NASA TECHNICAL NOTE · The radiosonde (ref. 3) is a meteorograph combined with a radio transmitter...

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MEASUREjhlENTS OF WINDS A N D TEMPERATURES AT ALTITUDES UP TO 65 KILOMETERS IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE

bY Jumes C. Munning

Lungley Reseurch Center Lungley Stution, Humpton, Vu.

Lloyd W. Chumberluin

Environmentul Science Services Administrution Weuther Bureuu, Wullops Stution, Vu.

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N A T I O N A L A E R O N A U T I C S A N D SPACE A D M I N I S T R A T I O N W A S H I N G T O N , D. C. M A R C H 1968

I

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MEASUREMENTS OF WINDS AND TEMPERATURES

AT ALTITUDES U P TO 65 KILOMETERS

IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE

By James C. Manning

Langley Research Center Langley Station, Hampton, Va.

and Lloyd W. Chamberlain

Environmental Science Services Administration Weather Bureau, Wallops Station, Va.

N A T I O N A L AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION -

For sale by the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information Springfield, Virginia 22151 - CFSTl price $3.00

MEASUREMENTS O F WINDS .AND TEMPERATURES

AT ALTITUDES UP TO 65 KILOMETERS

IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE

By James C. Manning and Lloyd W. Chamberlain

SUMMARY

Meteorological data f rom 27 rocketsonde and corresponding radiosonde soundings conducted during the Mobile Launch Expedition of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in March and April 1965 off the west coast of South America are presented as plots of temperature and wind as functions of altitude. shown in plots of west-to-east and south-to-north velocity components. and space c ros s sections of the data are also shown.

The wind data are Summary time

INTRODUCTION

As a participant in the International Year of the Quiet Sun 1964-1965 (IQSY), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration launched a series of rocket-borne experiments from a shipborne facility in the southern hemisphere between about latitude 4O N and latitude 60° S (ref. 1). The experiments were conducted during March and April 1965 and were designed to aid in providing an understanding of the changes in behavior of the solar-geophysical phenomena. The IQSY studies of this expedition coupled with other International Geophysical Year/International Geophysical Cooperation (IGY/IGC) studies should provide an understanding of the changes in behavior of the solar-geophysical phenomena through a n entire solar cycle. A part of this program was the measurement of meteorological characteristics of the atmosphere (wind and temperature) between sea level and about 65 km. escort c a r r i e r in the Pacific Ocean along the west coast of South America. Standard radiosonde balloon-borne instruments were used between sea level and 30 km and rocket- borne instruments were used between 20 to 65 km; therefore, about a 10-km overlap was provided.

The experiments were conducted from a converted World War 11

All measurements were made during the early fall transition season of the southern hemisphere. During this period, large-scale circulation changes take place in the upper and middle stratosphere when the wintertime polar cyclone starts to form. Data are

presented for 15 rocket-borne temperature observations, 25 rocket-borne wind observations, and the accompanying balloon-borne radiosondes.

The purpose of this paper is to present the meteorological data to assist in the analysis and interpretation of other geophysical data f rom the expedition, and to contribute to the understanding of the southern-hemisphere circulation.

OPERATIONS

The meteorological-rocket launch locations are shown in figure 1. The expedition traversed the Panama Canal and commenced meteorological launches on March 7, 1965, near latitude 4' N and completed the launchings on April 16, 1965, near latitude 60' S. Approximately one-half of the soundings were conducted near Lima, Peru, to obtain geophysical information near the magnetic equator. logical rockets were launched. A balloon-borne radiosonde was released as close as feasible to each rocket launch. Table I gives locations and t imes of all launches and radiosonde releases.

During the expedition, 27 meteoro-

Rocket Systems

The two types of rockets used during the expedition for meteorological soundings The Arcas rocket system is shown in were the Arcas and the boosted dart (Judi dart).

figure 2 shortly after shipboard launch. This rocket is a single-stage end-burning configuration and maintains a thrust of about 5g (49 m/sec2) for about 29 seconds. Burn- out of the rocket motor occurs near 14 km and the system then coasts to approximately 60 km. Near apogee, the nose cone separates from the motor case and the rocketsonde (payload) is deployed. The data a r e obtained as the payload descends through the atmosphere. The telemetering payload used during the expedition consisted of an Arcasonde 1A (ref. 2) suspended from a 4.57-meter-diameter metalized parachute. The temperature data measured by the payload sensor (an aluminum-coated bead thermistor having a nominal diameter of 0.254 mm) were telemetered to the GMD-1B receiver station located on the hangar deck of the ship while the wind data were obtained by tracking the drift of the metalized parachute with the MPS-19 shipboard radar. In addition to the Arcas systems containing the Arcasonde lA, several other Arcas systems were flown during the expedition by the U.S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake, California, to measure ozone in the atmosphere. alized parachute, wind data were obtained during three of these experiments and a r e

Because the ozone payloads were also suspended from a met-

included in this paper.

The second type of rocket system, the after launch in figure 3, was supplied by the

boosted-dart configuration shown shortly Sandia Corporation and was used to obtain

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only atmospheric winds. The boosted-dart configuration provides a thrust of about 50g (490 m/sec2) for about 2 seconds. The dart then separates f rom the rocket case and coasts to about 60 km. (ref. 2) which was ejected near apogee. Atmospheric winds are obtained by radar tracking of the drift of the chaff cloud.

The payloads consisted'of 0.127-mm-diameter copper chaff

Radiosonde

The radiosonde (ref. 3) is a meteorograph combined with a radio transmitter and is carried aloft by a neoprene balloon with an ascent velocity of approximately 6.7 meters per second. The radiosonde transmits radio signals that can be recorded at a ground station (GMD- 1B) and interpreted in t e r m s of pressure, temperature, and humidity during the ascent. During the expedition, all radiosonde balloons were tracked by the MPS-19 radar in order to determine atmospheric winds and altitudes. element is an exposed rod thermistor 2 mm in diameter and 3.8 cm in length.

The temperature- sensing

Launching and Tracking Equipment

Figure 4 shows the equipment arrangement on the flight deck and s tern par t of the hangar deck of the launching platform, the USNS Croatan. Arcas and Hasp meteorological- rocket launchers, which were adjusted in elevation by hand and in azimuth by turning the ship, were located on the fantail of the hangar deck near the balloon-inflation shelter as shown in figure 4. Two MPS-19 radar tracking vans were located near the forward end of the flight deck. Radar plot boards, other radar recording equipment, and a deck- mounted gyro system used for correcting radar data for the ship's motion were located on the hangar deck directly below the tracking van. Numerous antennas for communica- tions and other experiments, as well as Nike launchers, were also located on the flight deck. A side view of the USNS Croatan (fig. 5) shows the GMD tracking-antenna enclosure. The meteorological van containing the remainder of the GMD tracking system and the payload preparation and checkout area were located on the hangar deck directly below the GMD antenna.

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

Temperature Data

The complete temperature profiles consisting of rocketsonde and radiosonde measurements as functions of altitude are shown in figure 6. All temperature data were reduced in accordance with routine meteorological procedures (ref. 2); however, studies (refs. 4 to 7) have indicated that corrections may be needed fo r bead-thermistor measurements above 40 km. At an altitude of about 60 km, corrections may be as large as loo C.

3

Similarly, corrections may be needed for the radiosonde data above 30 km. Because of the controversial nature of these corrections, no attempt was made to apply the corrections in this paper.

The rocketsonde and radiosonde temperature data were generally in agreement within a few degrees within the overlap region with the exception of the data shown in figure 6(e) at about 30 km and figure 6(k) at about 28 km. The differences in the temperature measurements in the overlap regions may'be due in par t to the time and space variations between rocketsonde and radiosonde measurements at the overlap altitude.

Several rocketsonde and supporting radiosonde temperature profiles obtained during the cruise f rom Lima, Peru, to latitude 59O52' S, between April 3 and April 13, a r e shown in figure 7. The rocketsonde and radiosonde profiles a r e connected at the lower end of the rocketsonde measurement. altitude of about 17 km in the low latitudes (about 14O34"S) and slopes downward to about 9 km near latitude 59O52' S. sured at latitude 7O22' S shows the coldest tropopause recorded -83O C and a rather warm temperature of 8O C at 45-km altitude. The sounding at latitude 30'52' S shows a warm tropopause at 12 km and another leaf of the tropopause at 16 km, and an increase in temperature to just above Oo C near 50 km. (fig. 6(j)) shows the warmest (-58O C) and the lowest (9 km) tropopause.

The tropopause apparently is located at -an

This trend was expected. The temperature profile mea-

The sounding conducted at latitude 47002' S

A composite profile of the temperature observations made between latitude 47O S and 60° S is shown in figure 8 to illustrate the deep isothermal layers commencing near the tropopause that characterize the data taken during these southernmost soundings. This deep layer is especially evident in the soundings taken near latitude 59O52' S (fig. 6(m)) where the isothermal layer extends from the tropopause to about 35 km.

Wind Data

Detailed wind plots of west-to-east and south-to-north components of wind velocity as a function of altitude a r e shown in figure 9. Wind-velocity values computed from the radar plot-board tracking data, containing data points every 10 seconds, were smoothed by computing means fo r 2-km layers. This procedure is identical to that utilized at NASA Wallops Station in smoothing rocket winds for the Meteorological Rocket Network (ref. 2).

A main source of e r r o r associated with the wind data obtained from the shipboard radar tracking was the ship's motion. A comparison of wind data taken from the MPS-19 shipboard radar and the FPS-16 radar located at NASA Wallops Station is shown in fig- u re 10 to illustrate the radar-tracking er ror . This sample of data was obtained during a systems check, which was conducted off the coast of Wallops Island, Virginia, prior to the expedition to the southern hemisphere, and covers altitudes of approximately 31 to

4

55 km. experienced rough seas comparable to those experienced near latitude 60's. FPS-16 radar is considered to be more accurate than the MPS-19 radar, some small differences in the quality of the tracking data would occur even if both radars were located on land. It is believed that the altitude data were not significantly affected at high altitudes and the large perturbations of the MPS-19 derived wind data shown in these plots a r e for the most part a result of the ship's motions. Because the data exhibit perturbations that are questionable, the wind data should be smoothed if used in further analyses.

The ship w a s located about 16 to 32 kilometers off the coast of Wallops Island and Because the

A s stated previously, all meteorological observations taken during the expedition were made during the ear ly fall transition season of the southern hemisphere; therefore, large variations in the middle and upper stratospheric winds can take place. The maxi- mum wind measured during the expedition, about 280 knots f rom the northwest, is shown in component form in figure 9(v). The wind measurement w a s made at about latitude 59052' S and longitude 77058' W on April 13, 1965.

A summary of all the wind data f rom latitudes 40 N to 600 S is shown in figure 11. The lengths of the ba r s indicate the velocity of the eas t and west wind components (east- to-west winds negative and west-to-east winds positive). The dashed line separates the east and west wind components. From latitudes 4' N to 13' S (off Lima, Peru) easterly components were measured at altitudes f rom 10 to 50 km except at 20 km near the equator where light winds f rom the wes t (westerly) were observed. Winds were consistently f rom the east (easterly) and about 100 knots in velocity near 30 km. At latitudes 10' S to 15' S, the easterly winds changed to westerlies at an altitude of about 45 km and increased in velocity to about 80 knots at about 50 km in altitude. South of latitude 35' S, only westerlies were present at all levels. Because the wind velocities at tropospheric jetstream levels were l e s s than 50 knots, the southern hemisphere w a s still considered to be in the transition season.

Summary Charts

Thirteen meteorological rockets were launched near latitude 13' S and longitude 78OW, that is, near the geomagnetic equator. A time-height section analysis of wind and temperature data is presented in figure 12. Some data were shifted slightly in t ime and a few data were omitted to prevent overcrowding in figure 12. It w a s assumed that small departures f rom a fixed location (see table 1) could be neglected in the broad-scale pat- tern. 50 km in ear ly March 1965. At higher levels, winds f rom the west (westerlies) dominate and they propagate downward during the 3-week period. This propagation is shown by the dashed line, the demarcation line or boundary between westerlies and easterlies, descending from 49 to 43 km. In ear ly March 1965, the cold tropical tropopause is

Figure 12 shows the persistence of winds from the east (easterlies) below about

5

located near 17 km at the lower boundary of the deep easterlies, and it appears to be located during the remainder of the period as indicated by the heavy solid line. The horizontal thermal gradient dictated by the generally increasing easterly components f rom the tropopause to about 35 km would place colder air toward the equator.

Wind and temperature observations from latitude 12' S to 60' S, April 2 to April 15, The movement in time and space f o r 13 meteorological rockets is presented in figure 13.

is neglected and only large- scale circulation features of both the rocketsonde and radiosonde data are considered. Again, some data were shifted slightly or omitted to prevent overcrowding. pause and the isothermal lower stratosphere over the more poleward regions. A s illus- trated by the heavy solid line, the tropopause is near 17 km in the lower latitudes and slopes downward to about 9 km at latitude 60' S. the 26- to 46-km layer, figure 13 shows a significant decrease in temperature associated with the vertical increase in the westerly wind component. Horizontal temperature gra- dients in the 25- to 35-km layer apparently were weak over the low and middle latitudes. Although it is not possible to define the stratopause clearly f rom this limited sample of data, it appears that the stratopause is located between 45 and 50 km a t the low latitudes and slopes upward toward the pole.

Figure 13 illustrates the cold core associated with the low-latitude tropo-

Poleward of latitude 40' S and within

Some further analysis of these data is given in reference 8. In reference 8, temperature corrections were made and additional smoothing was applied to the wind profiles.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

Temperature and wind data taken in the southern hemisphere between latitudes 4' N and 60' S and longitudes 74OW and 84OW fo r 15 rocket-borne temperature and 25 rocket-borne wind observations are presented as a function of altitude. corresponding radiosonde temperature and wind data are presented with the rocketsonde data. This set of observations is an effort to contribute to the understanding of the southern-hemisphere circulation and to assist in the analysis of other geophysical data obtained during the expedition.

In most cases,

Langley Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration,

Langley Station, Hampton, Va., November 15, 1967, 607-06-00-01-23.

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REFERENCES

1. Anon.: Mobile Launch Expedition: IQSY-Related NASA Shipboard Sounding-Rocket Investigations. June 1965, pp. 437-441.

Trans. , Am. Geophys. Union (IGY Bull. no. 94), vol. 46, no. 2,

2.. Meteorol. Working Group, ed.: The Meteorological Rocket Network. IRIG Doc. No. 111-64, Range Commanders Council, Feb. 1965. AD 464 583.)

3. Webb, Willis L.: Structure of the Stratosphere and Mesosphere. Academic Press,

(Available from DDC as

Inc., 1966.

4. Drews, William A.: A Thermistor Arrangement to Improve Temperature Measure- ments at High Altitudes. NASA CR-533, 1966.

5. Wagner, N. K.: Theoretical Accuracy of a Meteorological Rocketsonde Thermistor. J. Appl. Meteorol., vol. 3, no. 4, Aug. 1964, pp. 461-469.

6. Barr, William C.: Theoretical Considerations in the Design of Atmospheric Temperature-Sensing Elements. Tech. Rept. 2195, U.S. Army Signal Res. Develop. Lab., Apr. 1961. (Available from DDC as AD 255 896.)

7. Henry, Robert M.: Corrections for Meteorological Rocket Temperature Soundings on an Individual Basis. Meteorology and Space Weather (Houston, Tex.), Mar. 29-31, 1967.

Paper presented at Am. Meteorol. SOC. Conf. on High-Altitude

8. Finger, Frederick G.; and Woolf, Harold M.: Southern Hemisphere Stratospheric Cir- culation as Indicated by Shipboard Meteorological Rocket Observations. NASA TM X-1346, 1967.

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TABLE I.- METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE

Launch location

Latitude Longitude Launch 1 date

Rocket sys tems

Release location Release Purpose time,

Latitude Longitude GMT Vehicle Launch

time, GMT type date

~

I Radiosondes

13OOO' W 12O38' S 12O50' S 12O50' S

71°57' W 78O03' W 77O58' W 78O06' W

3- 7-65 1 3'55.5" I 82O46'W I 1909 j Arcasb ! W

46O22' S 47O52' S 51O17' S 59O51' S

3- 9-65 3-10-65 3-11-65 3-16-65 3-17-65 3-18-65 3-19-65 3-21-65 3-22-65 3-24-65 3-25-65 3-23-65 3-28-65 4- 2-65 4- 3-65 4- 4-65 4- 5-65 4- 6-65 4- 8-65 4-10-65 4-11-65 4-11-65 4-13-65 4-14-65 4-15-65 4-16-65

77O45' W 77O44' W 77O42' W 78O03' W

3O04' 7O22' 9O32'

12O55' 12O54' 12O49' 13O06' 12O57'

11O34' 9O02'

14O10' 16O01' 12O19' 14O34' 24O36' 30°52' 35O12' 39O07' 4loO2' 48035' 52O11' 59O52' 59O46' 52O28' 51O20'

12028'

S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S

84023' W 1903 83045' w 2130 84O10' W 2338 78°00' W ~ 1944 78O02' W 1518 77O58'W 1952 78000' w 1558 78O03' W 1515 77O54' W 1944 78O23' W 1913 79O56' W 1743 77O59' W 1924 78000' w 1953 78011' w 1550 77047' W 0018 76°01' W 1800 75°00' W 2119 74O16' W 1816 75O11' W 1530 77O45' W 1604 77O42' W 0011 77O49' W 1533 77O58' W 1956 77°50' W 0038 78009' w 1842 78°05' W 0018

Arcasb Arcas Judi dart Arcas Judi dar t Arcas Judi dar t Arcas Judi dart Ar cas Judi dart Arcas Judi dar t Arcas Ar cas Arcas Arcas Arcasb Judi dart Arcas Ar cas Arcas Arcas Arcas Arcas Arcas

3- 7-65 1 3052' N I 82O25'W I 3- 9-65 3-10-65

3-16-65 3-17-65 3-18-65 3-19-65 3-21-65

3-24-65

3-27-65 1 14O18'S I 77O55'W 1

4- 2-65 I K2:::: I 78OO4'W 1 4- 3-65 77O47' W

No data

4- 5-65 4- 6-65

4-10-65 4-10-65 4-11-65 4-13-65 4-13-65 4-15-65 4-15-65

2115 2130 1654

2055 1201 2125 1200 1126

2042

2052

1729 0155

1830 1957

1210 2034 1208 2151 2151 2051 2051

a W, wind observation; T, temperature observation. bNaval Ordnance Tes t Station ozone payload; only wind data obtained for meteorological program.

105" W

0 0

Q

0

90" w 75" w

45" s

PP

Figure 1.- Meteorological-rocket launch locations in the southern hemisphere.

9

Plastic sabot 1 Piston I \-, 1

Figure 2.- Arcas shipboard launch. L-67-8722

10

Figure 3.- Boosted-dart launch. L-67-8723

11

L-67-8724 Figure 4.- Stern view of USNS Croatan.

Figure 5.- Side view of USNS Croatdn. I - 07- 6725

E Y

0, -0 3

c

t c .- a

60

50

40

3c

20

IO

0 -

Rocketsonde

Radiosonde ----

/ /

/

,' /' --. / % +.

-\ --. -- \

-\

I--. .. I I I I I \ I 1

\ '.

,O - 80 - 60 - 40 - 20 0 20 40

Temperature,' C

(a) March 14 1965; latitude 7022' S and longitude 83O45' W.

Figure 6.- Temperature profiles.

14

E Y

6or

a, D 3 &

Rocketsonde

Radiosonde ---- I

.- c

;?

40

30

20

10-

-

-

/ /

/ /

0 0

- /

0 \ -. .\. -\

-\

\ -\

--\ .\\ \

\ \ .\

I 1 I 1 I 0100 - 80 - 60 -40 - 20 0

50 t 60-

50

40

30

20

10-

Rocketsonde

Radiosonde ---- -

-

-

/ /

/ /

0 0

- /

0 \ -. .\. -\

-\

\ -\

--\ .\\ \

\ \ .\

I 1 I 1 I 0100 - 80 - 60 -40 - 20 0

I 40

Temperoture,O C

(a) M a r c h 10, 1965; latitude 7O22' S and longitude 83O45' W.

Figure 6.- Temperature profi les.

14

60

50

40

30

20-

10-

Roc ketsonde

Radiosonde __--

-

-

-

-

-0llOo

/ -

I - 80

\ \

'\ 1 I 1 I \

- 60 -40 - 20 I

0 20 40

Temperature, "C

(b) March 16, 1965; latitude 12055' S and longitude 78OOo' W.

Figure 6.- Continued.

15

E Y c

W V 3 c .- c

Rocke tsonde

__-- Radiosonde

\ '. I I 1 I 1 I \ I 80 -60 -40 - 20 0 20 40

Temperature, O C

(c) March 18, 1965; latitude 12O49' S and longitude 77O58' W.


16

E - t t .- a

Rocke tsonde

- - - Radiosonde

/ /

A’ I’

/ ‘1

-\ --- \ -\

-\ -\

+\ +\

\ -\

-\ -\.

I I I I I ‘I. 1 - 80 -60 - 40 - 20 0 20 40

Rocke tsonde

- - - Radiosonde

/ /

/ 0

A’ I’

/ ‘1

-\

\ ---

-\ -\

-\ +\

+\

\ -\

-\ -\.

I I I I I ‘I. 1 - 80 -60 - 40 - 20 0 20 40

Temperature, O C

(d) March 21, 1965; latitude 12O57’ S and longitude 78003’ W.


17

E Y

60

50

40

30

20

I O -

..

-

-

-

-

.’ .’ /

/

- I ‘-. --- -- -- -.

-\ . +- \

-\

‘ --- .. I 1 I 1- 1

-400 - 80 -60 -40 - 20 0

al D 3 t .- c - a

Roc ke tsond e

---- Rad i osonde

Temperature, OC

20 I

40

(e) March 24, 1965; latitude 11O34’ S and longitude 78O23‘ W.


18

Rocke tsonde

Rad i osonde ----

\ L - I I I I h I

- 80 - 60 -40 -20 0 20 40

Temperature, OC

( f ) March 27, 1965; latitude 14010' S and longitude 77059' W.


19

E Y

60-

50

40

30

20

I O -

- I 0

a;

-

-

-

0 0

/

-

\ '. <

-1.-

-\ --- - . -- \

\ \

\ -+. \

I I I 1 I 'L. I \ I 00 - 80 -60 - 40 -20 0 20 40

.- t - a

Roc ketsonde

Rad i osonde --- -

Temperature, O C

(g) April 2, 1965; latitude 12O19' S and longitude 78O11' W.


20

E Y

60-

50

40

30

20-

10-

-

-

-

0- -100

Roc ketsonde

Radiosonde _---

Temperature, OC

(h) April 3, 1965; latitude 1494' S and longitude 77047' W.


21

E Y

60-

50

40

30

20

10-

Rocketsonde

Radiosonde -

-

-

- 0

I’ \

\

\ ‘- - --.- 1 -. --\

\ --

%.

I I 1 1 I -9bO - 80 - 60 - 40 - 20 0

Temperature, OC

20 I

40

( i ) April 5, 1965; latitude 30052’ S and longitude 75000’ W.


22

I - 80

Rocketsonde

Radiosonde ----

I -60

I \

I I '. ..

1 . 1

1 . ..

-- .. I I 1- -- I 1

-40 - 20 0 20 40

Temperature, O C

Ij) April 10, 1965; latitude 47002' S and longitude 77045' W.


23

E Y

Temperature, "C

Rocketsonde

Radiosonde --- -

1 20

(k) April 11, 1965; latitude 48O35' S and longitude 77042' W.


24

E Y

Temperature, O C

( 1 ) April 11. 1965; latitude 52011' S and longitude 77O49' W.


25

E Y

\ \ \ )

/

60-

Radiosonde 50 -

40 -

I 30 - i

I I I

20 - \ \ \ )

/ 10- -- -I -.

%

I I I _ L 1- - I 1 -.

900 -80 - 60 -40 - 20 0 20

%

I I I _ L 1- - I 1 -.

-80 - 60 -40 - 20 0 20

Temperature, "C

(m) Apr i l 13, 1965; latitude 59O52' S and longitude 77058' W.


26

I .80

Rocketsonde

Radiosonde ----

/ / -

\ --

1 \

-- -- .. 1

.. I - I I I I

- 60 - 40 - 20 0 20 40

Temperature, OC

(n) April 14, 1965; latitude 59046' S and longitude 77O50' W.


27

Rocketsonde

Rad i osonde ----

E Y

Temperature, OC

(0) April 15, 1965; latitude 52028' S and longitude 78009' W.

Figure 6.- Concluded.

28

6C

5c

4c

E Y

.- t - a

' ', '1 ',

/ - \ .'

Loti tudes - 7O22' S

30"52' S --- 59"52' S

I4O34' s --- _- - - - - - - - _ - - - /

I / I I

Temperature, "C

Figure 7.- Temperature profiles at several latitudes from Apri l 3 to April 13, 1965.

29

6(

5(

4(

E

Q Y

D 3 3( t t .- - a

2c

IC

C - 0 - 80 - 60 -40 - 20 0 20 40

Temperature, "C

Figure 8.- Composite prof i le of the temperature observations made between latitudes 470 S and 600 S f rom Apr i l 10 to Apr i l 16, 1965.

30

60

50

40

E

a i t 3 30

a

x

D .- t -

20

IC

0 -

'/ - 5-- Rocket sonde

W t o E S to N --

R odiosonde W to E S t o N

--- ------

I I 1 : 1 I I I I J - 120 - 80 - 40 0 40 80 I20 I 60 200 X) -160

Wind velocity, knots

(a) March 7, 1965; latitude 3055.5' N and longitude 82046' W. Sensor: Parachute.

Figure 9.- Wind profiles. Positive components indicate west-to-east and south-to-north component winds.

60-

50

E Y

-

10-

Rocket sonde W to E S to N

Radiosonde w to E S to N

--

---- - - - - _ - _

0 ' I I I I I I I I i I 0 40 80 I20 I60 200 -200 -160 -120 - 80 - 40


(b) March 9, 1965; latitude 3004' S and longitude 84023' W. Sensor: Parachute.


60-

50

40

E

ai 30- X

3 a c c .- -

20

10-

0

R ocke tsonde

-

-

-

I I I I 1 1 I 1 I I - I 20 - 80 - 40 0 40 80 I20 I60 200 -200 -160

W t o E S to N --


(c) March 11, 1965; latitude 9032' S and longitude 84010' W. Sensor; Chaff.


W W

.60-

50

R ocketsonde

w to E S to N --

-

I I 1 I I I I 1 I

- I 20 - 80 -40 0 40 80 I20 I60 200


(d) March 16, 1965; latitude 1245' S and longitude 78OOO' W. Sensor: Parachute.


E x

n-

60 -

50 -

40 -

30 -

ii \'

1 '\

> 'a, I I 1 I 1 I 1 I J

201-

Rocketsonde 1w to E

Radiosonde Wto E S t o N

-- S to N

---- - - - - - - -

-- I I

.- I !

:200 - I 60 -I 20 - 80 - 40 0 40 80 I 20 I 60 200


(e) March 17, 1965; lat i tude 12054' S and longitude 78002' W. SensoT: Chaff.


w Ln

w Q,

60-

50

40

-

- E Y I ai c 3 30-

a U .- c

20 -

10-

Rocketsonde

W t o E S t o N

Radiosonde

Wto E S t o N

--

---- - - - - - - -

:,\ I I ;< I I

I I I

-0200 - 4 0 4 0 - 80 -40 0 40 80 I20 I 60 200


( f ) March 18, 1965; latitude 12049' S and longitude 77058' W. Sensor: Parachute.


60 -

40 - E A?

L

Q, 7 30- 4- .- t - a

Wind velocity , knots

(g) March 19, 1965; latitude 13O06' S and longitude 78000' W. Sensor: Chaff.


Rocketsonde W t o E S to N

Radiosonde

Wto E S t o N

--

----

W Q,

40-

30

20

10-

50 -

-

- :/ : .. ', I '\ I : e

e' / Y

'1' / I \' i '\

I I I ?;.* I I I I I

!

40-

30

20

10-

E Y

-

-

;\

I I I ?;.* I I I I I


Rocket sonde

W t o E S to N --

Radiosonde

(h) M a r c h 21, 1965; lat i tude 12O57' S and longitude 78O03' W. Sensor: Parachute.

F igure 9.- Continued.

I

60-

20

10-

50-

-

I 1 I I I I I I I

40 -

E Y

Rocketsonde

W toE S toN --


(i) March 22, 1965; latitude 12O28' S and longitude 77O54' W. Sensor: Chaff.


w W

60-

50

40-

E Y

-

~

c 30'- .- c - a

20 -

Rocketsonde W t o E

. S t o N

Radiosonde

W to E S to N

--

-- - --- - - -

IO-

\:,

I..-$-

# , I -. f - 4. / II

,#** -1

< i y,

=.

1 %,

1 I I I I I I -0200 -160 -120 - 80 - 40 0 40 80 I20 I 60 200


I

Cj) March 24, 1965; latitude 11034' S and longitude 78023' W. Sensor: Parachute.


E s

60

50-

40

30

20

10-

- a

-

-

-

-

I I I I I I I I -0200 - i o -1;o - 80 - 40 0 40 80 I20 I 60 200

Roc ke tsonde

w to E S t o N --


(k) March 25, 1965; latitude 9O02' S and longitude 79O56' W. Sensor: Chaff.


E Y

60-

50

40


-

-

( 1 ) March 27, 1965; latitude 14010' S and longitude 77059' W. Sensor: Parachute.


Rocke tsond e W to E S to N

Rad i osonde

--

- - - W t o E S to N - - - - - -

60 -

50 -

40

E

d IY 30

a

A

3 t t .- -

20

I C

C -

Rocketsonde

W to E S to N --

I I I I 1 I I I I IO -160 -120 - 80 - 40 0 40 80 I20 I60 200


(m) March 28, 1965; latitude 16001' S and longitude 78000' W. Sensor: Chaff.


60-

50

40

E

W Oi 30-

a

Y

3 c c .- -

-

-

. / I /

8 /

20

10-

Rocketsonde W to E S to N

Radiosonde

S to N

--

- - - W t o E - - - - - -

-

,’ ’ .- I ’ .x ’. I I 1 I I I

%o -A0 4 0 - 80 - 40 40 80 I 20 1 60 200 0


(n) Apr i l 2, 1965; latitude 12019’ S and longitude 78O11’ S. Sensor: Parachute.


E Y

.- c - a


(0) April 3, 1965; latitude 14034' S and longitude 77047' W. Sensor: Parachute.


Rocketsonde Wto E S to N --

Radiosonde - - - W t o E

S to N - - - - - -

rp m

60-

501

E x l

i

a, 3 c c .- a

201 \

Rocke tsonde W t o E S to N --

I I I I I I I I I - I 20 -80 -40 0 40 80 I20 I60 200

W i nd ve I oci t y , knots

(p) Ap r i l 4, 1965; lat i tude 24O36' S and longitude 76O01' W. Sensor: Parachute.


E Y

40

d U 3 c .- c a

-

60 -

50 c

>>

I I

Rocketsonde W to E S to N

Radiosonde

-. - - W t o E S t o N

--

------


(q) Ap r i l 5, 1965; lat i tude 30052' S and longitude 75OOO' W. Sensor: Parachute.


E Y

a i 0 3 t

t .- - a

50 -

40 - Rocke tsonde

w to E S t o N

Radiosonde

w to E S to N

--

--- ------


(r) Apr i l 6, 1965; latitude 35O12' S and longitude 74016' W. Sensor: Parachute.


60.

50-

40

E d t 3 30-

2d

0

.- c - 4

20

10-

-

-

I I I I I I I I I

I20 I 60 200 0 40 80 -0200 -140 -120 - 80 - 40

Roc ketsonde

W to E S t o N --


(5 ) Apr i l 8, 1965; lat i tude 39007' S and longitude 75011' W. Sensor: Chaff.


cn 0

a i

2 30-

a

U

.- c -

2or IO-

I ' '\

I I

Roc ketsonde

W to E S to N

Radiosonde

W to E S t o N

--

--- - - - - - - -

I I I I / ! I I I I I

I -0200 - i o -120 - 80 - 40 0 40 80 I20 I60 200


(t) Apr i l 10, 1965; lat i tude 47O02' S and longitude 77045' W. Sensor: Parachute..


50 -

20

I O ,

40-

-- S t o N

, I Rad i osond e

W to E S t o N

I /

- 'a, /

'. --- '\ ' .\ - - - - - - '\ ', : :

I / 4

/' r

I I I 4? I I I 1 I

E

c - a 30 r


(u) Apr i l 11, 1965; lat i tude 52011' S and longitude 77O49' W. Sensor: Parachute.


E Y

70-

60

50-

40

.\ /

/ - -- -

-


(v) Apr i l 13, 1965; latitude 59O52' S and longitude 77O58' W. Sensor: Parachute.


60 -

50 -

40-

30 -

20 , I

Rocket sonde W to E S t o N

Radiosonde

W t o E S t o N

--

--- - - - - - -


(w) Apr i l 14, 1965; latitude 59046' S and longitude 77O50' W. Sensor: Parachute.


cn w

40

E

ai 2 t 30-

a

Y

.- t -

20

10-


Rocketsonde W to E S t o N

i \' Radiosonde v t: - - - W t o E

S t o N : \ : ) ', /

-- -

/f, - - - - - -

: L

I I 1 ,? I I I I I

(XI Apr i l 15, 1965; latitude 52028' S and longitude 78009' W. Sensor: Parachute.


6C

5c

40

E Y L

Q, U c 3 3c

20

10

Roc ke tsonde

W to E S t o N

Radiosonde W to E S to.N

--

--- - - - - - -

I I I I ,5 ‘I I I I I I IO -160 -120 - 80 - 40 0 40 80 I20 I60 200


(y) Apr i l 16, 1965; lat i tude 51020’ S and longitude 78005’ W. Sensor: Parachute.

Figure 9.- Concluded.

ul ul

55

50

45-

E Y

35 -

-

-

19 shipboard radar 16 land-based radar

I I I I I I I I - 0 80 IO0 I20 I 40 I60 180 200 220 240 240 260 280

Wind velocity, knots Wind direction, deg

Figure 10.- A comparison of t h e wind data derived from t h e MPS-19 shipboard radar and t h e FPS-16 land-based radar systems.

I II Ill1 1 I I I

I I I t I I 1 I

I O N I

0 IO s 20 s 30 S 40 S 50 S 60 S 70 S

1 \ I I

\ \ \ \

Latitude, deg

Figure 11.- Summary of wind data f rom latitudes 4 O N to 600 S. The dashed cu rve is t he demarcation l i n e between easterl ies'and westerlies:

t I1 ' 1 I I I cn

0 t

\ \

- - \

\ I I \

I a I

I

E c

II '1 1 I 1 " I 30

Q, D 3 t t .- - -

I / L I 1 1 II 20

200

c Y

% L

t .- - 0 V 0 a, > -0 tz

-

.- 9 --zoo

1

60

56

52

48

44

4 36 c .- t 3 32

28

.... ...... -15 .... .... ..... ...................................................... .... ....... ........ ........... ..... ........................ ......... ..... ........... ..... 47- f i ......

, A ... ... ......... ....... ... ........... 7.. - ........ .............. ...... -5

I/ - .... ............. ....... ....... ................... mi..: ..... .... ..........

..... ............................... "' I

.... ..... ...... ......... ............ .................................................. I '

...... ........ l l r /

-

...........

....... ....... ............. -mmmmmm----.m qm.o\.'

..... mmm.... - - m y m-m. ............ ....... ......... .... .............................. .......

............................... rlu 4

\

................................. ...... .............. ....... ........... 55 11 ,>. ////""'. 9 ............................................ - 2 Jul -

......... .......... ................................. 1 .... ......................... .... ..... .....

............................ ........ ......................... ...... ...... ......... ..... ......... ...... ...... ..................... .....

20 - 16 -

...... 1 I I I I

...-75

+ I 1 1 I 1 1 1 I

18 20 22 24 26 28 30 1 3 5 12 - ,<

8 10 12 14 16

March, 1965 April, I965

Figure 12.- Time-height section of wind and temperature data near latitude 13O S and longitude 7 8 O W. Each flag (1) indicates 50 knots; each f u l l barb indicates 10 knots. The direct ion f rom wh ich t h e wind i s blowing i s indicated by the l i ne connecting the barbs and flags. Example:

westerlies.

= 60-knot wind from west; A = 65-knot wind from east. The heavy solid cu rve represents the tropopause. The heavy dashed cu rve i s t h e demarcation l i ne between easterlies and

N 0

54

50

.... .... .... .... ... .... .......................... ...... ...... ...... ..... ... ... ..... ....... ....... ,_..:' 6 F 4 - ~ fi'.. .... ...... ...............

....................... , . . 47-

\ ..__

-

42

E 38 Y a- 34 3 a

30

26

-

22

18

14

10

6

....................... .... 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ........ ' . . ' / ........... \ ............... // ,,

.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. .... ..."'c ..... -2 5

.,-35 ............................................................... ........ _ ..' ....... ........... .... ...... trr'.,... fl., P r - -

........... .................... . . . . .... .......... m- .... .... ....?re. ........... ""<. ,,_45 "

K,, ...... nn, ............... fl g / ............. c.. ..'.<. ............... 6:'' E 6 ..-. '.< .,-5o .. ."$- P

................ .... 0

_..' -lr- ..'

- ,.\.

........... ............ .... .-55 t 6

........ Q)

... .... ..... ,Q)

. . . . ........ -L!ul 3

.................................... .... . . . . . . . . . . > .......... . . ~ ....................... (6 - A d

-6 -

-U"

................ 2 ........... .-75... ........ L \ I / 1 ......................................................... / ...... ................ ......................................

................. ..... 7 ............................. ........ ...... . . . . . ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . '

... 7 ' .

.... ............................................

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60

South latitude, deg

55 45

Figure 13.- Wind and temperature data observed from latitudes 12O S to 600 S along longitude 78O W from Apri l 2 t o Apr i l 15, 1965. Each flag (1) indicates 50 knots; each f u l l barb (/I indicates 10 knots. The direction f rom which the wind is blowing i s indicated by the l i ne connecting the barbs and flags. Example: = 60-knot wind from west; A = 65-knot wind from east. The heavy solid curve represents the tropopause.

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NASA TECHNICAL NOTE · The radiosonde (ref. 3) is a meteorograph combined with a radio transmitter...

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Transcript of NASA TECHNICAL NOTE · The radiosonde (ref. 3) is a meteorograph combined with a radio transmitter...