IN THE SPOTLIGHT:

AN ASSESSMENT OF BEACHFRONT LIGHTING AT FOUR HOTELS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION NECESSARY TO SAFEGUARD SEA

TURTLES NESTING IN BARBADOS, WEST INDIES

by John English Knowles

Dr. Karen L. Eckert, Advisor December 2007

Masters project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Environmental Management degree in

the Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences of Duke University

2007

ABSTRACT

Artificial beachfront lighting is an increasing problem for sea turtle hatchlings and adult

females. Barbados, the easternmost Caribbean island, exhibits particularly acute light pollution on the south and west coasts, which overlap one of the largest hawksbill sea turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata, rookeries in the region. A predominant source of artificial beachfront lighting is from hotels. To address the industry’s impact, and following the recommendations of a 2000 national workshop titled, “Sea Turtles and Beachfront Lighting: An Interactive Workshop for Industry Professionals and Policy-Makers in Barbados,” four leading hotels participated in a six-month voluntary lighting assessment. The lighting assessments followed standard guidelines and a ranking system was developed to objectively evaluate each light fixture based on intensity. The ranking system highlights fixtures most detrimental to sea turtle orientation, and encourages hoteliers to evaluate progress made toward sea turtle friendly lighting regimes over time. The results of the assessment were presented to the four hotels in user friendly assessment reports, which included mitigation recommendations for each fixture type. The assessment reports establish a lighting baseline for future assessments and act as a clearinghouse of recommenda-tions for problematic lighting schemes. The hotel industry bears responsibility for the effects of their properties on sea turtle nesting grounds; therefore, encouraging them to rectify beachfront light pollution is crucial to the management of sea turtle populations in the Caribbean and throughout the world. The study, and the willingness of major beachfront hotels to participate, provides a replicable model for other countries to follow.

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Table of Contents Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 3 Barbados in the Spotlight................................................................................................................ 5 Participating Hotels......................................................................................................................... 7

Fairmont Royal Pavilion............................................................................................................. 9 Sandy Lane.................................................................................................................................. 9 Turtle Beach Resort .................................................................................................................... 9 Southern Palms Beach Club...................................................................................................... 10

Methodology................................................................................................................................. 10 Management Issues....................................................................................................................... 14

Hatchling Arena Assays............................................................................................................ 14 Commonalities among Properties ............................................................................................. 16 Distinct Issues ........................................................................................................................... 19 Lighting and Crime Misconceptions......................................................................................... 22

Next Steps and Broader Recommendations.................................................................................. 25 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................................. 32 Appendix I - Resolutions, pledges, and recommendations emerging the meeting title: Sea Turtles and Beachfront Lighting: An Interactive Workshop for Industry Professionals and Policy-Makers in Barbados held in 2000 .............................................................................................................. 36 Appendix II - Hotel invitation letter to participate in lighting assessment ................................... 38 Appendix III - Original lighting evaluation form ......................................................................... 41 Appendix IV - Modified lighting evaluation form ....................................................................... 42 Appendix V – Fairmont Royal Pavilion property map................................................................. 43 Appendix VI – Fairmont Royal Pavilion assessment report......................................................... 44 Appendix VII – Sandy Lane property map................................................................................... 69 Appendix VIII – Sandy Lane assessment report........................................................................... 70 Appendix IX –Turtle Beach Resort property map...................................................................... 103 Appendix X– Turtle Beach Resort assessment report ................................................................ 104 Appendix XI – Southern Palms Beach Club property map ........................................................ 124 Appendix XII – Southern Palms Beach Club assessment report................................................ 125

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Introduction

Artificial beachfront lighting contributes to the degradation of sea turtle nesting grounds

because natural light guiding gravid females and their young to the sea is diminished by light

pollution from beachfront properties. The resulting disorientation (loss of bearings) and

misorientation (incorrect orientation) is especially acute in the hatchling stage (U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service 1999), and the consequences are often fatal (Mrosovsky and Carr 1967;

Mrosovsky and Shettleworth 1968; Philibosian 1976; Dickerson and Nelson 1989; Witherington

and Bjorndal 1991; Witherington and Martin 2003). Working towards a solution to this problem,

this document explores light pollution mitigation processes and techniques at four hotel

properties in Barbados, West Indies.

Over the course of the last century, human activity along the coastline has reduced the

reproductive success of marine turtles in the Caribbean Sea and elsewhere (Kemf et al. 2000;

Lutz and Musick 1996; MTSG 1995). As a result of coastal land use patterns, and centuries of

largely unmanaged exploitation, incidental capture and international trade, sea turtles are

recognized as endangered species by international law (Frazier 2002) and are fully protected by

more than half of all Wider Caribbean governments (Fleming 2001; Bräutigam and Eckert 2006),

including Barbados (Horrocks 1992). All six Caribbean-occurring species are classified as

Endangered or Critically Endangered by the ICUN Red List of Threatened Species either

because of reduced range of habitat, recent decline in population sizes, or both (Pritchard 1996;

WWF 2004; IUCN 2007).

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The hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) has also been affected by widespread

over-exploitation for traditional crafting industries associated with its keratinized carapace

scutes, known as tortoiseshell or bekko (King 1982; Meylan and Donnelly 1999; Kemf et al.

2000; Bräutigam and Eckert 2006; Reuter and Crawford 2006). Notwithstanding, signs of

population increases are evident at remnant nesting colonies where long-term protection has been

the norm, including Barbados (Krueger et al. 2003; Beggs et al. 2007).

In furtherance of national conservation policies in Barbados, where, as in many other

nations, threats persist even after implementation of protective legislation and ratification of

international trade treaties (see Bräutigam and Eckert 2006 for a summary of legislation and

treaty obligations in Barbados), my objective was to assess and quantify the nation’s dominant

sea turtle survival threat (beachfront lighting) and to offer specific recommendations for

mitigation, thereby demonstrating to the hotel industry that there are feasible and practical

solutions to light pollution.

Artificial beachfront lighting has increased tremendously (Frazer 1992) resulting in the

inadvertent mortality of thousands of hatchlings (Eckert and Horrocks 2002; Witherington and

Martin 2003). Artificial light is often associated with built development adjoining the beach,

including hotels, private homes, villas, condos, streets, and parking lots. Depending on the

location, certain property types dominant the landscape – but of all the various beachfront

properties in Barbados and elsewhere, large hotels tend to have the most significant effect on the

beaches they abut.

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Tackling light pollution in large hotels might seem daunting due to the scale of some

complexes, the number of fixtures, and the amount of light emitted towards the beach. However,

hotel premises can work to the advantage of mitigating beachfront lighting. First, large hotel

properties can be elongated along significant portions of beach, which can be managed as a

whole. Correcting light pollution at a single hotel can have a considerable impact to the

nocturnal environment for an entire bay. It can be mentioned that the financial capacity of the

hotel sector (PKF 2006) can enable change to take place in the management regimes of adjoining

beaches at a much faster pace than is likely to occur with similar regimes for beachside roads and

parks managed by Government (McConney et al. 2003). However the strength of this argument

is diminished since light pollution mitigation is not expensive and is often cost effective once

implemented. Third, hotels are usually organized under an industry representative that can

provide direction for a larger portfolio of hotel properties. Finally, hotels are critiqued by third

party evaluation/certification organizations and the guests they cater to. Both of these groups,

when led correctly, can provide the recognition warranted from increased responsibility among

individual hotels.

Barbados in the Spotlight

In Barbados, the southwest coast has many beachfront hotels. The low wave energy

beaches of the Caribbean Sea attract tourists as well hawksbill sea turtles. The overlap has

resulted in the degradation of turtle nesting grounds due to artificial beachfront lighting that

affects both hatchlings and nesting females. Problems associated with artificial lighting have

only worsened since being identified (Potter 1996; Meylan and Donnelly 1999).

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It is no coincidence that in 2000, the Wider Caribbean Sea Turtle Conservation Network

(WIDECAST), the Barbados Sea Turtle Project, and the Tourism Development Corporation

sponsored an event titled “Sea Turtles and Beachfront Lighting: An Interactive Workshop for

Industry Professionals and Policy-Makers in Barbados” (Eckert and Horrocks 2002). The

workshop culminated in several recommendations and pledges by the hotel industry in Barbados

that demonstrated their commitment to the survival of sea turtles (Appendix I).

Among the pledges made by the hotel industry in Barbados was the pledge to “undertake

a lighting assessment and investigate [their] capacities to participate in ‘turtle friendly’ lighting

schemes [and to] implement, as soon as practicable, ‘turtle friendly’ lighting on all beaches”

(Eckert and Horrocks 2002). A formal lighting assessment provides the most effective

foundation by which specific lighting issues, recurring along the coast, can be addressed. It also

provides the information required for hotels to prioritize, implement, and evaluate the lighting

improvements so desperately needed on the island.

The lighting assessment tool has been used successfully both in the United States and in

parts of the Caribbean. This technique focuses on identifying the most serious light pollution

problems and making recommendations as to the most efficient way(s) to reduce the amount of

light that reaches the beach, encapsulated by the three Golden Rules of correcting lighting

problems: keep it low, keep it shielded, keep it long [wavelength]

(http://www.myfwc.com/seaturtle/lighting/lighting_course.htm). The three Golden Rules are not

substitutes for lights that can safely be turned off at night during the nesting and hatching

seasons.

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Mitigating light pollution is sensible and straightforward, but often overlooked as a

provision for a healthy beach environment. As a result, many beach communities come to

recognize the negative impacts of artificial lighting only after much of the nesting habitat has

already been degraded. Once this point has been reached, legislative intervention is helpful

because unilateral action by one or two properties can be ineffective in a densely developed

landscape. Some governments have responded by taking protection of their sea turtles to the

next level: by passing lighting ordinances and other appropriate laws. The leader in this field is

clearly the State of Florida, USA, where many municipalities and other communities have passed

lighting ordinances in compliance with state mandates (see Witherington and Martin 2003).

Like most countries in the Caribbean, Barbados does not have specific regulations

concerning beachfront lighting and the resulting loss of many thousands of endangered hawksbill

hatchlings who are fatally disoriented every year is a serious threat to conservation (Eckert and

Horrocks 2002). There are also numerous cases of nesting females finding their way into

backyard swimming pools and drains (Barry H. Krueger, Barbados Sea Turtle Project, personal

communication, 2006). As the number of these incidences grow, it is clear that the issue must be

addressed through a stakeholder (hotels, hospitality industry representative, government and

community) led process that will effectively mitigate this threat on a national basis.

Participating Hotels

With a view to evaluating the extent to which hotels had implemented the pledges made

at the 2000 hotelier workshop (Eckert and Horrocks 2002), the Barbados Sea Turtle Project

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initiated a partnership with WIDECAST to conduct formal lighting assessments at four

prominent beachfront hotels in Barbados – Fairmont Royal Pavilion, Sandy Lane, Turtle Beach

Resort, and Southern Palms Beach Club (Assessments Reports). The four hotels were chosen

because of their leadership in environmental consciousness, location on critical nesting beach

habitat, unresolved beachfront lighting and/or past interests/efforts in mitigating artificial

beachfront lighting. The hotels differ in ownership, clientele, architecture, and degree of light

pollution. Each was asked, and agreed, to participate in a voluntary lighting assessment during

the summer of 2006 (Appendix II).

The selected hotels are not to blame for the lighting problems in Barbados, even if they

do hold some responsibility. Also, they do not represent the worst case scenarios, for there are

many other beaches with high levels of artificial lighting. Finally, correcting the beachfront

lighting at these four hotels will not solve the national problem; however, their assessments act

as a baseline to ameliorating the conflict between beachfront lighting and sea turtle nesting

grounds.

Aware that Barbados lacks a national lighting ordinance, leaving any emphasis on ‘turtle

friendly’ lighting to the discretion of the hotelier, we hope that this study and attendant

recommendations will not only spur participating hotels to make significant progress towards

turtle friendly, energy efficient and safe alternatives, but will provide models of success that can

be replicated at other properties in Barbados and beyond.

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Fairmont Royal Pavilion

The Fairmont Royal Pavilion hosts 72 deluxe ocean-front rooms, running along 1000 feet

of beach. The cost of the most expensive room is approximately $550 USD/night. The hotel is

couple-oriented and will not book families with children under the age of 13 during the busy

season (November to April). It is managed under Fairmont Hotels and Resorts, “the largest

luxury hotel company in North America”, ensuring consistency to its clientele by applying strict

company standards regarding amenities for all its properties (www.fairmont.com/royalpavilion).

Sandy Lane

Preferred Hotels and Resorts certifies Sandy Lane through their Standards of Excellence

program since they offer only the highest quality of service. Of the 112 luxury rooms and suites,

totaling approximately 116,000 square feet, 79 view the ocean. The cost of the rooms range

from $450 USD/night to $900 USD/night, with the price of one of the villas reaching $24,000

USD/night during the busy season. The clientele is varied, consisting of family, honeymoon

couples and small niche corporate and incentive groups. The property stretches along 1000 feet

of beachfront (www.sandylane.com/introduction/index.html).

Turtle Beach Resort

Turtle Beach Resort was the only all-inclusive hotel assessed, which is why the cost per

night is upwards of $1,000 USD. It has 166 spacious suites, many with panoramic ocean views.

It is a four star hotel, managed under Elegant Hotels Group Barbados and caters to families

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offering a variety of activities for all ages. The hotel extends along 1,500 feet of beach

(www.turtlebeachresortbarbados.com).

Southern Palms Beach Club

Of the four hotels, the Southern Palms Beach Club had the least expensive rooms with

the most costly ones reaching $350 USD/night. According to the website, the hotel “welcomes

the young who want to do it all, the couple that just wants to enjoy each other’s company in the

tranquil beauty of the island, or the family with children.” Southern Palms Beach Club has 92

rooms of which 53 view the ocean. The property is situated along 1000 feet of beachfront

(www.southernpalms.net).

Methodology

The overall procedure to conducting a lighting survey is simple; walk the beach and

identify sources of light observed. In Florida, properties identified as having problem lights are

warned and then an assessment is conducted. The assessment usually involves the completion of

a lighting evaluation form (Appendix III), which is handed to the property owners (R. Erik

Martin, Ecological Associates, personal communication). A modified version of the lighting

evaluation form (Appendix IV) from Ecological Associates, Inc was still used, but the data was

ultimately conveyed in the user friendly assessment reports.

Each assessment report is broken down into several sections, beginning with an

introduction, where readers are reminded of the effects of beachfront lighting on endangered sea

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turtles and why hotels play such a critical role in mitigating light pollution. A survey method

section details the systematic nature of this procedure and why it took place during the hours it

did. The following section, making up the bulk of the report, defines the ranking scale used to

evaluate fixtures based on intensity and details the recommendations given.

It is first explained that each fixture receives a rank of 1, 2, or 3 and the meaning that

each rank holds. It is the inability to quantify the impact of light on marine turtles that led to the

development of a ranking scale in the first place. The ranking (1, 2 or 3) was modified from the

scale used by Ecological Associate, Inc. As explained in each assessment report, a rank of “1”

describes indirect light visible by an observer on the beach, but not likely to present a strong

attraction to nesting or hatching turtles. A rank of “2” describes direct light or a visible globe,

glowing element, lamp, or reflector likely to disorient turtles. Both “1” and “2” ranking lights

are not strong enough to cast a discernible shadow on the beach during a dark night. A rank of

“3” describes a light source strong enough to cast a shadow on the beach regardless of the

illumination being direct or indirect. Ideally, a beach should not have any source of illumination

to rank, revealing a score of zero and hence no need for an assessment. However, in context of

reality a rank of “1” is preferred over a rank of “2”, which is preferred over a rank of “3.”

Three important aspects of the ranking scale are its simplicity, objectivity, and

reproducibility. It can be understood by maintenance personnel who will most likely be

implementing the recommendations. It can also be easily understood by upper management who

will be making the lighting scheme decisions during renovations or new additions. This will

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allow current fixtures to be corrected properly and quickly, and allow the introduction of turtle

friendly alternatives in future lighting designs.

The ranking scale is also objective because each fixture assessment will result in the same

ranking, regardless of the assessor. This consistency will aid in reproducibility, providing a

baseline for hotels to track their progress from nesting season to nesting season.

The assessment reports then list of all the recommendations given in the assessments,

which correspond to small, user-friendly illustrations. Each assessment report has a different list

because each property is unique, but many recommendations are shared. Please note that this list

is not exhaustive.

Next in the assessment report are the evaluations of the fixture types, which is succinctly

displayed on one easy to view page. The display includes a labeled photograph, the assigned

rank, location, number of fixtures of that kind, comments (if necessary), and the illustrated

recommendations. Most fixtures have more than one recommendation, some more involved than

others, which is the main reason why recommendation illustrations were used. They are much

easier to absorb than repetitive text. If certain fixtures required a more in depth explanation than

the illustration could offer or if distinct issues arose, then the comment section was utilized.

The fixture type evaluations themselves are ordered based on the degree of rank (1, 2 or

3) as a primary tier. Since a rank of “3” indicates the most problematic light they are all listed

first, then the “2” ranking lights and finally the “1” ranking lights. Within the primary tier, the

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order is based on the number of fixtures of that kind, color, the creativity involved in resolving

the lighting problem, the attention it will require, or the cost to implementing the

recommendation. The order within the primary tier (1, 2 or 3) is more subjective because precise

quantification on the impacts to marine turtles is still not possible.

The user friendly format is intended to direct a hotel’s focus on the most problematic

lights, provide easy to understand recommendation illustrations and present a simple ranking

scheme. It is hoped that the ease of quick referencing the assessment will foster a more

favorable response by busy hotel staff and managers.

The assessment reports conclude by commending the hotels on their past and present

efforts in beachfront light reduction, but reaffirm the importance in executing the

recommendations. An internet resources section directs readers to any of the websites where

certain bulbs or fixtures mentioned in the assessment can be bought or viewed.

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Management Issues

Hatchling Arena Assays

The potential effectiveness of the recommendations given in the assessment reports was

simulated by the results from hatchling arena assays. Historically, such experiments were

performed when the effect on hatchlings of certain lighting schemes or designs were uncertain

Hotel

↕

Sea

P<0.0005

0.0025<P<0.005

Site 1

Site 2

Hotel A Hotel B Hotel

↕ Site 1

Sea

P<0.0005

P>0.25

P<0.0005

Site 2

Site 3

Site 4

0.005<P<0.01

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(Ecological Associates 2002). Unfortunately for Barbados, uncertainty is not the reason for

performing such experiments since hatchling disorientation is so severe (JEK, personal

observation; Eckert and Horrocks 2002). The experiments demonstrate the effect hotels can

have by reducing beachfront light.

The experiment was performed in front of two hotels (Hotels A and B). The assay acts as

a staged hatching event inside a designated circular arena. The arena had a one meter radius

divided into 36 sections. A trench was dug for the arena’s perimeter and each of the 36 sections,

representing 10 degrees of a circle, were divided off using cardboard slots each separated by a

17.5 cm arc length. The arena was modified from Salmon and Witherington (1995). Two

property arenas were positioned directly in front of Hotel A (Site 1 and 2) and Hotel B (Site 1

and 2). Hotel B had two additional peripheral arenas, one 25 meters north of the property (Site

3) and one 25 meters south of the property (Site 4).

The hatchlings used were collected from hotels where they had emerged and been

previously disoriented that night. Twelve (12) neonates were placed center circle, facing the sea

and released one at a time (modified from Salmon and Witherington 1995). This was carried out

in two rounds for each arena. The first round was performed with lights on as they would be

during normal early evening operation. The second round was carried out with all “3” ranking

lights turned off. The data recorded for each hatchling included its final position at the

perimeter, the length of its track, and the time needed to reach the arena boundary.

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In Salmon and Witherington (1995), “Rayleigh tests were used to determine whether the

orientation of a group of turtles in any one experiment differed significantly from random” (p.

933). This experiment used a Watson-Wilson test for two samples, which incorporates the

Rayleigh test to determine if there is a difference in the means between the two rounds (Zar

1984). Orientation for each experiment did differ significantly from random and all (lights on –

lights off) pairs were significantly different except for one. The exception was Site 2 at Hotel B

(P>0.25) where one floodlight (with a rank of “3”) was unable to be turned off.

The results of this analysis reinforce the importance of hotel cooperation in mitigation

beachfront lighting. The results obtained from the peripheral arenas at Hotel B help demonstrate

lights can affect more than the area of beach they directly illuminate. The broadcast of some

fixtures can affect an entire bay by actually drawing hatchlings from darker section of beach out

of the water (JEK, personal observation).

Commonalities among Properties

Most hotels provide the same service and similar functions. For example, they provide

restaurants, balcony rooms, large windows for unobstructed viewing, and security for protection.

Usually little thought is put into the side effects of providing these services, which usually go

unnoticed, unless you are a beachfront hotel. The side effects of common services are much

more serious for hotels that abut endangered sea turtle nesting grounds.

One common problem observed at all four hotels was the issue of beachfront restaurants.

In most cases, there was no intentional illumination of the beach associated with the restaurants.

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Ceiling and wall mounted light fixtures were the main source of broadcast out of the restaurant.

Recommendations included concealing wall mounted fixtures and shielding ceiling fixtures. The

light from these fixture types usually provide two purposes. One is to illuminate the space where

people walk and the other is to illuminate the food and faces at the table. Ultimately, all light

sources used to illuminate spaces of beach front buildings should be lowered behind opaque

objects. Louvered foot lights installed into the wall of the restaurants are excellent examples.

Landscaping is another excellent means to screening light and was recommended quite often. As

for illuminating the table area, table lamps with shades and LED candles were recommended in

the assessments. Shaded table lamps and LED candles are both efficient light sources because

they provide the illumination needed at a dinner table without broadcasting light beyond the

restaurant.

Decorative lighting should be one of the easier categories of lighting to mitigate because

they serve only to enhance ambiance and the best recommendation is to eliminate. However,

this might be much harder in practice because of their popularity on hotel beachfronts. Although

such fixtures are festive, it was highly encouraged that decorative lighting be reserved for areas

not visible from the beach because it is “much more harmful to sea turtles than it is useful to

people” (Witherington and Martin 2003, p.21).

Recommendations for lights that serve multiple purposes are more difficult. Two

commonly paired categories of lighting were security and area lighting, most of which are

spotlights. Security lighting includes lights that illuminate a perimeter or an area for the soul

purpose of preventing crime. An area light is defined as a source of illumination for spaces such

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as walkways, patios, or steps. When it comes to mitigating artificial beachfront lighting,

separating light sources into their separate functions creates greater ease in resolving the lighting

problem. Thus, lights and fixtures which primarily provide for security are best handled by

recommending the installation of motion detectors. For area lighting, it was recommended that

fixtures be replaced with a turtle friendly alternative, such as a louvered bollard or path light,

which can be easily concealed behind opaque objects. Area lighting that intentionally included

portions of beach was highly discouraged.

Along with multi-purpose lighting fixtures, the assessment of hotels can be quite difficult

because of the depth, height and length of the hotel complex, which only increase the number

and types of fixtures to be evaluated and corrected. Both the Southern Palms Beach Club and the

Fairmont Royal Pavilion, a hotel with only beachfront rooms, exemplify the length factor. Each

hotel is stretched along 1,000 feet of beach front with buildings and fixtures occupying most

every foot.

The properties of Sandy Lane and Turtle Beach Resort stretch back from the beach

servicing the depth factor. Evaluation and mitigation difficulties arise when forward lights are

corrected but its improvement is only counteracted by lights from behind. This is why it is

important to work with the hotels during an assessment so that brighter forward lights can be

turned off to obtain the true effect of the lights from behind.

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Height was not an issue for the hotels assessed in Barbados since most did not exceed

four stories. One advantage in not exceeding four stories is the ability to exploit vegetation as a

buffer between lights and the beach. This becomes less applicable with high rise hotels.

All three issue of height, depth and length are compounded by the proximity to the beach.

Lights become more disruptive to sea turtles the closer the hotel is to the ocean. The Fairmont

Royal Pavilion and the Southern Palms Club are closest to the beach. This is the main reason

why most lights at these hotels ranked as high as they did. Pushing these same hotels with the

same lights back from the water would lessen the effect on sea turtles. It was not recommended

in the assessments that hotels move their building back from the water, since property setbacks is

the responsibility government managing the coastal zones.

Distinct Issues

Just as the lighting problems shared among the four hotels are likely to be observed

throughout the Caribbean, so too are the unique lighting problems observed between the hotels.

In this report, uniqueness is defined either by the reason why a particular lighting problem is

present or by the mitigation technique used to correct the problem.

As mentioned previously, beachfront restaurants are quite common and the effect on the

beach from lighting these areas is compounded by their length and close proximity to the beach.

Not mentioned was the overlap between hatchling emergence from the nest and restaurant’s

operational hours. Witherington et al. (1990) demonstrated that peak emergence of loggerhead

turtles on Florida beaches is around midnight, with 31% emerging before that time. Although no

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formal study has been completed in Barbados, emergence patterns for hawksbills appear to be

similar, with a significant portion of nests emerging before midnight (Asanchia Harewood,

Barbados Sea Turtle Project, personal communication). This is also the time in which many

beachfront restaurants are open for business (thus fully lit).

The Palm Terrace Restaurant at the Fairmont Royal Pavilion is no exception with hours

of operation from 19:00 to 21:45. Of the four hotels, the Palm Terrace Restaurant is the most

extreme for beach proximity, even the hotels website exclaims that the “sea [is] so close that it

almost reaches the table” (www.fairmont.com/royalpavilion). Moreover, the dining space is

separated from the outside by large wide arches, giving space for ample light to exit onto the

beach. The recommendations related to this restaurant are what make this example unique.

The problem fixtures at the Palm Terrace Restaurant were the spot lights located at the

wall and ceiling junctions. Some fixtures created wall wash, while others were directed into the

dining space, but their bulbs were still visible from the beach. As with other restaurants, fixture

replacements and repositioning were recommended. The fixtures pointed directly towards the

beach were recommended for removal. However, it was indicated that these fixtures could not

be removed. Working on this assumption, it was recommended that the fixtures be lowered,

shielded and concealed. In any other case, planting a vegetation buffer in the space between the

restaurant and the beach would be advisable, but because such space doesn’t exist in this case,

the recommended action would need to originate from within the restaurant. It was suggested

that potted coconut palms within the dining area be positioned to block the high mounted

spotlights. However, even with repositioning of some spotlights and the urging of substituting

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still others with lower level lights, it is most likely indirect light would still present a problem.

As a final barrier to the beach it was recommended that the arches be landscaped in such a way

to reduce the space from which light could leave the dining ares, but still allowing guests to view

the ocean.

Ironically, a unique lighting problem was observed at Sandy Lane, which has very low

ranking lights, a likely situation for premier luxury and award winning hotels. However, one

fixture type was somehow overlooked. The hotels beachfront was illuminated from dusk until

2:00 by very large, blue tinted, tree mounted floodlights. These four fixtures embody everything

that a light should not be with regards to being sea turtle friendly, not to mention their high

maintenance. Because they are mounted to trees they are highly visible and their broadcast is

directed out across the bay and onto peripheral beaches. They emit short wavelength light, the

color most attractive to sea turtles and they shine at such very high intensity that it is likely even

a red version of these lights would cause problems. These lights are purely aesthetic and the best

recommendation is their elimination. However, it was indicated that these lights are prized by

Dermot Desmond, Sandy Lane’s owner. If the fixtures must remain, then it was urged their use

be restricted to outside the turtle nesting season for Barbados (May – November).

The final unique lighting problem to be discussed is the one observed at the Southern

Palms Beach Club. This property’s waterfront is lined with yellow spot lights. This particular

situation has improved after the 2000 “Sea Turtle and Beachfront Lighting Workshop,” where

wattage was reduced and white spotlights were replaced with yellow spotlights. But the fact

remains; artificial light continues to reach the beach mis-orientating almost all emergences (JEK,

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personal observation). Management indicated that the lights remain for guest safety and for

security cameras. The question to use beachside, nighttime running security cameras as the best

means for added security was raised in the assessment. It was unique that Southern Palms Beach

Club was the only hotel on the island with operational beachside, nighttime running security

cameras. Ironically, the light provided by these fixtures and others was actually not bright

enough to provide a clear image for the cameras. Therefore, other security measures were

recommended as a substitute.

Guests walking the beach at night do not actually need artificial light to see because

human eyes are capable of sight in low light when allowed to adjust (Hecht 2001). This is

possible if walkways and steps to the beach are outlined with red LEDs. This would provide

safety, while at the same time allowing the human eye to adjust naturally. The preference of

tourists to have a lit beach is probably indifferent, but when educated about the effects had by

artificial lights on marine turtles, their preference is likely to favor darker beaches.

Lighting and Crime Misconceptions

As stated in the proceedings of “Sea Turtle and Beachfront Lighting: An Interactive

Workshop for Industry Professionals and Policy-Makers in Barbados,” “the issue of safety and

security of guests continue to concern the hotel sector.” Eckert and Horrocks (2002) state in the

Epilogue: “perceived issues of guests hotels have been a major impediment to light reduction on

Barbados’ beaches”.

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The issue of safety and sea turtle lighting is common enough to be including in the

frequently asked question section of the Technical Report by Witherington and Martin (2003):

How can the sacrifice of human safety and security to save a few sea turtles be justified?

Thankfully, no such choice is necessary. The safety and security of humans can be

preserved without jeopardizing sea turtles. The goal of any program to reduce sea turtle

harassment and mortality caused by lighting is to manage light so that it performs the

necessary function without reaching the nesting beach. Still, some may contend that any

inconvenience at all is too much and that the concerns of humans should always outweigh

those for turtles. People insistent on this generalization should not ignore the large and

resolute constituency that values sea turtles. Sea turtles are valuable to people both

ecologically and for pure enjoyment. In many ways, the protection of sea turtles is in our

own best interests (p. 69).

The question above asks about the justification for the compromise between security and

saving a few turtles. If nothing else, then it must be noted that implementing sea turtle friendly

lighting will save a lot more than a few turtles in Barbados. Thousands of hatchlings are affected

every year by lighting on Barbados, which hosts one of the largest hawksbill rookeries in the

Caribbean (Beggs 2007). The degradation of this population due to artificial lighting does not

bode well for the Caribbean’s overall population. There are many islands and nations that also

hosts important rookeries for other species of turtles, which are also valuable to people and

tourism economies. Fortunately, as mentioned in the quoted answer, there is no compromise

between security and dark beaches. Both can exist in harmony.

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Security and dark beaches can exist in harmony for two main reasons. First, security

does not have to come in the form of continuous beachfront lighting. There are different means

of providing added security, without constant illumination of the beach. Motion detector lights

are an excellent example. The light comes on when needed alerting hotel personnel that

someone as entered the detector’s field of view and also can scare away suspicious persons

(www.darksky.org). Good security guards with flashlights also provide excellent protection

from crime as this is a very common safety measure already observed by hotels in Barbados

(JEK, personal observation).

Second and more importantly than substituting continuous beachfront illumination, is the

correlation between security lighting and crime prevention. It should be noted that many sources

state that crime most often occurs during the day. But for the percentage of crimes that do occur

at night, the presence of light is often of little concern. The website for the International Dark

Skies Association (IDA) asks if security lights prevent crimes and they answer with uncertainty

(www.darksky.org). A study by the United Kingdom’s Home Office Crime Prevention Unit on

street lighting and crime discovered that improvements in street lighting do little to prevent crime

and criminals are less often deterred by light (Ramsay and Newton 1991). Another study by the

group concluded that increasing intensity of street lighting also does not improve criminal

activity (Atkins et al. 1991). Although the crime prevention studies do not look at beach lighting

and examine areas with crime rates much higher that what is observed in Barbados or other

Caribbean islands, the results are telling (Nuttall 2000).

24

Witherington and Martin (2003) respond to the comment that “[c]rime will increase if

the beach is not lighted” by stating:

Generally, beaches are not areas where there is a great need for crime prevention. Very

little valuable property is stored on beaches and there is seldom much nighttime human

activity to require security. Fortunately, areas adjacent to nesting beaches where people

reside, work, recreate, and store valuables can be lighted for protection without affecting

turtles on the nesting beach. Where this type of light management was legislated in

Florida coastal communities, the Florida State Attorney’s Office has found no subsequent

increase in crime (p. 68).

Volusia County, Florida, USA is a good example of the harmony existing between darker

beaches and security. The county has one of the strictest coastal lighting ordinances in the state.

When their lighting ordinance was passed in 1989, businesses feared losses and worries about

crime spikes were also raised. As it turns out, no such things materialized (Lelis 2003; William

“Bill” Sorrentino Sr., Zoning Compliance Division, Daytona Beach, FL, personal

communication).

Next Steps and Broader Recommendations

Other than the recommended implementations at the specific properties, there are several

next steps that need to be considered by the hotel industry, its representatives (e.g. Barbados

Hotel and Tourism Association, Tourism Development Corporation of Barbados), and

25

Government. These include follow-up assessments, examinations of other beachfront properties,

energy audits, economic analysis, legislative action, and public awareness campaigns.

Properties with the most significant lighting issues should receive priority attention in

terms of training, assessment, mitigation, and evaluation. Hotels that have not formally assessed

their beachfront lighting should be encouraged to do so. Training is available through

WIDECAST (contact Prof. Julia Horrocks, WIDECAST Country Coordinator, at the University

of the West Indies). Once the initial lighting assessment is complete using the ranking scale

provided in this document and after recommendations have been implemented, routine follow-up

assessments should ensue. The ranking scale allows hotels to track the progress of their lighting

after each formal lighting assessment. In most cases, the initial lighting assessment should

suffice in resolving all lighting problems. But because of potential changes associated with

renovation, revised landscaping, storm damage, etc. lighting will need to be constantly re-

evaluated. Although formal lighting assessment might not need to occur but every five years,

hotels need to be reminded before every turtle season to re-evaluate the lighting conditions

present and remedy off-season lighting schemes that are not turtle friendly.

The Barbados Sea Turtle Project (BSTP) operates a national Sea Turtle Hotline, a method

for turtle activity to be reported. Hatchling disorientation calls were logged for the 2006 season,

which approximately ranks properties in terms of sea turtle activity. The BSTP also documents

hatchling disorientation not reported by the Hotline. Between the two methods of reporting sea

turtle disorientation events, the Hotline calls are easiest to prioritize because they represent only

a subset of total disorientation events. In addition, Barbados hotels are ardent about calling the

26

hotline, even if only one hatchling is found. Therefore, hotline calls are a close proxy to actual

disorientation events for hotel properties because of the high probability of the events being

reported due to guests, security guards, and length of beach lined by hotels.

Collecting disorientated hatchlings can be both fun and educational for guests, but this

somber reality can take away from more critical monitoring of adult females. If such systems are

in place, then hotels should be encouraged to participate because the number of disorientation

events for a property reported is an opportunity for positive improvement. It should not be seen

as embarrassing or wrong. Hotel participation greatly extends the management ability for

monitoring organizations and quick identification and correction of light pollution at active

properties will help both parties involved. If hatchlings are provided an environment where they

may enter the water as nature intended, then the strain on monitoring organizations and hotels is

removed. Monitoring organizations could spend more time monitoring beaches and provide

more appropriate outlets for hotel guest education. Security guards would also be relieved from

having to constantly save endangered species and focus on their assigned job.

Internally, hotels can help themselves become better stewards of the environment in

which they rely on by adopting sea turtle policy statements within their environmental

management systems (EMS). For example, “X Hotel recognizes its responsibility to the coastal

environment on which it operates. We are committed to reducing our footprint on this ecosystem

by the following: 1) Preventing light pollution, 2) Removing chairs at night and using umbrellas

with a flat base instead of staking the post directly in the sand and 3) Collaborating with

stakeholders to ensure sustainable operations for coastal areas including other beachfront

27

properties owners, biologists, guests, surrounding community, government and industry

representatives.”

Efforts to reduce light pollution are not exclusive from improvements in energy

efficiency, architectural design and local markets. One, lighting is the second most significant

daily expenditure for hotels in the Caribbean region (Tourism Global Inc. 2006). Two, energy

efficient lighting will support the efforts announced by the Caribbean Tourism Association to

neutralize carbon emissions from the tourism industry (The Caribbean 2007).

An energy audit was not performed at the four participating hotels to demonstrate the cost

savings of energy efficient lighting. However, reducing wattage, keeping lights off, and

installing LEDs, compact fluorescents and/or fixtures that direct light more efficiently could

possibly help save money in a region where energy costs are some of the highest in the world

(www.climate.org/programs/washington_summit4.shtml). It has also been suggested that energy

efficient lighting translates into elegance (www.lrc.rpi.edu), thus increased revenue since

sophisticated lighting attracts today’s sophisticated traveler (Anonymous 2004; Ruffino 2007).

Providing this type of lighting will become increasingly easy as new technologies are developed

and LED and CFL fixture types are diversified (Dean Gallagher, Florida Fish and Wildlife

Conservation Commission, personal communication).

It was recommended that the Fairmont Royal Pavilion purchase turtle friendly fixtures

manufactured locally by Earthworks Pottery. This particular recommendation, when

implemented, would create a link with local industry and delight guests with authentic

28

presentation (MacCannell 1973; Poon 2003; Tourism Global Inc. 2006). It is hoped that the

purchase of locally manufactured fixtures or locally supplied bulbs would improve economic

development (Witter 2002; Duval 2004; Pattullo 2005; Tourism Global Inc. 2006; Travelwatch

2006). The implementation of such recommendations would almost certainly differ between

hotel types. Large multinational cooperate hotels, such as ones owned by Fairmont Hotels and

Resorts, might have some difficulty in providing the authentically local experience, while still

adhering to their strict company wide standards that apply to architecture as well. Locally owned

and smaller hotels might find such recommendations easier and welcoming. In any case, an

economic analysis on the role of beachfront lighting reduction with regards to local material

would be interesting.

Hotels can also be helped by third party organizations already in place, such as Green

Globe. The benchmarks set by this organization, and others like it, assist the tourism industry

meet the triple bottom line by becoming more sustainable. For countries that do not have

specific lighting regulation, these programs have the potential to positively impact the

beachfront. Criteria for turtle friendly lighting could be included in the existing standards. This

might fit particular well under the ecosystem management and conservation impact area of the

Green Globe program.

For beaches that do not have serious lighting issues, a more efficient focus might be an

entire bay. This might be more appropriate if each property had only a few lighting problems to

be assessed. Cooperation between property owners would be much more important in this case

because different property types would most likely be assessed.

29

Ultimately, lighting legislation needs to be passed for long-term commitment to protect

beaches from light pollution. Lighting legislation is also necessary because unilateral voluntary

action usually falls short since some properties will inevitably refuse to mitigate their lighting.

Unfortunately, beachfront artificial lighting, in most cases, is a symptom to a greater problem of

coastal management and the effort to correct how society makes use of the coast will take much

longer than correcting light pollution.

A good lighting ordinance should have a clearly stated purpose, set standards for existing

and new developments for both public and private properties, and be mandatory. The

effectiveness of a lighting ordinance could be increased by allowing existing properties to phase

in appropriate lighting designs and require new construction to take immediate action. It should

also be embedded in a larger conservation strategy as well as a sustainable coastal zone

management plan.

In summary, four hotels in Barbados with support from their industry representative have

committed to the lighting assessment pledge stemming from a first of its kind lighting workshop

in the region. The resulting user friendly assessment reports provide a simple and objective

ranking scheme based on light fixture intensity, which can be used to ratchet down the effect of a

light. The reports also set a lighting baseline for the four hotels so that improvements in

beachfront lighting may be tracked. In addition, the reports act as a clearinghouse of

recommendations for problematic lighting schemes observed at most hotels.

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Hotels are an excellent focus point for reducing artificial beachfront lighting, especially

in Barbados, since they encompass a significant portion of beachfront and are influenced by

other parties. But ultimately, if stakeholders in Barbados want to lead by example and take a

long term stance to light pollution impacts on sea turtles, legislation should be introduced.

Mitigating beachfront light pollution will safeguard the reproductive stage for sea turtles,

increase beach quality and safety for tourists, dovetail hotel management priorities in energy

conservation and sustainable operations and be a step forward towards better management of

coastal zones and natural resources.

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Appendix I - Resolutions, pledges, and recommendations emerging the meeting title: Sea Turtles and Beachfront Lighting: An Interactive Workshop for Industry Professionals and Policy-Makers in Barbados held in 2000

Sea Turtles and Beachfront Lighting: An Interactive Workshop for Industry Professionals

and Policy-Makers in Barbados

An Interactive Workshop hosted by the Barbados Sea Turtle Project and Wider Caribbean Sea Turtle Conservation Network (WIDECAST)

Sponsored by the Tourism Development Corporation of Barbados Glitter Bay Fairmont Hotel

- 13 October 2000 -

RESOLUTION OF THE MEETING 1

RECOGNISING that Caribbean sea turtles species are classified either as Endangered or Critically Endangered by international authorities, and are fully protected in Barbados under the Fisheries (Management) Regulations, 1997; CONCERNED that sea turtle populations in Barbados have declined dramatically over the course of the 20th century, due to threats both domestic and foreign; AWARE that natural sandy beach habitat is essential to the survival of the tourism industry in Barbados, as well as to the survival of our sea turtles; ALARMED that the majority of sea turtle hatchlings emerging from the beaches of Barbados are confused and disoriented by artificial lighting and that, as a result, thousands of them die every year; SENSITIVE to the impact the modern tourism industry, including coastal construction and artificial beachfront lighting, has on the plight of sea turtles; ENLIGHTENED, based on the results of this workshop, about how the coast-based tourism industry can participate in sea turtle conservation and protection; and COMMITTED to taking effective action, both as individuals and as an industry, to ensure the survival of sea turtles in Barbados - WE PLEDGE TO:

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ADOPT a Policy Statement regarding the protection of sea turtles on hotel grounds; REVISE Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) to implement the Sea Turtle Policy Statement and further encourage reporting and protecting nesting turtles and hatchlings by hotels and other beachfront properties;

SEEK to ensure that funding is available to support annual training (by the Barbados Sea Turtle Project) of support staff in those departments that are responsible for actualisation of the Sea Turtle Policy Statement; UNDERTAKE a lighting assessment (following the guidance of Witherington and Martin, 2000) and investigate our individual hotel and villa capacities to participate in “turtle friendly” lighting schemes; and IMPLEMENT, as soon as practicable, “turtle friendly” lighting on all beaches (e.g., replace HPS lights with LPS alternatives, install motion-sensitive security lights, turn off purely aesthetic lights at 9:00 PM during peak nesting and hatching seasons). RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE MEETING TO PROMOTE full implementation of the RESOLUTION, we recommend that the Tourism Development Corporation, in consultation with the Barbados Sea Turtle Project and the Wider Caribbean Sea Turtle Conservation Network (WIDECAST) and in collaboration with other local (BHTA) and regional (CAST) industry coalitions:

PROVIDE the hoteliers, villa rental agencies, Ministries and other relevant agencies in Barbados with a draft to be adopted and implemented by the hotel and villa rental community nation-wide, with each establishment ensuring that its SOPs are revised as necessary;

PROVIDE the hoteliers and villa rental agencies in Barbados with standard guidelines and criteria for implementing the Sea Turtle Policy Statement; and

PROVIDE coastal hoteliers and landowners with emergency numbers for reporting sea turtle sightings and violations, and a calendar noting the nesting and hatching months of local sea turtle species.

__________________ 1 excerpted from: Eckert, K. L. and J. A. Horrocks (Editors). 2002. Proceedings of “Sea Turtles and Beachfront Lighting: An Interactive Workshop for Industry Professionals and Policy-Makers in Barbados”, 13 October 2000. Sponsored by the Wider Caribbean Sea Turtle Conservation Network (WIDECAST), the Barbados Sea Turtle Project, and the Tourism Development Corporation of Barbados. WIDECAST Technical Report 1. v + 44 pp.

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Appendix II - Hotel invitation letter to participate in lighting assessment

10 July 2006 Dear Mr. Michael Pownall,

On October 13, 2000, Kelly Robinson, then Executive Director of the Caribbean Alliance for Sustainable Tourism (CAST), opened the Caribbean’s first industry meeting on “Sea Turtles and Beachfront Lighting: An interactive Workshop for Industry Profes-sionals and Policy Makers in Barbados” at Fairmont Glitter Bay Hotel in Barbados. The Workshop, hosted by the Barbados Sea Turtle Project (BSTP, UWI) and the Wider Carib-bean Sea Turtle Conservation Network (WIDECAST), and funded by the Tourism Devel-opment Corporation, was the first of its kind in the region. Ms. Robinson, herself a hotel industry professional with first-hand experience of the negative impacts of beachfront lighting on nesting sea turtles and their hatchlings in the Dominican Republic and elsewhere, was pleased to offer the commitment of CAST in tackling and resolving the conflicts between beachfront development and the survival of the region’s depleted and endangered sea turtles.

The Workshop showed that there are indeed solutions to the challenges of lighting a

property while protecting sea turtles nesting on adjacent beaches, and that many of these solutions simultaneously offer economic rewards in terms of improving energy efficiency. The Proceedings of the Workshop (Eckert and Horrocks, 2002) were subse-quently circulated to all hotels in Barbados. In a Resolution adopted unanimously, Workshop participants pledged to undertake lighting assessments of their properties and to implement as soon as practicable “turtle friendly” solutions to problem lights. Over the intervening years, several hotels have contacted the BSTP to request assis-tance in addressing lighting issues, and indeed some have already implemented solutions.

This year, again with funding from the Tourism Development Corporation, we are

undertaking an evaluation of the extent to which the recommendations emerging from the 2000 Workshop held in Barbados have been implemented, and an assessment of whether the situation for sea turtle survival on Barbados’ beaches has improved in the last five years. To accomplish this, we have requested assistance from the BSTP in iden-tifying four prestigious hotels on the west and south coasts of Barbados, situated adja-cent to important nesting beaches, that have expressed interest in addressing the con-flicts that they recognise between their lighting and sea turtle survival, and whose leadership in addressing the lighting problem is likely to be emulated by other hotels. In

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response to our request, the BSTP has recommended your hotel, Sandy Lane, be invited to participate in this important study as one of these four case studies.

If our invitation is accepted, we propose to conduct a formal lighting assessment of

each property, including the beaches adjoining your property at Sandy Lane. This will require standardized daytime and nighttime lighting inspections and surveys

to be conducted (cf. Witherington and Martin, 2000). Each hotel will be asked, in ad-vance, to identify a contact (e.g. Chief Engineer, maintenance or security personnel) who can assist in the assessment by identifying the purpose of each light source and the circumstances under which it is used. The inspections will be undertaken by Mr. John English Knowles from Duke University in North Carolina, USA. He has been fully trained to undertake this type of work by Erik Martin of Ecological Associates, Inc., an inspector for lighting compliance in Florida and co-author of the definitive text, “Under-standing, Assessing, & Resolving Light Pollution Problems on Sea Turtle Nesting Beaches” (http://www.nests-certified.org/pdf/LightingTechReport.pdf).

Daytime surveys will identify and document all potential sources of light reaching

the beach. Nighttime inspections will determine the extent to which each light iden-tified during the day, is having a negative effect on nesting habitat. Each inspection will result in a ranking and scoring of light pollution sources, and specific recommenda-tions will be made in a report for each hotel. Hotels will be requested to study and inter-nalize the report, and to implement some recommendations (those that require no or minimal expense to implement) immediately, and others as practicable. Simultaneous to the inspections, documentation of sea turtle disorientation will be undertaken with the assistance of the BSTP, allowing an assessment of problem lights before and after mitigation measures are taken.

A Final Project Report will summarize the findings and provide a suite of tools that we

hope will be useful to any hotel seeking to enhance the survival of sea turtles nesting on their property. Following up on the 2000 Workshop Resolution, the Report will feature a draft Sea Turtle Policy Statement suitable for integration into hotel environmental man-agement systems (EMS), a list of locally available lighting technologies, a protocol for conducting a lighting assessment, sample data sheets, helpful illustrations and photo-graphs, potential energy saving calculations, and a list of contacts to assist hoteliers and others in implementing “turtle friendly” lighting schemes that will launch both your hotel and Barbados as leaders in this field.

The Final Project Report will also act as a baseline for future assessments – enabling

stakeholders in Barbados to track progress in light reduction one year, five years, or ten years into the future – and will provide a model for other Caribbean countries, facing similar coastal management issues, to follow in their efforts to initiate a national dia-logue with the tourism industry on this important topic.

Last, but certainly not least, the project will aid significantly in the survival and sus-

tainability of Barbados’ marine turtles. A sustainable future is clearly a possibility, as evi-denced by the attention already given to this issue in Barbados. WIDECAST – with the support and endorsement of the UN Environment Programme (UNEP-CEP) and the

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Caribbean Alliance for Sustainable Tourism (CAST) – is proud to be conducting this assessment in collaboration with its affiliate, the BSTP, in Barbados and, fully recognising the leadership role that your property has already shown in seeking solutions that will promote harmony between nesting turtles, hatchlings, and coastal development, we are confident that together we can set an example for other properties to follow.

We sincerely hope that you will take up our invitation to participate, and we re-

spectfully request that you send a response to Prof. Julia Horrocks, Director of the Bar-bados Sea Turtle Project (Tel: 417-4320; Fax 417 4325) as soon as possible. I assure you that the evaluation and assessment will be conducted with science-based protocols that do not intrude on your busy staff, and that the underlying motive is to assist your management team with solutions that will enhance your property in ways that promote the survival or our endangered sea turtles without compromising aesthetics, security, or economic viability.

We look forward to working with you!

Yours very sincerely,

Karen Eckert, Ph.D. Executive Director ______________ Eckert, K. L. and J. A. Horrocks (Editors). 2002. Proceedings of “Sea Turtles and Beachfront Light-ing: An Interactive Workshop for Industry Professionals and Policy-Makers in Barbados”, 13 Octo-ber 2000. Sponsored by the Wider Caribbean Sea Turtle Conservation Network (WIDECAST), the Barbados Sea Turtle Project, and the Tourism Development Corporation of Barbados. WIDECAST Technical Report 1. v + 43 pp. Witherington, B. E. and R. E. Martin. 2000. Understanding, Assessing, and Resolving Light Pollution Problems on Sea Turtle Nesting Beaches. Florida Marine Research Institute Technical Report TR-2 revised edition. Tallahassee, Florida. 73 pp.

40

Appendix III - Original lighting evaluation form Lighting Evaluation Form Facility Name/Address: Light Location: Type of Observation (Circle One): Initial Daytime Initial Nighttime Follow-up Nighttime Date/Time of Observation: Observer(s): General Comments: Light Visible From Beach: YES NO Fixture Type: Photo #: Current Problem Code: 1 2 3 4 5 OFF NOB Comments: Recommended Modifications: Observed Modifications: Additional Modifications Required: YES NO

41

Appendix IV - Modified lighting evaluation form Lighting Evaluation Form

Facility Name/Address: Light Location: Type of Observation (Circle): Daytime Early Nighttime Late Nighttime Follow-up Nighttime Date/Time of Observation: Observer(s): General Comments: Light Visible From Beach: YES NO Fixture Type: Photo #: Rank: 1 2 3 OFF NOB Comments: ____________________________________________________________________ Recommended Modifications: ______________________________________________________________________________ Observed Modifications: ______________________________________________________________________________ Additional Modifications Required: YES NO

42

Appendix V – Fairmont Royal Pavilion property map

Appendix VI – Fairmont Royal Pavilion assessment report

Nat

iona

l Ass

essm

ent o

f Bea

chfro

nt L

ight

ing

and

its

Effe

ct o

n th

e Su

rviv

al o

f End

ange

red

Mar

ine

Turtl

es

in B

arba

dos,

Wes

t Ind

ies

Prop

erty

Ass

essm

ent:

The

Fairm

ont R

oyal

Pav

ilion

Resp

ectfu

lly s

ubm

itted

Jo

hn E

nglis

h Kn

owle

s

INT

RO

DU

CT

ION

In p

artn

ersh

ip w

ith th

e B

arba

dos

Sea

Turtl

e Pr

ojec

t (B

STP)

, lo

cal

affil

iate

of

the

Wid

er C

arib

bean

Sea

Tur

tle C

onse

rvat

ion

Net

wor

k (W

IDEC

AST

), an

d th

e To

uris

m D

evel

opm

ent C

orpo

ratio

n in

Bar

bado

s, a

form

al l

ight

ing

asse

ssm

ent

was

con

duct

ed a

t th

e Fa

irmon

t R

oyal

Pa

vilio

n as

pa

rt of

a

follo

w-u

p in

itiat

ive

to

impl

emen

t re

com

men

datio

ns m

ade

at a

nat

iona

l “S

ea T

urtle

s an

d B

each

fron

t Lig

htin

g” w

orks

hop

held

in 2

000

(Eck

ert a

nd H

orro

cks,

2002

). Th

e ev

alua

tion

of l

ight

ing

asso

ciat

ed w

ith t

he F

airm

ont

Roy

al P

avili

on p

rope

rty a

ttest

s to

the

eff

orts

and

ded

icat

ion

of t

he

hote

l ind

ustry

and

the

BST

P in

impr

ovin

g th

e co

nditi

ons

of a

rtific

ial

beac

h lig

htin

g, w

hich

is

wel

l kn

own

to b

e de

trim

enta

l to

bot

h ha

tchl

ings

and

nes

ting

sea

turtl

es (E

cker

t and

Hor

rock

s, 20

02).

Th

e Fa

irmon

t Roy

al P

avili

on h

as id

entif

ied

itsel

f as

a le

ader

in

add

ress

ing

the

light

ing

prob

lem

by

volu

ntar

ily p

artic

ipat

ing

in th

is

asse

ssm

ent.

The

pro

perty

– a

long

with

fou

r (4

) ot

her

beac

hfro

nt

hote

ls –

was

cho

sen

beca

use

it pl

ays

a cr

ucia

l rol

e in

the

qual

ity o

f se

a tu

rtle

nest

ing

habi

tat.

The

inte

nt o

f th

e lig

htin

g as

sess

men

t was

to

ev

alua

te

curr

ent

cond

ition

s, an

d to

pr

opos

e so

lutio

ns

and

reco

mm

enda

tions

for

eac

h lig

ht i

dent

ified

as

cont

ribut

ing

to t

he

noct

urna

l illu

min

atio

n of

the

nest

ing

beac

h.

The

atte

ntio

n of

suc

h w

ork

is c

ritic

al in

the

surv

ival

of

the

haw

ksbi

ll se

a tu

rtle,

Ere

tmoc

hely

s im

bric

ata,

a c

ritic

ally

end

ange

red

spec

ies

wor

ldw

ide

(cf.

IUC

N R

edLi

st).

Bar

bado

s pl

ays

a ve

ry

impo

rtant

rol

e in

the

sur

viva

l of

thi

s sp

ecie

s, its

sou

thw

est

coas

t ha

ving

bee

n id

entif

ied

as o

ne o

f the

mos

t im

porta

nt n

estin

g gr

ound

s re

mai

ning

in th

e W

ider

Car

ibbe

an R

egio

n.

Arti

ficia

l be

achf

ront

lig

htin

g,

char

acte

rized

as

“l

ight

po

llutio

n” b

y W

ither

ingt

on a

nd M

artin

(20

03,

p. V

), is

the

mos

t se

rious

con

tem

pora

ry th

reat

to th

e su

rviv

al o

f sea

turtl

es in

Bar

bado

s (E

cker

t an

d H

orro

cks,

2002

). M

arin

e tu

rtles

are

mos

t se

nsiti

ve t

o sh

orte

r w

avel

engt

hs (

emitt

ed b

y bl

ue, g

reen

and

whi

te li

ght),

whi

ch

they

use

as

a se

a-fin

ding

cue

. W

hen

such

ligh

ts a

re v

isib

le fr

om th

e be

ach

the

effe

ct o

n se

a tu

rtles

is tr

emen

dous

.

W

ither

ingt

on

and

Mar

tin

(200

3)

sugg

est

the

follo

win

g ap

proa

ch t

o m

itiga

te “

light

pol

lutio

n” b

y ei

ther

elim

inat

ing

the

fixtu

re o

r by

adju

stin

g w

avel

engt

h or

inte

nsity

: W

e ha

ve n

o re

liabl

e fo

rmul

a th

at c

an b

e us

ed t

o ca

lcul

ate

how

muc

h ea

ch li

ght s

ourc

e w

ill a

ffec

t se

a tu

rtles

. W

e do

kn

ow,

how

ever

, th

at i

f sp

ectra

l em

issi

ons

are

equi

vale

nt,

redu

cing

int

ensi

ty w

ill r

educ

e ef

fect

s, an

d if

inte

nsiti

es a

re

sim

ilar,

subs

titut

ing

less

attr

activ

e so

urce

s (li

ke y

ello

w b

ug

or r

ed l

ight

s) w

ill a

lso

redu

ce e

ffec

ts.

A s

ound

stra

tegy

, th

eref

ore,

wou

ld b

e to

red

uce

effe

cts

on s

ea t

urtle

s by

m

anip

ulat

ion

both

int

ensi

ty a

nd c

olor

. A

s fe

w l

ight

s as

pr

actic

able

sh

ould

be

us

ed,

and

for

light

ing

deem

ed

esse

ntia

l, lo

ng w

avel

engt

h lig

ht s

ourc

es s

houl

d re

plac

e m

ore

disr

uptiv

e lig

ht s

ourc

es a

nd i

nten

sity

sho

uld

be r

educ

ed b

y us

ing

lam

ps o

f min

imal

wat

tage

that

are

hou

sed

with

in w

ell-

dire

cted

fix

ture

s ai

med

dow

n an

d aw

ay f

rom

the

bea

ch (

p.

23).

In p

oint

, dire

ct li

ght o

n th

e be

ach

can

be h

ighl

y di

srup

tive

to

both

adu

lt tu

rtles

and

hat

chlin

gs a

nd, e

limin

atin

g so

urce

s of

dire

ct

light

rea

chin

g th

e be

ach

is p

refe

rred

ove

r al

l ot

her

cons

erva

tion

alte

rnat

ives

(W

ither

ingt

on a

nd M

artin

, 20

03).

In

circ

umst

ance

s w

here

elim

inat

ing

light

sou

rces

– e

ither

by

turn

ing

them

off

or

by

rem

ovin

g th

e fix

ture

s al

l to

geth

er

– is

no

t pr

actic

al,

seve

ral

alte

rnat

ives

are

ava

ilabl

e w

hich

dire

ct l

ight

mor

e ef

ficie

ntly

and

/or

shie

ld th

e so

urce

from

the

beac

h.

Sim

ilarly

, in

dire

ct

light

ing

is

also

hi

ghly

di

srup

tive.

W

ither

ingt

on a

nd M

artin

rei

tera

te t

hat,

“lum

inai

res

shou

ld n

ot b

e di

rect

ed o

nto…

any

obje

ct v

isib

le f

rom

the

bea

ch,”

thi

s in

clud

es

wal

ls, c

eilin

gs, a

nd v

eget

atio

n (p

. 21)

. A

form

of i

nten

tiona

l ind

irect

lig

htin

g ca

n be

dec

orat

ive,

suc

h as

glo

win

g be

achf

ront

veg

etat

ion.

Alth

ough

enc

hant

ing

for s

ome,

such

a p

ract

ice

shou

ld b

e re

serv

ed fo

r ar

eas

out o

f si

ght f

rom

the

beac

h.

If in

dire

ct li

ght i

s un

inte

ntio

nal,

then

mod

ern

fixtu

res a

re h

ighl

y re

com

men

ded

that

will

pre

vent

“w

all

was

h” (t

he il

lum

inat

ion

of th

e si

de o

r faç

ade

of a

bui

ldin

g).

So

far

, th

e di

scus

sion

abo

ve h

as b

een

on e

xter

ior

fixtu

res;

ho

wev

er in

terio

r lig

htin

g is

als

o a

sour

ce o

f “lig

ht p

ollu

tion.

”

The

crite

ria f

or i

dent

ifyin

g pr

oble

ms

caus

ed b

y in

door

lig

htin

g ar

e th

e sa

me

as t

hose

for

ide

ntify

ing

prob

lem

s ca

used

by

outd

oor

light

ing…

[A

s w

ith a

n ou

tdoo

r lig

ht, a

n]

indo

or li

ght i

s a p

robl

em if

it is

vis

ible

from

the

beac

h.

Indo

or li

ghtin

g fr

om b

uild

ings

that

are

clo

se to

the

beac

h, a

re

very

tall,

or h

ave

larg

e se

a-si

de w

indo

ws

caus

es th

e gr

eate

st

prob

lem

for

sea

tur

tles.

Bec

ause

ind

oor

light

ing

is u

sual

ly

not

mea

nt t

o lig

ht t

he o

utdo

ors,

the

unw

ante

d ef

fect

s of

in

door

lig

htin

g ca

n ea

sily

be

el

imin

ated

w

ithou

t co

mpr

omis

ing

the

inte

nded

fu

nctio

n of

th

e lig

ht

(With

erin

gton

and

Mar

tin, 2

003,

p. 2

2).

In t

ruth

, th

e Fa

irmon

t R

oyal

Pav

ilion

doe

s no

t ha

ve d

irect

co

ntro

l ov

er w

hich

roo

m l

ight

s ar

e ut

ilize

d by

gue

sts.

How

ever

, in

door

ligh

ts b

e ca

n m

inim

ized

fro

m r

each

ing

the

beac

h by

sim

ply

info

rmin

g an

d re

min

ding

gue

sts

to c

lose

opa

que

curta

ins

durin

g ev

enin

g ho

urs w

hen

room

ligh

ts a

re o

n.

The

hote

l do

es h

ave

dire

ct c

ontro

l ov

er a

lmos

t al

l ot

her

fixtu

res,

whi

ch c

ast l

ight

ont

o or

vis

ible

fro

m th

e be

ach.

It

is th

ese

fixtu

res t

hat m

ake

up th

e bu

lk o

f thi

s ass

essm

ent.

In

th

e se

ctio

ns

that

fo

llow

I

prov

ide

spec

ific

reco

mm

enda

tions

for

miti

gatio

n of

the

se f

ixtu

res,

and

deta

il m

y m

etho

ds a

nd r

esul

ts.

If

cons

train

ts h

inde

r th

e im

plem

enta

tion

of

parti

cula

r re

com

men

datio

ns,

one

optio

n is

tha

t ef

fect

ive

actio

n be

ta

ken

in h

igh

prio

rity

case

s (R

ank

“3”

light

s, se

e M

ETH

OD

S) a

nd

that

low

er p

riorit

y ac

tions

be

budg

eted

ove

r tim

e.

In g

ener

al, a

nd in

keep

ing

with

the

deci

sion

s of

the

2000

“Se

a Tu

rtles

and

Bea

chfr

ont

Ligh

ting”

wor

ksho

p, r

ecom

men

datio

ns a

re b

ased

on

best

pra

ctic

es

and

curr

ent

scie

nce

as a

rticu

late

d by

With

erin

gton

and

Mar

tin

(200

3).

ME

TH

OD

S D

aytim

e Li

ghtin

g Su

rvey

A b

asel

ine

dayt

ime

light

ing

surv

ey w

as c

ondu

cted

on

foot

on

3 Ju

ne 2

006

by o

bser

ving

ligh

ting

fixtu

res

and

bulb

s di

rect

ly v

isib

le

from

the

beac

h. T

he e

ntire

pro

perty

was

acc

esse

d to

cla

rify,

iden

tify,

an

d/or

cou

nt p

artic

ular

fix

ture

(s).

All

exte

rior

light

s w

ithin

line

-of-

sigh

t of

the

obs

erve

r [J

ohn

Engl

ish

Kno

wle

s] w

ere

desc

ribed

with

re

spec

t to

fix

ture

typ

e an

d lo

catio

n.

The

func

tion

of l

ight

s w

as

dedu

ced

by th

e ob

serv

er;

how

ever

, sub

sequ

ent

mee

tings

with

hot

el

man

agem

ent

staf

f in

sure

d th

at

the

corr

ect

func

tiona

lity

was

do

cum

ente

d in

eac

h ca

se.

Lig

ht f

ixtu

res

with

lam

ps (

light

bul

bs)

visi

ble

from

the

beac

h an

d th

ose

that

wer

e de

sign

ed o

r pos

ition

ed s

o th

at t

hey

wou

ld l

ikel

y ill

umin

ate

the

beac

h w

ere

cons

ider

ed t

o be

po

tent

ially

pro

blem

atic

.

Nig

httim

e Li

ghtin

g Su

rvey

In c

oord

inat

ion

with

hot

el m

anag

emen

t, a

nigh

ttim

e lig

htin

g su

rvey

was

con

duct

ed o

n fo

ot o

n 23

July

200

6. D

urin

g th

e ni

ghtti

me

surv

ey, e

ach

light

iden

tifie

d in

the

dayt

ime

surv

ey w

as lo

cate

d an

d ev

alua

ted

with

res

pect

to

its p

oten

tial

effe

ct o

n se

a tu

rtles

. Li

ghts

un

seen

dur

ing

the

day,

but

vis

ible

whe

n em

ittin

g lig

ht,

wer

e al

so

eval

uate

d. E

ach

light

was

rate

d an

d ra

nked

on

a sc

ale

of 1

to 3

.

The

Ligh

ts

Fo

llow

ing

are

the

surv

eyed

lig

hts

liste

d fr

om t

he m

ost

disr

uptiv

e (R

ank

3) t

o th

e le

ast

disr

uptiv

e (R

ank

1) f

or m

arin

e tu

rtles

. A

rank

of “

1” d

escr

ibes

indi

rect

ligh

t vis

ible

by

an o

bser

ver

on th

e be

ach,

but

not

like

ly to

pre

sent

a st

rong

attr

actio

n to

nes

ting

or

hatc

hing

tur

tles.

A r

ank

of “

2” d

escr

ibes

a v

isib

le g

lobe

, glo

win

g el

emen

t, la

mp,

or

refle

ctor

like

ly to

dis

orie

nt tu

rtles

, but

not

stro

ng

enou

gh to

cas

t a sh

adow

on

the

beac

h. A

nd a

rank

of “

3” d

escr

ibes

a

light

sou

rce

stro

ng e

noug

h to

cas

t a s

hado

w o

n th

e be

ach

rega

rdle

ss

of w

heth

er th

e ill

umin

atio

n is

dire

ct o

r ind

irect

.

Even

the

sm

alle

st l

ight

s ca

n ra

nk a

s a

“3”

if th

ey c

ast

a sh

adow

on

the

beac

h; t

heir

clos

e pr

oxim

ity t

o th

e be

ach

and

thei

r lo

w v

ertic

al p

lace

men

t nea

r the

hor

izon

can

be

just

as

diso

rient

atin

g as

a m

ore

pow

erfu

l lig

ht fu

rther

aw

ay.

The

“3”

rank

ing

light

s ha

ve

been

pla

ced

first

in th

e as

sess

men

t bec

ause

of t

heir

pote

ntia

lly m

ore

serio

us e

ffec

ts o

n m

arin

e tu

rtles

. T

he f

ocus

of

corr

ectiv

e ac

tions

sh

ould

beg

in w

ith th

ese

light

s, as

thei

r miti

gatio

n w

ill h

ave

the

mos

t si

gnifi

cant

impa

ct o

n th

e be

ach

envi

ronm

ent.

W

ithin

eac

h ra

nk –

1, 2

, 3 –

fixt

ures

list

ed fi

rst a

re e

xpec

ted

to r

equi

re t

he g

reat

est

atte

ntio

n ei

ther

in

num

ber,

expe

nse,

or

crea

tivity

. Th

e lis

t con

tinue

s th

roug

h fix

ture

s th

at a

re p

rogr

essi

vely

si

mpl

er a

nd/o

r ch

eape

r to

miti

gate

. F

or e

ach

light

the

num

ber

of

fixtu

res

visi

ble

from

the

bea

ch,

the

fixtu

re t

ype,

loc

atio

n, r

ank,

co

mm

ents

(if

an

y),

func

tion,

pic

ture

an

d re

com

men

datio

ns

are

docu

men

ted.

Eac

h re

com

men

datio

n is

spec

ific

to a

n in

divi

dual

ligh

t, an

d m

ay

incl

ude

one

or

man

y ex

plan

ator

y re

mar

ks.

So

me

reco

mm

enda

tions

will

per

tain

to m

itiga

ting

the

curr

ent f

ixtu

re; o

ther

s w

ill su

gges

t the

repl

acem

ent o

f a fi

xtur

e w

ith a

n al

tern

ativ

e.

Rec

omm

enda

tions

are

illu

stra

ted

by th

e fo

llow

ing:

Pe

rman

ently

elim

inat

e fix

ture

. So

me

case

s are

spec

ific

to th

e nu

mbe

r or l

ocat

ion

of th

e fix

ture

s.

Rep

ositi

on fi

xtur

e to

the

land

war

d si

de o

f the

tree

or o

bjec

t. A

im fi

xtur

e aw

ay fr

om th

e be

ach.

Rep

lace

exi

stin

g fix

ture

with

a m

ore

dire

cted

and

fun

ctio

nal

path

lig

ht,

and

re-p

ositi

on

it to

el

imin

ate

any

dire

ct

(or

indi

rect

) ill

umin

atio

n of

the

beac

h.

In

stal

l low

wat

tage

(40

wat

ts o

r les

s) y

ello

w b

ug li

ght b

ulb.

In

stal

l com

pact

flu

ores

cent

Tur

tle S

afe

Ligh

ting

lam

ps (

light

bul

bs).

Se

e IN

TE

RN

ET

RE

SOU

RC

ES.

OR

Rep

lace

exi

stin

g fix

ture

with

a m

ore

dire

cted

, m

ore

func

tiona

l do

wnl

ight

.

R

epla

ce e

xist

ing

fixtu

re w

ith a

mor

e di

rect

ed, m

ore

func

tiona

l ste

p lig

ht p

ositi

oned

to e

limin

ate

any

dire

ct (

or in

dire

ct)

illum

inat

ion

of

the

beac

h.

R

educ

e in

tens

ity o

f lig

ht o

r low

er w

atta

ge.

Plan

t, la

ndsc

ape,

or i

mpr

ove

nativ

e ve

geta

tion

buff

er to

elim

inat

e or

sc

reen

any

dire

ct (o

r ind

irect

) illu

min

atio

n of

the

beac

h.

Inst

all h

ood,

aim

aw

ay f

rom

bea

ch, a

nd c

onne

ct f

ixtu

re to

a m

otio

n de

tect

or.

K

eep

light

s of

f w

hen

not

in u

se,

espe

cial

ly l

ight

s cl

oses

t to

the

be

ach.

In

form

gu

ests

vi

a ta

ble

tent

s, do

or

hang

ers,

or

othe

r ed

ucat

iona

l mat

eria

ls a

bout

fixt

ures

und

er th

eir c

ontro

l.

In

stal

l shi

eld

or m

ask

of su

ffic

ient

size

that

cov

ers a

n ar

ch o

f 180

° on

the

ocea

n si

de.

Sh

ade

arch

es.

Inst

all a

Hub

bell

Skyc

ap o

r sim

ilar s

hiel

d.

Fo

r sec

urity

, ins

tall

a m

otio

n de

tect

or so

it o

nly

com

es o

n w

hen

som

ebod

y is

on

the

beac

h (m

otio

n de

tect

ors c

an b

e de

sign

ed to

be

enga

ged

or d

isen

gage

d).

El

imin

ate

fixtu

res a

nd u

se lo

w ta

ble

lam

ps (s

uch

as A

urel

le L

ED

Can

dle

Serie

s or M

axxi

ma

MLC

-01

LED

Fla

mel

ess C

andl

e) o

r ca

ndle

s. Th

is w

ould

serv

e th

e pu

rpos

e of

illu

min

atin

g th

e ta

bles

w

ithou

t uni

nten

ded

broa

dcas

t bey

ond

the

rest

aura

nt.

C

ocon

ut p

alm

mou

nted

hoo

ded

spot

light

Rank

: 3

Ligh

t Lo

catio

n: C

ocon

ut p

alm

at

Wat

er S

ports

Cen

tre a

t so

uthe

rn

end

of p

rope

rty

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 2

C

omm

ents

: Cur

rent

ly, t

he li

ght i

s di

rect

ed to

war

d th

e bo

at ra

mp

and

step

s. A

bet

ter

alte

rnat

ive

in i

llum

inat

ing

the

step

s w

ould

be

to

inst

all s

mal

l red

foot

/ste

p lig

hts.

Thes

e lig

hts

shou

ld b

e co

nnec

ted

to

a m

otio

n de

tect

or s

o th

ey o

nly

com

e on

whe

n ne

eded

. If

ligh

ts a

re

need

ed f

or s

ecur

ity, t

hen

low

-pro

file,

louv

ered

bol

lard

s w

ith b

each

-si

de s

hiel

ds c

ould

be

used

. To

min

imiz

e th

e ef

fect

s of

thes

e lig

hts

on

sea

turtl

es, t

hey

shou

ld b

e co

nnec

ted

to a

mot

ion

dete

ctor

and

eith

er

low

-pre

ssur

e so

dium

vap

or la

mps

or

yello

w b

ug li

ght b

ulbs

sho

uld

be u

sed.

Re

com

men

datio

ns:

Pi

ctur

e 1

of b

are

spot

light

Pi

ctur

e 2

of b

are

spot

light

Rank

: 3

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: R

oof W

ater

Spo

rts C

entre

N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

2

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

Fl

oodl

ight

Rank

: 3

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: N

orth

bea

ch b

y ve

nder

stal

ls

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 1

Re

com

men

datio

ns:

L

arge

r sp

otlig

hts f

or st

age

Sm

alle

r co

conu

t pal

m m

ount

ed sp

otlig

ht

Sm

alle

r sp

otlig

ht

Rank

: 3

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: P

alm

Ter

race

Res

taur

ant

Num

ber

of f

ixtu

res:

21

smal

ler

spot

light

s, 4

larg

er s

potli

ghts

for

st

age

of w

hich

2 a

re o

rang

e an

d 2

are

whi

te

Com

men

ts:

The

rest

aura

nt p

rese

nts

a un

ique

cha

lleng

e be

caus

e it

is

dire

ctly

on

the

beac

h.

Usi

ng w

all-m

ount

ed d

ownl

ight

s, st

ep li

ghts

, an

d/or

oth

er d

irect

iona

l fix

ture

s in

com

bina

tion

with

low

-leve

l sm

all

tabl

e lig

hts

can

min

imiz

e th

e am

ount

of

light

leav

ing

the

rest

aura

nt.

The

dow

nlig

hts

shou

ld b

e m

ount

ed lo

w e

noug

h so

that

they

do

not

illum

inat

e th

e be

ach.

V

eget

atio

n ca

n al

so b

e pl

ante

d in

side

the

ar

ches

in s

uch

a w

ay a

s to

lim

it th

e am

ount

of l

ight

pas

sing

thro

ugh

them

, bu

t no

t ob

stru

ctin

g th

e vi

ew o

f se

ated

gue

sts.

In

addi

tion,

so

me

fixtu

res

do c

ontri

bute

to “

wal

l was

h.”

It s

houl

d be

not

ed th

at

“wal

l was

h” f

rom

a y

ello

w o

r re

d lig

ht is

muc

h le

ss d

isru

ptiv

e th

an

“wal

l was

h” f

rom

a w

hite

ligh

t. T

here

fore

, to

furth

er m

inim

ize

the

detri

men

tal

effe

cts

to s

ea t

urtle

s, ye

llow

bug

lig

ht b

ulbs

or

Turtl

e Fr

iend

ly

Ligh

ting

lam

ps

may

be

us

ed.

B

y fo

llow

ing

thes

e re

com

men

datio

ns n

eith

er t

he d

inin

g ex

perie

nce

of R

oyal

Pav

ilion

gu

ests

no

r th

e be

havi

or

of

sea

turtl

e ha

tchl

ings

sh

ould

be

co

mpr

omis

ed.

Re

com

men

datio

ns o

n ex

istin

g fix

ture

s:

Ulti

mat

e re

com

men

datio

n:

Sugg

este

d la

ndsc

apin

g of

arc

hes:

W

all m

ount

ed c

andl

e ho

lder

fixt

ure

Rank

: 3

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: C

afe

Tabo

ras

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 6

C

omm

ents

: C

afé

Tabo

ras

pres

ents

a u

niqu

e ca

se t

hat

can

be e

asily

m

itiga

ted.

The

cur

rent

ligh

ts a

re a

sou

rce

of d

irect

ligh

t on

the

beac

h an

d th

eir

repl

acem

ent

with

a

mod

ern

alte

rnat

ive

is

high

ly

reco

mm

ende

d. A

fixt

ure

that

shie

lds t

he li

ght b

ulb

from

the

beac

h as

w

ell a

s cu

stom

ers

is p

refe

rred

ove

r the

exi

stin

g ba

re b

ulb

light

s. T

he

curr

ent f

ixtu

re c

ould

be

mad

e tu

rtle

frie

ndly

by

repl

acin

g th

e gl

ass

chim

neys

with

an

opaq

ue o

ne,

conc

ealin

g th

e bu

lb.

Ear

thw

orks

co

uld

poss

ibly

des

ign

such

a fi

xtur

e th

ereb

y in

crea

sing

the

qual

ity o

f th

e be

ach,

the

rest

aura

nt, a

nd su

ppor

ting

the

loca

l eco

nom

y.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

on

exis

ting

fixtu

res:

U

ltim

ate

reco

mm

enda

tion:

W

all m

ount

ed sh

ell s

hape

d sc

once

on

balc

ony

Pe

riod

ligh

t on

balc

ony

Rank

: 3 –

per

iod

light

, 3 -

shel

l sco

nce

light

oor

Bal

coni

es o

f N

orth

nsta

llatio

n of

tur

tle f

riend

ly f

ixtu

res,

the

Ligh

t Lo

catio

n: F

irst,

Seco

nd, a

nd T

hird

Fl

and

Sout

h bu

ildin

gs

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 1

38

Com

men

ts:

Unt

il th

e i

detri

men

tal e

ffec

ts o

f the

ligh

t can

be

redu

ced

by s

hiel

ding

or t

intin

g of

gla

ss o

n th

e cu

rren

t fix

ture

s. H

owev

er,

this

pro

babl

y w

ill n

ot

com

plet

ely

elim

inat

e di

rect

illu

min

atio

n of

the

beac

h.

Bec

ause

the

shel

l sco

nce

shie

lds

the

bare

bul

b fr

om th

e be

ach,

it is

pre

ferr

ed to

th

e pe

riod

light

. H

owev

er,

cons

ider

able

lig

ht f

rom

the

sco

nce

is

refle

cted

off

the

balc

ony

wal

l tow

ards

the

beac

h. It

is re

com

men

ded

that

the

curr

ent b

ulb

be re

plac

ed w

ith a

low

-wat

tage

yel

low

bug

ligh

t bu

lb o

r Tur

tle S

afe

Ligh

ting

lam

p. S

mal

l por

tabl

e bo

ok li

ghts

can

be

plac

ed in

eve

ry ro

om fo

r gue

sts t

hat p

refe

r to

read

on

the

balc

onie

s at

nigh

t.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

on

the

exis

ting

fixtu

res,

espe

cial

ly t

he p

erio

d lig

ht:

Ulti

mat

e re

com

men

datio

n:

T

urtle

fri

endl

y do

wn

light

whe

n us

ed w

ith b

ug l

ight

(pi

ctur

e fr

om

http

://w

ww

.thom

aslig

htin

g.co

m/c

atal

og/p

rodd

etai

l.asp

?cno

=SL

9270

-8)

Pi

ctur

e 1

of sm

all s

potli

ghts

Pi

ctur

e 2

of sm

all s

potli

ghts

Rank

: 3

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: C

afe

Tabo

ras

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 1

3 Re

com

men

datio

ns:

C

ocon

ut p

alm

mou

nted

hoo

ded

spot

light

N

orth

Bea

ch il

lum

inat

ed a

t nig

ht

Rank

: 3

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: N

orth

bea

ch

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 1

0 C

omm

ents

: T

he b

est

optio

n is

to

elim

inat

e th

e lig

ht,

eith

er b

y tu

rnin

g th

em a

ll of

f or

rem

ovin

g th

e fix

ture

s. I

f th

e pu

rpos

e of

the

light

is

to i

llum

inat

e di

ning

or

ente

rtain

men

t ev

ents

, th

en h

avin

g th

em o

n fo

r sh

ort d

urat

ions

on

rand

om n

ight

s is

bet

ter

than

hav

ing

them

on

all t

he ti

me.

If t

he li

ghts

are

not

nee

ded

for a

n ev

ent,

then

it

is r

ecom

men

ded

that

the

y ar

e tu

rned

off

. I

f al

l lig

hts

cann

ot b

e re

mov

ed o

r tu

rned

off

, the

n it

is r

ecom

men

ded

that

the

num

ber

of

light

s (c

urre

ntly

10)

and

wat

tage

of

each

lam

p be

red

uced

. T

he

inst

alla

tion

of y

ello

w b

ug l

ight

bul

bs i

s al

so r

ecom

men

ded

and

a Tu

rtle

frie

ndly

C

F PA

R-3

8 sn

ap-o

n fil

ter

is

avai

labl

e (S

ee

INT

ER

NE

T R

ESO

UR

CE

S).

Reco

mm

enda

tions

on

the

num

ber o

f fix

ture

s:

Reco

mm

enda

tions

on

exis

ting

or re

mai

ning

fixt

ures

:

C

ompa

ct F

luor

esce

nt P

AR

-38

(pic

ture

from

ht

tp://

ww

w.b

ulbc

o.co

m/c

fpar

38.h

tml)

Sn

ap-o

n re

d fil

ter

to b

e us

ed w

ith C

F PA

R-3

8 (p

ictu

re fr

om

http

://w

ww

.turt

lesa

felig

htin

g.co

m/T

urtle

Safe

%20

1.0/

mai

nfra

me.

htm

l)

Y

ello

w P

AR

-38

Bug

Lam

p (p

ictu

re fr

om

http

://w

ww

.doi

tyou

rsel

f.com

/invt

/106

3239

)

D

usk-

to-d

awn

secu

rity

ligh

t

Rank

: 3

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: N

orth

bea

ch

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 1

C

omm

ents

: Th

e be

st r

ecom

men

datio

n an

d pr

efer

red

optio

n is

to

elim

inat

e th

e lig

ht.

If th

e pu

rpos

e of

the

light

is to

illu

min

ate

dini

ng

or e

nter

tain

men

t, th

en it

sho

uld

be s

hiel

ded

and

turn

ed o

ff w

hen

not

need

ed.

If th

e pu

rpos

e of

the

light

is to

illu

min

ate

the

beac

h so

that

se

curit

y ca

n vi

ew p

oten

tial

tresp

asse

rs,

then

a m

ore

effe

ctiv

e an

d ec

onom

ical

mea

ns m

ight

be

to i

nsta

ll a

mot

ion

dete

ctor

so

that

se

curit

y is

ale

rted

whe

n so

meo

ne a

ppro

ache

s th

e ho

tel.

Sec

urity

pe

rson

nel

can

alw

ays

use

flash

light

s to

illu

min

ate

any

sect

ion

of

beac

h w

hen

they

pre

fer.

Re

com

men

datio

ns o

n ex

istin

g fix

ture

:

U

ltim

ate

reco

mm

enda

tion:

U

p di

rect

ed h

oode

d sp

otlig

ht a

t the

bas

e of

the

coco

nut p

alm

C

ocon

ut p

alm

mou

nted

hoo

ded

spot

light

whi

ch is

dow

n di

rect

ed

Rank

: 3

Ligh

t Lo

catio

n: T

wo

spot

light

s at

bas

e of

coc

onut

pal

m a

imed

up,

on

e sp

otlig

ht m

ount

ed in

coc

onut

pal

m a

imed

dow

n at

bea

ch w

ithin

“g

arde

n ar

ea”

in fr

ont o

f Pal

m T

erra

ce R

esta

uran

t N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

3

Com

men

ts:

The

dow

n po

sitio

ned

coco

nut

palm

mou

nted

lig

ht i

s ca

stin

g a

grea

t de

al o

f di

rect

lig

ht o

n th

e be

ach

and

of t

he t

hree

sp

otlig

hts w

ould

be

the

mos

t dis

rupt

ive

to th

e se

a fin

ding

beh

avio

r of

hatc

hlin

gs.

The

best

rec

omm

enda

tion

is it

s el

imin

atio

n.

The

othe

r tw

o sp

otlig

hts

at t

he b

ase

of t

he c

ocon

ut p

alm

sho

uld

also

be

elim

inat

ed.

Re

com

men

datio

ns:

C

ocon

ut p

alm

mou

nted

hoo

ded

spot

light

M

ahog

any

tree

mou

nted

hoo

ded

spot

light

Rank

: 3

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: M

ount

ed o

n on

e co

conu

t pal

m, t

he o

ther

is m

ount

ed

on th

e m

ahog

any

betw

een

Caf

e Ta

bora

s and

sout

h bu

ildin

g N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

2

Com

men

ts: A

com

mon

reco

mm

enda

tion

to c

orre

ct li

ghtin

g pr

oble

ms

is lo

wer

ligh

t bel

ow a

poi

nt th

at is

not

vis

ible

from

the

beac

h. I

n th

is

situ

atio

n, th

e pu

rpos

e of

the

light

s is

to il

lum

inat

e th

e te

rrac

e/pa

tio o

f C

afé

Tabo

ras.

Thi

s ca

n be

don

e w

ithou

t hig

h m

ount

ed tr

ee fi

xtur

es,

whi

ch i

ncre

ase

stra

y lig

ht r

each

ing

the

beac

h.

A m

ore

pref

erre

d al

tern

ativ

e is

to lo

wer

ligh

ts a

nd p

lace

them

beh

ind

an o

paqu

e ob

ject

. Th

is c

an b

e ac

com

plis

hed

here

by

plac

ing

light

s on

the

land

war

d si

de

of w

all.

Lan

dsca

ped

vege

tatio

n ca

n al

so b

e ad

vant

ageo

us i

n en

surin

g th

at l

ittle

lig

ht a

s po

ssib

le r

each

es t

he b

each

. L

ower

ing

light

s be

hind

opa

que

obje

cts

and

vege

tatio

n in

crea

ses

the

qual

ity o

f th

e en

viro

nmen

t fo

r bo

th t

he h

atch

lings

on

the

beac

h an

d di

nnin

g gu

ests

on

the

terr

ace.

Thi

s way

the

purp

ose

of th

e lig

hts h

as n

ot b

een

com

prom

ised

.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

C

ocon

ut p

alm

mou

nted

hoo

ded

spot

light

clo

sest

to b

each

C

ocon

ut p

alm

mou

nted

hoo

ded

spot

light

furt

hest

from

bea

ch

Rank

: Off

at t

he ti

me

of a

sses

smen

t – F

ixtu

re c

lose

st to

bea

ch, 2

- Fi

xtur

e se

t fur

ther

bac

k Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Coc

onut

pal

ms j

ust s

outh

of n

orth

bui

ldin

g N

umbe

r: 2

C

omm

ents

: O

f the

two

light

s, th

e on

e th

at w

ould

be

mos

t dis

rupt

ive

to t

he s

ea f

indi

ng b

ehav

ior

of h

atch

lings

is

the

one

clos

est

to t

he

beac

h. E

limin

atin

g th

e lig

ht c

lose

st to

the

sea

or k

eepi

ng it

off

is th

e be

st r

ecom

men

datio

n.

The

othe

r lig

ht s

houl

d be

red

irect

ed a

nd

repo

sitio

ned

away

from

the

beac

h.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

SUM

MA

RY

The

effo

rt of

the

Fai

rmon

t R

oyal

Pav

ilion

doe

s no

t go

un

notic

ed in

thei

r ne

ver

endi

ng q

uest

for

impr

ovem

ents

. Th

e ho

tel

cons

tant

ly s

trive

s fo

r a m

ore

suita

ble

beac

h en

viro

nmen

t, w

hich

onl

y in

crea

ses

its q

ualit

y as

a lu

xury

reso

rt. T

he F

airm

ont R

oyal

Pav

ilion

is

pra

ised

for s

uppo

rting

um

brel

las

with

a fl

at b

ase

inst

ead

of s

piki

ng

the

post

dire

ctly

into

the

sand

. Th

is a

nd th

e co

ntin

ued

effo

rt to

sta

ck

beac

h ch

airs

will

ens

ure

that

nes

ts a

re n

ot d

amag

ed a

nd m

othe

r tu

rtles

are

not

obs

truct

ed f

rom

cra

wlin

g al

ong

the

beac

h. A

noth

er

obvi

ous

cons

ider

atio

n in

se

asid

e am

bien

ce

is

the

hood

ing

of

beac

hfro

nt s

potli

ghts

. Su

ch a

fix

ture

will

red

uce

glar

e an

d im

prov

e th

e ni

ght s

ky fo

r gue

sts.

How

ever

, the

impa

ct o

f alm

ost a

ll ev

alua

ted

light

s, in

clud

ing

the

spot

light

s, is

com

poun

ded

for

two

reas

ons.

Firs

t, th

e Fa

irmon

t R

oyal

Pav

ilion

bea

ch s

ide

prop

erty

is

elon

gate

d.

Seco

nd,

this

el

onga

ted

edge

of t

he p

rope

rty is

dire

ctly

on

top

of th

e co

astli

ne w

ith

little

or n

o se

t bac

k. I

n th

is p

artic

ular

situ

atio

n ev

en a

sm

all b

ulb

is

prob

lem

atic

and

is

why

nea

rly a

ll fix

ture

s ar

e ca

tego

rized

as

mos

t di

srup

tive

to m

arin

e tu

rtles

(Ran

k 3)

. Ev

en w

ith a

hoo

d, a

spot

light

dire

ctly

on

the

beac

h ca

n ca

use

an e

gg-b

earin

g fe

mal

e to

tur

n aw

ay f

rom

sui

tabl

e ne

stin

g ha

bita

t.

This

mig

ht re

sult

in th

e tu

rtle

layi

ng h

er c

lutc

h in

a s

ub o

ptim

al a

rea

som

ewhe

re e

lse

dow

n th

e be

ach.

In

add

ition

, a

beac

h ce

nter

ed s

potli

ght

can

caus

e ex

trem

e di

sorie

ntat

ion

to h

atch

lings

, pre

vent

ing

them

fro

m e

ver

reac

hing

the

sea.

In

man

y ca

ses,

mis

dire

cted

hat

chlin

gs a

re e

aten

by

crab

s or

die

fr

om h

eat e

xpos

ure

the

follo

win

g m

orni

ng.

The

cum

ulat

ive

effe

ct o

f m

ultip

le b

alco

ny l

ight

s ha

s an

ev

en g

reat

er im

pact

on

mar

ine

turtl

es.

It is

hig

hly

reco

mm

ende

d th

at

a m

oder

n al

tern

ativ

e is

inst

alle

d on

bea

ch fr

ont b

alco

nies

. B

ut e

ven

with

turtl

e-fr

iend

ly f

ixtu

res,

balc

ony

light

s sh

ould

be

kept

off

whe

n no

t in

use.

The

two

rest

aura

nts

also

pos

e a

chal

leng

e in

red

ucin

g lig

ht

pollu

tion,

sin

ce th

ey to

o si

t dire

ctly

on

the

beac

h. T

he s

olut

ion

mus

t m

eet

the

need

s of

din

ing

gues

ts a

nd m

arin

e tu

rtles

, si

nce

the

rest

aura

nt’s

op

erat

ion

over

laps

w

ith

the

emer

genc

e of

m

ost

hatc

hlin

gs.

Th

e ci

rcum

stan

ces

pres

ent

at t

he r

esta

uran

t w

ill r

equi

re

crea

tivity

and

a c

lear

und

erst

andi

ng o

f lig

ht p

ollu

tion

miti

gatio

n th

at

this

ass

essm

ent

hope

s to

cul

tivat

e.

One

rec

omm

enda

tion

is t

o in

corp

orat

e la

ndsc

apin

g or

veg

etat

ion

into

a t

urtle

frie

ndly

lig

htin

g sc

hem

e.

In t

his

case

, it

wou

ld b

e im

porta

nt t

o en

sure

tha

t th

e ve

geta

tion

is n

ot il

lum

inat

ed in

suc

h a

way

that

is v

isib

le f

rom

the

beac

h.

The

reco

mm

enda

tions

, on

ce i

mpl

emen

ted,

will

not

onl

y im

prov

e be

ach

cond

ition

s fo

r m

arin

e tu

rtles

, but

will

con

tribu

te t

o th

e ex

istin

g so

phis

ticat

ed t

hem

e in

lig

htin

g am

bian

ce o

f th

is r

esor

t w

hile

redu

cing

ope

ratio

nal e

xpen

ses

thro

ugh

an e

xpec

tatio

n of

low

er

ener

gy u

se.

To

enco

urag

e lig

htin

g im

prov

emen

ts a

nd a

ssis

t in

im

plem

enta

tion,

the

Tour

ism

Dev

elop

men

t Cor

pora

tion

is a

vaila

ble

to p

urch

ase

item

s (fix

ture

s, C

F bu

g lig

hts)

in b

ulk,

whi

ch w

ill fu

rther

re

duce

the

cost

of r

etro

fittin

g an

d in

nova

tion.

Th

e Fa

irmon

t R

oyal

Pav

ilion

pla

ys a

n es

sent

ial

role

in

the

surv

ival

of

the

enda

nger

ed t

urtle

s th

at u

se i

ts b

each

es, a

nd i

s w

ell

posi

tione

d to

ser

ve a

s a

mod

el f

or s

ea tu

rtle

frie

ndly

env

ironm

enta

l m

anag

emen

t sys

tem

s els

ewhe

re in

Bar

bado

s and

bey

ond.

INT

ER

NE

T R

ESO

UR

CE

S

Turtl

e sa

fe li

ghtin

g pr

oduc

ts

ww

w.tu

rtles

afel

ight

ing.

com

ht

tp://

ww

w.tu

rtles

afel

ight

ing.

com

/Tur

tleSa

fe%

201.

0/pr

oduc

t%20

she

ets/

Snap

OnF

ilter

.pdf

Turtl

e fr

iend

ly fi

xtur

e ht

tp://

ww

w.th

omas

light

ing.

com

/cat

alog

/pro

ddet

ail.a

sp?c

no=S

L927

0-8 C

F PA

R 3

8 ht

tp://

ww

w.p

rism

aeca

t.lig

htin

g.ph

ilips

.com

/Lig

htSi

te/W

hirlw

ind.

asp

x?ec

a=LN

PPLA

&cp

f=U

SNPU

S&st

g=A

CT&

lan=

US+

&ec

u=LM

P%7c

PLC

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NP&

cnt_

key=

CI_

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38%

7cPL

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t=1&

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key=

1885

&na

v=N

ull&

loc=

us_e

n&le

ftnav

=1_1

_4_1

_4

http

://ge

net.g

elig

htin

g.co

m/L

ight

Prod

ucts

/Dis

patc

her?

REQ

UES

T=C

ON

SUM

ERSP

ECPA

GE&

PRO

DU

CTC

OD

E=21

739

http

://w

ww

.nam

.ligh

ting.

phili

ps.c

om/u

s/co

nsum

er/m

arat

hon/

disp

lay.

php?

mod

e=2

PAR

38

bug

light

ht

tp://

gene

t.gel

ight

ing.

com

/Lig

htPr

oduc

ts/D

ispa

tche

r?R

EQU

EST=

CO

NSU

MER

SPEC

PAG

E&PR

OD

UC

TCO

DE=

2094

5 L

ITE

RA

TU

RE

CIT

ED

WIT

HER

ING

TON

, B. E

. and

R. E

. MA

RTI

N. 2

003.

Und

erst

andi

ng,

asse

ssin

g,

and

reso

lvin

g lig

ht-p

ollu

tion

prob

lem

s on

se

a tu

rtle

nest

ing

beac

hes.

3rd

ed.

rev.

Flo

rida

Mar

ine

Res

earc

h In

stitu

te

Tech

nica

l Rep

ort T

R-2

. 73

p.

ECK

ERT,

K. L

. and

J. A

. HO

RR

OC

KS

(Edi

tors

). 20

02. P

roce

edin

gs

of “

Sea

Turtl

es a

nd B

each

fron

t Lig

htin

g: A

n In

tera

ctiv

e W

orks

hop

for

Indu

stry

Pro

fess

iona

ls a

nd P

olic

y-M

aker

s in

Bar

bado

s”,

13

Oct

ober

20

00.

Spon

sore

d by

th

e W

ider

C

arib

bean

Se

a Tu

rtle

Con

serv

atio

n N

etw

ork

(WID

ECA

ST),

the

Bar

bado

s Se

a Tu

rtle

Proj

ect,

and

the

Tour

ism

Dev

elop

men

t C

orpo

ratio

n of

Bar

bado

s. W

IDEC

AST

Tec

hnic

al R

epor

t 1. v

+ 4

3 pp

. A

CK

NO

WL

ED

GM

EN

TS

I

am d

eepl

y in

debt

ed t

o th

e st

aff

and

man

agem

ent

of t

he

Fairm

ont

Roy

al

Pavi

lion,

in

clud

ing

Nic

hola

s Em

ery,

G

ener

al

Man

ager

and

And

re B

erub

e, C

hief

Eng

inee

r for

thei

r col

labo

ratio

n in

th

is a

sses

smen

t. T

hey

wer

e ex

traor

dina

rily

kind

in a

ccom

mod

atin

g m

y re

ques

ts, w

hich

ofte

n in

volv

ed th

eir w

orki

ng o

ff-h

ours

, inc

ludi

ng

late

at n

ight

. Eq

ually

impo

rtant

, the

ass

essm

ent w

ould

not

hav

e be

en

poss

ible

with

out t

he f

ores

ight

and

fin

anci

al s

uppo

rt of

the

Tour

ism

D

evel

opm

ent

Cor

pora

tion

of

Bar

bado

s.

I w

ould

al

so

like

to

reco

gniz

e th

e tir

eles

s ef

forts

of

the

Bar

bado

s Se

a Tu

rtle

Proj

ect,

espe

cial

ly D

r. Ju

lia H

orro

cks,

Bar

ry K

rueg

er a

nd th

eir 2

006

seas

onal

st

aff.

The

pro

fess

iona

l wor

k of

the

BST

P ha

s se

t a h

igh

stan

dard

for

rese

arch

and

con

serv

atio

n in

Bar

bado

s an

d th

roug

hout

the

Car

ibbe

an

regi

on.

With

out

thei

r co

llabo

ratio

n, i

nclu

ding

pro

vidi

ng m

e w

ith

hous

ing,

trai

ning

, acc

ess

to d

ata

and

othe

r tec

hnic

al in

form

atio

n, a

nd

the

oppo

rtuni

ty to

con

tribu

te to

thei

r im

porta

nt fi

eld

wor

k, w

hich

has

be

en p

rofe

ssio

nally

and

per

sona

lly e

nric

hing

for

me,

thi

s lig

htin

g as

sess

men

t cou

ld n

ot h

ave

been

acc

ompl

ishe

d. F

inal

ly, I

am

gra

tefu

l to

Dr.

Kar

en E

cker

t, Ex

ecut

ive

Dire

ctor

of

WID

ECA

ST a

nd m

y ac

adem

ic a

dvis

or a

t D

uke

Uni

vers

ity’s

Nic

hola

s Sc

hool

of

the

Envi

ronm

ent,

for

her

enco

urag

emen

t of

m

y ef

forts

an

d he

r le

ader

ship

in C

arib

bean

sea

turtl

e co

nser

vatio

n is

sues

in g

ener

al, a

nd

to E

rik M

artin

of

Ecol

ogic

al A

ssoc

iate

s, In

c. f

or h

is k

indn

ess

and

patie

nce

in t

rain

ing

me

in t

he p

roto

cols

of

prof

essi

onal

bea

chfr

ont

light

ing

asse

ssm

ents

, a fi

eld

in w

hich

he

is w

ell-r

ecog

nize

d.

Appendix VII – Sandy Lane property map

1

Appendix VIII – Sandy Lane assessment report

Nat

iona

l Ass

essm

ent o

f Bea

chfro

nt L

ight

ing

and

its

Effe

ct o

n th

e Su

rviv

al o

f End

ange

red

Mar

ine

Turtl

es

in B

arba

dos,

Wes

t Ind

ies

Prop

erty

Ass

essm

ent:

SAN

DY L

AN

E

Resp

ectfu

lly s

ubm

itted

Jo

hn E

nglis

h Kn

owle

s

INT

RO

DU

CT

ION

In p

artn

ersh

ip w

ith th

e B

arba

dos

Sea

Turtl

e Pr

ojec

t (B

STP)

, lo

cal

affil

iate

of

the

Wid

er C

arib

bean

Sea

Tur

tle C

onse

rvat

ion

Net

wor

k (W

IDEC

AST

), an

d th

e To

uris

m D

evel

opm

ent C

orpo

ratio

n in

Bar

bado

s, a

form

al l

ight

ing

asse

ssm

ent

was

con

duct

ed a

t Sa

ndy

Lane

as

part

of a

follo

w-u

p in

itiat

ive

to im

plem

ent r

ecom

men

datio

ns

mad

e at

a n

atio

nal “

Sea

Turtl

es a

nd B

each

fron

t Lig

htin

g” w

orks

hop

held

in 2

000

(Eck

ert a

nd H

orro

cks,

2002

).

The

eval

uatio

n of

lig

htin

g as

soci

ated

with

the

San

dy L

ane

prop

erty

atte

sts

to th

e ef

forts

and

ded

icat

ion

of th

e ho

tel i

ndus

try a

nd

the

BST

P in

im

prov

ing

the

cond

ition

s of

arti

ficia

l be

ach

light

ing,

w

hich

is w

ell k

now

n to

be

detri

men

tal t

o bo

th h

atch

lings

and

nes

ting

sea

turtl

es (E

cker

t and

Hor

rock

s, 20

02).

Sa

ndy

Lane

has

iden

tifie

d its

elf a

s a

lead

er in

add

ress

ing

the

light

ing

prob

lem

by

volu

ntar

ily p

artic

ipat

ing

in th

is a

sses

smen

t. T

he

prop

erty

– a

long

with

fou

r (4

) ot

her

beac

hfro

nt h

otel

s –

was

cho

sen

beca

use

it pl

ays

a cr

ucia

l ro

le i

n th

e qu

ality

of

sea

turtl

e ne

stin

g ha

bita

t. T

he in

tent

of t

he li

ghtin

g as

sess

men

t was

to e

valu

ate

curr

ent

cond

ition

s, an

d to

pro

pose

sol

utio

ns a

nd r

ecom

men

datio

ns f

or e

ach

light

ide

ntifi

ed a

s co

ntrib

utin

g to

the

noc

turn

al i

llum

inat

ion

of t

he

nest

ing

beac

h.

The

atte

ntio

n of

suc

h w

ork

is c

ritic

al in

the

surv

ival

of

the

haw

ksbi

ll se

a tu

rtle,

Ere

tmoc

hely

s im

bric

ata,

a c

ritic

ally

end

ange

red

spec

ies

wor

ldw

ide

(cf.

IUC

N R

edLi

st).

Bar

bado

s pl

ays

a ve

ry

impo

rtant

rol

e in

the

sur

viva

l of

thi

s sp

ecie

s, its

sou

thw

est

coas

t ha

ving

bee

n id

entif

ied

as o

ne o

f the

mos

t im

porta

nt n

estin

g gr

ound

s re

mai

ning

in th

e W

ider

Car

ibbe

an R

egio

n.

Arti

ficia

l be

achf

ront

lig

htin

g,

char

acte

rized

as

“l

ight

po

llutio

n” b

y W

ither

ingt

on a

nd M

artin

(20

03,

p. V

), is

the

mos

t se

rious

con

tem

pora

ry th

reat

to th

e su

rviv

al o

f sea

turtl

es in

Bar

bado

s (E

cker

t an

d H

orro

cks,

2002

). M

arin

e tu

rtles

are

mos

t se

nsiti

ve t

o sh

orte

r w

avel

engt

hs (

blue

s an

d gr

eens

), w

hich

the

y us

e as

a s

ea-

findi

ng c

ue.

Sho

rter

wav

elen

gths

are

als

o em

itted

by

whi

te l

ight

.

Whe

n su

ch

light

s ar

e vi

sibl

e fr

om

the

beac

h,

the

effe

ct

is

trem

endo

us.

With

erin

gton

an

d M

artin

(2

003)

su

gges

t th

e fo

llow

ing

appr

oach

to

miti

gate

“lig

ht p

ollu

tion”

by

eith

er e

limin

atin

g th

e fix

ture

or b

y ad

just

ing

wav

elen

gth

or in

tens

ity:

We

have

no

relia

ble

form

ula

that

can

be

used

to

calc

ulat

e ho

w m

uch

each

ligh

t sou

rce

will

aff

ect

sea

turtl

es.

We

do

know

, ho

wev

er,

that

if

spec

tral

emis

sion

s ar

e eq

uiva

lent

, re

duci

ng i

nten

sity

will

red

uce

effe

cts,

and

if in

tens

ities

are

si

mila

r, su

bstit

utin

g le

ss a

ttrac

tive

sour

ces

(like

yel

low

bug

or

red

lig

hts)

will

als

o re

duce

eff

ects

. A

sou

nd s

trate

gy,

ther

efor

e, w

ould

be

to r

educ

e ef

fect

s on

sea

tur

tles

by

man

ipul

atio

n bo

th i

nten

sity

and

col

or.

As

few

lig

hts

as

prac

ticab

le

shou

ld

be

used

, an

d fo

r lig

htin

g de

emed

es

sent

ial,

long

wav

elen

gth

light

sou

rces

sho

uld

repl

ace

mor

e di

srup

tive

light

sou

rces

and

int

ensi

ty s

houl

d be

red

uced

by

usin

g la

mps

of m

inim

al w

atta

ge th

at a

re h

ouse

d w

ithin

wel

l-di

rect

ed f

ixtu

res

aim

ed d

own

and

away

fro

m t

he b

each

(p.

23

). In

poi

nt, d

irect

ligh

t on

the

beac

h ca

n be

hig

hly

disr

uptiv

e to

bo

th a

dult

turtl

es a

nd h

atch

lings

, and

elim

inat

ing

sour

ces

of d

irect

lig

ht r

each

ing

the

beac

h is

pre

ferr

ed o

ver

all

othe

r co

nser

vatio

n al

tern

ativ

es (

With

erin

gton

and

Mar

tin,

2003

). I

n ci

rcum

stan

ces

whe

re e

limin

atin

g lig

ht s

ourc

es –

eith

er b

y tu

rnin

g th

em o

ff o

r by

re

mov

ing

the

fixtu

res

all

toge

ther

–

is

not

prac

tical

, se

vera

l al

tern

ativ

es a

re a

vaila

ble

whi

ch d

irect

lig

ht m

ore

effic

ient

ly a

nd/o

r sh

ield

the

sou

rce

from

the

bea

ch.

Man

y of

the

se m

oder

n fix

ture

s al

so p

reve

nt “

wal

l was

h” (t

he il

lum

inat

ion

of th

e si

de o

r faç

ade

of a

bu

ildin

g) a

nd a

re h

ighl

y re

com

men

ded

over

fix

ture

s th

at e

xpos

e a

bare

bul

b to

the

beac

hfro

nt.

In th

e ca

se o

f dec

orat

ive

light

ing,

whi

ch “

has

limite

d us

e fo

r an

y pu

rpos

e ot

her

than

aes

thet

ic e

nhan

cem

ent

[and

whe

n] n

ear

nest

ing

beac

hes

may

be

muc

h m

ore

harm

ful t

o se

a tu

rtles

than

it is

us

eful

to

pe

ople

” (W

ither

ingt

on

and

Mar

tin,

2003

, p.

20

-21)

, m

itiga

tion

is l

imite

d.

For

exam

ple,

eve

n if

the

four

hig

h-in

tens

ity

blue

flo

od l

ight

s cu

rren

tly p

ositi

oned

alo

ng t

he b

each

-fac

e of

the

ho

tel c

ould

be

alte

red

to e

mit

the

wav

elen

gths

leas

t dis

rupt

ive

to s

ea

turtl

es (

red)

, th

ere

wou

ld s

till

mos

t lik

ely

be d

etrim

enta

l ef

fect

s.

This

goe

s w

ithou

t m

entio

ning

the

im

prac

tical

ity o

f su

ch b

right

oc

eanf

ront

lig

hts

that

eff

ect

beac

h zo

nes

beyo

nd t

he S

andy

Lan

e pr

oper

ty.

(With

erin

gton

an

d M

artin

, 20

03;

JEK

, pe

rson

al

obse

rvat

ion)

In

the

sec

tions

tha

t fo

llow

I w

ill d

etai

l m

y m

etho

ds a

nd

resu

lts,

and

prov

ide

spec

ific

reco

mm

enda

tions

for

miti

gatio

n.

If

cons

train

ts

hind

er

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

pa

rticu

lar

reco

mm

enda

tions

, one

opt

ion

is th

at e

ffec

tive

actio

n be

take

n in

hig

h pr

iorit

y ca

ses

(Ran

k “3

” lig

hts,

see

MET

HO

DS)

and

tha

t lo

wer

pr

iorit

y ac

tions

be

budg

eted

ove

r tim

e.

In

gene

ral,

and

in k

eepi

ng

with

the

deci

sion

s of t

he 2

000

“Sea

Tur

tles a

nd B

each

fron

t Lig

htin

g”

wor

ksho

p, r

ecom

men

datio

ns a

re b

ased

on

best

pra

ctic

es a

nd c

urre

nt

scie

nce

as a

rticu

late

d by

With

erin

gton

and

Mar

tin (2

003)

.

ME

TH

OD

S D

aytim

e Li

ghtin

g Su

rvey

A b

asel

ine

dayt

ime

light

ing

surv

ey w

as c

ondu

cted

on

foot

on

23 J

uly

2006

by

obse

rvin

g lig

htin

g fix

ture

s an

d bu

lbs d

irect

ly v

isib

le

from

the

beac

h. T

he e

ntire

pro

perty

was

acc

esse

d to

cla

rify,

iden

tify,

an

d/or

cou

nt p

artic

ular

fix

ture

(s).

All

exte

rior

light

s w

ithin

line

-of-

sigh

t of

the

obs

erve

r [J

ohn

Engl

ish

Kno

wle

s] w

ere

desc

ribed

with

re

spec

t to

fix

ture

typ

e an

d lo

catio

n.

The

func

tion

of l

ight

s w

as

dedu

ced

by th

e ob

serv

er;

how

ever

, sub

sequ

ent

mee

tings

with

hot

el

man

agem

ent

staf

f in

sure

d th

at

the

corr

ect

func

tiona

lity

was

do

cum

ente

d in

eac

h ca

se.

Lig

ht f

ixtu

res

with

lam

ps (

light

bul

bs)

visi

ble

from

the

beac

h an

d th

ose

that

wer

e de

sign

ed o

r pos

ition

ed s

o th

at t

hey

wou

ld l

ikel

y ill

umin

ate

the

beac

h w

ere

cons

ider

ed t

o be

po

tent

ially

pro

blem

atic

.

Nig

httim

e Li

ghtin

g Su

rvey

In c

oord

inat

ion

with

hot

el m

anag

emen

t, a

nigh

ttim

e lig

htin

g su

rvey

was

con

duct

ed o

n fo

ot o

n 23

July

200

6. D

urin

g th

e ni

ghtti

me

surv

ey, e

ach

light

iden

tifie

d in

the

dayt

ime

surv

ey w

as lo

cate

d an

d ev

alua

ted

with

res

pect

to

its p

oten

tial

effe

ct o

n se

a tu

rtles

. Li

ghts

un

seen

dur

ing

the

day,

but

vis

ible

whe

n em

ittin

g lig

ht,

wer

e al

so

eval

uate

d. E

ach

light

was

rate

d an

d ra

nked

on

a sc

ale

of 1

to 3

.

The

nigh

ttim

e su

rvey

inv

olve

d tw

o in

spec

tions

, one

bef

ore

mid

nigh

t and

one

afte

r mid

nigh

t, al

low

ing

for a

n ac

cura

te ra

nkin

g of

ea

ch in

divi

dual

ligh

t sou

rce

in th

e co

ntex

t of

chan

ging

bac

kgro

und

illum

inat

ion

of

diff

eren

t lig

htin

g co

nditi

ons

and

inte

nsiti

es

thro

ugho

ut t

he n

ight

. B

ecau

se p

artic

ular

ly b

right

lig

hts

less

en t

he

degr

ee o

r th

e ac

tual

brig

htne

ss o

f th

e lig

hts

behi

nd t

hem

, an

d be

caus

e so

me

light

s ar

e ex

tingu

ishe

d la

te a

t ni

ght

unde

r no

rmal

op

erat

ing

proc

edur

e, t

he o

bser

ver

was

abl

e to

use

the

seq

uent

ial

insp

ectio

ns

to

mor

e ac

cura

tely

ch

arac

teriz

e th

ose

light

s th

at

rem

aine

d.

The

Ligh

ts

Fo

llow

ing

are

the

surv

eyed

lig

hts

liste

d fr

om t

he m

ost

disr

uptiv

e (R

ank

3) t

o th

e le

ast

disr

uptiv

e (R

ank

1) f

or m

arin

e tu

rtles

. A

rank

of “

1” d

escr

ibes

indi

rect

ligh

t vis

ible

by

an o

bser

ver

on th

e be

ach,

but

not

like

ly to

pre

sent

a st

rong

attr

actio

n to

nes

ting

or

hatc

hing

tur

tles.

A r

ank

of “

2” d

escr

ibes

a v

isib

le g

lobe

, glo

win

g el

emen

t, la

mp,

or

refle

ctor

like

ly to

dis

orie

nt tu

rtles

, but

not

stro

ng

enou

gh to

cas

t a sh

adow

on

the

beac

h. A

nd a

rank

of “

3” d

escr

ibes

a

light

sou

rce

stro

ng e

noug

h to

cas

t a s

hado

w o

n th

e be

ach

rega

rdle

ss

of w

heth

er th

e ill

umin

atio

n is

dire

ct o

r ind

irect

.

Even

the

sm

alle

st l

ight

s ca

n ra

nk a

s a

“3”

if th

ey c

ast

a sh

adow

on

the

beac

h; t

heir

clos

e pr

oxim

ity t

o th

e be

ach

and

thei

r lo

w v

ertic

al p

lace

men

t nea

r the

hor

izon

can

be

just

as

diso

rient

atin

g as

a m

ore

pow

erfu

l lig

ht fu

rther

aw

ay.

The

“3”

rank

ing

light

s ha

ve

been

pla

ced

first

in th

e as

sess

men

t bec

ause

of t

heir

pote

ntia

lly m

ore

serio

us e

ffec

ts o

n m

arin

e tu

rtles

. T

he f

ocus

of

corr

ectiv

e ac

tions

sh

ould

beg

in w

ith th

ese

light

s, as

thei

r miti

gatio

n w

ill h

ave

the

mos

t si

gnifi

cant

impa

ct o

n th

e be

ach

envi

ronm

ent.

W

ithin

eac

h ra

nk –

1, 2

, 3 –

fixt

ures

list

ed fi

rst a

re e

xpec

ted

to r

equi

re t

he g

reat

est

atte

ntio

n ei

ther

in

num

ber,

expe

nse,

or

crea

tivity

. Th

e lis

t con

tinue

s th

roug

h fix

ture

s th

at a

re p

rogr

essi

vely

si

mpl

er a

nd/o

r ch

eape

r to

miti

gate

. F

or e

ach

light

the

num

ber

of

fixtu

res

visi

ble

from

the

bea

ch,

the

fixtu

re t

ype,

loc

atio

n, r

ank,

co

mm

ents

(if

an

y),

func

tion,

pic

ture

an

d re

com

men

datio

ns

are

docu

men

ted.

Eac

h re

com

men

datio

n is

spec

ific

to a

n in

divi

dual

ligh

t, an

d m

ay

incl

ude

one

or

man

y ex

plan

ator

y re

mar

ks.

So

me

reco

mm

enda

tions

will

per

tain

to m

itiga

ting

the

curr

ent f

ixtu

re; o

ther

s w

ill su

gges

t the

repl

acem

ent o

f a fi

xtur

e w

ith a

n al

tern

ativ

e.

Rec

omm

enda

tions

are

illu

stra

ted

by th

e fo

llow

ing:

Perm

anen

tly e

limin

ate

fixtu

re.

Som

e ca

ses a

re sp

ecifi

c to

the

num

ber o

r loc

atio

n of

the

fixtu

res.

Rep

ositi

on fi

xtur

e to

the

land

war

d si

de o

f the

tree

or o

bjec

t.

Aim

fixt

ure

away

from

the

beac

h.

In

stal

l low

wat

tage

(50

wat

ts o

r les

s) y

ello

w b

ug li

ght b

ulb.

In

stal

l hoo

d of

suff

icie

nt d

epth

and

wid

th.

R

educ

e in

tens

ity o

f lig

ht o

r low

er w

atta

ge.

Sh

ield

seaw

ard

side

of f

ixtu

res t

hat a

re v

isib

le fr

om th

e be

ach.

Kee

p lig

hts

off

whe

n no

t in

use

, es

peci

ally

lig

hts

clos

est

to t

he

beac

h.

Info

rm

gues

ts

via

tabl

e te

nts,

door

ha

nger

s, or

ot

her

educ

atio

nal m

ater

ials

abo

ut fi

xtur

es u

nder

thei

r con

trol.

In

stal

l shi

eld

or m

ask

of su

ffic

ient

size

that

cov

ers a

n ar

ch o

f 180

° on

the

ocea

n si

de.

Po

sitio

n lip

ove

r rop

e lig

htin

g to

con

ceal

bar

e bu

lbs.

R

epla

ce w

ith re

d LE

D ro

pe li

ghtin

g.

Rep

lace

exi

stin

g fix

ture

with

a m

ore

dire

cted

, mor

e fu

nctio

nal s

tep

light

pos

ition

ed to

elim

inat

e an

y di

rect

(or

indi

rect

) ill

umin

atio

n of

th

e be

ach.

R

emov

e w

hen

not i

n us

e.

Ex

tingu

ish

whe

n no

t in

use.

R

epla

ce e

xist

ing

fixtu

re w

ith a

mor

e di

rect

ed,

mor

e fu

nctio

nal

dow

nlig

ht.

Rep

lace

exi

stin

g fix

ture

with

a m

ore

dire

cted

and

fun

ctio

nal

path

lig

ht,

and

re-p

ositi

on

it to

el

imin

ate

any

dire

ct

(or

indi

rect

) ill

umin

atio

n of

the

beac

h.

In

stal

l com

pact

flu

ores

cent

Tur

tle S

afe

Ligh

ting

lam

ps (

light

bul

bs).

Se

e IN

TE

RN

ET

RE

SOU

RC

ES.

In

stal

l red

LED

bul

b.

Use

dim

mer

to le

ssen

the

effe

ct o

f ind

irect

ligh

t lea

ving

the

dini

ng

area

.

Elim

inat

e fix

ture

s and

use

low

tabl

e la

mps

(suc

h as

Aur

elle

LED

C

andl

e Se

ries o

r Max

xim

a M

LC-0

1 LE

D F

lam

eles

s Can

dle)

or

cand

les.

This

wou

ld se

rve

the

purp

ose

of il

lum

inat

ing

the

tabl

e w

ithou

t uni

nten

ded

broa

dcas

t bey

ond

the

rest

aura

nt.

Plac

e sm

all l

amp

shad

e ov

er b

are

bulb

s to

prev

ent t

heir

visi

bilit

y fr

om th

e be

ach.

C

ap o

r cov

er to

p of

fixt

ure

to p

reve

nt u

p-lig

htin

g an

d “w

all w

ash.

”

In

stal

l red

filte

r.

V

ery

larg

e tr

ee m

ount

ed fl

oodl

ight

Rank

: 3

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 4

Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Tre

es (s

ome

man

chin

eel)

alon

g be

ach

fron

t C

omm

ents

: Th

ese

high

int

ensi

ty,

blue

flo

odlig

hts

are

extre

mel

y di

srup

tive

to th

e se

a fin

ding

beh

avio

r of

mar

ine

turtl

es, s

o m

uch

so

that

the

y ca

n at

tract

hat

chlin

gs f

rom

the

oce

an,

whi

ch e

nter

ed t

he

wat

er f

rom

dar

ker

stre

tche

s of

the

bea

ch (

pers

onal

obs

erva

tion,

JE

K)!

Kee

p of

f du

ring

the

nest

ing/

hatc

hing

se

ason

(M

ay

– N

ovem

ber)

. Re

com

men

datio

ns:

o

r

T

ree

mou

nted

hoo

ded

spot

light

Rank

: 3

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 1

4

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: B

each

side

tree

s alo

ng p

rope

rty

Com

men

ts:

For

purp

oses

of

illum

inat

ing

wal

king

pat

hs, l

ow p

rofil

e lig

hts,

such

as

path

lig

hts,

are

reco

mm

ende

d ov

er h

ighe

r m

ount

ed

spot

light

s.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

on

the

num

ber o

f fix

ture

s:

Reco

mm

enda

tions

on

exis

ting

or re

mai

ning

fixt

ures

:

U

ltim

ate

reco

mm

enda

tion:

R

ope

light

ing

Rank

: 3

Leng

th o

f rop

e lig

htin

g: 2

33 m

eter

s Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Alo

ng b

each

side

wal

l C

omm

ents

: A

lthou

gh le

ss in

tens

e th

an s

ome

flood

light

s, tin

y w

hite

lig

hts t

hat a

re lo

w to

the

horiz

on p

rese

nt a

real

obs

tacl

e to

hat

chlin

gs,

espe

cial

ly o

n da

rk n

ight

s. E

ven

a sh

ort s

trip

can

emit

enou

gh li

ght

on th

e la

ndw

ard

side

to le

ad h

atch

lings

ast

ray.

Re

com

men

datio

n on

loca

tion

of ro

pe li

ghtin

g:

Reco

mm

enda

tion

for e

xist

ing

fixtu

res:

Re

plac

emen

t Rec

omm

enda

tion

B

are

spot

light

Rank

: 3

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

: 7

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: T

ree

on n

orth

end

of p

rope

rty (

in p

ictu

re),

tree

near

th

e no

rth g

azeb

o, B

ajan

Blu

e R

esta

uran

t tre

e C

omm

ents

: Th

ese

light

s ar

e us

ed o

n sp

ecia

l occ

asio

ns.

Inst

allin

g a

hood

ove

r the

bul

bs w

ill in

crea

se th

e ae

sthe

tics

for g

uest

s as

wel

l as

dire

ct li

ght i

n a

mor

e ef

ficie

nt m

anne

r.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

L

arge

torc

h w

ith o

pen

flam

e Ra

nk:

3 N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

2

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: O

n be

ach,

cen

ter p

rope

rty

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

T

ree

mou

nted

hoo

ded

spot

light

Ra

nk:

2 N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

2

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: T

rees

in lo

wer

terr

ace

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

W

all m

ount

ed c

andl

e ho

ldin

g fix

ture

Rank

: 2

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 1

76

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: B

alco

nies

of n

orth

and

sout

h w

ings

Re

com

men

datio

ns fo

r exi

stin

g fix

ture

s:

U

ltim

ate

reco

mm

enda

tion:

U

mbr

ella

mou

nted

spot

light

Rank

: 2

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 2

0 Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Baj

an B

lue

Res

taur

ant

Com

men

ts:

Eve

n th

ough

the

se r

ank

as m

oder

ate

for

pote

ntia

lly

disr

uptin

g th

e se

a fin

ding

beh

avio

r of

mar

ine

turtl

es,

thes

e lig

hts

caus

e si

gnifi

cant

bro

adca

st o

f in

dire

ct li

ght.

Bou

ncin

g lig

ht o

ff th

e um

brel

la d

oes

illum

inat

e th

e di

ning

are

a, b

ut a

lso

boun

ces

light

in

man

y ot

her

dire

ctio

ns,

incl

udin

g th

e be

ach.

H

ighl

y di

rect

ed l

ow

prof

ile l

ight

s sh

ould

be

used

in

the

illum

inat

ion

of a

bea

ch f

ront

di

ning

are

a.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

for e

xist

ing

fixtu

res:

U

ltim

ate

reco

mm

enda

tion:

C

olum

n m

ount

ed c

andl

e lig

ht

Rank

: 2

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 1

4 Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Baj

an B

lue

Res

taur

ant

Com

men

ts: B

ajan

Blu

e R

esta

uran

t pre

sent

s a

uniq

ue c

ase

that

can

be

easi

ly m

itiga

ted.

Th

e cu

rren

t lig

hts

are

a so

urce

of

dire

ct li

ght a

nd

thei

r rep

lace

men

t with

a m

oder

n al

tern

ativ

e is

hig

hly

reco

mm

ende

d.

A f

ixtu

re t

hat

shie

lds

the

light

bul

b fr

om t

he b

each

as

wel

l as

re

stau

rant

gue

sts

is p

refe

rred

ove

r th

e ex

istin

g ba

re b

ulb

light

s fo

r bo

th m

arin

e tu

rtles

and

the

rest

aura

nt e

nviro

nmen

t.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

U

p di

rect

ed h

oode

d sp

otlig

ht w

ithin

law

n an

d gr

ound

cove

r

U

p di

rect

ed h

oode

d sp

otlig

hts a

t the

bas

e of

a tr

ee

Rank

: 2

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 1

6 Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Gra

ss a

rea

in f

ront

of

first

flo

or r

oom

s fo

r bo

th th

e no

rth a

nd so

uth

win

gs

Com

men

ts:

“Lum

inai

res

shou

ld n

ot b

e di

rect

ed o

nto…

any

obje

ct

visi

ble

from

th

e be

ach”

(W

ither

ingt

on).

G

low

ing

beac

hfro

nt

vege

tatio

n is

hi

ghly

di

srup

tive

to

the

sea

findi

ng

beha

vior

of

hatc

hlin

gs e

spec

ially

on

moo

nles

s ni

ghts

. I

t is

rec

omm

ende

d th

at

such

“ae

sthe

tics”

are

not

em

ploy

ed d

irect

ly b

each

fron

t.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

on

the

num

ber o

f fix

ture

s:

Reco

mm

enda

tions

on

exis

ting

or re

mai

ning

fixt

ures

:

Ulti

mat

e re

com

men

datio

n:

W

all m

ount

ed c

andl

e lig

ht

Rank

: 2

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 2

Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Upp

er te

rrac

e ju

st o

utsi

de lo

bby

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

Exam

ples

of a

ccep

tabl

e fix

ture

s:

W

all m

ount

ed w

ick

Rank

: 2

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 2

8 Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

L’a

cajo

u Re

com

men

datio

ns:

R

eces

sed

step

ligh

ts

Rank

: 2

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 5

2 Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Ter

race

stai

rway

C

omm

ents

: Use

red

light

Re

com

men

datio

ns:

O

ne c

hand

elie

r fix

ture

, but

thre

e bu

lbs

Rank

: 2

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 1

cha

ndel

ier f

ixtu

re, b

ut 3

bul

bs

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: L

obby

C

omm

ents

: It i

s im

porta

nt to

con

ceal

sour

ces o

f dire

ct li

ght.

Re

com

men

datio

ns:

C

eilin

g m

ount

ed sp

otlig

ht o

ver

fron

t des

k Ra

nk:

2 N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

2

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: L

obby

Re

com

men

datio

ns:

Sm

all c

eilin

g m

ount

ed sp

otlig

ht in

res

taur

ant

Rank

: 2

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 1

1 Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Baj

an B

lue

Res

taur

ant

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

T

iki t

orch

with

ope

n fla

me

Rank

: 2

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 1

3 Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

On

beac

h, in

fron

t of B

ajan

Blu

e R

esta

uran

t, Lo

wer

te

rrac

e.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

B

alco

ny u

plig

ht

Rank

: 1

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 3

44

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: B

alco

nies

C

omm

ents

: Th

e ba

lcon

y ro

oms

at S

andy

Lan

e ha

ve t

hree

diff

eren

t ty

pes

of f

ixtu

res

pres

ent o

n ea

ch b

alco

ny.

The

cand

le ty

pe f

ixtu

res

have

the

gre

ates

t po

tent

ial

to d

isru

pt t

he s

ea f

indi

ng b

ehav

ior

of

mar

ine

turtl

es.

If

thes

e fix

ture

s ar

e re

plac

ed w

ith a

mod

ern

turtl

e fr

iend

ly a

ltern

ativ

e, th

en th

ey b

ecom

e le

ast p

robl

emat

ic.

The

seco

nd

cate

gorie

s of

lig

hts

are

the

lam

ps, w

hich

are

min

imal

ly d

isru

ptiv

e.

Fina

lly,

the

up l

ight

s ar

e m

oder

atel

y di

srup

tive

beca

use

of “

wal

l w

ashi

ng”,

eve

n th

ough

the

bul

b is

con

ceal

ed.

Thi

s is

why

dow

n lig

hts

are

alw

ays

reco

mm

ende

d ov

er u

p lig

hts.

To

miti

gate

the

ef

fect

s on

mar

ine

turtl

es, t

he c

urre

nt fi

xtur

es c

ould

be

inst

alle

d w

ith

bug

light

s or

tur

tle f

riend

ly l

amps

. T

he w

atta

ge c

ould

als

o be

lo

wer

ed.

How

ever

, w

ith a

dequ

ate

light

ing

alre

ady

pres

ent,

the

elim

inat

ion

of th

e up

ligh

ts o

n be

ach

fron

t bal

coni

es is

an

optio

n.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

on

the

exis

ting

fixtu

res:

Ulti

mat

e re

com

men

datio

n w

hen

adeq

uate

lig

htin

g is

al

read

y pr

ovid

ed:

W

all m

ount

ed c

lay

cove

red

fixtu

re

B

otto

m v

iew

Rank

: 1

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 1

8 Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Upp

er a

nd lo

wer

terr

ace

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

U

p di

rect

ed h

oode

d sp

otlig

ht o

n gr

ound

Rank

: 1

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 1

3 Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Low

er te

rrac

e (b

elow

tree

s in

natu

ral a

rea)

Re

com

men

datio

ns o

n th

e nu

mbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

Re

com

men

datio

ns o

n ex

istin

g or

rem

aini

ng fi

xtur

es:

U

ltim

ate

reco

mm

enda

tion:

G

roun

d re

cess

ed sp

otlig

ht

Rank

: 1

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 1

0 Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Bea

chsi

de g

rass

y ar

eas

Com

men

ts:

“Lum

inai

res

shou

ld n

ot b

e di

rect

ed o

nto…

any

obje

ct

visi

ble

from

th

e be

ach”

(W

ither

ingt

on).

G

low

ing

beac

hfro

nt

vege

tatio

n is

hi

ghly

di

srup

tive

to

the

sea

findi

ng

beha

vior

of

hatc

hlin

gs e

spec

ially

on

moo

nles

s ni

ghts

. I

t is

rec

omm

ende

d th

at

such

“ae

sthe

tics”

are

not

em

ploy

ed d

irect

ly b

each

fron

t.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

on

the

num

ber o

f fix

ture

s:

Reco

mm

enda

tions

on

exis

ting

or re

mai

ning

fixt

ures

:

U

ltim

ate

reco

mm

enda

tion:

L

amp

with

shad

e

Rank

: 1

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 7

5 Li

ght

Loca

tion:

Pre

sent

on

the

balc

onie

s of

the

nor

th a

nd s

outh

w

ings

Re

com

men

datio

ns:

W

all m

ount

ed u

p di

rect

ed c

lay

scon

ce

Rank

: 1

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 4

Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Upp

er a

nd lo

wer

terr

ace

C

omm

ents

: Fix

ture

doe

s co

ntrib

ute

to “

wal

l was

h”.

A d

own

light

is

pref

erre

d ov

er a

n up

ligh

t. T

he e

limin

atio

n of

the

fixtu

re is

alw

ays

an o

ptio

n w

ith a

dequ

ate

light

ing

alre

ady

pres

ent.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

on

the

exis

ting

fixtu

res:

Ulti

mat

e re

com

men

datio

n w

hen

adeq

uate

lig

htin

g is

al

read

y pr

ovid

ed:

W

all m

ount

ed u

plig

ht

Rank

: 1

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 6

Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Low

er T

erra

ce

Com

men

ts: F

ixtu

re d

oes

cont

ribut

e to

“w

all w

ash”

. A

dow

n lig

ht is

pr

efer

red

over

an

up li

ght.

The

elim

inat

ion

of th

e fix

ture

is a

lway

s an

opt

ion

with

ade

quat

e lig

htin

g al

read

y pr

esen

t.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

on

the

exis

ting

fixtu

res:

Ulti

mat

e re

com

men

datio

n w

hen

adeq

uate

lig

htin

g is

al

read

y pr

ovid

ed:

R

eces

sed

ceili

ng li

ght i

n re

stau

rant

Ra

nk:

1 N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

70

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: B

ajan

Blu

e R

esta

uran

t C

omm

ents

: Not

all

fixtu

res a

re v

isib

le fr

om b

each

. Re

com

men

datio

ns:

Sm

all c

ircu

lar

rece

ssed

cei

ling

light

Ra

nk:

1 N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

59

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: C

eilin

g of

sta

irwel

l in

north

win

g an

d th

ird f

loor

of

both

nor

th a

nd so

uth

win

gs

Com

men

ts: N

ot a

ll fix

ture

s are

vis

ible

from

bea

ch.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

R

eces

sed

ceili

ng sp

otlig

ht in

squa

re fi

xtur

e Ra

nk:

1 N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

55

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: C

eilin

g of

L’a

cajo

u R

esta

uran

t C

omm

ents

: Not

all

fixtu

res a

re v

isib

le fr

om th

e be

ach.

Re

com

men

datio

ns:

L

arge

r ci

rcul

ar r

eces

sed

light

Ra

nk:

1 N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

21

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: C

eilin

g of

ow

ner’

s pen

thou

se

Com

men

ts:

Not

all

fixtu

res a

re v

isib

le fr

om b

each

.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

L

arge

st r

eces

sed

ceili

ng li

ght i

n lo

bby

Rank

: 1

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 6

Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Lob

by

Com

men

ts:

Not

all

fixtu

res

are

visi

ble

from

bea

ch.

The

num

ber

give

n is

of f

ixtu

res t

hat a

re v

isib

le fr

om th

e be

ach

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

R

eces

sed

ceili

ng sp

otlig

hts

Rank

: 1

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 2

4 Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Cei

ling

of b

oth

gaze

bos

Com

men

ts: G

azeb

o em

ploy

ees c

laim

ligh

ts a

re to

o ho

t! Re

com

men

datio

ns:

Fl

oodl

ight

Ra

nk:

1 N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

2

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: A

bove

rafte

rs o

f bot

h ga

zebo

s Re

com

men

datio

ns:

C

hand

elie

r Ra

nk:

1 N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

5

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: L

ower

terr

ace

Com

men

ts: N

ot a

ll fix

ture

s are

vis

ible

from

the

beac

h.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

U

nder

wat

er r

eces

sed

spot

light

at t

he b

ase

of th

e fo

unta

in

Rank

: 1

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 2

Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Nor

th w

ing

foun

tain

Re

com

men

datio

ns:

SUM

MA

RY

As

a pr

emie

r lux

ury

esta

blis

hmen

t, it

is n

ot c

oinc

iden

tal t

hat

mos

t of t

he li

ghts

at S

andy

Lan

e ra

nk c

ompa

rativ

ely

low

in te

rms

of

thei

r po

tent

ial

to d

isru

pt a

nd d

isor

ient

end

ange

red

mar

ine

turtl

es.

The

maj

ority

of f

ixtu

res

conc

eal t

he a

ctua

l lum

inai

re o

r bul

b. A

bar

e bu

lb c

an b

e ja

rrin

g an

d ga

rish

for

hum

ans

and

sea

turtl

es a

like,

but

th

e m

ajor

ity o

f th

e co

nditi

ons

at S

andy

Lan

e ar

e no

thin

g le

ss t

han

very

ple

asin

g.

The

atm

osph

ere

of l

ow l

ight

lev

els

and

tast

eful

fix

ture

s on

ly e

nhan

ces

the

tour

ism

exp

erie

nce

one

rece

ives

at S

andy

La

ne, a

nd th

e re

sort

is c

omm

ende

d fo

r suc

h ar

chite

ctur

al d

esig

n an

d co

nsid

erat

ion.

San

dy L

ane

also

con

tribu

tes d

irect

ly to

the

surv

ival

of

mar

ine

turtl

es in

oth

er w

ays,

incl

udin

g st

acki

ng b

each

cha

irs a

t nig

ht,

in a

n ef

fort

to p

reve

nt th

e en

tang

lem

ent o

f egg

-bea

ring

fem

ale

turtl

es

craw

ling

on th

e be

ach.

That

sa

id,

the

rela

tivel

y fe

w

light

s th

at

rank

as

m

ost

disr

uptiv

e to

mar

ine

turtl

es (

Ran

k 3)

do

so a

t ve

ry h

igh

and

dist

urbi

ng in

tens

ities

. It

is h

oped

that

by

actin

g on

thes

e fix

ture

s –

mos

tly

tree-

mou

nted

sp

otlig

hts

and

strin

g lig

htin

g al

ong

the

beac

hfro

nt –

as a

prio

rity,

this

eva

luat

ion

will

impr

ove

the

cond

ition

s of

the

beac

h en

viro

nmen

t for

bot

h th

e gu

ests

at S

andy

Lan

e an

d th

e m

arin

e tu

rtles

that

rely

on

the

beac

h fo

r the

suc

cess

ful i

ncub

atio

n of

th

eir

youn

g.

The

impr

ovem

ents

will

onl

y in

crea

se S

andy

Lan

e’s

qual

ity,

prov

idin

g it

yet

anot

her

com

petit

ive

edge

aga

inst

oth

er

priv

atel

y ow

ned,

lux

ury

hote

ls i

n th

e C

arib

bean

and

aro

und

the

wor

ld.

The

reco

mm

enda

tions

, on

ce i

mpl

emen

ted,

will

not

onl

y im

prov

e be

ach

cond

ition

s fo

r m

arin

e tu

rtles

, but

will

con

tribu

te t

o th

e ex

istin

g so

phis

ticat

ed t

hem

e in

lig

htin

g am

bian

ce o

f th

is r

esor

t w

hile

redu

cing

ope

ratio

nal e

xpen

ses

thro

ugh

an e

xpec

tatio

n of

low

er

ener

gy u

se.

To

enco

urag

e lig

htin

g im

prov

emen

ts a

nd a

ssis

t in

im

plem

enta

tion,

the

Tour

ism

Dev

elop

men

t Cor

pora

tion

is a

vaila

ble

to p

urch

ase

item

s (fix

ture

s, C

F bu

g lig

hts)

in b

ulk,

whi

ch w

ill fu

rther

re

duce

the

cost

of r

etro

fittin

g an

d in

nova

tion.

Alo

ng w

ith a

n im

prov

ed b

each

fron

t in

ter

ms

of l

ight

ing

com

es a

par

alle

l re

spon

sibi

lity

for

cons

erva

tion-

min

ded

beac

hfro

nt

man

agem

ent

in

gene

ral,

incl

udin

g,

for

exam

ple,

su

ppor

ting

umbr

ella

s w

ith a

flat

bas

e in

stea

d of

sta

king

the

post

dire

ctly

into

the

sand

and

cle

arin

g le

aves

with

a h

and

rake

rat

her

than

a t

ract

or.

Sand

y La

ne p

lays

an

esse

ntia

l rol

e in

the

surv

ival

of t

he e

ndan

gere

d tu

rtles

that

use

its

beac

hes,

and

is w

ell p

ositi

oned

to s

erve

as

a m

odel

fo

r sea

turtl

e fr

iend

ly e

nviro

nmen

tal m

anag

emen

t sys

tem

s el

sew

here

in

Bar

bado

s and

bey

ond.

INT

ER

NE

T R

ESO

UR

CE

S w

ww

.turtl

esaf

elig

htin

g.co

m

LIT

ER

AT

UR

E C

ITE

D

W

ITH

ERIN

GTO

N, B

. E. a

nd R

. E. M

AR

TIN

. 200

3. U

nder

stan

ding

, as

sess

ing,

an

d re

solv

ing

light

-pol

lutio

n pr

oble

ms

on

sea

turtl

e ne

stin

g be

ache

s. 3r

d ed

. re

v. F

lorid

a M

arin

e R

esea

rch

Inst

itute

Te

chni

cal R

epor

t TR

-2. 7

3 p.

EC

KER

T, K

. L. a

nd J

. A. H

OR

RO

CK

S (E

dito

rs).

2002

. Pro

ceed

ings

of

“Se

a Tu

rtles

and

Bea

chfr

ont L

ight

ing:

An

Inte

ract

ive

Wor

ksho

p fo

r In

dust

ry P

rofe

ssio

nals

and

Pol

icy-

Mak

ers

in B

arba

dos”

, 13

O

ctob

er

2000

. Sp

onso

red

by

the

Wid

er

Car

ibbe

an

Sea

Turtl

e C

onse

rvat

ion

Net

wor

k (W

IDEC

AST

), th

e B

arba

dos

Sea

Turtl

e Pr

ojec

t, an

d th

e To

uris

m D

evel

opm

ent

Cor

pora

tion

of B

arba

dos.

WID

ECA

ST T

echn

ical

Rep

ort 1

. v +

43

pp.

AC

KN

OW

LE

DG

ME

NT

S

I am

dee

ply

inde

bted

to th

e st

aff

and

man

agem

ent o

f Sa

ndy

Lane

, in

clud

ing

Mic

hael

Pow

nall,

Chi

ef E

xecu

tive

Off

icer

, Pa

ula

Yar

de,

Chi

ef

Engi

neer

, La

wre

nce

Cum

berb

atch

, D

irect

or

of

Engi

neer

ing,

and

Leo

Bla

ckm

an a

nd t

he r

est

of t

he e

ngin

eerin

g de

partm

ent

for

thei

r co

llabo

ratio

n in

thi

s as

sess

men

t. T

hey

wer

e ex

traor

dina

rily

kind

in

acco

mm

odat

ing

my

requ

ests

, w

hich

ofte

n in

volv

ed t

heir

wor

king

off

-hou

rs,

incl

udin

g la

te a

t ni

ght.

Equ

ally

im

porta

nt, t

he a

sses

smen

t wou

ld n

ot h

ave

been

pos

sibl

e w

ithou

t the

fo

resi

ght

and

finan

cial

su

ppor

t of

th

e To

uris

m

Dev

elop

men

t C

orpo

ratio

n of

Bar

bado

s. I

wou

ld a

lso

like

to r

ecog

nize

the

tirel

ess

effo

rts o

f th

e B

arba

dos

Sea

Turtl

e Pr

ojec

t, es

peci

ally

Dr.

Julia

H

orro

cks,

Bar

ry

Kru

eger

an

d th

eir

2006

se

ason

al

staf

f.

The

prof

essi

onal

wor

k of

the

BST

P ha

s se

t a h

igh

stan

dard

for

res

earc

h an

d co

nser

vatio

n in

Bar

bado

s an

d th

roug

hout

the

Car

ibbe

an r

egio

n.

With

out

thei

r co

llabo

ratio

n, i

nclu

ding

pro

vidi

ng m

e w

ith h

ousi

ng,

train

ing,

acc

ess

to d

ata

and

othe

r te

chni

cal

info

rmat

ion,

and

the

op

portu

nity

to

cont

ribut

e to

the

ir im

porta

nt f

ield

wor

k, w

hich

has

be

en p

rofe

ssio

nally

and

per

sona

lly e

nric

hing

for

me,

thi

s lig

htin

g as

sess

men

t cou

ld n

ot h

ave

been

acc

ompl

ishe

d. F

inal

ly, I

am

gra

tefu

l to

Dr.

Kar

en E

cker

t, Ex

ecut

ive

Dire

ctor

of

WID

ECA

ST a

nd m

y ac

adem

ic a

dvis

or a

t D

uke

Uni

vers

ity’s

Nic

hola

s Sc

hool

of

the

Envi

ronm

ent,

for

her

enco

urag

emen

t of

m

y ef

forts

an

d he

r le

ader

ship

in C

arib

bean

sea

turtl

e co

nser

vatio

n is

sues

in g

ener

al, a

nd

to E

rik M

artin

of

Ecol

ogic

al A

ssoc

iate

s, In

c. f

or h

is k

indn

ess

and

patie

nce

in t

rain

ing

me

in t

he p

roto

cols

of

prof

essi

onal

bea

chfr

ont

light

ing

asse

ssm

ents

, a fi

eld

in w

hich

he

is w

ell-r

ecog

nize

d.

Appendix IX –Turtle Beach Resort property map

Appendix X– Turtle Beach Resort assessment report

Nat

iona

l Ass

essm

ent o

f Bea

chfro

nt L

ight

ing

and

its

Effe

ct o

n th

e Su

rviv

al o

f End

ange

red

Mar

ine

Turtl

es

in B

arba

dos,

Wes

t Ind

ies

Prop

erty

Ass

essm

ent:

Turtl

e Be

ach

Reso

rt

Resp

ectfu

lly s

ubm

itted

Jo

hn E

nglis

h Kn

owle

s

INT

RO

DU

CT

ION

In p

artn

ersh

ip w

ith th

e B

arba

dos

Sea

Turtl

e Pr

ojec

t (B

STP)

, lo

cal

affil

iate

of

the

Wid

er C

arib

bean

Sea

Tur

tle C

onse

rvat

ion

Net

wor

k (W

IDEC

AST

), an

d th

e To

uris

m D

evel

opm

ent C

orpo

ratio

n in

Bar

bado

s, a

form

al l

ight

ing

asse

ssm

ent

was

con

duct

ed a

t th

e Tu

rtle

Bea

ch R

esor

t as

par

t of

a f

ollo

w-u

p in

itiat

ive

to i

mpl

emen

t re

com

men

datio

ns m

ade

at a

nat

iona

l “S

ea T

urtle

s an

d B

each

fron

t Li

ghtin

g” w

orks

hop

held

in 2

000

(Eck

ert a

nd H

orro

cks,

2002

).

The

eval

uatio

n of

ligh

ting

asso

ciat

ed w

ith th

e Tu

rtle

Bea

ch

Res

ort

prop

erty

atte

sts

to t

he e

ffor

ts a

nd d

edic

atio

n of

the

hot

el

indu

stry

and

the

BST

P in

impr

ovin

g th

e co

nditi

ons o

f arti

ficia

l bea

ch

light

ing,

whi

ch i

s w

ell

know

n to

be

detri

men

tal

to b

oth

hatc

hlin

gs

and

nest

ing

sea

turtl

es (E

cker

t and

Hor

rock

s, 20

02).

Tu

rtle

Bea

ch R

esor

t ha

s id

entif

ied

itsel

f as

a l

eade

r in

ad

dres

sing

the

lig

htin

g pr

oble

m b

y vo

lunt

arily

par

ticip

atin

g in

thi

s as

sess

men

t. T

he p

rope

rty –

alo

ng w

ith f

our

(4)

othe

r be

achf

ront

ho

tels

– w

as c

hose

n be

caus

e it

play

s a

cruc

ial r

ole

in th

e qu

ality

of

sea

turtl

e ne

stin

g ha

bita

t. T

he in

tent

of

the

light

ing

asse

ssm

ent w

as

to

eval

uate

cu

rren

t co

nditi

ons,

and

to

prop

ose

solu

tions

an

d re

com

men

datio

ns f

or e

ach

light

ide

ntifi

ed a

s co

ntrib

utin

g to

the

no

ctur

nal i

llum

inat

ion

of th

e ne

stin

g be

ach.

Th

e at

tent

ion

of s

uch

wor

k is

crit

ical

in th

e su

rviv

al o

f th

e ha

wks

bill

sea

turtl

e, E

retm

oche

lys

imbr

icat

a, a

crit

ical

ly e

ndan

gere

d sp

ecie

s w

orld

wid

e (c

f. IU

CN

Red

List

). B

arba

dos

play

s a

very

im

porta

nt r

ole

in t

he s

urvi

val

of t

his

spec

ies,

its s

outh

wes

t co

ast

havi

ng b

een

iden

tifie

d as

one

of t

he m

ost i

mpo

rtant

nes

ting

grou

nds

rem

aini

ng in

the

Wid

er C

arib

bean

Reg

ion.

A

rtific

ial

beac

hfro

nt

light

ing,

ch

arac

teriz

ed

as

“lig

ht

pollu

tion”

by

With

erin

gton

and

Mar

tin (

2003

, p.

V),

is t

he m

ost

serio

us c

onte

mpo

rary

thre

at to

the

surv

ival

of s

ea tu

rtles

in B

arba

dos

(Eck

ert

and

Hor

rock

s, 20

02).

Mar

ine

turtl

es a

re m

ost

sens

itive

to

shor

ter

wav

elen

gths

(bl

ues

and

gree

ns),

whi

ch t

hey

use

as a

sea

-fin

ding

cue

. S

horte

r w

avel

engt

hs a

re a

lso

emitt

ed b

y w

hite

lig

ht.

Whe

n su

ch

light

s ar

e vi

sibl

e fr

om

the

beac

h,

the

effe

ct

is

trem

endo

us.

With

erin

gton

an

d M

artin

(2

003)

su

gges

t th

e fo

llow

ing

appr

oach

to

miti

gate

“lig

ht p

ollu

tion”

by

eith

er e

limin

atin

g th

e fix

ture

or b

y ad

just

ing

wav

elen

gth

or in

tens

ity:

We

have

no

relia

ble

form

ula

that

can

be

used

to

calc

ulat

e ho

w m

uch

each

ligh

t sou

rce

will

aff

ect

sea

turtl

es.

We

do

know

, ho

wev

er,

that

if

spec

tral

emis

sion

s ar

e eq

uiva

lent

, re

duci

ng i

nten

sity

will

red

uce

effe

cts,

and

if in

tens

ities

are

si

mila

r, su

bstit

utin

g le

ss a

ttrac

tive

sour

ces

(like

yel

low

bug

or

red

lig

hts)

will

als

o re

duce

eff

ects

. A

sou

nd s

trate

gy,

ther

efor

e, w

ould

be

to r

educ

e ef

fect

s on

sea

tur

tles

by

man

ipul

atio

n bo

th i

nten

sity

and

col

or.

As

few

lig

hts

as

prac

ticab

le

shou

ld

be

used

, an

d fo

r lig

htin

g de

emed

es

sent

ial,

long

wav

elen

gth

light

sou

rces

sho

uld

repl

ace

mor

e di

srup

tive

light

sou

rces

and

int

ensi

ty s

houl

d be

red

uced

by

usin

g la

mps

of m

inim

al w

atta

ge th

at a

re h

ouse

d w

ithin

wel

l-di

rect

ed f

ixtu

res

aim

ed d

own

and

away

fro

m t

he b

each

(p.

23

). In

poi

nt, d

irect

ligh

t on

the

beac

h ca

n be

hig

hly

disr

uptiv

e to

bo

th a

dult

turtl

es a

nd h

atch

lings

and

, elim

inat

ing

sour

ces

of d

irect

lig

ht r

each

ing

the

beac

h is

pre

ferr

ed o

ver

all

othe

r co

nser

vatio

n al

tern

ativ

es (

With

erin

gton

and

Mar

tin,

2003

). I

n ci

rcum

stan

ces

whe

re e

limin

atin

g lig

ht s

ourc

es –

eith

er b

y tu

rnin

g th

em o

ff o

r by

re

mov

ing

the

fixtu

res

all

toge

ther

–

is

not

prac

tical

, se

vera

l al

tern

ativ

es a

re a

vaila

ble

whi

ch d

irect

lig

ht m

ore

effic

ient

ly a

nd/o

r sh

ield

the

sour

ce fr

om th

e be

ach.

Si

mila

rly,

indi

rect

lig

htin

g is

al

so

high

ly

disr

uptiv

e.

With

erin

gton

and

Mar

tin r

eite

rate

tha

t, “l

umin

aire

s sh

ould

not

be

dire

cted

ont

o…an

y ob

ject

vis

ible

fro

m t

he b

each

,” t

his

incl

udes

w

alls

, cei

lings

, and

veg

etat

ion

(p. 2

1).

A fo

rm o

f int

entio

nal i

ndire

ct

light

ing

can

be d

ecor

ativ

e, w

hich

“ha

s lim

ited

use

for

any

purp

ose

othe

r th

an a

esth

etic

enh

ance

men

t [a

nd w

hen]

nea

r ne

stin

g be

ache

s m

ay b

e m

uch

mor

e ha

rmfu

l to

sea

turtl

es th

an it

is u

sefu

l to

peop

le”

(p. 2

0-21

). M

itiga

tion

tech

niqu

es fo

r dec

orat

ive

light

ing

are

limite

d an

d su

ch a

pra

ctic

e sh

ould

be

rese

rved

for a

reas

out

of s

ight

from

the

beac

h.

If i

ndire

ct l

ight

is

unin

tent

iona

l, th

en m

oder

n fix

ture

s ar

e hi

ghly

reco

mm

ende

d th

at w

ill p

reve

nt “

wal

l was

h” (t

he il

lum

inat

ion

of th

e si

de o

r faç

ade

of a

bui

ldin

g).

So

far

, the

dis

cuss

ion

abov

e ha

s be

en c

ente

red

on e

xter

ior

fixtu

res;

ho

wev

er

inte

rior

light

ing

is

also

a

sour

ce

of

“lig

ht

pollu

tion.

”

The

crite

ria f

or i

dent

ifyin

g pr

oble

ms

caus

ed b

y in

door

lig

htin

g ar

e th

e sa

me

as t

hose

for

ide

ntify

ing

prob

lem

s ca

used

by

outd

oor

light

ing…

[A

s w

ith a

n ou

tdoo

r lig

ht, a

n]

indo

or li

ght i

s a p

robl

em if

it is

vis

ible

from

the

beac

h.

Indo

or li

ghtin

g fr

om b

uild

ings

that

are

clo

se to

the

beac

h, a

re

very

tall,

or h

ave

larg

e se

a-si

de w

indo

ws

caus

es th

e gr

eate

st

prob

lem

for

sea

tur

tles.

Bec

ause

ind

oor

light

ing

is u

sual

ly

not

mea

nt t

o lig

ht t

he o

utdo

ors,

the

unw

ante

d ef

fect

s of

in

door

lig

htin

g ca

n ea

sily

be

el

imin

ated

w

ithou

t co

mpr

omis

ing

the

inte

nded

fu

nctio

n of

th

e lig

ht

(With

erin

gton

and

Mar

tin, 2

003,

p. 2

2).

In tr

uth,

the

Turtl

e B

each

Res

ort d

oes

not h

ave

dire

ct c

ontro

l ov

er w

hich

roo

m l

ight

s ar

e ut

ilize

d by

gue

sts.

How

ever

, in

door

lig

hts

be

can

min

imiz

ed

from

re

achi

ng

the

beac

h by

si

mpl

y in

form

ing

and

rem

indi

ng g

uest

s to

clo

se o

paqu

e cu

rtain

s du

ring

even

ing

hour

s whe

n ro

om li

ghts

are

on.

Th

e ho

tel

does

hav

e di

rect

con

trol

over

alm

ost

all

othe

r fix

ture

s th

at c

ast l

ight

vis

ible

from

the

beac

h. I

t is

thes

e fix

ture

s th

at

mak

e up

the

bulk

of t

his a

sses

smen

t. In

the

sec

tions

tha

t fo

llow

I w

ill d

etai

l m

y m

etho

ds a

nd

resu

lts,

and

prov

ide

spec

ific

reco

mm

enda

tions

for

miti

gatio

n.

If

cons

train

ts

hind

er

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

pa

rticu

lar

reco

mm

enda

tions

, one

opt

ion

is th

at e

ffec

tive

actio

n be

take

n in

hig

h pr

iorit

y ca

ses

(Ran

k “3

” lig

hts,

see

MET

HO

DS)

and

tha

t lo

wer

pr

iorit

y ac

tions

be

budg

eted

ove

r tim

e.

In

gene

ral,

and

in k

eepi

ng

with

the

deci

sion

s of t

he 2

000

“Sea

Tur

tles a

nd B

each

fron

t Lig

htin

g”

wor

ksho

p, r

ecom

men

datio

ns a

re b

ased

on

best

pra

ctic

es a

nd c

urre

nt

scie

nce

as a

rticu

late

d by

With

erin

gton

and

Mar

tin (2

003)

. M

ET

HO

DS

Day

time

Ligh

ting

Surv

ey

A

bas

elin

e da

ytim

e lig

htin

g su

rvey

was

con

duct

ed o

n fo

ot o

n 26

Jul

y 20

06 b

y ob

serv

ing

light

ing

fixtu

res

and

bulb

s dire

ctly

vis

ible

fr

om th

e be

ach.

The

ent

ire p

rope

rty w

as a

cces

sed

to c

larif

y, id

entif

y,

and/

or c

ount

par

ticul

ar f

ixtu

re(s

). A

ll ex

terio

r lig

hts

with

in li

ne-o

f-si

ght

of t

he o

bser

ver

[Joh

n En

glis

h K

now

les]

wer

e de

scrib

ed w

ith

resp

ect

to f

ixtu

re t

ype

and

loca

tion.

Th

e fu

nctio

n of

lig

hts

was

de

duce

d by

the

obse

rver

; ho

wev

er, s

ubse

quen

t m

eetin

gs w

ith h

otel

m

anag

emen

t st

aff

insu

red

that

th

e co

rrec

t fu

nctio

nalit

y w

as

docu

men

ted

in e

ach

case

. L

ight

fix

ture

s w

ith l

amps

(lig

ht b

ulbs

) vi

sibl

e fr

om th

e be

ach

and

thos

e th

at w

ere

desi

gned

or p

ositi

oned

so

that

the

y w

ould

lik

ely

illum

inat

e th

e be

ach

wer

e co

nsid

ered

to

be

pote

ntia

lly p

robl

emat

ic.

N

ight

time

Ligh

ting

Surv

ey

In

coo

rdin

atio

n w

ith h

otel

man

agem

ent,

a ni

ghtti

me

light

ing

surv

ey w

as c

ondu

cted

on

foot

on

26 Ju

ly 2

006.

Dur

ing

the

nigh

ttim

e su

rvey

, eac

h lig

ht id

entif

ied

in th

e da

ytim

e su

rvey

was

loca

ted

and

eval

uate

d w

ith r

espe

ct t

o its

pot

entia

l ef

fect

on

sea

turtl

es.

Ligh

ts

unse

en d

urin

g th

e da

y, b

ut v

isib

le w

hen

emitt

ing

light

, w

ere

also

ev

alua

ted.

Eac

h lig

ht w

as ra

ted

and

rank

ed o

n a

scal

e of

1 to

3.

The

nigh

ttim

e su

rvey

inv

olve

d tw

o in

spec

tions

, one

bef

ore

mid

nigh

t and

one

afte

r mid

nigh

t, al

low

ing

for a

n ac

cura

te ra

nkin

g of

ea

ch in

divi

dual

ligh

t sou

rce

in th

e co

ntex

t of

chan

ging

bac

kgro

und

illum

inat

ion

of

diff

eren

t lig

htin

g co

nditi

ons

and

inte

nsiti

es

thro

ugho

ut t

he n

ight

. B

ecau

se p

artic

ular

ly b

right

lig

hts

less

en t

he

degr

ee o

r th

e ac

tual

brig

htne

ss o

f th

e lig

hts

behi

nd t

hem

, an

d be

caus

e so

me

light

s ar

e ex

tingu

ishe

d la

te a

t ni

ght

unde

r no

rmal

op

erat

ing

proc

edur

e, t

he o

bser

ver

was

abl

e to

use

the

seq

uent

ial

insp

ectio

ns

to

mor

e ac

cura

tely

ch

arac

teriz

e th

ose

light

s th

at

rem

aine

d.

The

Ligh

ts

Fo

llow

ing

are

the

surv

eyed

lig

hts

liste

d fr

om t

he m

ost

disr

uptiv

e (R

ank

3) t

o th

e le

ast

disr

uptiv

e (R

ank

1) f

or m

arin

e tu

rtles

. A

rank

of “

1” d

escr

ibes

indi

rect

ligh

t vis

ible

by

an o

bser

ver

on th

e be

ach,

but

not

like

ly to

pre

sent

a st

rong

attr

actio

n to

nes

ting

or

hatc

hing

tur

tles.

A r

ank

of “

2” d

escr

ibes

a v

isib

le g

lobe

, glo

win

g el

emen

t, la

mp,

or

refle

ctor

like

ly to

dis

orie

nt tu

rtles

, but

not

stro

ng

enou

gh to

cas

t a sh

adow

on

the

beac

h. A

nd a

rank

of “

3” d

escr

ibes

a

light

sou

rce

stro

ng e

noug

h to

cas

t a s

hado

w o

n th

e be

ach

rega

rdle

ss

of w

heth

er th

e ill

umin

atio

n is

dire

ct o

r ind

irect

.

Even

the

sm

alle

st l

ight

s ca

n ra

nk a

s a

“3”

if th

ey c

ast

a sh

adow

on

the

beac

h; t

heir

clos

e pr

oxim

ity t

o th

e be

ach

and

thei

r lo

w v

ertic

al p

lace

men

t nea

r the

hor

izon

can

be

just

as

diso

rient

atin

g as

a m

ore

pow

erfu

l lig

ht fu

rther

aw

ay.

The

“3”

rank

ing

light

s ha

ve

been

pla

ced

first

in th

e as

sess

men

t bec

ause

of t

heir

pote

ntia

lly m

ore

serio

us e

ffec

ts o

n m

arin

e tu

rtles

. T

he f

ocus

of

corr

ectiv

e ac

tions

sh

ould

beg

in w

ith th

ese

light

s, as

thei

r miti

gatio

n w

ill h

ave

the

mos

t si

gnifi

cant

impa

ct o

n th

e be

ach

envi

ronm

ent.

W

ithin

eac

h ra

nk –

1, 2

, 3 –

fixt

ures

list

ed fi

rst a

re e

xpec

ted

to r

equi

re t

he g

reat

est

atte

ntio

n ei

ther

in

num

ber,

expe

nse,

or

crea

tivity

. Th

e lis

t con

tinue

s th

roug

h fix

ture

s th

at a

re p

rogr

essi

vely

si

mpl

er a

nd/o

r ch

eape

r to

miti

gate

. F

or e

ach

light

the

num

ber

of

fixtu

res

visi

ble

from

the

bea

ch,

the

fixtu

re t

ype,

loc

atio

n, r

ank,

co

mm

ents

(if

an

y),

func

tion,

pic

ture

an

d re

com

men

datio

ns

are

docu

men

ted.

Eac

h re

com

men

datio

n is

spec

ific

to a

n in

divi

dual

ligh

t, an

d m

ay

incl

ude

one

or

man

y ex

plan

ator

y re

mar

ks.

So

me

reco

mm

enda

tions

will

per

tain

to m

itiga

ting

the

curr

ent f

ixtu

re; o

ther

s w

ill su

gges

t the

repl

acem

ent o

f a fi

xtur

e w

ith a

n al

tern

ativ

e.

Rec

omm

enda

tions

are

illu

stra

ted

by th

e fo

llow

ing:

Pe

rman

ently

elim

inat

e fix

ture

. So

me

case

s are

spec

ific

to th

e nu

mbe

r of f

ixtu

res.

Rep

ositi

on fi

xtur

e to

land

war

d si

de o

f tre

e or

obj

ect.

Aim

fixt

ure

away

from

the

beac

h.

R

epla

ce e

xist

ing

fixtu

re w

ith a

mor

e di

rect

ed a

nd f

unct

iona

l bol

lard

w

ith e

xter

nal l

ouve

rs.

Rep

lace

exi

stin

g fix

ture

with

a m

ore

dire

cted

and

fun

ctio

nal

path

lig

ht th

at is

pos

ition

ed a

s to

not

dire

ctly

or

indi

rect

ly il

lum

inat

e th

e be

ach.

In

stal

l low

wat

tage

(50

wat

ts o

r les

s) y

ello

w b

ug li

ght b

ulb.

In

stal

l com

pact

fluo

resc

ent T

urtle

Saf

e Li

ghtin

g la

mps

(lig

ht b

ulbs

).

See

INT

ER

NE

T R

ESO

UR

CE

S.

R

epla

ce

exis

ting

fixtu

re

with

a

mor

e di

rect

ed

and

func

tiona

l do

wnl

ight

.

Inst

all h

ood

of su

ffic

ient

dep

th a

nd w

idth

.

R

educ

e in

tens

ity o

f lig

ht o

r low

er w

atta

ge.

Pl

ant,

land

scap

e, o

r im

prov

e na

tive

vege

tatio

n bu

ffer

so

that

ligh

t is

scre

ened

and

not

dire

ctly

vis

ible

from

the

beac

h.

K

eep

light

s of

f whe

n no

t in

use,

esp

ecia

lly fo

r lig

hts

that

are

clo

sest

to

the

bea

ch.

Info

rm g

uest

s vi

a ta

ble

tent

s, do

or h

ange

rs,

or o

ther

ed

ucat

iona

l m

ater

ials

(e.

g. t

he i

nfor

mat

ion

book

lets

in

each

roo

m)

abou

t fix

ture

s und

er th

eir c

ontro

l.

Elim

inat

e fix

ture

s and

use

low

tabl

e la

mps

(suc

h as

Aur

elle

LED

C

andl

e Se

ries o

r Max

xim

a M

LC-0

1 LE

D F

lam

eles

s Can

dle)

or

cand

les.

This

wou

ld se

rve

the

purp

ose

of il

lum

inat

ing

the

tabl

es

with

out u

nint

ende

d br

oadc

ast o

ut o

f the

rest

aura

nt.

U

se d

imm

er to

less

en th

e ef

fect

of

indi

rect

ligh

t lea

ving

the

dini

ng

area

.

In

stal

l red

filte

r

Ex

tingu

ish

whe

n no

t in

use.

Tre

e m

ount

ed h

oode

d sp

otlig

ht

Rank

: 3

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 2

1 Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Mou

nted

on

coco

nut p

alm

s/ca

suar

inas

beg

inni

ng a

t B

blo

ck a

nd c

ontin

uing

eas

t to

the

end

of th

e pr

oper

ty

Com

men

ts:

The

bes

t op

tion

is t

o el

imin

ate

the

light

, ei

ther

by

turn

ing

them

all

off o

r rem

ovin

g th

e fix

ture

s. If

all

light

s ca

nnot

be

rem

oved

or

turn

ed o

ff, t

hen

it is

rec

omm

ende

d th

at t

he n

umbe

r of

lig

hts

(cur

rent

ly 2

1) a

nd w

atta

ge o

f ea

ch l

amp

be r

educ

ed.

Som

e lig

hts

coul

d al

so b

e lo

wer

ed.

The

inst

alla

tion

of y

ello

w b

ug li

ghts

is

also

rec

omm

ende

d.

Ligh

ts t

hat

poin

t di

rect

ly t

owar

ds t

he b

each

sh

ould

be

repo

sitio

ned.

Fo

r th

e pu

rpos

e of

illu

min

atin

g th

e ho

tel

grou

nds i

n th

is a

rea,

low

pro

file

light

s are

pre

ferr

ed.

Re

com

men

datio

ns o

n th

e nu

mbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

Re

com

men

datio

ns o

n ex

istin

g or

rem

aini

ng fi

xtur

es:

Ulti

mat

e re

com

men

datio

n:

Post

mou

nted

glo

be li

ght

Po

st m

ount

ed li

ght w

ithou

t glo

be fi

xtur

e

Rank

: 3

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 1

6 Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Wat

erfr

ont R

esta

uran

t C

omm

ents

: D

urin

g th

e fe

w

nigh

ts

a w

eek

of

oper

atio

n,

the

Wat

erfr

ont

Res

taur

ant

pres

ents

a u

niqu

e ca

se t

hat

can

be e

asily

m

itiga

ted.

The

cur

rent

ligh

ts a

re a

sou

rce

of d

irect

ligh

t on

the

beac

h an

d th

eir

repl

acem

ent

with

a m

oder

n al

tern

ativ

e is

enc

oura

ged.

Ea

rthw

orks

cou

ld p

ossi

bly

desi

gn s

uch

a fix

ture

ther

eby

incr

easi

ng

the

qual

ity o

f th

e be

ach,

the

res

taur

ant,

and

supp

ortin

g th

e lo

cal

econ

omy.

In

add

ition

, st

rate

gic

land

scap

ing

can

be e

mpl

oyed

to

conc

eal

the

curr

ent

fixtu

res

from

the

bea

ch, a

tas

k se

emin

gly

wel

l em

ploy

ed b

y th

e Tu

rtle

Bea

ch R

esor

t with

its l

ush

hote

l gro

unds

.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

on

exis

ting

fixtu

res:

U

ltim

ate

reco

mm

enda

tions

:

Ora

nge

flood

/sta

ge li

ght

Ra

nk:

3 N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

1

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: O

verh

and

of re

stau

rant

C

omm

ents

: W

hen

the

light

is

on (

durin

g a

perf

orm

ance

) it

does

re

ach

the

beac

h.

Stra

tegi

c la

ndsc

apin

g co

uld

conc

eal

light

(e.

g.

nativ

e ve

geta

tion

that

surr

ound

s the

Jacu

zzi a

rea)

. Re

com

men

datio

ns:

Cei

ling

mou

nted

col

ored

spot

light

Ra

nk:

3 N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

4

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: C

eilin

g of

Wat

erfr

ont R

esta

uran

t C

omm

ents

: A

red

filte

red

light

is p

refe

rred

ove

r oth

er c

olor

s. L

ight

s do

n’t s

eem

to b

e of

con

cern

sinc

e th

ey a

re ra

rely

use

d.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

Wal

l mou

nted

dow

nlig

ht

Ra

nk:

2 N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

62

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: B

alco

nies

of C

blo

ck

Com

men

ts:

The

fix

ture

off

sets

the

bulb

fro

m th

e w

all r

educ

ing

the

amou

nt o

f “w

all w

ashi

ng”

that

can

occ

ur w

ith f

ixtu

res

flush

to th

e w

all.

Ins

talli

ng a

yel

low

bug

lig

ht b

ulb

will

gre

atly

min

imiz

e th

e ch

ance

s of

dis

rupt

ing

the

sea

findi

ng b

ehav

ior o

f mar

ine

turtl

es.

The

yello

w li

ght i

s als

o no

t vis

ible

to m

ost i

nsec

ts.

How

ever

, gue

sts n

eed

to b

e re

min

ded

to tu

rn li

ghts

off

whe

n no

t in

use.

Re

com

men

datio

ns:

Fluo

resc

ent a

nd in

cand

esce

nt b

ulbs

cov

ered

by

perf

orat

ed w

ood

box

Ra

nk:

2 N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

16

Li

ght

Loca

tion:

Wat

erfr

ont

Res

taur

ant,

Bat

hroo

ms

at W

ater

fron

t R

esta

uran

t C

omm

ents

: T

he o

nly

fixtu

re v

isib

le f

rom

the

bea

ch i

s th

e on

e lo

cate

d at

the

wom

en’s

bat

hroo

m.

The

num

ber g

iven

is th

e nu

mbe

r of

fix

ture

s on

the

hot

el g

roun

ds.

The

se f

ixtu

res

are

enco

urag

ed

beca

use

the

bare

bul

b is

con

ceal

ed a

nd l

ight

is

dire

cted

dow

n.

How

ever

, a

yello

w b

ug l

ight

in

the

wom

en’s

bat

hroo

m f

ixtu

re i

s pr

efer

red

over

the

curr

ent w

hite

inca

ndes

cent

bul

b Re

com

men

datio

ns:

Smal

l bar

e sp

otlig

ht

Ra

nk:

2 N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

3

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: H

angi

ng a

bove

Res

taur

ant

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

o

r

or

Roo

m li

ghts

Rank

: 1

Num

ber o

f bal

coni

es v

isib

le fr

om th

e be

ach:

172

Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Oce

an v

iew

room

s Re

com

men

datio

ns

from

W

ither

ingt

on

and

Mar

tin

2003

on

“M

inim

izin

g be

ach

light

ing

from

indo

or so

urce

s”:

1. T

urni

ng o

ff l

ight

ing

in r

oom

s th

at a

re n

ot i

n us

e.

Rem

inde

r no

tices

pla

ced

on s

witc

hes

in o

cean

fron

t ro

oms

can

help

in

this

ef

fort.

2.

Rel

ocat

ing

mov

eabl

e la

mps

aw

ay f

rom

win

dow

s th

at a

re v

isib

le

from

the

beac

h.

3. T

intin

g or

app

lyin

g w

indo

w t

reat

men

ts t

o w

indo

ws

visi

ble

from

th

e be

ach

so th

at li

ght p

assi

ng fr

om in

side

to o

utsi

de is

sub

stan

tially

re

duce

d.

A g

ood

tinte

d gl

ass

or w

indo

w-ti

ntin

g tre

atm

ent

will

re

duce

vis

ible

ligh

t fro

m th

e in

side

to 4

5% o

r le

ss (

trans

mitt

ance

≤

45%

). W

indo

w g

lass

may

be

eith

er ti

nted

dur

ing

its m

anuf

actu

re o

r tin

ted

late

r w

ith a

n ap

plie

d fil

m.

Win

dow

tre

atm

ents

(sh

adin

g m

ater

ials

) ar

e le

ss p

erm

anen

t an

d ca

n re

duce

lig

ht t

rans

mitt

ance

m

ore

than

tint

s and

film

s can

. A

com

plet

e bl

ocki

ng o

f lig

ht is

idea

l.

4. C

losi

ng o

paqu

e cu

rtain

s or

blin

ds a

fter

dark

to c

ompl

etel

y co

ver

win

dow

s vi

sibl

e fr

om t

he b

each

. T

his

is a

n in

expe

nsiv

e so

lutio

n be

caus

e m

ost

hom

e w

indo

ws

have

cur

tain

s or

blin

ds t

o pr

ovid

e pr

ivac

y to

the

occu

pant

s (p.

22)

.

Pict

ure

1 of

wal

l mou

nted

dow

nlig

ht

Pi

ctur

e 2

of w

all m

ount

ed d

ownl

ight

Rank

: 1

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 1

28

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: B

alco

nies

of A

, B, D

and

E b

lock

Re

com

men

datio

ns:

Smal

l rec

esse

d ce

iling

spot

light

Ra

nk:

1 N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

40

Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Abo

ve d

oors

in E

blo

ck

Com

men

ts:

The

se l

ight

s ar

e ca

usin

g si

gnifi

cant

am

ount

s of

“w

all

was

h” i

n th

e co

rrid

or b

etw

een

D a

nd E

blo

ck a

s w

ell

as a

long

the

ba

ck o

f D b

lock

. C

umul

ativ

ely

they

are

pot

entia

lly d

isru

ptiv

e. T

he

num

ber g

iven

is th

e nu

mbe

r of f

ixtu

res

that

are

cau

sing

vis

ible

“w

all

was

h” f

rom

the

beac

h. O

ne o

ptio

n m

ight

be

to in

stal

l a R

30 a

mbe

r bu

g lig

ht o

r som

ethi

ng si

mila

r. S

ee IN

TE

RN

ET

RE

SOU

RC

ES.

Re

com

men

datio

ns:

Gre

en p

athw

ay li

ght

Ra

nk:

1 N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

6

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: S

idew

alk

to E

blo

ck

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

Path

way

ligh

t

Ra

nk:

1 N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

6

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: A

roun

d po

ol a

rea

in fr

ont o

f C b

lock

/ pat

h fr

om k

id

pool

to D

and

E b

lock

C

omm

ents

: N

ot a

ll fix

ture

s are

vis

ible

from

bea

ch.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

Hoo

ded

spot

light

Ra

nk:

1 N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

2

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: G

rass

are

a in

fron

t of E

blo

ck

Com

men

ts:

Thi

s lig

ht d

oes

cont

ribut

e to

“w

all w

ash.

” T

he li

ght i

s no

t di

rect

ed u

p, w

hich

is

high

ly e

ncou

rage

d.

In t

he e

ffor

t to

ill

umin

ate

the

law

n in

fro

nt o

f E

bloc

k ot

her

light

fix

ture

s ca

n be

em

ploy

ed t

hat

do n

ot u

nint

entio

nally

ref

lect

lig

ht o

ff t

he w

alls

of

build

ings

.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

o

r

Up

dire

cted

hoo

ded

spot

light

Ra

nk:

1 N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

3

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: G

roun

d of

the

Jacu

zzi a

rea

Reco

mm

enda

tion

on e

xist

ing

fixtu

res:

U

ltim

ate

reco

mm

enda

tions

:

o

r

Gre

en fl

oodl

ight

Ra

nk:

1 N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

2

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: Ja

cuzz

i are

a C

omm

ents

: St

rate

gic

land

scap

ing

coul

d co

ncea

l ill

umin

ated

ve

geta

tion.

Re

com

men

datio

n on

exi

stin

g fix

ture

s:

U

ltim

ate

reco

mm

enda

tion:

Dow

nlig

ht

Ra

nk:

1 N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

1

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: R

afte

rs o

f Res

taur

ant

Com

men

ts:

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

o

r

or

or

Tik

i tor

ch w

ith o

pen

flam

e

Ra

nk:

Lig

hts o

ff

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 1

0 Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Aro

und

Wat

erfr

ont R

esta

uran

t at e

dge

of v

eget

atio

n an

d al

ong

mai

n en

tranc

e of

bea

ch

Com

men

ts:

The

num

ber

give

n w

as th

e nu

mbe

r of

tiki

torc

hes

that

w

ere

out a

nd v

isib

le d

urin

g th

e tim

e of

the

asse

ssm

ent.

Re

com

men

datio

ns:

SUM

MA

RY

The

Turtl

e B

each

Res

ort i

s co

mm

ende

d in

reta

inin

g so

me

of

the

best

ligh

ting

cond

ition

s ob

serv

ed a

t any

bea

chfr

ont h

otel

on

the

isla

nd.

Firs

t, tu

rtle

frie

ndly

fix

ture

s ar

e in

stal

led

on a

ll ba

lcon

ies.

Th

ese

fixtu

res

are

idea

l be

caus

e th

e ba

re b

ulb

is r

eces

sed

and

conc

eale

d, p

reve

ntin

g di

rect

lig

ht r

each

ing

the

beac

h.

In a

dditi

on,

the

fixtu

res

are

offs

et f

rom

the

wal

l re

duci

ng t

he a

mou

nt “

wal

l w

ash.

” S

econ

d, n

ativ

e ve

geta

tion

is u

sed

as a

scr

een,

red

ucin

g th

e am

ount

of

light

rea

chin

g th

e be

ach.

Th

ird,

the

wat

ersp

orts

sta

nd

does

not

hav

e an

y ex

terio

r lig

htin

g.

Man

y su

ch b

each

fron

t st

ands

of

ten

have

ext

erio

r lig

htin

g an

d le

ad t

o ex

trem

e di

sorie

ntat

ion

of

mar

ine

turtl

es.

Last

ly, i

t is

obse

rved

that

som

e of

the

tree

mou

nted

sp

otlig

hts

are

disc

onne

cted

to

inte

ntio

nally

red

uce

diso

rient

atio

n of

ha

tchl

ings

.

N

ever

thel

ess,

ther

e is

stil

l ro

om f

or i

mpr

ovem

ents

. F

or

inst

ance

, stra

tegi

c la

ndsc

apin

g sh

ould

be

cont

inue

d as

this

is o

ne o

f th

e ea

sies

t w

ays

to r

educ

e be

achf

ront

lig

htin

g.

Als

o, b

ug l

ight

s sh

ould

be

inst

alle

d in

all

balc

ony

fixtu

res.

Bug

lig

hts

emit

a w

avel

engt

h th

at

is

less

at

tract

ive

to

hatc

hlin

gs,

as

wel

l as

m

osqu

itoes

. It

is a

lso

reco

mm

ende

d th

at th

e nu

mbe

r of t

ree

mou

nted

sp

otlig

ht b

e re

duce

d or

low

ered

. T

he i

llum

inat

ion

of t

he h

otel

gr

ound

s ca

n ea

sily

be

acco

mpl

ishe

d by

low

pro

file

path

ligh

ts.

It is

im

porta

nt to

rem

embe

r th

at b

each

fro

nt li

ghts

sho

uld

be tu

rned

off

w

hen

not

in u

se.

Thi

s in

clud

es s

oda

mac

hine

s, te

levi

sion

s, an

d de

cora

tive

light

ing

(e.g

. stri

ng li

ghts

on

the

band

sta

nd).

As

far

as

deco

rativ

e lig

htin

g is

con

cern

ed, r

ed l

ight

is

alw

ays

pref

erre

d ov

er

gree

n or

whi

te (e

.g. r

ope

light

ing

alon

g th

e po

ol b

ridge

s).

Th

e fe

w re

com

men

datio

ns, o

nce

impl

emen

ted,

will

not

onl

y im

prov

e be

ach

cond

ition

s fo

r m

arin

e tu

rtles

, but

will

con

tribu

te t

o th

e ex

istin

g so

phis

ticat

ed t

hem

e in

lig

htin

g am

bian

ce o

f th

is r

esor

t w

hile

redu

cing

ope

ratio

nal e

xpen

ses

thro

ugh

an e

xpec

tatio

n of

low

er

ener

gy u

se.

To

enco

urag

e lig

htin

g im

prov

emen

ts a

nd a

ssis

t in

im

plem

enta

tion,

the

Tour

ism

Dev

elop

men

t Cor

pora

tion

is a

vaila

ble

to p

urch

ase

item

s (fix

ture

s, C

F bu

g lig

hts)

in b

ulk,

whi

ch w

ill fu

rther

re

duce

the

cost

of r

etro

fittin

g an

d in

nova

tion.

A

long

with

an

impr

oved

bea

chfr

ont

in t

erm

s of

lig

htin

g co

mes

a p

aral

lel

resp

onsi

bilit

y fo

r co

nser

vatio

n-m

inde

d be

achf

ront

m

anag

emen

t in

gen

eral

, in

clud

ing,

for

exa

mpl

e, s

tack

ing

beac

h ch

airs

to

ensu

re t

hat

mot

her

turtl

es a

re n

ot o

bstru

cted

dur

ing

thei

r cr

awl t

o an

d fr

om th

e w

ater

. Tu

rtle

Bea

ch R

esor

t pla

ys a

n es

sent

ial

role

in th

e su

rviv

al o

f the

end

ange

red

turtl

es th

at u

se it

s be

ache

s, an

d is

wel

l po

sitio

ned

to s

erve

as

a m

odel

for

sea

tur

tle f

riend

ly

envi

ronm

enta

l m

anag

emen

t sy

stem

s el

sew

here

in

Bar

bado

s an

d be

yond

. IN

TE

RN

ET

RE

SOU

RC

ES

Tu

rtle

safe

ligh

ting

prod

ucts

w

ww

.turtl

esaf

elig

htin

g.co

m

http

://w

ww

.turtl

esaf

elig

htin

g.co

m/T

urtle

Safe

%20

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uct%

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eet

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apO

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er.p

df

CF

PAR

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http

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ww

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ight

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om/L

ight

Site

/Whi

rlwin

d.as

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eca=

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cpf=

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_en&

leftn

av=1

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_1_4

ht

tp://

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t.gel

ight

ing.

com

/Lig

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oduc

ts/D

ispa

tche

r?R

EQU

EST=

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SPEC

PAG

E&PR

OD

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DE=

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ilips

.com

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umer

/mar

atho

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y.ph

p?m

ode=

2

R30

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ber B

ug L

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G-C

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8C0.

aspx

?Use

rID

=535

513&

Sess

ionI

D=r

NFp

6CR

YN

JPrx

JVbs

KIr

L

ITE

RA

TU

RE

CIT

ED

WIT

HER

ING

TON

, B. E

. and

R. E

. MA

RTI

N. 2

003.

Und

erst

andi

ng,

asse

ssin

g,

and

reso

lvin

g lig

ht-p

ollu

tion

prob

lem

s on

se

a tu

rtle

nest

ing

beac

hes.

3rd

ed.

rev.

Flo

rida

Mar

ine

Res

earc

h In

stitu

te

Tech

nica

l Rep

ort T

R-2

. 73

p.

ECK

ERT,

K. L

. and

J. A

. HO

RR

OC

KS

(Edi

tors

). 20

02. P

roce

edin

gs

of “

Sea

Turtl

es a

nd B

each

fron

t Lig

htin

g: A

n In

tera

ctiv

e W

orks

hop

for

Indu

stry

Pro

fess

iona

ls a

nd P

olic

y-M

aker

s in

Bar

bado

s”,

13

Oct

ober

20

00.

Spon

sore

d by

th

e W

ider

C

arib

bean

Se

a Tu

rtle

Con

serv

atio

n N

etw

ork

(WID

ECA

ST),

the

Bar

bado

s Se

a Tu

rtle

Proj

ect,

and

the

Tour

ism

Dev

elop

men

t C

orpo

ratio

n of

Bar

bado

s. W

IDEC

AST

Tec

hnic

al R

epor

t 1. v

+ 4

3 pp

. A

CK

NO

WL

ED

GM

EN

TS

I

am d

eepl

y in

debt

ed t

o th

e st

aff

and

man

agem

ent

of t

he

Turtl

e B

each

Res

ort,

incl

udin

g A

dria

n G

rant

, G

ener

al M

anag

er,

Stev

en

John

, A

ssis

tant

M

aint

enan

ce

Supe

rvis

or,

and

Woo

drow

Tr

otm

an,

Mai

nten

ance

Sup

ervi

sor

for

thei

r co

llabo

ratio

n in

thi

s as

sess

men

t. T

hey

wer

e ex

traor

dina

rily

kind

in

acco

mm

odat

ing

my

requ

ests

, w

hich

ofte

n in

volv

ed t

heir

wor

king

off

-hou

rs,

incl

udin

g la

te a

t nig

ht.

Equa

lly im

porta

nt, t

he a

sses

smen

t wou

ld n

ot h

ave

been

po

ssib

le w

ithou

t the

for

esig

ht a

nd f

inan

cial

sup

port

of th

e To

uris

m

Dev

elop

men

t C

orpo

ratio

n of

B

arba

dos.

I

wou

ld

also

lik

e to

re

cogn

ize

the

tirel

ess

effo

rts o

f th

e B

arba

dos

Sea

Turtl

e Pr

ojec

t,

espe

cial

ly D

r. Ju

lia H

orro

cks,

Bar

ry K

rueg

er a

nd th

eir 2

006

seas

onal

st

aff.

The

pro

fess

iona

l wor

k of

the

BST

P ha

s se

t a h

igh

stan

dard

for

rese

arch

and

con

serv

atio

n in

Bar

bado

s an

d th

roug

hout

the

Car

ibbe

an

regi

on.

With

out

thei

r co

llabo

ratio

n, i

nclu

ding

pro

vidi

ng m

e w

ith

hous

ing,

trai

ning

, acc

ess

to d

ata

and

othe

r tec

hnic

al in

form

atio

n, a

nd

the

oppo

rtuni

ty to

con

tribu

te to

thei

r im

porta

nt fi

eld

wor

k, w

hich

has

be

en p

rofe

ssio

nally

and

per

sona

lly e

nric

hing

for

me,

thi

s lig

htin

g as

sess

men

t cou

ld n

ot h

ave

been

acc

ompl

ishe

d. F

inal

ly, I

am

gra

tefu

l to

Dr.

Kar

en E

cker

t, Ex

ecut

ive

Dire

ctor

of

WID

ECA

ST a

nd m

y ac

adem

ic a

dvis

or a

t D

uke

Uni

vers

ity’s

Nic

hola

s Sc

hool

of

the

Envi

ronm

ent,

for

her

enco

urag

emen

t of

m

y ef

forts

an

d he

r le

ader

ship

in C

arib

bean

sea

turtl

e co

nser

vatio

n is

sues

in g

ener

al, a

nd

to E

rik M

artin

of

Ecol

ogic

al A

ssoc

iate

s, In

c. f

or h

is k

indn

ess

and

patie

nce

in t

rain

ing

me

in t

he p

roto

cols

of

prof

essi

onal

bea

chfr

ont

light

ing

asse

ssm

ents

, a fi

eld

in w

hich

he

is w

ell-r

ecog

nize

d.

Appendix XI – Southern Palms Beach Club property map

Appendix XII – Southern Palms Beach Club assessment report

Nat

iona

l Ass

essm

ent o

f Bea

chfro

nt L

ight

ing

and

its

Effe

ct o

n th

e Su

rviv

al o

f End

ange

red

Mar

ine

Turtl

es

in B

arba

dos,

Wes

t Ind

ies

Prop

erty

Ass

essm

ent:

Sout

hern

Pal

ms

Beac

h C

lub

Re

spec

tfully

sub

mitt

ed

John

Eng

lish

Know

les

INT

RO

DU

CT

ION

In p

artn

ersh

ip w

ith th

e B

arba

dos

Sea

Turtl

e Pr

ojec

t (B

STP)

, lo

cal

affil

iate

of

the

Wid

er C

arib

bean

Sea

Tur

tle C

onse

rvat

ion

Net

wor

k (W

IDEC

AST

), an

d th

e To

uris

m D

evel

opm

ent C

orpo

ratio

n in

Bar

bado

s, a

form

al l

ight

ing

asse

ssm

ent

was

con

duct

ed a

t th

e So

uthe

rn P

alm

s B

each

Clu

b as

par

t of

a f

ollo

w-u

p in

itiat

ive

to

impl

emen

t re

com

men

datio

ns m

ade

at a

nat

iona

l “S

ea T

urtle

s an

d B

each

fron

t Lig

htin

g” w

orks

hop

held

in 2

000

(Eck

ert a

nd H

orro

cks,

2002

). Th

e ev

alua

tion

of l

ight

ing

asso

ciat

ed w

ith t

he S

outh

ern

Palm

s Bea

ch C

lub

prop

erty

atte

sts t

o th

e ef

forts

and

ded

icat

ion

of th

e ho

tel i

ndus

try a

nd th

e B

STP

in im

prov

ing

the

cond

ition

s of

arti

ficia

l be

ach

light

ing,

whi

ch i

s w

ell

know

n to

be

detri

men

tal

to b

oth

hatc

hlin

gs a

nd n

estin

g se

a tu

rtles

(Eck

ert a

nd H

orro

cks,

2002

).

The

Sout

hern

Pal

ms

Bea

ch C

lub

has

iden

tifie

d its

elf

as a

le

ader

in a

ddre

ssin

g th

e lig

htin

g pr

oble

m b

y vo

lunt

arily

par

ticip

atin

g in

thi

s as

sess

men

t. T

he p

rope

rty –

alo

ng w

ith f

our

(4)

othe

r be

achf

ront

hot

els

– w

as c

hose

n be

caus

e it

play

s a

cruc

ial r

ole

in th

e qu

ality

of

sea

turtl

e ne

stin

g ha

bita

t. T

he i

nten

t of

the

lig

htin

g as

sess

men

t w

as t

o ev

alua

te c

urre

nt c

ondi

tions

, an

d to

pro

pose

so

lutio

ns

and

reco

mm

enda

tions

fo

r ea

ch

light

id

entif

ied

as

cont

ribut

ing

to th

e no

ctur

nal i

llum

inat

ion

of th

e ne

stin

g be

ach.

Th

e at

tent

ion

of s

uch

wor

k is

crit

ical

in th

e su

rviv

al o

f th

e ha

wks

bill

sea

turtl

e, E

retm

oche

lys

imbr

icat

a, a

crit

ical

ly e

ndan

gere

d sp

ecie

s w

orld

wid

e (c

f. IU

CN

Red

List

). B

arba

dos

play

s a

very

im

porta

nt r

ole

in t

he s

urvi

val

of t

his

spec

ies,

its s

outh

wes

t co

ast

havi

ng b

een

iden

tifie

d as

one

of t

he m

ost i

mpo

rtant

nes

ting

grou

nds

rem

aini

ng in

the

Wid

er C

arib

bean

Reg

ion.

A

rtific

ial

beac

hfro

nt

light

ing,

ch

arac

teriz

ed

as

“lig

ht

pollu

tion”

by

With

erin

gton

and

Mar

tin (

2003

, p.

V),

is t

he m

ost

serio

us c

onte

mpo

rary

thre

at to

the

surv

ival

of s

ea tu

rtles

in B

arba

dos

(Eck

ert

and

Hor

rock

s, 20

02).

Mar

ine

turtl

es a

re m

ost

sens

itive

to

shor

ter

wav

elen

gths

(bl

ues

and

gree

ns),

whi

ch t

hey

use

as a

sea

-

findi

ng c

ue.

Sho

rter

wav

elen

gths

are

als

o em

itted

by

whi

te l

ight

. W

hen

such

lig

hts

are

visi

ble

from

th

e be

ach,

th

e ef

fect

is

tre

men

dous

.

W

ither

ingt

on

and

Mar

tin

(200

3)

sugg

est

the

follo

win

g ap

proa

ch t

o m

itiga

te “

light

pol

lutio

n” b

y ei

ther

elim

inat

ing

the

fixtu

re o

r by

adju

stin

g w

avel

engt

h or

inte

nsity

: W

e ha

ve n

o re

liabl

e fo

rmul

a th

at c

an b

e us

ed t

o ca

lcul

ate

how

muc

h ea

ch li

ght s

ourc

e w

ill a

ffec

t se

a tu

rtles

. W

e do

kn

ow,

how

ever

, th

at i

f sp

ectra

l em

issi

ons

are

equi

vale

nt,

redu

cing

int

ensi

ty w

ill r

educ

e ef

fect

s, an

d if

inte

nsiti

es a

re

sim

ilar,

subs

titut

ing

less

attr

activ

e so

urce

s (li

ke y

ello

w b

ug

or r

ed l

ight

s) w

ill a

lso

redu

ce e

ffec

ts.

A s

ound

stra

tegy

, th

eref

ore,

wou

ld b

e to

red

uce

effe

cts

on s

ea t

urtle

s by

m

anip

ulat

ion

both

int

ensi

ty a

nd c

olor

. A

s fe

w l

ight

s as

pr

actic

able

sh

ould

be

us

ed,

and

for

light

ing

deem

ed

esse

ntia

l, lo

ng w

avel

engt

h lig

ht s

ourc

es s

houl

d re

plac

e m

ore

disr

uptiv

e lig

ht s

ourc

es a

nd i

nten

sity

sho

uld

be r

educ

ed b

y us

ing

lam

ps o

f min

imal

wat

tage

that

are

hou

sed

with

in w

ell-

dire

cted

fix

ture

s ai

med

dow

n an

d aw

ay f

rom

the

bea

ch (

p.

23).

In p

oint

, dire

ct li

ght o

n th

e be

ach

can

be h

ighl

y di

srup

tive

to

both

adu

lt tu

rtles

and

hat

chlin

gs, a

nd e

limin

atin

g so

urce

s of

dire

ct

light

rea

chin

g th

e be

ach

is p

refe

rred

ove

r al

l ot

her

cons

erva

tion

alte

rnat

ives

(W

ither

ingt

on a

nd M

artin

, 20

03).

In

circ

umst

ance

s w

here

elim

inat

ing

light

sou

rces

– e

ither

by

turn

ing

them

off

or

by

rem

ovin

g th

e fix

ture

s al

l to

geth

er

– is

no

t pr

actic

al,

seve

ral

alte

rnat

ives

are

ava

ilabl

e w

hich

dire

ct l

ight

mor

e ef

ficie

ntly

and

/or

shie

ld t

he s

ourc

e fr

om t

he b

each

. M

any

of t

hese

mod

ern

fixtu

res

also

pre

vent

“w

all w

ash”

(the

illu

min

atio

n of

the

side

or f

açad

e of

a

build

ing)

and

are

hig

hly

reco

mm

ende

d ov

er f

ixtu

res

that

exp

ose

a ba

re b

ulb

to th

e be

achf

ront

.

So f

ar,

mos

t of

the

dis

cuss

ion

abov

e ha

s be

en o

n ex

terio

r fix

ture

s;

how

ever

in

terio

r lig

htin

g is

al

so

a so

urce

of

“l

ight

po

llutio

n.”

The

crite

ria f

or i

dent

ifyin

g pr

oble

ms

caus

ed b

y in

door

lig

htin

g ar

e th

e sa

me

as t

hose

for

ide

ntify

ing

prob

lem

s ca

used

by

outd

oor

light

ing…

[A

s w

ith a

n ou

tdoo

r lig

ht, a

n]

indo

or li

ght i

s a p

robl

em if

it is

vis

ible

from

the

beac

h.

Indo

or li

ghtin

g fr

om b

uild

ings

that

are

clo

se to

the

beac

h, a

re

very

tall,

or h

ave

larg

e se

a-si

de w

indo

ws

caus

es th

e gr

eate

st

prob

lem

for

sea

tur

tles.

Bec

ause

ind

oor

light

ing

is u

sual

ly

not

mea

nt t

o lig

ht t

he o

utdo

ors,

the

unw

ante

d ef

fect

s of

in

door

lig

htin

g ca

n ea

sily

be

el

imin

ated

w

ithou

t co

mpr

omis

ing

the

inte

nded

fu

nctio

n of

th

e lig

ht

(With

erin

gton

and

Mar

tin, 2

003,

p. 2

2).

In tr

uth,

the

Sout

hern

Pal

ms B

each

Clu

b do

es n

ot h

ave

dire

ct

cont

rol

over

whi

ch r

oom

lig

hts

are

utili

zed

by g

uest

s. H

owev

er,

indo

or li

ghts

be

can

min

imiz

ed f

rom

rea

chin

g th

e be

ach

by s

impl

y in

form

ing

and

rem

indi

ng g

uest

s to

clo

se o

paqu

e cu

rtain

s du

ring

even

ing

hour

s whe

n ro

om li

ghts

are

on.

Th

e ho

tel

does

hav

e di

rect

con

trol

over

alm

ost

all

othe

r fix

ture

s, w

hich

cas

t lig

ht o

nto

or v

isib

le f

rom

the

beac

h.

It is

thes

e fix

ture

s tha

t mak

e up

the

bulk

of t

his a

sses

smen

t.

In

the

sect

ions

th

at

follo

w

I pr

ovid

e sp

ecifi

c re

com

men

datio

ns f

or m

itiga

tion

of t

hese

fix

ture

s, an

d de

tail

my

met

hods

and

res

ults

. I

f co

nstra

ints

hin

der

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

pa

rticu

lar

reco

mm

enda

tions

, on

e op

tion

is t

hat

effe

ctiv

e ac

tion

be

take

n in

hig

h pr

iorit

y ca

ses

(Ran

k “3

” lig

hts,

see

MET

HO

DS)

and

th

at lo

wer

prio

rity

actio

ns b

e bu

dget

ed o

ver t

ime.

In

gen

eral

, and

in

keep

ing

with

the

deci

sion

s of

the

2000

“Se

a Tu

rtles

and

Bea

chfr

ont

Ligh

ting”

wor

ksho

p, r

ecom

men

datio

ns a

re b

ased

on

best

pra

ctic

es

and

curr

ent

scie

nce

as a

rticu

late

d by

With

erin

gton

and

Mar

tin

(200

3).

M

ET

HO

DS

Day

time

Ligh

ting

Surv

ey

A

bas

elin

e da

ytim

e lig

htin

g su

rvey

was

con

duct

ed o

n fo

ot o

n 25

Jul

y 20

06 b

y ob

serv

ing

light

ing

fixtu

res

and

bulb

s dire

ctly

vis

ible

fr

om th

e be

ach.

The

ent

ire p

rope

rty w

as a

cces

sed

to c

larif

y, id

entif

y,

and/

or c

ount

par

ticul

ar f

ixtu

re(s

). A

ll ex

terio

r lig

hts

with

in li

ne-o

f-si

ght

of t

he o

bser

ver

[Joh

n En

glis

h K

now

les]

wer

e de

scrib

ed w

ith

resp

ect

to f

ixtu

re t

ype

and

loca

tion.

Th

e fu

nctio

n of

lig

hts

was

de

duce

d by

the

obse

rver

; ho

wev

er, s

ubse

quen

t m

eetin

gs w

ith h

otel

m

anag

emen

t st

aff

insu

red

that

th

e co

rrec

t fu

nctio

nalit

y w

as

docu

men

ted

in e

ach

case

. L

ight

fix

ture

s w

ith l

amps

(lig

ht b

ulbs

) vi

sibl

e fr

om th

e be

ach

and

thos

e th

at w

ere

desi

gned

or p

ositi

oned

so

that

the

y w

ould

lik

ely

illum

inat

e th

e be

ach

wer

e co

nsid

ered

to

be

pote

ntia

lly p

robl

emat

ic.

N

ight

time

Ligh

ting

Surv

ey

In

coo

rdin

atio

n w

ith h

otel

man

agem

ent,

a ni

ghtti

me

light

ing

surv

ey w

as c

ondu

cted

on

foot

on

25 Ju

ly 2

006.

Dur

ing

the

nigh

ttim

e su

rvey

, eac

h lig

ht id

entif

ied

in th

e da

ytim

e su

rvey

was

loca

ted

and

eval

uate

d w

ith r

espe

ct t

o its

pot

entia

l ef

fect

on

sea

turtl

es.

Ligh

ts

unse

en d

urin

g th

e da

y, b

ut v

isib

le w

hen

emitt

ing

light

, w

ere

also

ev

alua

ted.

Eac

h lig

ht w

as ra

ted

and

rank

ed o

n a

scal

e of

1 to

3.

Th

e ni

ghtti

me

surv

ey i

nvol

ved

two

insp

ectio

ns, o

ne b

efor

e m

idni

ght a

nd o

ne a

fter m

idni

ght,

allo

win

g fo

r an

accu

rate

rank

ing

of

each

indi

vidu

al li

ght s

ourc

e in

the

cont

ext o

f ch

angi

ng b

ackg

roun

d ill

umin

atio

n of

di

ffer

ent

light

ing

cond

ition

s an

d in

tens

ities

th

roug

hout

the

nig

ht.

Bec

ause

par

ticul

arly

brig

ht l

ight

s le

ssen

the

degr

ee o

r th

e ac

tual

brig

htne

ss o

f th

e lig

hts

behi

nd t

hem

, an

d be

caus

e so

me

light

s ar

e ex

tingu

ishe

d la

te a

t ni

ght

unde

r no

rmal

op

erat

ing

proc

edur

e, t

he o

bser

ver

was

abl

e to

use

the

seq

uent

ial

insp

ectio

ns

to

mor

e ac

cura

tely

ch

arac

teriz

e th

ose

light

s th

at

rem

aine

d.

The

Ligh

ts

Fo

llow

ing

are

the

surv

eyed

lig

hts

liste

d fr

om t

he m

ost

disr

uptiv

e (R

ank

3) t

o th

e le

ast

disr

uptiv

e (R

ank

1) f

or m

arin

e tu

rtles

. A

rank

of “

1” d

escr

ibes

indi

rect

ligh

t vis

ible

by

an o

bser

ver

on th

e be

ach,

but

not

like

ly to

pre

sent

a st

rong

attr

actio

n to

nes

ting

or

hatc

hing

tur

tles.

A r

ank

of “

2” d

escr

ibes

a v

isib

le g

lobe

, glo

win

g el

emen

t, la

mp,

or

refle

ctor

like

ly to

dis

orie

nt tu

rtles

, but

not

stro

ng

enou

gh to

cas

t a sh

adow

on

the

beac

h. A

nd a

rank

of “

3” d

escr

ibes

a

light

sou

rce

stro

ng e

noug

h to

cas

t a s

hado

w o

n th

e be

ach

rega

rdle

ss

of w

heth

er th

e ill

umin

atio

n is

dire

ct o

r ind

irect

.

Even

the

sm

alle

st l

ight

s ca

n ra

nk a

s a

“3”

if th

ey c

ast

a sh

adow

on

the

beac

h; t

heir

clos

e pr

oxim

ity t

o th

e be

ach

and

thei

r lo

w v

ertic

al p

lace

men

t nea

r the

hor

izon

can

be

just

as

diso

rient

atin

g as

a m

ore

pow

erfu

l lig

ht fu

rther

aw

ay.

The

“3”

rank

ing

light

s ha

ve

been

pla

ced

first

in th

e as

sess

men

t bec

ause

of t

heir

pote

ntia

lly m

ore

serio

us e

ffec

ts o

n m

arin

e tu

rtles

. T

he f

ocus

of

corr

ectiv

e ac

tions

sh

ould

beg

in w

ith th

ese

light

s, as

thei

r miti

gatio

n w

ill h

ave

the

mos

t si

gnifi

cant

impa

ct o

n th

e be

ach

envi

ronm

ent.

W

ithin

eac

h ra

nk –

1, 2

, 3 –

fixt

ures

list

ed fi

rst a

re e

xpec

ted

to r

equi

re t

he g

reat

est

atte

ntio

n ei

ther

in

num

ber,

expe

nse,

or

crea

tivity

. Th

e lis

t con

tinue

s th

roug

h fix

ture

s th

at a

re p

rogr

essi

vely

si

mpl

er a

nd/o

r ch

eape

r to

miti

gate

. F

or e

ach

light

the

num

ber

of

fixtu

res

visi

ble

from

the

bea

ch,

the

fixtu

re t

ype,

loc

atio

n, r

ank,

co

mm

ents

(if

an

y),

func

tion,

pic

ture

an

d re

com

men

datio

ns

are

docu

men

ted.

Eac

h re

com

men

datio

n is

spec

ific

to a

n in

divi

dual

ligh

t, an

d m

ay

incl

ude

one

or

man

y ex

plan

ator

y re

mar

ks.

So

me

reco

mm

enda

tions

will

per

tain

to m

itiga

ting

the

curr

ent f

ixtu

re; o

ther

s w

ill su

gges

t the

repl

acem

ent o

f a fi

xtur

e w

ith a

n al

tern

ativ

e.

Rec

omm

enda

tions

are

illu

stra

ted

by th

e fo

llow

ing:

Pe

rman

ently

elim

inat

e fix

ture

. So

me

case

s are

spec

ific

to th

e nu

mbe

r or l

ocat

ion

of th

e fix

ture

s.

Rep

ositi

on fi

xtur

e to

the

land

war

d si

de o

f the

tree

or o

bjec

t. In

stal

l hoo

d, lo

wer

wat

tage

, and

aim

fixt

ure

away

from

the

beac

h.

A

im fi

xtur

e aw

ay fr

om th

e be

ach.

In

stal

l shi

eld

or m

ask

of su

ffic

ient

size

that

cov

ers a

n ar

ch o

f 180

° on

the

ocea

n si

de

Rep

lace

exi

stin

g fix

ture

with

a m

ore

dire

cted

and

fun

ctio

nal b

olla

rd

with

ext

erna

l lou

vers

.

R

epla

ce e

xist

ing

fixtu

re w

ith a

mor

e di

rect

ed a

nd f

unct

iona

l pa

th

light

, an

d re

-pos

ition

it

to

elim

inat

e an

y di

rect

(o

r in

dire

ct)

illum

inat

ion

of th

e be

ach.

In

stal

l low

wat

tage

(50

wat

ts o

r les

s) y

ello

w b

ug li

ght b

ulb.

In

stal

l com

pact

flu

ores

cent

Tur

tle S

afe

Ligh

ting

lam

ps (

light

bul

bs).

Se

e IN

TE

RN

ET

RE

SOU

RC

ES.

Rep

lace

exi

stin

g fix

ture

with

a m

ore

dire

cted

, m

ore

func

tiona

l do

wnl

ight

.

R

epla

ce e

xist

ing

fixtu

re w

ith a

mor

e di

rect

ed, m

ore

func

tiona

l ste

p lig

ht p

ositi

oned

to e

limin

ate

any

dire

ct (

or in

dire

ct)

illum

inat

ion

of

the

beac

h.

In

stal

l co

vers

or

filte

rs a

cros

s be

ach

faci

ng s

ides

of

fixtu

re t

o el

imin

ate

any

dire

ct (o

r ind

irect

) illu

min

atio

n of

the

beac

h.

In

stal

l hoo

d of

suff

icie

nt d

epth

and

wid

th.

Red

uce

inte

nsity

of l

ight

or l

ower

wat

tage

. Sh

ield

seaw

ard

side

of f

ixtu

res t

hat a

re v

isib

le fr

om th

e be

ach.

Pl

ant,

land

scap

e, o

r im

prov

e na

tive

vege

tatio

n bu

ffer

to

elim

inat

e an

y di

rect

(or i

ndire

ct) i

llum

inat

ion

of th

e be

ach.

In

stal

l ho

od,

aim

fix

ture

aw

ay f

rom

the

bea

ch,

and

conn

ect

to a

m

otio

n de

tect

or.

K

eep

light

s of

f w

hen

not i

n us

e, e

spec

ially

for

ligh

ts c

lose

st to

the

beac

h.

In

form

gu

ests

vi

a ta

ble

tent

s, do

or

hang

ers,

or

othe

r ed

ucat

iona

l mat

eria

ls a

bout

fixt

ures

und

er th

eir c

ontro

l.

W

hite

un-

hood

ed sp

otlig

ht

Rank

: 3

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 1

7 Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Coc

onut

pal

ms

from

just

eas

t of C

apri

to e

aste

rn e

nd

of p

rope

rty/L

ady

Smith

/roof

of

the

Khu

s K

hus

Bar

, Gar

den

Terr

ace

and

Off

the

Bar

/mai

n po

ol a

rea

Com

men

ts: L

ight

s se

rve

to il

lum

inat

e th

e be

ach

for s

ecur

ity c

amer

as

and

perc

eive

d gu

est s

afet

y.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

on

the

num

ber o

f fix

ture

s:

Reco

mm

enda

tions

on

exis

ting

or re

mai

ning

fixt

ures

:

Y

ello

w u

n-ho

oded

spot

light

Ra

nk:

3 N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

16

Ligh

t Lo

catio

n: S

eaw

ard

side

of

trees

tha

t ar

e lo

cate

d fr

om t

he

wes

tern

end

to c

ente

r pro

perty

Re

com

men

datio

ns o

n th

e nu

mbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

Re

com

men

datio

ns o

n ex

istin

g or

rem

aini

ng fi

xtur

es:

Po

st m

ount

ed q

uadr

uple

glo

be

Rank

: 3

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 1

5 Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Lan

dwar

d si

de o

f be

ach

wal

l. T

hey

are

pres

ent o

n th

e be

ach

side

of

the

Car

lisle

roo

ms,

the

Palm

cou

rt an

d ar

ound

the

mai

n po

ol a

rea

in f

ront

of

the

lobb

y.

One

is v

isib

le b

etw

een

Lady

Sm

ith a

nd th

e B

anya

n C

ourt

Bui

ldin

g C

omm

ents

: T

hese

fix

ture

s at

tem

pt t

o pr

ovid

e en

ough

lig

ht f

or t

he

secu

rity

cam

eras

loc

ated

on

the

prop

erty

dur

ing

the

even

ing

hour

s (S

ee S

UM

MA

RY

). T

he r

ecom

men

datio

n gi

ven

is o

ne t

hat

only

co

nsid

ers

the

seco

ndar

y pu

rpos

e of

the

light

s, w

hich

is to

illu

min

ate

the

cour

tyar

d du

ring

the

even

ing

for

cros

sing

on

foot

. S

uch

illum

inat

ion

can

use

low

leve

ls o

f lig

ht.

In a

dditi

on, t

he s

ea w

all a

t So

uthe

rn P

alm

s B

each

Clu

b pr

ovid

es a

n ex

celle

nt o

paqu

e ob

ject

that

ca

n co

ncea

l low

pro

file

light

s.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

W

all m

ount

ed c

lay

cove

red

light

Si

de v

iew

of f

ixtu

re

Fi

xtur

e w

ith r

ain

shie

ld th

at a

lso

acts

to p

reve

nt w

all

was

h fr

om th

e up

dir

ecte

d lig

ht

Rank

: 3

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 7

0 Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Pre

sent

on

mos

t bal

coni

es

Com

men

ts:

The

clay

fix

ture

s sh

ield

the

bar

e bu

lb f

rom

the

bea

ch,

whi

ch i

s pr

efer

red

over

all

othe

r ba

lcon

y lig

ht a

nd w

all

mou

nted

lig

hts

on th

e pr

oper

ty.

Of t

he 7

0 fix

ture

s, th

e on

es w

ith ra

in s

hiel

ds

are

the

mos

t tu

rtle

frie

ndly

bec

ause

the

lig

ht i

s pr

even

ted

from

w

ashi

ng th

e w

all i

n an

up

dire

ctio

n.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

W

all m

ount

ed d

ownl

ight

Rank

: 3

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 4

Li

ght

Loca

tion:

Sec

ond

floor

bal

cony

roo

ms

on e

aste

rn p

ortio

n of

th

e C

arlis

le R

oom

s Bui

ldin

g Re

com

men

datio

ns fo

r exi

stin

g fix

ture

s:

Ulti

mat

e re

com

men

datio

n:

W

all m

ount

ed u

plig

ht

Rank

: 3

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 4

Li

ght

Loca

tion:

Firs

t flo

or r

oom

s on

eas

tern

end

of

the

Car

lisle

R

oom

s Bui

ldin

g Re

com

men

datio

ns fo

r exi

stin

g fix

ture

s:

Ulti

mat

e re

com

men

datio

n:

O

rang

e un

-hoo

ded

spot

light

Ra

nk:

3 N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

3

Ligh

t Lo

catio

n: C

ocon

ut p

alm

s in

mai

n po

ol a

rea/

east

fac

e of

B

anya

n C

ourt

Bui

ldin

g C

omm

ents

: A

n or

ange

wav

elen

gth

is l

ess

disr

uptiv

e th

an a

pur

e w

hite

ligh

t, w

hich

em

it al

l wav

elen

gths

incl

udin

g th

e m

ost d

isru

ptiv

e (g

reen

and

blu

e).

Re

com

men

datio

ns:

Si

ngle

glo

be

Rank

: 3

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 1

Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Hed

ge o

n th

e be

ach

side

of t

he P

alm

Cou

rt B

uild

ing

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

A

rch

mou

nted

inca

ndes

cent

ligh

t Ra

nk:

3 N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

1

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: A

rche

d ga

p of

con

cret

e di

vide

r bet

wee

n La

dy S

mith

an

d B

anya

n C

ourt

Bui

ldin

g Re

com

men

datio

ns:

C

olum

n m

ount

ed c

lay

fixtu

re w

ith a

n in

cand

esce

nt b

ulb

Rank

: 3

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 2

Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Circ

le T

erra

ce

Com

men

ts:

Rec

esse

d bu

lbs

are

pref

erre

d ov

er b

are

bulb

s fo

r be

ach

fron

t lig

htin

g.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

for e

xist

ing

fixtu

res:

Ulti

mat

e re

com

men

datio

n:

W

hite

un-

hood

ed in

cand

esce

nt b

ulbs

in sp

otlig

ht fi

xtur

es

Rank

: 3

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 7

Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Jas

min

e C

ourt

Bui

ldin

g/O

n tre

e ju

st w

est o

f Ban

yan

Cou

rt B

uild

ing/

Sund

ecks

of

C

resc

ent

Bea

ch

Bui

ldin

g/La

dy

Smith

/Hai

rdre

ssin

g Sa

lon

Bui

ldin

g Re

com

men

datio

ns:

C

lay

scon

ce u

plig

ht

Cla

y sc

once

dow

nlig

ht

Rank

: 3

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 9

Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Bal

coni

es o

n w

est f

ace

of P

alm

Cou

rt B

uild

ing

Com

men

ts:

The

curr

ent p

ositi

on o

f the

fixt

ures

indu

ces

“wal

l was

h.

The

light

can

be

dire

cted

mor

e ef

ficie

ntly

if fi

xtur

e w

as a

dow

nlig

ht

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

Sm

all r

eces

sed

ceili

ng sp

otlig

ht

Rank

: 3

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 1

00

Ligh

t Lo

catio

n:

Cei

ling

of

lobb

y,

Khu

s K

hus

Bar

, R

onde

lle

Res

taur

ant,

Gar

den

Terr

ace

Res

taur

ant,

Off

the

Bar

are

a C

omm

ents

: N

ot a

ll fix

ture

s ar

e vi

sibl

e fr

om b

each

, the

one

s th

at a

re

visi

ble

are

so a

t sha

rp a

ngle

s fro

m h

igh

up o

n th

e be

ach.

Re

com

men

datio

ns:

Sm

all r

eces

sed

ceili

ng in

cand

esce

nt li

ght b

ulb

fixtu

re

Rank

: 3

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 1

7 Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Ter

race

and

Khu

s Khu

s Bar

C

omm

ents

: N

ot a

ll ar

e vi

sibl

e fr

om b

each

. Th

e on

es a

t Khu

s K

hus

Bar

are

vis

ible

onl

y at

sha

rp a

ngle

s fr

om h

igh

up o

n th

e be

ach.

The

ro

of’s

low

ove

rhan

g pr

ovid

es g

ood

cove

r.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

L

arge

r re

cess

ed c

eilin

g in

cand

esce

nt li

ght b

ulb

fixtu

re

Rank

: 3

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 3

Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Wes

t end

of K

hus K

hus B

ar

Com

men

ts:

Ligh

ts

are

only

on

th

ree

nigh

ts

a w

eek

durin

g pe

rfor

man

ces

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

W

all m

ount

ed g

lobe

ligh

t

Rank

: L

ight

s wer

e of

f, bu

t pro

babl

y ra

nk a

s a “

3” w

hen

on

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 3

Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Sec

ond

floor

bea

ch fr

ont b

alco

ny o

f Car

lisle

Roo

ms

Bui

ldin

g/Ja

smin

e C

ourt

Bui

ldin

g th

ird fl

oor

Com

men

ts:

The

use

of 2

5 or

40

wat

t bu

lbs

is e

ncou

rage

d, w

ith

emph

asis

pla

ced

on 2

5 w

att y

ello

w b

ug li

ght b

ulbs

. Re

com

men

datio

ns fo

r exi

stin

g fix

ture

s:

Ulti

mat

e re

com

men

datio

n:

R

oom

ligh

ts

Rank

: 2,

but

mos

t lik

ely

a ra

nk o

f “3”

for

room

s clo

sest

to th

e be

ach

Num

ber o

f roo

ms v

isib

le fr

om th

e be

ach:

53

Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Bea

chfr

ont o

f hot

el

Reco

mm

enda

tions

fr

om

With

erin

gton

an

d M

artin

20

03

on

“Min

imiz

ing

beac

h lig

htin

g fr

om in

door

sour

ces”

: 1.

Tur

ning

off

lig

htin

g in

roo

ms

that

are

not

in

use.

R

emin

der

notic

es p

lace

d on

sw

itche

s in

oce

anfr

ont

room

s ca

n he

lp i

n th

is

effo

rt.

2. R

eloc

atin

g m

ovea

ble

lam

ps a

way

fro

m w

indo

ws

that

are

vis

ible

fr

om th

e be

ach.

3.

Tin

ting

or a

pply

ing

win

dow

tre

atm

ents

to

win

dow

s vi

sibl

e fr

om

the

beac

h so

that

ligh

t pas

sing

from

insi

de to

out

side

is s

ubst

antia

lly

redu

ced.

A

goo

d tin

ted

glas

s or

win

dow

-tint

ing

treat

men

t w

ill

redu

ce v

isib

le li

ght f

rom

the

insi

de to

45%

or

less

(tra

nsm

ittan

ce ≤

45

%).

Win

dow

gla

ss m

ay b

e ei

ther

tint

ed d

urin

g its

man

ufac

ture

or

tinte

d la

ter

with

an

appl

ied

film

. W

indo

w t

reat

men

ts (

shad

ing

mat

eria

ls)

are

less

per

man

ent

and

can

redu

ce l

ight

tra

nsm

ittan

ce

mor

e th

an ti

nts a

nd fi

lms c

an.

A c

ompl

ete

bloc

king

of l

ight

is id

eal.

4.

Clo

sing

opa

que

curta

ins

or b

linds

afte

r da

rk to

com

plet

ely

cove

r w

indo

ws

visi

ble

from

the

bea

ch.

Thi

s is

an

inex

pens

ive

solu

tion

beca

use

mos

t ho

me

win

dow

s ha

ve c

urta

ins

or b

linds

to

prov

ide

priv

acy

to th

e oc

cupa

nts (

p. 2

2).

G

reen

pat

h lig

ht

A

rchi

tect

ural

bol

lard

s with

ext

erna

l lou

vers

Rank

: 2

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 2

Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Mai

n po

ol a

rea

Com

men

ts:

The

pur

pose

of

illum

inat

ing

the

wal

king

pat

h by

thes

e lig

hts

is d

iffus

ed b

ecau

se o

f ot

her

light

s su

rrou

ndin

g th

e m

ain

pool

ar

ea.

How

ever

, the

se ty

pes

of p

ath

light

s ar

e hi

ghly

rec

omm

ende

d.

They

are

low

to

the

grou

nd a

nd e

ffic

ient

ly d

irect

lig

ht w

here

it

is

need

ed, r

educ

ing

unin

tend

ed b

road

cast

. If

des

ired,

the

re a

re o

ther

st

yles

of

path

lig

htin

g av

aila

ble

with

tur

tle f

riend

ly d

esig

ns (

See

INT

ER

NE

T R

ESO

UR

CE

S).

Ano

ther

cho

ice

of t

urtle

frie

ndly

lig

htin

g is

th

e bo

llard

.

(Pic

ture

d,

also

se

e IN

TE

RN

ET

R

ESO

UR

CE

S).

In a

ny c

ase,

bot

h pa

th l

ight

s an

d bo

llard

s sh

ould

ha

ve r

eces

sed

bulb

s, hi

dden

ref

lect

ors,

and

bug

light

s. B

olla

rds

shou

ld h

ave

exte

rnal

louv

ers .

Re

com

men

datio

ns

on

exis

ting

fixtu

re

and

unde

r ex

istin

g lig

ht

cond

ition

s:

Reco

mm

enda

tions

und

er d

arke

r lig

htin

g co

nditi

ons:

C

eilin

g m

ount

ed li

ght

Rank

: 2

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 4

Li

ght

Loca

tion:

Wal

kway

bet

wee

n ki

tche

n bu

ildin

g an

d C

resc

ent

Bea

ch B

uild

ing

Com

men

ts:

Onl

y tw

o ar

e vi

sibl

e fr

om th

e be

ach.

Re

com

men

datio

ns:

Sm

all b

lack

pat

h lig

ht

Rank

: 1

Num

ber o

f fix

ture

s: 9

Li

ght L

ocat

ion:

Cou

rtyar

d of

Pal

m C

ourt

and

Lady

Sm

ith B

uild

ing.

Th

ey a

re a

lso

pres

ent

in t

he m

ain

pool

are

a.

In a

dditi

on, t

wo

are

loca

ted

in fr

ont o

f nor

th fa

ce o

f Pal

m C

ourt

Bui

ldin

g.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

Sp

otlig

ht

Rank

: L

ight

off

N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

3

Ligh

t Lo

catio

n: P

lace

d ar

ound

bas

e of

sta

tue

in t

he c

ourty

ard

of

Palm

Cou

rt, Ja

smin

e C

ourt

and

Cap

ri B

uild

ings

C

omm

ents

: Fix

ture

s are

not

in u

se a

nd o

nly

one

bulb

is p

rese

nt.

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

W

hite

un-

hood

ed w

all m

ount

ed sp

otlig

ht

Rank

: L

ight

off

N

umbe

r of f

ixtu

res:

1

Ligh

t Loc

atio

n: V

ery

north

end

of w

all o

n ha

irdre

ssin

g sa

lon

Reco

mm

enda

tions

:

SUM

MA

RY

The

effo

rts o

f th

e So

uthe

rn P

alm

s B

each

Clu

b do

not

go

unno

ticed

in t

heir

neve

r en

ding

que

st f

or i

mpr

ovem

ents

. Th

ey a

re

com

men

ded

on t

he i

nsta

llatio

n of

yel

low

spo

tligh

ts a

nd t

heir

clay

co

vere

d ba

lcon

y lig

hts.

It is

obv

ious

the

hot

el c

onst

antly

stri

ves

to

prov

ide

a m

ore

suita

ble

beac

h en

viro

nmen

t, in

crea

sing

qua

lity

for i

ts

gues

ts a

nd tu

rtles

.

How

ever

, th

e im

pact

of

al

mos

t al

l ev

alua

ted

light

s is

co

mpo

unde

d fo

r tw

o re

ason

s. F

irst,

the

Sout

hern

Pal

ms

Bea

ch C

lub

prop

erty

is

elon

gate

d al

ong

the

ocea

n (a

ppro

xim

atel

y 10

00 f

eet).

Se

cond

, thi

s el

onga

ted

edge

of

the

prop

erty

is d

irect

ly o

n to

p of

the

beac

h w

ith li

ttle

or n

o se

t bac

k. T

his

plac

es li

mita

tions

on

stra

tegi

c la

ndsc

apin

g an

d in

crea

ses

the

effe

cts

of e

ven

the

smal

lest

lig

hts.

H

owev

er,

solu

tions

are

ava

ilabl

e to

mee

t th

e ne

eds

of b

oth

gues

ts

and

mar

ine

turtl

es.

The

y w

ill h

ave

to in

volv

e cr

eativ

ity a

nd a

cle

ar

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

ligh

t-pol

lutio

n pr

even

tion.

The

rank

ing

syst

em c

an b

e us

ed a

s a

guid

e in

und

erst

andi

ng

why

ligh

ts a

re m

ore

disr

uptiv

e to

turtl

es th

an o

ther

s. Id

eally

, a s

core

of

zer

o is

pre

ferr

ed, w

here

ther

e ar

e no

ligh

ts v

isib

le o

r det

ecte

d fr

om

the

beac

h.

Mov

ing

from

idea

l to

real

ity, a

ran

k of

“1”

is p

refe

rred

ov

er a

rank

of “

2”, w

hich

is p

refe

rred

ove

r a ra

nk o

f “3”

. H

owev

er,

even

if a

pro

perty

con

tain

s on

ly th

e le

ast d

isru

ptiv

e lig

hts

(Ran

k 1)

, th

ere

will

stil

l be

moo

nles

s ni

ghts

whe

re e

ven

the

smal

lest

and

di

mm

est

light

s ca

n ha

ve a

n ef

fect

. T

he r

anki

ng s

yste

m c

an a

lso

allo

w o

ne t

o ra

tche

t do

wn

the

effe

ct o

f a

light

. Fo

r ex

ampl

e, i

f a

light

ran

ks a

s a

“3”,

the

n it

is i

mpo

rtant

to

cons

ider

wha

t ac

tions

m

ight

dec

reas

e it

to a

rank

of “

2.”

The

num

ber

of l

ight

s is

als

o im

porta

nt.

Few

er l

ight

s ar

e pr

efer

red

over

man

y lig

hts.

For

inst

ance

, if

ther

e ar

e fif

ty r

ed a

nd

yello

w li

ghts

on

the

beac

h, th

en th

e fa

ct r

emai

ns th

at th

ere

are

still

fif

ty li

ghts

on

the

beac

h. E

ven

if th

e lig

hts

are

filte

red,

few

er li

ghts

ar

e al

way

s rec

omm

ende

d.

As

for

filte

rs, i

t is

impo

rtant

that

pro

per

ones

are

ins

talle

d.

Ther

e ar

e m

any

yello

wed

col

ored

ligh

ts a

vaila

ble

on th

e m

arke

t tha

t ar

e no

t mon

ochr

omat

ic a

nd a

lthou

gh th

ey m

ight

app

ear y

ello

w to

the

hum

an

eye,

ha

tchl

ings

m

ight

pe

rcei

ve

diff

eren

t w

avel

engt

hs

(esp

ecia

lly s

horte

r w

avel

engt

hs o

f w

hich

the

y ar

e at

tract

ed t

o).

It

has

been

sho

wn

that

the

lea

st d

isru

ptiv

e lig

hts

to h

atch

lings

are

ye

llow

bug

ligh

ts o

r lig

hts o

f a p

ure

yello

w w

avel

engt

h.

It

is p

ossi

ble

to h

ave

both

a tu

rtle

frie

ndly

bea

ch in

term

s of

lig

htin

g an

d a

secu

re p

rope

rty.

Acc

ordi

ng t

o W

ither

ingt

on,

“lig

ht

illum

inan

ce l

evel

s ne

cess

ary

for

safe

ty a

nd s

ecur

ity a

re r

athe

r lo

w

(0.2

-1.0

fo

otca

ndle

s or

2-

11

lux,

re

com

men

ded

for

fenc

e [o

r pe

rimet

er] s

ecur

ity a

nd p

arki

ng a

reas

)” (p

. 21)

. Th

e de

cisi

on to

use

be

ach

fron

t cam

eras

at n

ight

, whi

ch re

quire

s a

sign

ifica

nt a

mou

nt o

f lig

htin

g fo

r re

solu

tion

purp

oses

as

an a

dded

sec

urity

mea

sure

mus

t be

eva

luat

ed c

lose

ly.

Whe

n co

nsid

erin

g ex

tra s

ecur

ity m

easu

res

for

a pr

oper

ty s

ever

al q

uest

ions

mig

ht a

rise.

W

hy i

s So

uthe

rn P

alm

s B

each

Clu

b on

e of

the

few

hot

els

oper

atin

g be

achf

ront

cam

eras

at

nigh

t?

Is i

t po

ssib

le f

or b

each

cam

eras

to

be u

sed

durin

g th

e da

y on

ly?

Can

nig

httim

e us

e of

cam

eras

be

rese

rved

for

sec

tions

of

the

prop

erty

tha

t w

ill n

ot i

ndire

ctly

dis

orie

ntat

e m

arin

e tu

rtle?

C

an

stra

tegi

c pl

acem

ent

of m

otio

n de

tect

ing

light

s be

use

d to

ale

rt se

curit

y pe

rson

nel w

hen

a pa

rticu

lar a

rea

is c

ross

ed b

y an

obj

ect o

f a

certa

in h

eigh

t, w

hich

will

avo

id d

etec

tion

of a

nim

als,

such

as

cats

?

Can

inf

rare

d se

nsor

s be

pos

ition

ed a

long

a b

uild

ing’

s pe

rimet

er t

o al

ert

secu

rity

pers

onne

l w

hen

beam

s ar

e br

oken

(Se

e IN

TE

RN

ET

R

ESO

UR

CE

S)?

The

alte

rnat

ives

to e

xtra

sec

urity

mea

sure

s m

ight

w

ork

just

as

wel

l, if

not b

ette

r tha

n ca

mer

as.

In a

ny c

ase,

pro

vidi

ng

grea

ter s

ecur

ity fo

r gue

sts,

mor

e th

an th

e st

anda

rd se

curit

y pe

rson

nel,

is a

lway

s app

laud

ed a

nd e

ncou

rage

d.

If

the

dec

isio

n to

elim

inat

e ni

ghtti

me

use

of b

each

fro

nt

cam

eras

(al

ong

with

the

lig

hts)

is

impl

emen

ted,

the

n it

does

not

m

ean

the

area

s of

con

cern

hav

e to

go

in d

arkn

ess.

The

cou

rtyar

ds

can

be l

it by

low

pro

file

land

scap

e lig

hts,

path

lig

hts,

or b

olla

rds.

The

seaw

all p

rovi

des

the

idea

l opa

que

obje

ct fr

om w

hich

low

pro

file

light

s can

be

conc

eale

d.

Th

e re

com

men

datio

ns,

once

im

plem

ente

d, w

ill n

ot o

nly

impr

ove

beac

h co

nditi

ons

for

mar

ine

turtl

es, b

ut w

ill c

ontri

bute

to

the

exis

ting

soph

istic

ated

the

me

in l

ight

ing

ambi

ance

of

this

res

ort

whi

le re

duci

ng o

pera

tiona

l exp

ense

s th

roug

h an

exp

ecta

tion

of lo

wer

en

ergy

use

. T

o en

cour

age

light

ing

impr

ovem

ents

and

ass

ist

in

impl

emen

tatio

n, th

e To

uris

m D

evel

opm

ent C

orpo

ratio

n is

ava

ilabl

e to

pur

chas

e ite

ms (

fixtu

res,

CF

bug

light

s) in

bul

k, w

hich

will

furth

er

redu

ce th

e co

st o

f ret

rofit

ting

and

inno

vatio

n.

Th

e So

uthe

rn P

alm

s B

each

Clu

b pl

ays

an e

ssen

tial

role

in

the

surv

ival

of t

he e

ndan

gere

d tu

rtles

that

use

its

beac

hes,

and

is w

ell

posi

tione

d to

ser

ve a

s a

mod

el f

or s

ea tu

rtle

frie

ndly

env

ironm

enta

l m

anag

emen

t sys

tem

s els

ewhe

re in

Bar

bado

s and

bey

ond.

IN

TE

RN

ET

RE

SOU

RC

ES

M

anuf

actu

rers

and

Dis

tribu

tors

of P

ath

and

Land

scap

e Li

ghtin

g ht

tp://

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udlig

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ture

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=12

ww

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A

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tect

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Bol

lard

s ht

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ight

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reen

lee/

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BR

_AB

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df

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://w

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ands

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Out

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20Li

ghtin

g/B

olla

rds/

KB

D.p

df

Man

ufac

ture

r of I

nfra

red

Det

ectio

n w

ww

.opt

exeu

rope

.com

Tu

rtle

safe

ligh

ting

prod

ucts

w

ww

.turtl

esaf

elig

htin

g.co

m

LIT

ER

AT

UR

E C

ITE

D

W

ITH

ERIN

GTO

N, B

. E. a

nd R

. E. M

AR

TIN

. 200

3. U

nder

stan

ding

, as

sess

ing,

an

d re

solv

ing

light

-pol

lutio

n pr

oble

ms

on

sea

turtl

e ne

stin

g be

ache

s. 3r

d ed

. re

v. F

lorid

a M

arin

e R

esea

rch

Inst

itute

Te

chni

cal R

epor

t TR

-2. 7

3 p.

EC

KER

T, K

. L. a

nd J

. A. H

OR

RO

CK

S (E

dito

rs).

2002

. Pro

ceed

ings

of

“Se

a Tu

rtles

and

Bea

chfr

ont L

ight

ing:

An

Inte

ract

ive

Wor

ksho

p fo

r In

dust

ry P

rofe

ssio

nals

and

Pol

icy-

Mak

ers

in B

arba

dos”

, 13

O

ctob

er

2000

. Sp

onso

red

by

the

Wid

er

Car

ibbe

an

Sea

Turtl

e C

onse

rvat

ion

Net

wor

k (W

IDEC

AST

), th

e B

arba

dos

Sea

Turtl

e Pr

ojec

t, an

d th

e To

uris

m D

evel

opm

ent

Cor

pora

tion

of B

arba

dos.

WID

ECA

ST T

echn

ical

Rep

ort 1

. v +

43

pp.

AC

KN

OW

LE

DG

ME

NT

S

I am

dee

ply

inde

bted

to

the

staf

f an

d m

anag

emen

t of

the

So

uthe

rn

Palm

s B

each

C

lub,

in

clud

ing

Brit

ta

Polla

rd,

Gen

eral

M

anag

er,

Jenn

i W

ilson

, A

ctiv

ities

D

irect

or

and

Rog

er

Yar

de,

Elec

trici

an f

or t

heir

colla

bora

tion

in t

his

asse

ssm

ent.

The

y w

ere

extra

ordi

naril

y ki

nd i

n ac

com

mod

atin

g m

y re

ques

ts,

whi

ch o

ften

invo

lved

the

ir w

orki

ng o

ff-h

ours

, in

clud

ing

late

at

nigh

t. E

qual

ly

impo

rtant

, the

ass

essm

ent w

ould

not

hav

e be

en p

ossi

ble

with

out t

he

fore

sigh

t an

d fin

anci

al

supp

ort

of

the

Tour

ism

D

evel

opm

ent

Cor

pora

tion

of B

arba

dos.

I w

ould

als

o lik

e to

rec

ogni

ze th

e tir

eles

s ef

forts

of

the

Bar

bado

s Se

a Tu

rtle

Proj

ect,

espe

cial

ly D

r. Ju

lia

Hor

rock

s, B

arry

K

rueg

er

and

thei

r 20

06

seas

onal

st

aff.

Th

e pr

ofes

sion

al w

ork

of th

e B

STP

has

set a

hig

h st

anda

rd f

or r

esea

rch

and

cons

erva

tion

in B

arba

dos

and

thro

ugho

ut th

e C

arib

bean

reg

ion.

W

ithou

t th

eir

colla

bora

tion,

inc

ludi

ng p

rovi

ding

me

with

hou

sing

, tra

inin

g, a

cces

s to

dat

a an

d ot

her

tech

nica

l in

form

atio

n, a

nd t

he

oppo

rtuni

ty t

o co

ntrib

ute

to t

heir

impo

rtant

fie

ld w

ork,

whi

ch h

as

been

pro

fess

iona

lly a

nd p

erso

nally

enr

ichi

ng f

or m

e, t

his

light

ing

asse

ssm

ent c

ould

not

hav

e be

en a

ccom

plis

hed.

Fin

ally

, I a

m g

rate

ful

to D

r. K

aren

Eck

ert,

Exec

utiv

e D

irect

or o

f W

IDEC

AST

and

my

acad

emic

adv

isor

at

Duk

e U

nive

rsity

’s N

icho

las

Scho

ol o

f th

e En

viro

nmen

t, fo

r he

r en

cour

agem

ent

of

my

effo

rts

and

her

lead

ersh

ip in

Car

ibbe

an s

ea tu

rtle

cons

erva

tion

issu

es in

gen

eral

, and

to

Erik

Mar

tin o

f Ec

olog

ical

Ass

ocia

tes,

Inc.

for

his

kin

dnes

s an

d pa

tienc

e in

tra

inin

g m

e in

the

pro

toco

ls o

f pr

ofes

sion

al b

each

fron

t lig

htin

g as

sess

men

ts, a

fiel

d in

whi

ch h

e is

wel

l-rec

ogni

zed.