolizes throughout the twentieth century a concerted effort and eventual triumph to the twentieth century a concerted effort and eventual triumph to return to and extend upon Pierre L'Enfant's original plan and return to and extend upon Pierre L'Enfant's original plan and vision for the city's Federal Central Enclave. Moreover, the vision for the city's Federal Central Enclave. Moreover, the McMillan Plan is significant because it represents the first effort at McMillan Plan is significant because it represents the first effort at systematic comprehensive urban planning for a major city. The systematic comprehensive urban planning for a major city. The McMillan Commission consisted of a number of renowned and McMillan Commission consisted of a number of renowned and great classical-style architects and landscape architects. They are great classical-style architects and landscape architects. They are as follows: Daniel H. Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted Jr., Charles as follows: Daniel H. Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted Jr., Charles Moore, Augustus Saint-Gaudens , and Charles Follen McKim. Moore, Augustus Saint-Gaudens , and Charles Follen McKim. During the summer of 1901, the McMillan Commissioners traveled During the summer of 1901, the McMillan Commissioners traveled to numerous European cities in an effort to return to the original to numerous European cities in an effort to return to the original ideas and conceptions of L'Enfant's Plan. Upon their return to the ideas and conceptions of L'Enfant's Plan. Upon their return to the United States in the fall of 1901, these men set about the task of United States in the fall of 1901, these men set about the task of what becomes known as the McMillan Commission Plan and what becomes known as the McMillan Commission Plan and Report. Their official proposal is presented to the American public Report. Their official proposal is presented to the American public in February of 1902. In the decades that followed, all subsequent in February of 1902. In the decades that followed, all subsequent developments and park master plans as well as general developments and park master plans as well as general management plans under the National Park Service, National management plans under the National Park Service, National Capital Parks-Central have successfully adhered to the general Capital Parks-Central have successfully adhered to the general principles of the 1901-02 McMillan Plan. Finally, adherence to the principles of the 1901-02 McMillan Plan. Finally, adherence to the McMillan Plan's principles throughout the twentieth century has McMillan Plan's principles throughout the twentieth century has resulted in the creation of a unified park that is to be forever resulted in the creation of a unified park that is to be forever symbolized as a "Pageant to over 200 years of American History." symbolized as a "Pageant to over 200 years of American History."

Geometric Analysis Geometric Analysis

Washington MonumentWashington Monument Height 555 feet 51/8 inches (169.29 meters)Height 555 feet 51/8 inches (169.29 meters) Width at base 55 feet 11½ inchesWidth at base 55 feet 11½ inches Width at top of shaft 34 feet 5½ inchesWidth at top of shaft 34 feet 5½ inches Total weight of monument 90,854 tons Total weight of monument 90,854 tons

(82,421.4 metric tons)(82,421.4 metric tons) Total number of blocks in monument 36,491Total number of blocks in monument 36,491

BibliographyBibliography Officially established in 1965, National Mall & Memorial Officially established in 1965, National Mall & Memorial

Parks (NMMP) contains some of the oldest protected park Parks (NMMP) contains some of the oldest protected park lands in the National Park Service. The sprawling lands of lands in the National Park Service. The sprawling lands of the National Mall & Memorial Parks include the Mall, the the National Mall & Memorial Parks include the Mall, the public promenade extending from 3rd Street near the public promenade extending from 3rd Street near the Capitol to 14th Street. The National Mall is the continuation Capitol to 14th Street. The National Mall is the continuation of that space where congressionally authorized park icons, of that space where congressionally authorized park icons, such as the Washington Monument, WWII and Lincoln such as the Washington Monument, WWII and Lincoln Memorials stand. This historic expanse is the linear area Memorials stand. This historic expanse is the linear area between the Potomac River and Capital Reflecting Pool. In between the Potomac River and Capital Reflecting Pool. In addition to the memorial core, the park includes some 156 addition to the memorial core, the park includes some 156 reservations, circles, fountains and other open spaces, all of reservations, circles, fountains and other open spaces, all of which serve as the nation’s front yard. Ford’s Theatre, The which serve as the nation’s front yard. Ford’s Theatre, The House where Lincoln died, Potomac Park, Hains Point and House where Lincoln died, Potomac Park, Hains Point and Pennsylvania Avenue NHS are also among the park Pennsylvania Avenue NHS are also among the park managed areas that constitute NMMP. Having over 1,000 managed areas that constitute NMMP. Having over 1,000 acres of National Park Service managed land within the acres of National Park Service managed land within the Nation’s Capital, National Mall & Memorial Parks provides Nation’s Capital, National Mall & Memorial Parks provides visitors with abundant opportunities to commemorate visitors with abundant opportunities to commemorate presidential legacies; honor the courage, sacrifice and presidential legacies; honor the courage, sacrifice and devotion to duty of war veterans; celebrate the United devotion to duty of war veterans; celebrate the United States commitment to freedom, equality and democratic States commitment to freedom, equality and democratic ideals; and enjoy symbolic architecture, historic vistas and ideals; and enjoy symbolic architecture, historic vistas and renowned natural landscapes. renowned natural landscapes.

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