PHASE 4: Consulate toEmpiretoExile! Napoleon Bonaparte: Napoleon Bonaparte:
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Transcript of Napoleon
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The Age of Napoléon
1799-1815
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Napoléon Bonaparte
• Born 1769 - Corsica
• Military School• Army
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Early Military Career
• 1792 - Captain• 1794 - Brigadier General• 1796 - Commander of the
French Armies in Italy– Original “Blitzkrieg”– Easily defeated enemies– Strong leader
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Love Life
• Joséphine Beauharnais• Widow
– French Revolution• First impressions…• Married 1796
– “To Destiny…”
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Egyptian Campaign• 1797 - attempt to strike Britain indirectly• If France could secure Egypt, it would
cripple Britain’s trade route to India• Disaster strikes
– Professional– Personal
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Return Home
• 1799 - defeated, but did bring home the Rosetta Stone
• Divorce?• Stayed with Josephine, but had
numerous affairs over the years as a payback
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Coup d’État
• 1799 - overthrew Directory • Became “First Consul”• 1802 - “Consul for Life”• 1804 - Emperor of France
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Concordat of 1801
• Negotiated peace with the Catholic Church
• Napoléon recognized Catholicism as the national religion & in turn, pope allowed state to keep property seized during revolution
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Becoming Emperor
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Legal System
• Prior to the FR, France had over 300 different legal systems
• Under Napoleon, 7 law codes were created
• Most important = the Civil Code, or Code Napoléon
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Code Napoléon (1804)
• Preserved many revolutionary principles:– Equality of all citizens before the law– Right of the individual to choose a profession– Religious toleration– Abolition of serfdom/feudal system
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Women and the Code
• Civil Code was a step back for women• More difficult to:
– Divorce husbands– Inherit property
• Not allowed to testify in court• Women = officially “less equal than men”
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New Bureaucracy
• Created a strong centralized administration
• Officials hired on merit, not birthright
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New Aristocracy
• 1808 - 1814 - created 3,200 new nobles• Based on meritorious service to France• Most (60%) were military officers and
were middle class in origin• Only 22% were from “old” aristocratic
families
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Napoleonic Wars
• From 1807 - 1812, Napoleon was the master of Europe
• Empire comprised of 3 major parts:– The French Empire– Dependent States– Allied States
• See map on page 364 in your textbook
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Napoleon’s Nemesis: Great Britain
• One place Napoleon just couldn’t defeat• England = strong navy• France + Spain = invasion of GB (1805)
– Failed (infamous Battle of Trafalgar)
• Implemented Continental System to disrupt GB’s trade & cripple it economically– Failed (allies didn’t want Napoleon telling them
what to do)
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Nationalism
• A sense of unique identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols
• Napoleon created a sense of nationalism throughout the places he conquered (commonality = their hatred of him)
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The Russian Campaign
• June 1812 - 600,000 French troops invaded Russia
• Expected quick victory• Russians refused to fight
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Russian Campaign
• Russians retreated deeper into their own country
• Burned their own villages & countryside• WHY???
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Defeat in Russia
• French were:– Deep in Russia– Winter (no proper clothes)– Without food/supplies– Demoralized
• What do you think Napoleon did?
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The Great Retreat
• As Napoleon and his troops retreated, many died of starvation and freezing
• When they reached Poland in January 1813, only 40,000 of the original 600,000 were alive
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Napoleon Falls
• Other European states attacked France while it was weak
• Paris was captured in March 1814• Napoleon was sent into exile on the
island of Elba (off NW Coast of Italy)• Monarchy restored - Louis XVIII (Louis
XVI’s brother) now king
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What About Josephine?
• Because she could not produce an heir, Napoleon divorced her January 10, 1810
• He remarried Marie-Louise of Austria 2 months later (who did give him a son)
• Josephine died of pneumonia on May 29, 1814
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He’s Baaaack…
• Napoleon returned March 20, 1815• He would rule for 100 days• He raised an army and proceeded to Waterloo,
Belgium
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Waterloo• Napoleon was defeated
by the Duke of Wellington (commanding Prussian & British armies)
• Exiled to St. Helena • He died there in 1821 of
stomach cancer• Last words, “France,
the army, Josephine…”
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