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Transcript of Narcissistic Leadership
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NARCISSISTIC LEADERSHIP
Narcissistic leadership is a leadership style in which the leader is only interested in him/herself. Their
priority is themselves - at the expense of their people/group members. This leader exhibits the
characteristics of a narcissist: arrogance, dominance and hostility. It is a common leadership style.
The narcissism may range from anywhere between healthy and destructive. To critics, "narcissistic
leadership (preferably destructive) is driven by unyielding arrogance, self-absorption, and a
personal egotistic need for power and admiration."
Narcissism and groups
A study published in the journal Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin suggests that when a group is
without a leader, you can often count on a narcissist to take charge. Researchers found that people who
score high in narcissism tend to take control of leaderless groups.[2]
Freud considered
"the narcissistic type... especially suited to act as a support for others, to take on the role of leaders and
to... impress others as being 'personalities'.":[3]
one reason may be that "another person's narcissism has
a great attraction for those who have renounced part of their own... as if we envied them for maintaining a
blissful state of mind an unassailable libidinal position which we ourselves have since abandoned."[4]
There are four basic types of leader with narcissists most commonly in type 3 although they may be in
type 1:[5]
1. authoritarian with task oriented decision making
2. democratic with task oriented decision making
3. authoritarian with emotional decision making
4. democratic with emotional decision making
The term "narcissism" was originally introduced to portray a personal form of self-
admirationnamed after the mythological Narcissus, who fell in love with his own reflection.
Sigmund Freud defined narcissism as a state of mind where the individual exposes exclusive
self-absorption, while bearing an inflated self-image which is reflected on unusual behavior.
Freud believed that narcissism is an essential part of any individual, but up to a certain extent.
Similarly, Morrison concluded that a reasonable amount of healthy narcissism enables the
individual to achieve a balance of own needs in relation to others. Today, the term narcissism is
used to describe a pattern of pathological traits and behaviors, including Narcissistic Personality
Disorder (NPD), inferiority complex, low self-esteem, self-obsession, and egoistic supremacy.
Defining Narcissistic Leadership
Exposing a snobbish sense of self-importance, arrogance, overconfidence, low self-esteem, and
aggression, narcissistic leaders believe in the effectiveness of their leadership style because they are
obsessed with dominance, power and admiration. They typically overstress their special talents and
achievements and they rarely assume mutual responsibility. They behave with dominant superiority
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and are often thoughtless toward their subordinates, exposing feelings of rage, dishonor, and
disgrace, especially if their self-esteem is threatened of contradicted.
Narcissistic leaders favor the pattern of authoritative leadership, eliminating their subordinates from
participating in the strategic decision making. Organizational members are required to perform their
tasks effectively, although they are eliminated from participating in strategic decision-making. In the
context of authoritative leadership, leaders are power-driven individuals, experts in their field. They
process all the necessary information and take the sole responsibility for the final decision.
On the other hand, narcissistic leaders may be effective in times of organizational change. Their
narcissist illusions may be beneficial in regards to the choices they make and the commitment they
show to the organization. During the adaptation period, the leader should have the ability to
motivate employees and maximize commitment to organizational goals by clearly conveying to
subordinates the message of strategy implementation, for which the leader has the absolute
responsibility. In this context, the transformative vision of a narcissistic leader can instill employee
loyalty and have a strongly positive impact on the organizational performance.
Relationship between Leadership and Organizational Performance
There is an inherent relationship between leadership and organizational performance. Today's
dynamic market environment features healthy competition, decreasing returns and rivalry between
organizations. In this context, effective leadership contributes positively to the improvement of
organizational performance when organizations face challenging situations.
Effective leadership creates the grounds for enhanced organizational performance and sustained
competitive advantage. Democratic leaders create a strategic vision and focus on building
commitment to that vision aiming to motivate employees toward the achievement of organizational
goals.
The strategic role of leadership is highly researched from the perspective of how leadership behavior
potentially enhances organizational performance. Leadership culture, skills and motivation are
broadly viewed as increasingly important toward the improvement of organizational performance.
Effective leadership has a strong impact on customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction and
financial performance. However, we should also consider the environmental variables that affect the
relationship between leadership and organizational performance. For instance, micromanagement
practices affect greatly the way leaders influence employee performance and consequently,
organizational performance as a whole.
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Narcissistic Leadership and Organizational Performance
Narcissistic leadership has a profound impact on organizational performance. By denying effective
communication and delegation to subordinates in the strategic decision making, narcissistic
leadership cultivates employee resistance and lack of confidence to the top management. By being
highly unlikely to empathize with their subordinates, they are even less likely to motivate or
encourage others to take an initiative. Therefore, although healthy narcissism could lead to employee
commitment, unhealthy narcissism leads to internal competition within the organization because
organizational members are greatly affected by irrational decision-making .
Narcissistic leaders are not active listeners. They are emotionally volatile and often prone to a variety
of destructive impulses and dysfunctional behaviors expressed as egoism, arrogance and despotism.
Their fragile self-esteem leads to ignore real facts and live in their own, fantastic world, where they
can be undisputed leaders and confront any opposite view as irrational. By denying active listening,
narcissistic leaders basically deny any involvement in organizational teams. Yet, their insistence on
showing themselves as self-sufficient puts organizational performance at stake. Team structures in
modern organizations ensure strong organizational culture and balance as team members are forced
to act collectively to ensure corporate and individual prosperousness.
Narcissist leaders do not accept any kind of responsibility for their actions, thus hindering the
organization to achieve its mission. Irrational insistence on having their own way, lack of empathy,
and eagerness to exploit others alienates organizational members and leads to lack of strategic
consensus. In the context of denial, narcissistic leaders contribute negatively to organizational
performance.
Narcissist leaders do not promote a learning organization by denying sharing and exchanging
knowledge. They don't allow other organizational members to recognize and assess the
organizational culture, thus creating weak social bonds within the organization. Employees do not
trust their leader, but even more they do not trust the organization and therefore, it is easier for them
to quit their job. Often, although organizational members may love their job description, they are
forced to leave the organization because they cannot align with their leader or perform their tasks
under authoritative leadership patterns. In this context, narcissist leaders are highly unlikely to
positively contribute to organizational performance because organizational members do not derive
job satisfaction. Consequently, the organization cannot grow and meet its goals.
In conclusion, narcissistic leadership denies any responsibility for the failure of organization in the
fear of admitting failure of own decisions. Yet, leaders need to learn from their mistakes and align
their esteem rewards with organizational goals in order to improve organizational performance. To
that end, leaders may evaluate their past performance and plan for future action aiming to eliminate
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the risk of repeating the same mistakes. Moreover, they should use their power to provide strong
incentives to employees to stay in the organization and strive to meet organizational goals.
Corporate narcissism
Corporate narcissismoccurs when a narcissist becomes the leader (CEO) or a member of the senior
management team and gathers an adequate mix ofcodependentsaround him (or her) to support his
narcissistic behavior. Narcissists profess company loyalty but are only really committed to their own
agendas, thus organizational decisions are founded on the narcissist's own interests rather than the
interests of the organization as a whole, the various stakeholders, or the society in which the organization
operates.[7]
As a result, "a certain kind of charismatic leader can run a financially successful company on
thoroughly unhealthy principles for a time. But... the chickens always come home to roost."[8]
Psychoanalysts have suggested that "one of the ways of differentiating a good-enough organisation from
one that is pathological is through its ability to exclude narcissistic characters from key posts. "[9]
Impact of healthy v. destructive narcissistic managers
Lubit compared healthily narcissistic managers versus destructively narcissistic managers for their long-
term impact onorganizations.[14]
Characteristic Healthy narcissism Destructive narcissism
Self-confidenceHigh outwardself-confidencein
line with realityGrandiose
Desire for power,
wealth and
admiration
May enjoy powerPursues power at all costs, lacks normal
inhibitions in its pursuit
Relationships
Real concern for others and their
ideas; does not exploit or devalueothers
Concerns limited to expressing socially
appropriate response when convenient;devalues and exploits others withoutremorse
Ability to follow a
consistent path
Has values; follows through on
plans
Lacks values; easily bored; often changes
course
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_narcissismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_narcissismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codependentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codependentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codependentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_leadership#cite_note-downs-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_leadership#cite_note-downs-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_leadership#cite_note-downs-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_leadership#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_leadership#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_leadership#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_leadership#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_leadership#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_leadership#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_leadership#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_leadership#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_leadership#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-confidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-confidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-confidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandiosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandiosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remorsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remorsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remorsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remorsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandiosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-confidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_leadership#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_leadership#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_leadership#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_leadership#cite_note-downs-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codependentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_narcissism -
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Foundation
Healthy childhood with support
forself-esteemand appropriate
limits on behaviour towards others
Traumatic childhood undercutting true sense
of self-esteem and/or learning that he/she
doesn't need to be considerate of others
Ten Traits of Narcissistic Leaders
By Dr. Joseph Mattera
By definition, a narcissist is a person who believes the world evolves around them
to such an extent their own desires blind them to relational reality which makes
them insensitive to the needs and perspectives of others. One of the sad realities
in our consumer driven, hedonistic culture is that we are producing millions of
narcissistic people including leaders of large organizations.
Because of our sinful nature as human beings, all of us have some narcissistic
tendencies to deal with.
The following traits identify leadership narcissism.
I. When leaders think others are there to serve them instead of vice versa
This reverses the principle in Matthew 20:26-28 in which Jesus says a greatperson in the kingdom is one who serves and that He didn't come to be served
but to serve and give His life as a ransom for many.
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In an organization or church led by a leader of this type the ladder for success is
based more on catering to the narcissism of the leader than on merit or work
output. (Note: I am not discounting the importance of loyalty with this
statement.)
II. When leaders want the perks of the ministry without the pain of the ministry
There are leaders I know who want titles, prestige, honor, and the respect that
comes with a leadership position but they dont want to pay the price for it. Most
successful senior leaders and CEOs already understand this, so this problem is
more prevalent with secondary leaders working closely with senior leaders who
desire recognition as a top leader but dont do the hard work necessary for
excellent results.
III. When leaders put their own needs before the needs of the organization they
lead
True spiritual leaders give their lives for the sheep in the same way the Lord Jesus
did (read John 10). Narcissistic leaders will fleece the sheep and financially
jeopardize their organizations for the sake of their own self-indulgent lifestyles.
IV. Leaders who are self-indulgent when it comes to the material things of this
world
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Some leaders have an excessive desire to continually shop for the things that
interest them (clothes, cars, computers, etc.) in order to keep them happy and
motivated to serve.
Along with this may be an excessive desire for entertainment, pleasure, or play.
V. Leaders who look for close relationships with those who pander to them and
avoid those that confront them
Some leaders will only have people in their inner-circles who pander to their need
to feel superior. They do not want people around them who disagree with them
or speak into their lives. These leaders continually fall for flattery which opens a
huge door for satanic deception.
VI. When leaders view people as objects to use for their own advantage
Instead of regarding people as fellow image-bearers of God some leaders view
the importance of people based on if they can serve their agenda. As soon as they
believe a person is no longer contributing to their agenda they begin to ignore
them and look for the next person they can use. To this end they court and even
flatter people they have their eyes on, treating them like the most important
people in the world which abruptly comes to a halt when their services are no
longer needed.
VII. Leaders who are uninterested in other peoples problems
Some leaders have no attention span for others while they are speaking abouttheir own issues or problems. They will engage conversations as long as it is about
them or something they are interested in, but will shut down emotionally as soon
as the conversation shifts to something outside their interests.
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VIII. Leaders who rarely give in to other peoples ideas
Some leaders are not good listeners, refuse to bend, and even act emotionally
immature when they dont get their way or when an idea of theirs is not acted on
or agreed with.
Once leaders like this have decided they want something, it is almost impossible
to change their minds unless they hear another idea that benefits them even
more.
IX. Leaders who cannot have intimate emotional connections with close
associates or their spouses
Because of a lack of interest in meeting the needs of others, some leaders will
only have superficial friendships based on fun, entertainment, and gossip. When
conflicts arise they shy away from relationships since they are no longer meeting
their cravings for fun, escape, and entertainment.
Their marriages are great in the beginning when they are in the honeymoon stage
and enjoying a robust sex life. But when the pressures of raising children,
finances, and time management kick in, they bury themselves in things that helpthem escape reality: another relationship, entertainment, hobbies and the like.
Their marriages grow further and further apart as they literally become
emotionally divorced before the eventual physical divorce takes place (unless,
through self-awareness and repentance their marriages can be saved).
X. Narcissistic leaders are more vulnerable to sexual sins
Narcissistic people are easily bored and are prone to look at pornography and
commit adultery because their main desire from sex is not emotional intimacy but
physical pleasure. As soon as the excitement wears off in their relationships they
look for others who can sexually arouse them. In those cases where adultery has
not yet occurred, those with a high libido will gravitate to pornography within six
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months to one year of every serious relationship they are in and in many cases
will hide their continually use of pornography throughout every relationship they
have.
Narcissistic spiritual leaders are easy prey to the flattery of the opposite sex which
leads to adultery--even in churches they oversee. This is because, unless the cross
of Christ is directly applied to their deep emotional need to be the center of
attention, when their spouse doesnt meet their expectations they will drift to
someone else to meet their addiction to praise.
Narcissistic Leaders: The Incredible Pros, the Inevitable Cons
There is very little business literature that tells narcissistic leaders how to avoid
the pitfalls. There are two reasons for this. First, relatively few narcissistic leaders
are interested in looking inward. And second, psychoanalysts don't usually get
close enough to them, especially in the workplace, to write about them. (The
noted psychoanalyst Harry Levinson is an exception.) As a result, advice on
leadership focuses on obsessives, which explains why so much of it is aboutcreating teamwork and being more receptive to subordinates. But as we've
already seen, this literature is of little interest to narcissists, nor is it likely to help
subordinates understand their narcissistic leaders. The absence of managerial
literature on narcissistic leaders doesn't mean that it is impossible to devise
strategies for dealing with narcissism. In the course of a long career counseling
CEOs, I have identified three basic ways in which productive narcissists can avoid
the traps of their own personality.
Find a trusted sidekick. Many narcissists can develop a close relationship with
one person, a sidekick who acts as an anchor, keeping the narcissistic partner
grounded. However, given that narcissistic leaders trust only their own insights
and view of reality, the sidekick has to understand the narcissistic leader and
what he is trying to achieve. The narcissist must feel that this person, or in some
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cases persons, is practically an extension of himself. The sidekick must also be
sensitive enough to manage the relationship. Don Quixote is a classic example of
a narcissist who was out of touch with reality but who was constantly saved from
disaster by his squire Sancho Panza. Not surprisingly, many narcissistic leaders
rely heavily on their spouses, the people they are closest to. But dependence on
spouses can be risky, because they may further isolate the narcissistic leader from
his company by supporting his grandiosity and feeding his paranoia. I once knew a
CEO in this kind of relationship with his spouse. He took to accusing loyal
subordinates of plotting against him just because they ventured a few criticisms
of his ideas.
It is much better for a narcissistic leader to choose a colleague as his sidekick.
Good sidekicks are able to point out the operational requirements of thenarcissistic leader's vision and keep him rooted in reality. The best sidekicks are
usually productive obsessives. Gyllenhammar, for instance, was most effective at
Volvo when he had an obsessive COO, Hkan Frisinger, to focus on improving
quality and cost, as well as an obsessive HR director, Berth Jnsson, to
implement his vision. Similarly, Bill Gates can think about the future from the
stratosphere because Steve Ballmer, a tough obsessive president, keeps the show
on the road. At Oracle, CEO Larry Ellison can afford to miss key meetings and
spend time on his boat contemplating a future without PCs because he has a
productive obsessive COO in Ray Lane to run the company for him. But the job of
sidekick entails more than just executing the leader's ideas. The sidekick also has
to get his leader to accept new ideas. To do this, he must be able to show the
leader how the new ideas fit with his views and serve his interests.
Indoctrinate the organization. The narcissistic CEO wants all his subordinates to
think the way he does about the business. Productive narcissistspeople who
often have a dash of the obsessive personalityare good at converting people totheir point of view. One of the most successful at this is GE's Jack Welch. Welch
uses toughness to build a corporate culture and to implement a daring business
strategy, including the buying and selling of scores of companies. Unlike other
narcissistic leaders such as Gates, Grove, and Ellison, who have transformed
industries with new products, Welch was able to transform his industry by
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focusing on execution and pushing companies to the limits of quality and
efficiency, bumping up revenues and wringing out costs. In order to do so, Welch
hammers out a huge corporate culture in his own imagea culture that provides
impressive rewards for senior managers and shareholders.
Welch's approach to culture building is widely misunderstood. Many observers,
notably Noel Tichy in The Leadership Engine, argue that Welch forms his
company's leadership culture through teaching. But Welch's "teaching" involves a
personal ideology that he indoctrinates into GE managers through speeches,
memos, and confrontations. Rather than create a dialogue, Welch makes
pronouncements (either be the number one or two company in your market or
get out), and he institutes programs (such as Six Sigma quality) that become the
GE party line. Welch's strategy has been extremely effective. GE managers musteither internalize his vision, or they must leave. Clearly, this is incentive learning
with a vengeance. I would even go so far as to call Welch's teaching brainwashing.
But Welch does have the rare insight and know-how to achieve what all
narcissistic business leaders are trying to donamely, get the organization to
identify with them, to think the way they do, and to become the living
embodiment of their companies.
Get into analysis. Narcissists are often more interested in controlling others thanin knowing and disciplining themselves. That's why, with very few exceptions,
even productive narcissists do not want to explore their personalities with the
help of insight therapies such as psychoanalysis. Yet since Heinz Kohut, there has
been a radical shift in psychoanalytic thinking about what can be done to help
narcissists work through their rage, alienation, and grandiosity. Indeed, if they can
be persuaded to undergo therapy, narcissistic leaders can use tools such as
psychoanalysis to overcome vital character flaws.
Consider the case of one exceptional narcissistic CEO who asked me to help him
understand why he so often lost his temper with subordinates. He lived far from
my home city, and so the therapy was sporadic and very unorthodox. Yet he kept
a journal of his dreams, which we interpreted together either by phone or when
we met. Our analysis uncovered painful feelings of being unappreciated that went
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back to his inability to impress a cold father. He came to realize that he demanded
an unreasonable amount of praise and that when he felt unappreciated by his
subordinates, he became furious. Once he understood that, he was able to
recognize his narcissism and even laugh about it. In the middle of our work, he
even announced to his top team that I was psychoanalyzing him and asked them
what they thought of that. After a pregnant pause, one executive vice president
piped up, "Whatever you're doing, you should keep doing it, because you don't
get so angry anymore." Instead of being trapped by narcissistic rage, this CEO was
learning how to express his concerns constructively.
Leaders who can work on themselves in that way tend to be the most productive
narcissists. In addition to being self-reflective, they are also likely to be open,
likable, and good-humored. Productive narcissists have perspective; they are ableto detach themselves and laugh at their irrational needs. Although serious about
achieving their goals, they are also playful. As leaders, they are aware of being
performers. A sense of humor helps them maintain enough perspective and
humility to keep on learning.
Excerpted from the article "Narcissistic Leaders: The Incredible Pros, the
Inevitable Cons" in the Harvard Business Review, January-February 2000.
[Order the full article]
Michael Maccoby is an anthropologist and a psychoanalyst. He is also the founder
and president of the Maccoby Group, a management consultancy in Wahsington,
DC. The former director of the Program on Technology, Public Policy, and Human
Development in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Maccoby is the author ofThe Leader:
A New Face for American Management (Simon and Schuster, 1981), The
Gamesmen: The New Corporate Leaders(Simon & Schuster, 1977), and Why
Work? Motivating the New Workforce (Second Edition, Miles River Press, 1995).
The Narcissistic Personality
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Narcissists, one of three personality types identified by Sigmund Freud, have
often emerged to lead and inspire people in the military, religious and political
arenas, says Michael Maccoby. Business, too, has had its share of narcissistic
leaders, especially at times, like the early 20th century, "when business became
the engine of social change...[and] men like Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller,
Thomas Edison, and Henry Ford exploited new technologies and restructured
American industry."
The period from the 1950s through the 1980s, by contrast, was characterized by
business leaders who shunned the limelight. Only recently have narcissistic
leadersthe likes of Microsoft's Bill Gates, Intel's Andy Grove, Apple's Steve Jobs,
Amazon.com's Jeff Bezos and GE's Jack Welchtaken their place again as the
leaders of large corporations and familiar faces on the nation's stage.
Narcissists bring plusses and minuses to their roles as leaders, says Maccoby. On
the plus side, they bring great vision, an ability to see the big picture and, as a
result, the opportunity to change the very rules of the game. They are also
especially gifted in attracting followers, usually through skillful use of language,
though charisma, adds Maccoby, is a double-edged sword. On the minus side,
narcissistic leaders can be poor listeners, sensitive to criticism, lacking in empathy
and "relentless and ruthless in their pursuit of victory."
To make the most of who they areand to be productive leaders, says
Maccoby,narcissists must recognize their potential shortcomings and work to
avoid the traps of their own personalities.
The toxic effect of a narcissistic leader
They're arrogant, have grandiose visions about their own importance, believethey are special and have unique gifts that others do not, have a sense of
entitlement, are exploitive and lack empathy.
If this sound like somebody you work with - or even like your boss- you won't need to be told that
people with narcissistic personalities can be a real handful in the workplace because they believe they
are better than others.
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But the key question is the effect narcissistic leaders have on an organisation. Do they have any positive
attributes, or do they always do more harm than good?
That's what organizational psychologist Kathy Schnure has set out to answer in new research that
compared ratings of leadership potential for those who have high levels of narcissism to those who
show low-to-average levels on the 'narcissism scale'.
She will be presenting her findings at the 25th annual conference of the Society for Industrial and
Organizational Psychology April 8-10 in Atlanta GA.
She found those displaying strong narcissistic tendencies - things like exploitation/entitlement,
leadership/authority, superiority/arrogance, and self-absorption/self admiration - had a significantly
higher rating of potential leadership abilities than those with low-to-average scores.
"Those results would indicate the vision, confidence and pride in their own accomplishments could
presumably translate into effective leadership in an organization or team," Schnure said.
On the other hand, while narcissists do gain leadership roles, often based on their charisma and ability
to persuade others to accept their point of view, some of the underlying traits, or "dark sides" will
eventually surface, preventing any "good" leadership," she added.
According to Timothy Judge, an organizational psychologist at the University of Florida, a primae
example of this "dark side" is an overblown sense of self-worth.
"Narcissists are intensely competitive, self-centered, exploitive and exhibitionistic. They tend to
surround themselves with supplicants they see as inferior. When they are challenged or perceive
competition, they often derogate and undermine anyone, even those closest to them, they perceive as
threats (and unfortunately, they are vigilant in scanning for threats)," he explained.
In contrast, Schnure said, leaders who are charismatic are not necessarily narcissists. "Charismatic
leaders are not exploitive; they do not trample others to get what they want. Rather they display
empathy toward employees," she added.
So while narcissists do see the big picture and have a strong vision, they are not good at working with
others and eventually they become detrimental to the organization.
"They make good figureheads, in part because of their ability to articulate goals and attract people to
their way of thinking," Schnure explained.
"But in terms of day to day leadership, they can be toxic with subordinates. That becomes especially
apparent after their employees get to know the way the narcissistic leader operates. The favorable first
impressions they make are not sustainable over a period of time," she said.
What's more, as other research by Timothy Judge has found, narcissists rarely live up to their high
opinions of themselves. They may believe that they are better at their jobs than others, but their
colleagues and managers believe that they do an inferior job compared with other employees.
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As Kathy Schnure points out, this is a compelling reason why hiring managers should be more aware of
this personality trait. While initial appearances may be favorable, they need to do their due diligence
before hiring a person with narcissistic tendencies.
"More organizations should attempt to assess narcissism pre-hire or pre-promotion to avoid them,"
Timothy Judge said. "It's fool's errand to think that narcissism can be corrected as a result of anorganizational intervention.
"At best, organizations can try to contain and control a narcissist," he added. However, for hiring
mangers it's a case of buyer beware because, as Judge points out, "no small amount of research
suggests narcissism is a pretty toxic trait."