Natalie N. Kashi - National Space Grant Foundation10 5 0 N: P Nitrogen and Phosphorus Ratios Along...
Transcript of Natalie N. Kashi - National Space Grant Foundation10 5 0 N: P Nitrogen and Phosphorus Ratios Along...
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Does nitrogen and phosphorus limitation impact methane oxidation, and can we measure that from
space?
Natalie N. Kashi
PhD studentUniversity of New
Hampshire
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Impact Permafrost ??
http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2015/noaa‐analysis‐journal‐science‐no‐slowdown‐in‐global‐warming‐
in‐recent‐years.html
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Permafrost
http://www.johnshawphoto.com/permafrost/
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Permafrost
Wik, M., R. K. Varner, K. W. Anthony, S. MacIntyre, and D. Bastviken. "Climate-sensitive northern lakes and ponds are critical components of methane release."
Nature Geoscience (2016).
28 % of permafrost areas are peatlands
~277 Pg of soil organic carbon stored in permafrost peatland soils
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Peatland Ecology Accumulate large quantities of organic matter in the soil profile
Imbalance between net primary production and decomposition
Photo Credit: K. Wieder
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3 % land surfaces, 1/3 of the world’s terrestrial soil carbon 90 % of peatlands are found in the northern ecosystems
Gore, A.J.P. (1983) Ecosystems of the World 4A: Mires, Swamp, Bog, Fen and Moor: General Studies. Elsevier
Peatlands – Global Significance
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UAV Image Credit: M. Palace, C. Herrick, [email protected];
Abisko, Sweden
Discontinuous Permafrost
Stordalen Mire, Sweden100 miles north of the Arctic circle
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Permafrost Disturbance
HydrologyPermafrost
Thaw VegetationGreenhouse
Gas Emission
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CH4 has 25 x greater global warming potential than CO2
Understand mechanism -> predict global warming scenarios
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Methane (CH4) anaerobically produced by microbes
Decomposition of Organic
Matter
CH4 + 2H2O
CO2 + 4H2 acetateRoot exudates
CH3COOH CH4 + CO2
CH4CH4
WATER TABLETEMPERATUREVEGETATION
NPP
Methane Emissions and Oxidation
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Methane Emissions and Oxidation
www.uvm.edu
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Net CH4 Emissions = CH4 Production – CH4 Oxidation
Methane Emissions and Oxidation
CH4
CH4CH4
CO2 Carbon re-fixation CO2
CH4
CH4
10 - 30%
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Palsa Carexfen
SphagnumLawn
3 PermafrostThaw Stages
10 PermafrostThaw Stages
Malhotra and Roulet 2015
Controls on CO2 & CH4 :
• water table depth • thaw depth • temperature • photosynthetically
active radiation• vascular green area
2015 Field Research
Christensen et al. 2004
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Permafrost Disturbance
Nitrogen: Phosphorus: PotassiumN:P:K
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Key Nutrients
Nitrogen:
ChlorophyllAmino acids, proteins,
DNA Rapid growth
Phosphorus:
Structure of Nucleic acidCell division
New plant tissueEnergy transformations
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T01
T10
T03
T04T07
T05T08
T02
T06
T09
UAV Image Credit: M. Palace, C. Herrick, [email protected]; Photo Credits: Eric Heim
Stordalen PeatlandPermafrost Thaw Stages
T01- T10
CH4 Flux
CH4 Flux
CH4 Flux
CH4Flux
CH4 Flux
Stordalen Transitional Thaw Stages CH4 Flux
Malhotra, A., and N. T. Roulet. 2015. Environmental correlates ofpeatland carbon fluxes in a thawing landscape: do transitionalthaw stages matter? Biogeosciences 12:3119–3130.
What are the CH4 Oxidation rates across this thaw
stage?
Do nutrients control CH4Oxidation?
2015 Permafrost- Methane Oxidation Research
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2015 Permafrost- Methane Oxidation Research
AAB
DD
DD
D
D
BC
CD
Potential CH4 Oxidation in Transitional Permafrost Thaw Stages
Stage P < 0.0001Surface or Depth P = 0.9654Stage X Surface or Depth p = 0.3336
Phosphorus Concentrations in Transitional Permafrost Thaw Stages
A
A"
A"
D"
BC"
BC"
C"
BC"BC" BC"
AB
Stage p < 0.0001Surface or Depth p = 0.1680Stage X Surface or Depth p = 0.9552
Stordalen Transitional Thaw Stages CH4 Flux
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Phosphorus and Potential CH4 Oxidation
R2 = 0.42
Permafrost- Methane Oxidation- Nutrients
Total Nitrogen (mg/g)
R2 = 0.31
Nitrogen and Potential CH4 Oxidation
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Permafrost- Methane Oxidation- Nutrients
%N %P
Methane
Oxidatio
n
Methane
Oxidatio
n
early July mid July late July early July mid July late JulyPhosphorus and Potential CH4 OxidationNitrogen and Potential CH4 Oxidation
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Phosphorus and Potential CH4 Oxidation
Permafrost- Methane Oxidation- Nutrients
Nitrogen and Potential CH4 Oxidation
%N %P
Methane
Oxidatio
n
Methane
Oxidatio
n
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Permafrost- Methane Oxidation- Nutrients
BCCBC
A:C
A:C
A:C
AA
AB
A:C
CDB:D
D
CD
A:D
CD
A
A:C
AB
A:C
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
N: P
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Ratios Along Permafrost Thaw Transition Stages
T01
T10
T03
T04T07
T05T08T02
T06
T09
UAV Image Credit: M. Palace, C. Herrick, [email protected]; Photo Credits: Eric Heim
Stordalen PeatlandPermafrost Thaw Stages T01- T10
CH4Flux CH4
Oxidation
CH4Oxidation
CH4Flux
CH4 FluxCH4Oxidation
CH4Flux
CH4Oxidation
CH4Flux
CH4Oxidation
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Macrosystems and IsogenieResearch
Dr. Ruth Varner et al.
Scaling methane emissions using remote sensing
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Varner 2016, unpublished data
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Classification
LegendWet
Tall Shrub
Tall Gram
Semi-wet
Rock
Other
Hummock
Water Varner 2016, unpublished data
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Varner 2016, unpublished data
Total methane production belowground
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The next step…..
Refine methane emission scaling using nitrogen and phosphorus limitation by
remote sensing
Guo et al. 2013
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• Existing Hyperion images at 30 meter resolution
• UAV drone with hyperspectral to get 1 cm accuracy
The next step…..
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Can we identify nitrogen and phosphorus limitation from space?
Use nutrient limitation as a fingerprint to redefine plant communities by functional guilds
Relate biogeochemical processes to seasonal emissions
Refine emission predictions across landscape
Use to continuously monitor emissions
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Thank You!
Advisor: Dr. Ruth Varner
Committee members: Dr. Jill Bubier, Dr. Steve Frolking, Dr. Tom Lee, Dr. Wilfred Wollheim
REU Mentees: Erin Merik and Clarice PerrymanFellow lab members and NRESS studentsCollaborator: Dr. Reiner Geisler, Dr. Micheal Palace
Funding: NH Space Grant FellowshipEarth Science Department TA FellowshipNERU NSF REU ProgramHubbard Endowment for instrumentation purchase
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Conclusions
Questions ?
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If Nutrient limitations correlate with methane emissions, can we scale emissions along a permafrost thaw gradient?
Can we identify nitrogen and phosphorus limitation from space?
How will hyperspectral help us link scale hyper to scale across landscape, refine and specific with oxidation
Conclusion any n and p with production or oxidation
Hyperion sensor‐ decomission?Operational and task again in fall Partially squares regressionAsd spectra
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Permafrost Disturbance
Palsa Carexfen
SphagnumLawn
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Surface (0-5) cmDepth (5-10) cm
Peat Cores in Glass Jars
Incubate with CH4,Rate of CH4 uptake
Measured:
• Potential CH4 oxidation rates• Peat nutrient analysis
(Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Carbon, Sulfur, Iron, Magnesium)• Enzymatic activities for Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus
• Stable Isotopes Nitrogen and Carbon
2015 Field Research
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2015 Field Research
Phosphorus vs. 15N
R2 = 0.50
Phosphorus Concentrations in Transitional Permafrost Thaw Stages
A
A"
A"
D"
BC"
BC"
C"
BC"BC" BC"
AB
Stage p < 0.0001Surface or Depth p = 0.1680Stage X Surface or Depth p = 0.9552
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Permafrost Thaw - Hypothesis 2
Phosphorus vs. 15N
R2 = 0.50
Tfaily, Malak M., William T. Cooper, Joel E. Kostka, Patrick R. Chanton, Christopher W. Schadt, Paul J. Hanson, Colleen M. Iversen, and Jeffrey P. Chanton. "Organic matter transformation in the peat column at Marcell Experimental Forest: Humification and vertical stratification." Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 119, no. 4 (2014): 661-675.
Are nutrients from deeper peat a nutrient acquisition source?
0-15 cm peat
depth
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Methanogensis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palsa