NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS NOTIFICATION Web viewThe notifier estimates approximately 25% will be...

File No: NA/628

February 2001

NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS NOTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT SCHEME

FULL PUBLIC REPORT

Alkane 8

This Assessment has been compiled in accordance with the provisions of the Industrial Chemicals (Notification and Assessment) Act 1989 (the Act) and Regulations. This legislation is an Act of the Commonwealth of Australia. The National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS) is administered by the National Occupational Health and Safety Commission which also conducts the occupational health & safety assessment. The assessment of environmental hazard is conducted by the Department of the Environment and the assessment of public health is conducted by the Department of Health and Aged Care.

For the purposes of subsection 78(1) of the Act, copies of this full public report may be inspected by the public at the Library, National Occupational Health and Safety Commission, 92-94 Parramatta Road, Camperdown NSW 2050, between the following hours:

Monday - Wednesday 8.30 am - 5.00 pm Thursday 8.30 am - 8.00 pmFriday 8.30 am - 5.00 pm

Copies of this full public report may also be requested, free of charge, by contacting the Administration Coordinator on the fax number below.

For enquiries please contact the Administration Coordinator at:

Street Address: 92 Parramatta Rd Camperdown, NSW 2050, AUSTRALIAPostal Address: GPO Box 58, Sydney 2001, AUSTRALIATelephone: (61) (02) 9577-9514 FAX (61) (02) 9577-9465

DirectorChemicals Notification and Assessment

FULL PUBLIC REPORT NA/628

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NA/628

FULL PUBLIC REPORT

Alkane 8

1. APPLICANT

Hellay Laboratories Pty Ltd of 8/9 Monterey Rd DANDENONG VIC 3075 has submitted a standard notification statement in support of its application for an assessment certificate for Alkane 8.

2. IDENTITY OF THE CHEMICAL

For the notified chemical, Alkane 8, the following items of information are exempted from publication in the Full Public Report and the Summary Report.

chemical name, CAS number,molecular and structural formulae, molecular weight,spectral data, anddetails of the chemical composition

Other Names: Alkane 8

Trade Names: MCP 1596, SHF 56

Method of Detection andDetermination: UV, IR, NMR and gas chromatography

Alkane 8 is not considered to be a hazardous substance under health effects criteria, based on the nature of the chemical and data provided.

3. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Appearance at 20°Cand 101.3 kPa: colorless viscous liquid

Melting Point: < -20C (92/69/EEC Method A1)

Boiling Point: >185°C at 101.3 kPa (differential scanning colorimetry method, 92/69/EEC Method A2)


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Specific Gravity: 0.818 at 20°C (pycnometer method, 67/548/EEC Method A3)

Vapour Pressure: 3.2 x 10-11 kPa at 25°C (vapour pressure balance, 92/69/EEC Method A4)

Water Solubility: < 9.17x10-5 g/L at 20°C (flask method, 67/548/EEC Method A6)

Partition Co-efficient(n-octanol/water): log Pow >4.96 (flask method, 67/548/EEC Method A8)

Hydrolysis as a Functionof pH: not determined (see comments below)

Adsorption/Desorption: Log Koc > 4.53 (HPLC Screening Method)

Dissociation Constant: not determined (see comments below)

Flash Point: 2252°C (closed cup)

Flammability Limits: not determined (see comments below)

Autoignition Temperature: 3445°C

Explosive Properties: not explosive

Reactivity/Stability: stable to light and heat

Fat Solubility: miscible at 37C (OECD TG 106)

Comments on Physico-Chemical Properties

Tests were performed according to EEC and OECD test guidelines at facilities complying with OECD Principles of Good Laboratory Practice. Full test reports were provided (Hogg, 1997, Tremain, 1997a,b).

The notified chemical decomposes from 185C prior to boiling.

The concentration of notified chemical in the sample solutions was determined by gas chromatography (GC). The concentration (water solubility) was determined to be less than 9.17x10-5 g/L, the limit of detection.

Hydrolysis and dissociation testing were not conducted due to the low water solubility. The notifier claims that the notified chemical will not hydrolyse or dissociate because it is a branched chain alkane and does not contain functional groups that could change the hydrolysis potential or dissociable groups. It is noted that the substance contains no functionalities that would be subject to hydrolysis or dissociation under the expected


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environmental conditions of use.

From the report provided by the notifier, the procedure to determine the adsorption coefficient was that outlined in the draft “HPLC-screening method for the determination of the adsorption-coefficient on soil comparison of different stationary phases” by Kördel, Stutte and Kotthoff (Hogg, 1997). The soil adsorption coefficient of greater than 3.39x104 indicates that the notified chemical will be immobile in soil (McCall, Laskowski & Dishburger, 1981).

The notified chemical was determined to be miscible in all proportions with standard fat at 37.0C. Observations indicated the notified chemical had formed one phase after shaking.

The notifier claimed that flammability and pyrophoric tests were not conducted since negative results are expected in view of experience in use and handling. An explosive test was not conducted since a negative result would be expected in view of the chemical structure.

4. PURITY OF THE CHEMICAL

Degree of Purity: high

5. USE, VOLUME AND FORMULATION

The notified chemical is used as a base fluid in synthetic automotive and hydraulic lubricants. The notifier estimates approximately 25% will be used in industrial applications and 75% in automotive applications. The concentration of the notified chemical will be 60-90% for automotive engine oils and 30-50% for hydraulic fluids. Hydraulic fluids have many uses, including fluids for car automatic transmissions, brakes and power steering. They are also used in machines such as farm and construction equipment. Hydraulic fluids are also used in many types of industrial machinery.

The notified chemical will not be manufactured in Australia. It will be imported as a component of a finished product in 200 L steel drums or in 20 000 L iso-containers. Import volumes for the notified chemical are as follows:

Year 1 2 3 4 5Import Volume (tonnes) 100 154 300 300 —

Some of the imported product containing notified chemical will be repackaged into 1 L and 4 L containers for sales direct to the public. This will be undertaken by one oil company at one site. Repackaging may utilize pumps operated by hand, air or electrical means. However, automated pumps will be used for repackaging the notified chemical from iso- containers and the majority of drums.

6. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE

Dermal contamination is considered to be the main route of occupational exposure. As the


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notifier will import product containing the notified chemical, the exposure will be restricted to the product only. The notified chemical is not volatile, however, inhalational exposure may occur if oil mists are generated.

Transport and storageExposure to transport workers is possible in the rare event of an accident. In the event of a transport accident, the spill is to be contained and precautions taken to prevent contamination of soil and surface water entering drains.

Repackaging into 1 L and 4 L containers (for public use)The number of the workers exposed to the notified chemical during repackaging is not provided. Repackaging will occur mainly at one commercial site. Occupational exposure may occur during transfer, clean-up of used containers, disposal of used containers and indirectly via contamination on the outside of containers.

On the arrival of the iso-containers or drums, the product containing the notified chemical will be repackaged into 1 L and 4 L small containers. Pumps are used to transfer the products into repackaging equipment. A pump will be inserted into the bung opening of the drum. The pump may be manual or automatic. Manual pumping typically involved smaller volumes as the purpose is to provide samples to send to customers. The simplest type of manual pump is hand operated with a closable return actuated by a spring, which will return drippage to the drum without the possibility of contamination. Automated pumps will be used for repackaging the notified chemical from iso-containers and the majority of drums. Automatic pumps can be operated by electricity or compressed air. Air driven pumps may generate oil mist. This may cause some degree of occupational exposure.

Dermal exposure may occur during the cleaning and maintenance of pump equipment. Pump equipment will be cleaned by either having air blown through the lines, or flushing them with water or an organic solvent (depending on the compatibility with other products). Exposure to drips and spills may occur may occur when workers connect and disconnect transfer lines, particularly when manual pumps are used. When the containers are put into cardboard boxes, packaging workers may experience dermal exposure if hydraulic fluid contaminates the outside of the containers.

Used drums and iso-containers will be cleaned and collected by a reconditioner. Washings from the cleaning process will be passed to an on-site waste water treatment plant and the drums and iso-containers will be put back into circulation. Cleaning workers may become contaminated with the notified chemical.

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for Alkane 8 states that the notified chemical should be used in well ventilated area and industrial eye protection practices should be employed. Workers employed in handling oils are normally equipped with chemical impervious gloves and standard industrial work clothes.

End useEnd users of the products containing the notified chemical include automotive mechanics, and industrial plant operators, including maintenance workers. Thousands of workers could be exposed to the notified chemical.


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For automotive applications, workers such as garage mechanics may receive frequent skin exposure while charging and draining the engine. Automotive oil contains a high percentage (60-90%) of the notified chemical. The oil is transferred typically via a funnel into the engine. Oil drained from engines is usually poured into a spent oil container for collection by a contractor. Protective clothing worn by garage mechanics is likely to be limited to overalls, therefore, dermal exposure would be the predominant route of exposure.

Workers involved in the maintenance and repair of machines and equipment may also be contaminated with the notified chemical. Hydraulic fluids contain less of the notified chemical (at 30-50%) than in automotive engine oils. The notifier did not provide any information on the use pattern or frequency of use for these workers.

Workers handling the hydraulic fluid may be exposed dermally to drips and spills when adding and removing the oil from enclosed change systems. Workers may also become contaminated with spent oil when removing it for disposal.

DisposalWaste oil contractors remove spent oil from industrial and automotive service sites. They may experience dermal exposure from drips and spills as the used oil is pumped into and removed from tanks. The oil is either then burned as fuel or disposed of by high temperature incineration. Protective clothing for contractors is likely to be limited to overalls and possibly gloves.

7. PUBLIC EXPOSURE

Automotive oils will be supplied to automotive supply stores, automotive garages and automotive dealers. Release to the environment of the oils may occur due to engine leaks and during engine oil changes. Residues in the 1L and 4L containers used by the general public are estimated at < 8 g. The containers are made of recyclable plastic and consumers are encouraged to recycle them.

It is expected that there will be widespread public exposure to the notified chemical as the automotive oil containing the notified chemical is sold directly to the public. Public exposure will occur when changing the oil at home where dermal exposure to the automotive oil is the most likely exposure route. There will be minimal public exposure from use as industrial oil.

8. ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE

Release

The finished lubricant product will be fully imported. Some repackaging into 1 L and 4 L containers for commercial use will be required. The pumps and repackaging equipment will be cleaned by having air blown through the lines, or flushing them with water or a solvent (depending upon the compatibility with other products). The resultant waste will be collected by a hazardous waste disposal company.

During use, the finished automotive lubricant oils containing the notified chemical are


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generally considered to be contained in the sumps of diesel and gasoline engines until the lubricant is changed. The notifier claims that the new synthetic oil product has a longer life than mineral based oils, thus its draining interval is longer. In industrial situations the chemical product will be used as a hydraulic fluid. This will involve the manual addition to and removal of hydraulic fluid from various systems. However, these fluids are rarely changed and hydraulic systems are considered closed with limited potential for environmental exposure.

Release of the lubricants to the environment may occur due to leaks and spills, and during oil/lubricant changes. Some of the notified chemical will be combusted during use. Collected used oil and lubricants will be either reused, recycled, cleaned or burnt (for their fuel value).

The notifier has estimated the residue of notified chemical remaining in the 200 L drums to be < 0.2 kg and in the iso-containers < 25 kg. Empty drums and iso-containers will be collected by a reconditioner, with washings from the cleaning process passed to an approved on-site waste water treatment plant. The drums and iso-containers will be put back into circulation. Residues in the 1 L and 4 L containers used by the general public are estimated at< 8 g. The notifier claims that consumers are encouraged to recycle these containers. However, it is expected that most of these will be disposed of to landfill.

Fate

The notified chemical will be used in lubricants and will share their fate. Therefore, most spent oil will be combusted (if used for fuel value) or recycled. A minor component will be released to the environment from spills and leaks, but this would be widely dispersed. If the notified chemical was washed off road surfaces, it is expected to be adsorbed to the adjacent soil and sediments.

Collection of waste lubricants is more easily accomplished from industrial and commercial users than from the section of the community that changes its own engine oil (the do-it- yourself (D-I-Y) market (ANZECC, 1991)). It is claimed that the D-I-Y market accounts for 4.9% of total oil sales in Australia (14% of auto-engine oil sales), though the availability of this oil for collection is not well understood (Snow, 1997). This could potentially lead to a release of used oil to the environment. The 1995 survey undertaken by the Australian Institute of Petroleum (Anon, 1995) determined that 56% of used oil 1 will be collected. The balance (44%) will remain uncollected, either stored, or disposed of inappropriately, e.g. through burial, landfill and stormwater drains, used as fence paint or dust suppressant or to kill grass.

The notified chemical has been determined to be not readily biodegradable in the CO2

Evolution (Modified Sturm) Test (Armitage, 1998). The chemical attained 51.9% degradation (of theoretical) after 28 days and therefore cannot be considered biodegradable under the strict terms and conditions of the OECD Guideline TG 301B. However, the

1 Used oil is defined as oil contaminated through use that has the potential for collection. It is approximately 41% of total Australian lubricant sales, with the balance consumed (combusted) during use.2 The guideline requires 60% degradation within 28 days. This level must be reached within 10 days after 10%degradation.


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guideline states that because of the stringency of the test, a result less than 60% yield of CO2

within 28 days does not necessarily mean that the test compound is not biodegradable under environmental conditions (OECD, 1981). The chemical was found to be non-inhibitory to the sewage sludge micro-organisms used in the study.

The primary biodegradability of the notified chemical was assessed using the Coordinating European Council’s CEC L-33-A-93 test method (Low, 1997). This method evaluates the primary biodegradability of lubricants in water. Test flasks containing mineral salts, the notified chemical (49 mg/L) and a sewage inoculum were incubated. Poisoned flasks containing the same and mercuric chloride (to inhibit microbial activity) were run in parallel. After 21 days, primary biodegradability, expressed as the percentage difference in residual oil content between the poisoned flasks and the respective test flasks, was determined to be 85%.

The potential for bioaccumulation was not determined. Due to the chemical’s molecular weight (458 g/mol), partition coefficient (log KOW > 4.96) and fat solubility, bioaccumulation may be perceived as an issue of concern (Connell, 1989). However, the very low water solubility (less than 2.02x10-4 mole/m3) should reduce this potential. Also, the notified chemical is expected to undergo significant degradation in the environment. In any event, significant exposure to aquatic organisms should not occur, as any environmental release should be low and diffuse throughout Australia. Therefore, bioaccumulation is unlikely.

9. EVALUATION OF TOXICOLOGICAL DATA

9.1 Acute Toxicity

Summary of the acute toxicity of Alkane 8

Test Species Outcome Reference

acute oral toxicity

acute dermal toxicity

skin irritation

rat

rat

rabbit

LD50 >2000 mg/kg

LD50 >2000 mg/kg

slight irritant

Hempstock, 1997a

Hempstock, 1997b

Hempstock, 1997ceye irritation rabbit slight irritant Hempstock, 1997dskin sensitisation guinea pig not sensitising Hempstock, 1997e

9.1.1 Oral Toxicity (Hempstock, 1997a)

Species/strain: Sprague-Dawley rat

Number/sex of animals: 5 males, 5 females

Observation period: 14 days

Method of administration: gavage


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Clinical observations: no signs of treatment related toxicity were noted

Mortality: nil

Morphological findings: no treatment related abnormalities were noted.

Test method: limit test, based on OECD TG 401 (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1995-1996)

LD50: > 2 000 mg/kg

Result: Alkane 8 had very low acute oral toxicity in rat

9.1.2 Dermal Toxicity (Hempstock, 1997b)

Species/strain:

Number/sex of animals:

Observation period:

Method of administration:

Clinical observations:

Sprague-Dawley rat

5 males, 5 females

14 days

semi-occluded patch; 24 hour exposure

no signs of dermal irritation and no treatmentrelated signs of systemic toxicity were noted

Mortality: nil

Morphological findings: no treatment related abnormalities were noted

Test method: limit test, in accordance with OECD TG 402 (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1995-1996)

LD50: > 2 000 mg/kg

Result: Alkane 8 had very low acute dermal toxicity in rats

9.1.3 Inhalation Toxicity

No study was available.

9.1.4 Skin Irritation (Hempstock, 1997c)

Species/strain: New Zealand White rabbits


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Number/sex of animals: 3 male


Method of administration: a single 4-hour, semi-occluded application of neatmaterial (0.5 mL) to intact skin

Draize scores (Draize, 1959):

Time after Animal #treatment (days)

Erythema

1 2 3

1 1a 1 2

2 0 0 1

3 0 0 1

7 0 0 0

Oedema

1 0 1 1

2 0 0 0

3 0 0 0

7 0 0 0a see Attachment 1 for Draize scales

Test method: in accordance with OECD TG 404 (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1995-1996)

Result: slight erythema was noted at all treated skin sites at one hour after patch removal.

Alkane 8 is a slight irritant to rabbit skin.

9.1.5 Eye Irritation (Hempstock, 1997d)

Species/strain: New Zealand White rabbits

Number/sex of animals: 3 male


Method of administration: 0.1 mL into conjunctival sac of one eye.


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Draize score: Draize scores for cornea, iris and conjunctiva (redness, chemosis and discharge) were zero for all the animals during the study except one rabbit had Draize score of 1 for redness 24 hours after application

Result: Moderate conjunctival irritation was noted in two treated eyes with minimal conjunctival irritation in the remaining eye one hour after treatment.Minimal conjunctival redness was noted in one treated eye at 24 hr observation. Two treated eyes appeared normal at 24 hr observation. One treated eye appeared normal at 48 hr observation.

Alkane 8 is a slight irritant to rabbit eye.

9.1.6 Skin Sensitisation (Hempstock, 1997e)

Species/strain: female Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs

Number of animals: 20 test, 10 control

Induction procedure: Day 0: three intradermal injections (0.1 mL each)made with Freund’s Complete Adjuvant plus distilled water (1:1 ratio), 25% (w/v) of test material in arachis oil B.P., and 25% (w/v) of test material in 1:1 preparation of Freund’s Complete Adjuvant plus distilled water.

Day 7: neat test material applied with occlusive dressing for 48 hours.

Challenge procedure: Day 21: use 50% (w/v) and 25% (w/v) of Alkane 8in arachis oil BP for a dermal application of 24 hours.

Challenge outcome:

Test animals Control animalsChallengeconcentration 24 hours* 48 hours* 24 hours 48 hours

25% 0**/19*** 0/19 0/10 0/10

50% 0/19 0/19 0/10 0/10


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* time after patch removal** number of animals exhibiting positive response

*** one animal in test group found dead on Day 15

Test method: Magnusson and Kligman maximisation study, in accordance with OECD TG 406 (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1995- 1996)

Result: Alkane 8 was not a skin sensitizer in guinea pigs

9.2 Repeated Dose Toxicity (Thomas, 1997)

Species/strain: Sprague-Dawley rats

Number/sex of animals: 5/sex/group (including control group)

Method of administration: oral administration (gavage)

Dose/Study duration: 150, 400 and 1 000 mg/kg/day in arachis oil BP for28 consecutive days

Clinical observations: One control female showed a small, dorsal scab onDay 8 whilst two 150 mg/kg/day females and one female from the 1000 mg/kg/day treatment group showed fur loss and/or red/brown staining. All animals showed normally expected body weight gain development throughout treatment. There was no adverse effect on dietary intake.

Clinical chemistry/Haematology

There were no treatment related changes detected in the blood chemical and haematological parameters measured. Analysis of the data did not reveal any statistically significant intergroup differences.

Gross pathology: Two females treated with 1 000 mg/kg/day showed pallor of the liver at necropsy. The study authors attributed this to minor variability in the volume of blood removed during exsanguination at terminal kill. One of those animals had a thickened stomach glandular region with a small haemorrhagic area.One 400 mg/kg/day male showed an enlarged, malformed and thickened bladder, hydronephrosis of kidneys and a malformed and small prostate gland at necropsy.


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Histopathology: No treatment related effects were observed.

Organ weights: There were no treatment related changes detected in the organ weights measured.

Test method: similar to OECD TG 407 (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1995- 1996)

Result: Alkane 8 had a no observed effect level (NOEL) of 1 000 mg/kg/day in the repeat dose oral study.

9.3 Genotoxicity

9.3.1 Salmonella typhimurium Reverse Mutation Assay (Thompson, 1997)

Strains: Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, TA100

Concentration range: 0, 50, 150, 500, 1 500 and 5 000 g/plate with orwithout metabolic activation (vehicle: tetrahydrofuran)

Test method: in accordance with OECD 471 (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1995- 1996)

Result: non-mutagenic in bacteria in the presence or absence of rat liver metabolising system

9.3.2 Micronucleus Assay in the Bone Marrow Cells of the Mouse (Durward, 1997a)

Species/strain: CD-1 mouse

Number and sex of animals: 5 males and 5 females per group

Doses: 0, 500, 1 000 and 2 000 mg/kg for 24 hourstreatment group, and 0 and 2 000 mg/kg for 48 hours treatment group(arachis oil for control group)

Method of administration: a single intraperitoneal dose



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Result: no statistically significant increase in frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE), or decreases in the ratio of PCE to normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) were observed in the 24 or 48 hour dosing groups; Alkane 8 was not genotoxic under the test conditions.

9.3.3 Chromosome Aberration Test in Human Lymphocytes in vitro (Durward, 1997b)

Species/strain: human lymphocytes

Doses: experiment 1: 0, 39.06, 78.13, 156.25, 312.5, 625,1 250, 2 500 and 5 000 g/mL with or without metabolic activation

experiment 2: 0, 156.25, 312.5, 625, 1 250, 2 500and 5 000 g/mL with or without metabolic activation for 20 hours treatment group, and 0, 1250, 2 500 and 5 000 g/mL with or without metabolic activation for 44 hours treatment group (vehicle: ethanol)

Test method: according to OECD TG 473 (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1995- 1996)

Result: Alkane 8 did not induce a significant increase in the frequency of cells with chromosome aberrations or polyploid cells with and without metabolic activation, Alkane 8 was non-clastogenic to human lymphocytes in vitro

9.4 Overall Assessment of Toxicological Data

Alkane 8 was of low acute oral and dermal toxicity (LD50 > 2 000 mg/kg for each route) in rats. The limit tests resulted in no deaths of the test species. The notified chemical was found to be slightly irritating to rabbit eyes and skin. Dermal exposure did not result in skin sensitization in guinea pigs.

No acute inhalation study was available. Instead comparative data on inhalation toxicity and molecular weight and size was provided. Studies on related olefins suggest that branched alkanes of low molecular weight may be acutely toxic by inhalation. However, as the molecular weight increases via an increase in olefin molecular size, the inhalation toxicity decreases. The notifier stated that data on 1-dodecene, dimer, hydrogenated (CAS No. 151006-61-0), molecular weight 338, indicates the substance is harmful upon inhalation although this data was not provided. Comparative data on 1-dodecene, trimers, hydrogenated (CAS No. 151006-62-1), molecular weight 506, give an LC50 of 1 500 mg/L. A blend of

f50


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hydrogenated C12 dimers and trimers, with an approximate molecular weight of 358 had an inhalation LC50 of < 3.09 mg/L. A blend of hydrogenated C12 trimers and polymers had an inhalation LC50 of > 5.15 mg/L. Alkane 8 has an average molecular weight of 458 and is a hydrogenated mixture of dimers and trimers. Based on existing data, the acute inhalation toxicity of the notified chemical is expected to be low and warrant at most a harmful classification under the hazardous substances health effects criteria (NOHSC, 1994a).

Rats exposed orally to repeated doses of up to and including 1 000 mg/kg/day showed no clinical signs of toxicity nor statistically significant changes in blood chemical parameters, histological abnormalities, morphological or microscopic changes. The NOEL for the 28 day oral repeat dose study is 1 000 mg/kg/day.

Alkane 8 did not induce gene mutation in Salmonella typhimurium. There was no increased frequency of chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes in vitro. In a mouse micronucleus study, the test material was non-genotoxic.

The notified chemical cannot be determined to be a hazardous substance according to NOHSC Approved Criteria for Classifying Hazardous Substances (National Occupational Health and Safety Commission, 1994a) in relation to the toxicological data provided.

10. ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

The following ecotoxicity studies have been supplied by the notifier. The tests were carried out to OECD Test Methods at facilities complying with OECD Principles of Good Laboratory Practice.

Test Species Results(Loading rate/WAF a)

References

Acute Toxicity Static b, 96 hour OECD TG 203

Acute Immobilisation Static d, 48 hour OECD TG 202 (Pt I)

Chronic Immobilisation Static Renewal d, 21 day OECD TG 202 (Pt II)

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Water Flea (Daphnia magna)

Water Flea (Daphnia magna)

LL50 c > 5 000 mg/L

NOEC = 5 000 mg/L

EL50 e > 5 000 mg/L

NOEC = 5 000 mg/L

EL50 e > 5 000 mg/L

NOEC = 5 000 mg/L

Collins, 1998a

Collins, 1998b

Putt, 1998

Growth Inhibition Static d, 72 hour

Green Alga (Pseudokirchneriella

ErL f

EbL50

> 5 000 mg.L-1

> 5 000 mg.L-1Hoberg, 1998

OECD TG 201 subcapitata) NOEC = 1 000 mg.L-1

a. WAF: Water accommodated fraction.b. Oil-water dispersions of 100, 500, 1 000, 2 000 and 5 000 mg/L.c. LL50 is the loading rate of the test substance in dilution water that causes mortality of 50%. d. WAFs of 100, 500, 1 000, 2 000 and 5 000 mg/L.


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e. EL50 is defined as the effective loading rate of the test substance in dilution water that causes immobilisation of 50%.

f. ErL50 and EbL50 are defined as the effective loading rate of the test substance that reduced growth rate and biomass, respectively, by 50% as compared with the control.

Fish

Preliminary TestRainbow trout were exposed under static conditions to oil-water dispersions with loading rates of 1.0, 10, 100 and 1 000 mg/L. Throughout the 96 hour exposure period, all test loading rates were observed to contain a light surface film which increased with increasing loading rate. No mortalities or sublethal effects were observed.

Definitive TestOil-water dispersions of the notified chemical were prepared using a continuous mixing system with each exposure aquarium containing a glass mixing chamber. The appropriate amount of test substance was added directly into this chamber, with a mechanical mixer used to stir the substance within the mixing chamber throughout the exposure period. During the mixing process, the water soluble portion of the substance was dispersed through the screened narrow openings of the mixing chamber into the exposure section of the test vessel.

Throughout the exposure, all test solutions were observed to be clear and colourless with visible signs of undissolved test substance (i.e. surface film) which increased with increasing test loading rate. The 96-hour measured concentrations of notified chemical in the WAF at loading rates of 100, 500, 1 000, 2 000 and 5 000 mg/L were < 0.021, 0.77, 0.44, 1.3, 0.83 and 2.7 mg/L, respectively.

During the study no loading rate caused 50% mortality. Therefore, the LL50 was empirically estimated to be greater than 5 000 mg/L, the highest loading rate tested. Following test termination, no mortalities or sublethal effects were observed

Daphnids

Acute

Preliminary TestDaphnids were exposed under static conditions to water accommodated fractions (WAFs) of notified chemical with loading rates of 1.0, 10, 100 and 1 000 mg/L. All test solutions were observed to be clear and colourless throughout the 48 hours. No immobilisation or adverse effects were observed among the daphnids.

Definitive TestEach WAF was prepared individually by volumetrically adding the appropriate amount of notified chemical to produce loading rates of 100, 500, 1 000, 2 000 and 5 000 mg/L. These dilutions were then stirred for 24 hours then allowed to stand for 1 hour. At the end of the settling period, all solutions were observed to be clear and colourless with visible signs of undissolved test substance increasing with increasing loading rate. After the settling period, the WAF of each loading was drawn off directly into each replicate exposure vessel.


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The results of the analysis of exposure solutions for the notified chemical concentrations during the exposure period were all below the limit of detection, i.e. < 0.0208 mg/L. Throughout the exposure period, all treatment solutions were observed to be clear and colourless.

During the study, no loading rate caused 50% immobilisation. Therefore, the EL50 was empirically estimated to be greater than 5 000 mg/L, the highest loading rate tested. At test termination, no immobilisation or adverse effects were observed among the daphnids.

Chronic

Preliminary TestIn a 15 day range finding study, daphnids were exposed to loading rates of 100 and 1 000 mg/L under static renewal conditions. After 15 days of exposure, mean survival of 100% was observed among daphnids at both levels. Sixty-seven and 64 offspring per female were released by daphnids exposed to 100 and 1 000 mg/L loading rates, respectively. This compares to 52 offspring per female during the same period by the control organisms.

Definitive TestConsidering the preliminary test results, loading rates were individual WAFs of 100, 500, 1 000, 2 000 and 5 000 mg/L. These were prepared as per the test solutions for the acute Water flea definitive test, as described above. Test solutions were replaced every second day. Except for the 2 000 and 5 000 mg/L loading rates on test day 0 and 10, all the measured concentrations were below the limit of detection, i.e. < 0.0208 mg/L. The highest concentration measured analytically in any loading rate tested was 0.038 mg/L.

Survival of adult daphnids was determined daily, with measurements of offspring production taken daily from day 7. During each observation interval, the offspring were removed, counted and discarded. Observations of abnormal behaviour were made each interval.

At test termination, survival among daphnids exposed to the loading rates tested (100 to 5 000 mg/L) ranged from 90 to 100%. Statistical analysis determined no significant difference between survival at these loading rates and the survival observed among the control daphnids. Considering daphnid survival, the EL50 for the notified chemical was empirically estimated to be greater than 5 000 mg/L, the highest loading rate tested.

Further, the number of offspring per female among daphnids exposed to all loading rates averaged between 150 and 164. This was not significantly different from the number of offspring produced by the control organisms, i.e. 147 offspring per female. Throughout the exposure period, no young were observed to be immobilised in any of the loading rates tested.

The results indicate that a loading rate up to 5 000 mg/L had no adverse effect on survival or reproduction of daphnids. The LOEC is greater than 5 000 mg/L.

Algae


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Preliminary TestThe algae were exposed under static conditions to WAFs with loading rates of 1.0, 10, 100 and 1 000 mg/L. Following 72 hours exposure, average cell densities in the loading rates were 260, 256, 245, 216x104 cells/mL, respectively. The control culture contained an average of 260x104 cells/mL.

Definitive TestThe WAFs were prepared as per the test solutions for the acute Water flea definitive test described above. The algae were exposed to loading rates of 100, 500, 1 000, 2 000 and5 000 mg/L. The 0 and 72 hour measured concentrations were 0.029, 0.048, 0.56, 0.14 and1.6, and 0.031, 0.038, 0.18, 0.11 and 1.9 mg/L, respectively. Although substantially below the loading rates, the measured concentrations of the notified chemical were consistent at each time interval. Based on this consistency, the author believes that the results represent the water solubility limit of the notified chemical at the stated loading rate.

Since less than a 50% reduction in growth rate and biomass was observed at the highest concentration tested, the ErL50 and EbL50 values were empirically estimated to be greater than 5 000 mg/L. The NOEC for both growth and biomass was determined to be 1 000 mg/L, as significant reductions in growth rate and cell biomass were noted at the higher test concentrations, i.e. 1.3% and 2.0% reduction in growth rate and 5.1% and 7.7% reduction in biomass at 2 000 and 5 000 mg/L, respectively.

Upon test termination, subcultures from the 5 000 mg/L solution (the highest loading rate tested) were incubated for six days under conditions consistent with those maintained during the definitive exposure. The exposure concentration was 100 mg/L, the lowest loading rate tested. After six days, cell density increased from 0.92x104 cells/mL to 156x104 cell/mL, indicating that the notified chemical has algistatic rather than algicidal effects on the growth of algae at the highest loading rate tested. However, it is believed that this is inconsequential should exposure be continuous.

Conclusion

The ecotoxicity data for the notified chemical indicates that it is non-toxic to fish, aquatic invertebrates (acute and chronic exposures) and algae up to the limit of its solubility. The chemical was found to be non-inhibitory to sewage sludge micro-organisms in the ready biodegradation study (Armitage, 1998).

11. ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD

The end use of the notified chemical is as a major component of imported automotive and industrial (hydraulic) lubricants. The concentration of the notified chemical will be 60-90% for automotive oils and 30-50% for hydraulic fluids.

The main environmental exposure will be from inappropriate disposal of waste lubricant. A (very much) worst case scenario would be if all the uncollected oil at maximum import volumes was dumped into a sewer in a country centre. This would give a concentration of


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about 29.7 mg/L per day 3. For a major city, the amount would be about 0.30 mg/L per day, due to the much higher dilution factors expected.

However, the notifier has established that 75% of the imported volume will be for automotive uses. The collection of waste lubricants is known to be more easily accomplished from industrial and commercial users than from within the D-I-Y market. The D-I-Y market accounts for 4.9% of total oil sales in Australia (Snow, 1997) and a large proportion of D-I-Y sales are used for top-up purposes and do not generate used oil (Anon, 1995). Therefore, should 4.9% of the imported volume designated for automotive use be inappropriately disposed of via the D-I-Y end users, the concentration in the sewer of a country centre would be about 1.1 mg/L, while for a major city would be 0.01 mg/L.

It is also expected that the notified chemical will be strongly adsorbed to the sludge during the waste water treatment process due to the very low water solubility. Therefore, the actual concentration in the effluent will be significantly less. As availability and use will be Australia wide, and not concentrated in one town or city, and anticipating responsible industrial and public disposal practice, concentrations of the notified chemical in the environment are expected to be further reduced.

Ecotoxicity tests indicate that the WAF of the notified chemical is expected to be non-toxic to aquatic organisms. Predicted environmental concentrations (as calculated in the above) exceed the water solubility of the notified chemical.

Environmental exposure due to leaks and spills during oil/lubricant changes should not be significant. Exposure events will be widely dispersed, with the substance expected to adsorb to sediments and degrade.

Disposal of containers containing waste oil (oil residues and used oil containing the notified chemical) should not result in any significant environmental exposure. Waste oil may be recycled or incinerated. Incineration of the oil for fuel value or during container reconditioning will destroy the substance. Used/waste oil collected by industrial and commercial users, that is not re-used, is expected to be disposed of to approved industrial facilities. D-I-Y consumer oil disposed of to domestic landfills, should remain in the containers. If leaks occur, the notified chemical should be contained within the landfill site, due to its immobility. The chemical is expected to be present at low concentrations in and widely dispersed throughout landfills in Australia.

Overall, the environmental hazard from the proposed use of the notified chemical is expected to be low.

12. ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY EFFECTS

3 Given 44% of used oil is not collected, then of the 300 tonnes of notified chemical imported at maximum import rates, 54.12 tonnes would not be collected, i.e. 44% x 41% x 300 t. This would be 148.3 kg/d (i.e.54.12 tonnes/365 d). The dilution at a rural town could reasonably be expected to be about 5 ML, while for a major city, say Melbourne, it would be 500 ML. This would give final concentrations of the notified chemical of29.7 mg.L-1 per day and 0.30 mg.L-1 per day, respectively.


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Based on the submitted toxicological data, the notified chemical cannot be determined to be a hazardous substance according to NOHSC Approved Criteria for Classifying Hazardous Substances (National Occupational Health and Safety Commission, 1994a). The acute and repeat dose toxicity of the chemical is low. However, it was found to be slightly irritating to both eyes and skin. No data on dermal absorption for the notified chemical were available.

The notified chemical will be imported as a component of a finished product within the range of 30-90% in 200 L steel drums or in 20 000 L iso-containers. No reformulation will occur, but some of the finished oil will be repackaged into 1 L and 4 L containers for public use.

Dermal exposure to drips and spills may occur for workers involved in repackaging the imported product containing the notified chemical, and during end use, clean-up and disposal. Inhalation exposure is expected to be minimal because the notified chemical and the finished oil are viscous, therefore, have limited potential to generate aerosols. In addition, the notified chemical has very low vapour pressure, so vapour accumulation in the workplace air is not likely. Repackaging will take place in well-ventilated areas, thereby serving to further reduce inhalation exposure.

Transport and storageUnder normal working conditions, waterside, transport and storage workers are unlikely to be exposed to the notified chemical and the occupational health risk posed to these workers is considered negligible.

RepackagingWorkers may experience some exposure during repackaging predominantly when connecting and disconnecting lines to drums or iso-containers and the dispensing equipment. During repackaging activities it is recommended that workers wear gloves and industrial clothing, to minimise dermal exposure. Given the low systemic toxicity of the notified chemical and the fact that workers may experience intermittent low level exposure, the occupational health risk posed to workers performing these tasks is considered to be low.

End useUse of the oil in the industrial settings as gear or hydraulic oil involves manual addition to and possibly from various systems. Exposure to drips and spills is possible. The notifier has not indicated the frequency or duration of the tasks in industrial (non automotive) situations, so this report recommends that hand protection in particular be used by workers during these tasks.

For automotive workers, exposure will be frequent as changing oil is a normal task done a number of times a day. They may wear overalls, but may not routinely wear gloves.

DisposalWorkers involved in disposal of used oil may experience exposure to the notified chemical. These workers should control exposure by wearing gloves and overalls when handling used containers.

The notified chemical is a slight skin and eye irritant. The chances of experiencing topical effects may not be high, but various skin lesions can occur from dermal contact with petroleum based oils (Rietschel RL et al, 1995, Kraus RS, 1998, Olishifiski JB, 1988). The


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MSDS indicates that workers involved in repackaging of the finished oil are required to wear eye protections and follow good personal hygiene practices. However, to minimise the occurrence of occupational dermatoses, protective gloves and overalls are recommended for all workers who may experience dermal exposure to the finished oil containing the notified chemical. Workers should be instructed to follow good hygiene practices to control dermal exposure to oils and to remove any oil that has come into contact with the skin as soon as practicable with soap and water. Workers should be advised of the potential for occupational dermatoses following repeated skin exposure to petroleum based products and to report any skin changes to the occupational health and safety officer at their workplace. Further guidance on preventing the occurrence of occupational skin diseases can be found in the NOHSC guide Occupational Diseases of the Skin (NOHSC, 1990). The notifier’s MSDS outlines first aid measures in the event of eye contact.

Public HealthThere is negligible potential for public exposure to the notified chemical arising from its use in industrial oils. There may be widespread public contact with the notified chemical when incorporated into 1 L and 4 L plastic containers for standard mineral oil based automotive oils, but it has low toxic hazard and the pattern of exposure would be intermittent. Based on the low toxic hazard and use pattern of the notified chemical, it is considered that the notified chemical will not pose a significant risk to public health.

13. MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

The MSDS for the notified chemical was prepared in accordance with the National Code of Practice for the Preparation of Material Safety Data Sheets (National Occupational Health and Safety Commission, 1994c).

This MSDS was provided by the applicant as part of the notification statement. It is reproduced here as a matter of public record. The accuracy of this information remains the responsibility of the applicant.

14. RECOMMENDATIONS

To minimise occupational exposure to Alkane 8 the following guidelines and precautions should be observed:

Safety goggles should be selected and fitted in accordance with Australian Standard (AS) 1336 (Standards Australia, 1994) to comply with Australian/New Zealand Standard (AS/NZS) 1337 (Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand, 1992);

Industrial clothing should conform to the specifications detailed in AS 2919 (Standards Australia, 1987) and AS 3765.1 (Standards Australia, 1990);

Impermeable gloves or mittens should conform to AS 2161 (Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand, 1998);


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Spillage of the notified chemical should be avoided. Spillages should be cleaned up promptly with absorbents which should be put into containers for disposal;

Good personal hygiene should be practised to minimise the potential for ingestion;

Good personal hygiene should be practiced to minimize the potential for skin contact to oils and removal of any oil that has come into contact with the skin as soon as practicable with soap and water;

Workers should be advised to report any skin changes to the occupational health and safety officer at their workplace; and

A copy of the MSDS should be easily accessible to employees.

15. REQUIREMENTS FOR SECONDARY NOTIFICATION

Under the Act, secondary notification of the notified chemical shall be required if any of the circumstances stipulated under subsection 64(2) of the Act arise. No other specific conditions are prescribed.

16. REFERENCES

Anon, 1995. “AIP Survey Of Used Oil 1995”, Australian Institute of Petroleum Melbourne.

ANZECC (Australian and New Zealand Environment Conservation Council) 1991. “Used lubricating oil: Generation, recovery and reuse in Australia”. Prepared by Technisearch Ltd for the Waste and Resources Committee (WRAC).

Armitage A, 1998. “Alkane 8 - Determination of the Biodegradation by the CO2 Evolution Modified Sturm Test”, Report Number 97-11-7165, Study Number 13673.0797.6104.745, Springborn Laboratories Inc, Massachusetts. Unpublished.

Collins MC, 1998a. “Alkane 8 - Acute Toxicity to Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Under Static Conditions”, Report Number 97-12-7205, Study 13673.0797.6103.103, Springborn Laboratories Inc, Massachusetts. Unpublished.

Collins MC, 1998b. “Alkane 8 - Acute Toxicity to Daphnids (Daphnia magna) Under Static Conditions”, Report Number 97-12-7204, Study 13673.0797.6101.110, Springborn Laboratories Inc, Massachusetts. Unpublished.

Connell DW, 1989. “General characteristics of organic compounds which exhibit bioaccumulation”. In Connell DW, (Ed) Bioaccumulation of Xenobiotic Compounds. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA.

Draize JH (1959) Appraisal of the Safety of Chemicals in Foods, Drugs and Cosmetics. Association of Food and Drug Officials of the US, 49: 2-56.


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Durward, R. et al, 1997a, Alkane 8 Micronucleus Test in the Mouse, Project number 1025/039, SafePharm Laboratories Ltd. Derby UK

Durward, R., et al, 1997b, Alkane 8 Chromosome Aberration Test in Human Lymphocytes, Project number 1025/038, SafePharm Laboratories Ltd. Derby UK

Hempstock, C., et al, 1997a, Alkane 8 Acute Oral Toxicity Study, Project number 1025/031, SafePharm Laboratories Ltd. Derby UK

Hempstock, C., et al, 1997b, Alkane 8 Acute Dermal Toxicity Study, Project number 1025/032, SafePharm Laboratories Ltd. Derby UK

Hempstock, C., et al, 1997c, Alkane 8 Acute Dermal Irritation Study, Project number 1025/033, SafePharm Laboratories Ltd. Derby UK

Hempstock, C., et al, 1997d, Alkane 8 Primary Eye Irritation Study, Project number 1025/034, SafePharm Laboratories Ltd. Derby UK

Hempstock, C., et al, 1997e, Alkane 8 Magnusson & Kligman Maximisation Study, Project number 1025/035, SafePharm Laboratories Ltd. Derby UK

Hoberg JR, 1998. “Alkane 8 - Toxicity to the Green Alga (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata)”, Report Number 97-12-7206, Study 13673.0797.6100.430, Springborn Laboratories Inc, Massachusetts. Unpublished.

Hogg, A.S. et al., 1997, Alkane 8 Determination of General Physico-Chemical Properties, Project number 1025/028, SafePharm Laboratories Ltd. Derby UK

Kraus RS (1998) Transport Industry and Warehousing, Road Transport: Motor Vehicle Fuelling and Servicing Operations. In: Stellman JM ed. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 4th edition. International Labour Office, Geneva, 4: 102.26 - 102.31.

Low LK, 1997. “Determination of the Primary Biodegradation of MCP 1596 by the Coordinating European Council’s CEC L-33-A-93 Test”, Study Number 67115, Mobil Business Resources Corp, New Jersey. Unpublished.

McCall JP, Laskowski RL & Dishburger HJ (1981). Measurement of sorption coefficients of organic chemicals and their use in environmental fate analysis. in Test protocols for environmental fate and movement of toxicants. Proceedings of a symposium. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 94th Annual Meeting, October 21-22, 1980. Washington, DC, pp 89-109.

National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (1994a) Approved Criteria for Classifying Hazardous Substances [NOHSC:1008(1994)]. Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service.

National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (1994b) List of Designated Hazardous Substances [NOHSC:10005(1994)]. Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service.


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National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (1994c) National Code of Practice for the Preparation of Material Safety Data Sheets [NOHSC:2011(1994)]. Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service.

National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (1995) Adopted National Exposure Standards for Atmospheric Contaminants in the Occupational Environment, [NOHSC:1003(1995)]. In: ed. Exposure Standards for Atmospheric Contaminants in the Occupational Environment: Guidance Note and National Exposure Standards. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

NOHSC (1990) Occupational Diseases of the Skin. Canberra, Australian Government Publishing Service.

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 1981. “OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals - 301B Ready Biodegradability: Modified Sturm Test”, OECD, Paris France.

Olishifiski JB (1988) The Skin. In: Plog BA ed. Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene. National Safety Council, Chicago, : 47-58.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1995-1996) OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals on CD-Rom. Paris, OECD.

Putt AE, 1998. “Alkane 8 - The Chronic Toxicity to Daphnia magna Under Static Renewal Conditions”, Report Number 97-12-7182, Study 13673.0797.6102.130, Springborn Laboratories Inc, Massachusetts. Unpublished.

Rietschel RL, Fowler JF Jr (1995) Fisher's Contact Dermatitis, Fourth Edition. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins.

Snow R, 1997. “Used Oil Management”. In: Proceedings from the ‘Used Oil Management Conference’, Oil Recyclers Association of Australia, Qld Dept of Environment and Aust Institute of Petroleum, Brisbane City Travelodge, 6-7 August.

Standards Australia (1987) Australian Standard 2919-1987, Industrial Clothing. Sydney, Standards Association of Australia.

Standards Australia (1990) Australian Standard 3765.1-1990, Clothing for Protection against Hazardous Chemicals Part 1 Protection against General or Specific Chemicals. Sydney, Standards Association of Australia.

Standards Australia (1994) Australian Standard 1336-1994, Eye protection in the Industrial Environment. Sydney, Standards Association of Australia.

Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand (1992) Australian/New Zealand Standard 1337- 1992, Eye Protectors for Industrial Applications. Sydney/Wellington, Standards Association of Australia/Standards Association of New Zealand.


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Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand (1998) AS/NZS 2161.2:1998 Occupational protective gloves, Part 2: General requirements, Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand. Thomas, O.N., et al, 1997, Alkane 8 Twenty-Eight Day Sub-Acute Oral Study - Limit Test, Project number 1025/036, SafePharm Laboratories Ltd. Derby UK

Thompson, P.W. et al, 1997, Mammalian-Microsome Reverse Mutation Assay, Project number 1025/037, SafePharm Laboratories Ltd. Derby UK

Tremain, S.R. et al, 1997a, Alkane 8 Determination of Vapour Pressure, Project number 1025/030, SafePharm Laboratories Ltd. Derby UK

Tremain, S.R. et al, 1997b, Alkane 8 Determination of Hazardous Phyisco-Chemical Properties, Project number 1025/029, SafePharm Laboratories Ltd. Derby UK


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Attachment 1

The Draize Scale for evaluation of skin reactions is as follows:

Erythema Formation Rating Oedema Formation RatingNo erythema 0 No oedema 0 Very slight erythema (barely perceptible) 1 Very slight oedema (barely perceptible) 1Well-defined erythema 2 Slight oedema (edges of area well-defined 2

by definite raisingModerate to severe erythema 3 Moderate oedema (raised approx. 1 mm) 3Severe erythema (beet redness) 4 Severe oedema (raised more than 1 mm 4

and extending beyond area of exposure)

The Draize scale for evaluation of eye reactions is as follows:

CORNEA

Opacity Rating Area of Cornea involved Rating

No opacity 0 none 25% or less (not zero) 1Diffuse area, details of iris clearly visibleEasily visible translucent areas, details of iris slightly obscure

1 slight 25% to 50% 2

2 mild 50% to 75% 3

Opalescent areas, no details of iris visible, size of pupil barely discernible

3moderate

Greater than 75% 4

Opaque, iris invisible 4 severe

CONJUNCTIVAERedness Rating Chemosis Rating Discharge RatingVessels normal 0 none No swelling 0 none No discharge 0 none

Vessels definitely 1 Any swelling above 1 slight Any amount different 1 slightinjected above normal slight normal from normal

More diffuse, deeper 2 mod. Obvious swelling with 2 mild Discharge with 2 mod.crimson red with partial eversion of lids moistening of lids andindividual vessels noteasily discernible Swelling with lids half-

adjacent hairs

closed 3 mod. Discharge with 3 severeDiffuse beefy red 3 severe

Swelling with lids half-moistening of lids andhairs and considerable

closed to completelyclosed

4 severe area around eye

IRIS

Values Rating

Normal 0 noneFolds above normal, congestion, swelling, circumcorneal injection, iris reacts to light 1 slightNo reaction to light, haemorrhage, gross destruction 2 severe

NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS NOTIFICATION Web viewThe notifier estimates approximately 25% will be...

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