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Title 南西諸島の恙虫相

Author(s) 鈴木, 博

Citation 熱帯医学 Tropical medicine 19(1). p1-25, 1977

Issue Date 1977-03-30

URL http://hdl.handle.net/10069/4215

Right

NAOSITE: Nagasaki University's Academic Output SITE

http://naosite.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp

T ropical Medicine, 19 (1), 1-25, March, 1977 1

Trombiculid fauna in Nansei Islands, Japan

(Prostigmata, Trombiculidae)

Hiroshi SUZUKI

Department of Virology, Institute for Tropical Medicine,Nagasaki University

(Director : Prof. Kaoru HAYASHI)

Abstract : Nansei islands are long chained islands located south of Japan's main islands,

and are zoogeographically at a contact point of Oriental Region and Palaearctic Region. These

islands had been isolated from the continent and Japan's main islands long before Japan islands

were isolated from the continent. Among each individual island of the islands, the time and

origin of the birth are seen to be different. Consequently, the biological fauna of each island

are quite specific and the islands are very interesting as the object for studying biogeography

and differentiation of the species specifically developed in individual islands. As it is well

known, the venomoussnake "Habu", Trimeresurus flavoviridus, lives on the islands of Okinawaand Amami, which makes it difficult to conduct field surveys and disturbs the development

of various studies in the islands. The author lived on Amamioshima Island from 1971 to 1975

and studied Trombiculid fauna on Nansei Island. Reported here are the results of studies by

the author and also records of Trombiculid mites reported by other investigators so far. It

shows peculiar characteristics of the fauna in each island and comparative results between

the fauna of the islands and Japan's main islands.

METHODS

Approximately 1 kg of soil samples were collected in a plastic bag from the location

suspected as a nest hole (sphere of movement) of various animals and unadhered larval mites

were recovered from the soil by Tullgren apparatus at the laboratory (Suzuki, 1973). The

surveys were performed also on as many host animals as possible. The identification of

Trombiculid mites were followed by Vercammen-Grandjean (1968).

Localities (Fig. 1) :

A. Yaeyama Islands (Iriomote Is. and Ishigaki Is.) and Okinawa Island

In Yaeyama islands, collections from bats were reported by Kano et al. (1955) and

by Miyazaki et al. (1959). The author conducted a survey at Iriomote Is. in Feb. 1974.

Contribution No. 797 from the Institute for Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University.Received for publication, February 10, 1977

Kyushu

à"fane islandYaku Island C

Watase Litje

Aitiatnioshima Island

>Ckir.oerabu Island

a Voron Island

Okinawa Island

'ishigakl Island

Jriocrote Island

Fig. 1. Map of Nansei Islands Chain.

In Okinawa Island, Wharton and Hardcastle (1946) reported the mites from wild

birds in 1944-1945, and the author has made surveys at northern part of the island inJan. 1973 and Nov. 1976.

B. Amami Islands (Yoron Is. , Okinoerabu Is. , Tokunoshima Is. and Amamioshima Is.)

Results in this report are compiled from reports by Yaita in Yoron Is. (1959),

Kano et at. (1969) and Kaneko (1967) in Amamioshima Is., and also from collection

records by the author and Suzuki et aL in Okinoerabu Is. (Dec. 1972), Tokunoshima

Is. (Feb. 23-24, 1973) and Amamioshima Is. (1971-1975).

C. Tane Island and Yaku Island

Reported here are results of surveys by Kaneko et al. (1961) and by Suzuki et al.

(Dec. 1973, Feb. 1975, Dec. 1975).

Of the above localities, Amamioshima Is. where abundant animal fauna inhabit

in a well reserved natural environment than any other islands of Nansei Islands was

considered to be suitable for the surveys. Furthermore, the laboratory is located at

the southern part of the island. Therefore, it was possible to carry out 140 times of

collection in total in the uncultivated forest and fields of the island during the periodicalsurey from Sept. 1971 to Sept. 1974. In order to study seasonal prevalence of Trombi-

culid mites, the monthly collections were carried out also in Mt. Yuwandake (694.4m

high) which forests are reserved in native feature as a national protective area.

The surveys were also conducted in neighboring uninhabited islands such as

Kakeroma Is. , Yoro Is. etc. Host animals surveyed were 16 species of Mammalia, ll

species of Aves, 7 species of Reptilia and 2 species of Crustacea.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3

As seen in Table 1, there are 55 species of 21 genera of Trombiculid mites have been

clarified from 29,984 specimens. The total number of species of the mites in Japan have

reached to 99 species of 25 genera by adding new species discovered in this survey; 2 genera

unrecorded in Japan, ll species newly described and 6 species newly recorded by the author.

Results by Localities :

As shown in Table 2, 17 species of 10 genera have been collected in these islands,

A. Yaeyama Islands and Okinawa Island (Table 2).

The description of Trombiculid mites in Okinawa Is. were at first about 7 speciesfrom wild birds (Monticola solitarius, Streptopelia orientalis, Butorides striatus, Egretta

intermedia, Gygis alba) reported by Wharton and Hardcastle (1946). Then 3 species

were collected from reptiles (Japalura polygonata, Cyclemys flavomarginatd) and black

heron (Egretta sacra) in Ishigaki Is. and Iriomote Is. reported by Kano et al. (1956),

and 1 species of Whartonia iwasakii was collected by Miyazaki et al. (1959) from the

bat (Hipposideros turpis) in Ishigaki Is. Kaneko et al. reported a collection in Taiwan(1966), then, Toshioka et al. reported (1962) Babiangia ipoides collected from the lung

of sea snakes (Laticauda laticaudata, Laticauda affinis, Laticauda semifasciatd) , which

morphology is quite uncommon. As a result, in Yaeyama Island area and the north

of Ishigaki Is. , there has been no report of collection of Trombiculid mites, hitherto.

Furthermore, there have been no reports of the mite from mammals, only from birds,

reptiles and amphibians. In Feb. 1974, the author conducted a survey in Iriomote Is.,but no Trombiculid mite were collected. These results have been agreed with a report

from wild rats by Kano et al. (1956).In Okinawa Island, however, the author conducted the surveys in the northern

part of the island (1973, 1976) and obtained 688 specimens of Leptotrombidium kawamurai,

2 specimens of Ascoschoengastia noborui, 1 specimen of Walchiella amamiensis 21

specimens of Gahrliepia saduski and 1 specimen of Microtrombicula sp. These resultshave confirmed the existance of Trombiculid mites in mammals in Okinawa Is.

It seems that the poor results found in Yaeyama Is. area may be due to fewer

times of the survey and poor mammalian fauna in the area.B. Amami Islands

1. Yoron Is. , Okinoerabu Is. and Tokunoshima Is. (Table 3)

As seen in Table 3, ll species of 7 genera have been recorded in these

islands. Only previous reports for the three islands is a species of Doloisia okabei

collected in Yoron Is. by Yaita (1959).

The author conducted the collection in Dec. 1972 and obtained 2 species of

Neoschoengastia posekanyi and Doloisia satoiana in Okinoerabu Is.Yoron Is. and Okinoerabu Is. raised with coral reefs, about 100 m high, covered

with few woods. Therefore, mammalian fauna in these two islands is quite poor andTrombiculid fauna is also rare.

4

Table 1. Family LEEUWENHOEKIINAE Womersley, 1966 and TROMBICULIDAE Ewing,1944 in Nansei Islands

A. Sub family LEEUWENHOEKIINAE Womersley, 1944

Tribe LEEUWENHOEKIINI Vercammen-Grandjean, 1968

(1) Genus Acomatacarus Ewing, 1942

1. Acomatacarus (Orochlorus) yosanoi (Fukuzumi and Obata, 1953)(Kitasato Arch. Exp. Med., 26 (1) : 19)

Tribe Whartoniini Vercammen-Grandjean, 1968

(2) Genus Whartonia Ewing, 1944

2. Whartonia (Asolentria) iwasakii (Miyazaki, Kamo and Kawashima, 1959)(kyushu J. Med. Sci., 10 : 94)

B. Sub family GAHRLIEPIINAE Womersley, 1952

(3) Genus Gahrliepia Oudemans, 1952

3. Gahrliepia (Gaterid) saduski (Womersley, 1952)(Rec. S. Australian Mus., 10 : 301)

(4) Genus Walchia Ewing, 1931

4. Walchia (Walchia) ogatai (Sasa and Teramura, 1952)(Tokyo Iji Shinshi, 68 (5) : 10)

5. Walchia (Walchia) pentalagi Suzuki, 1975(Japan. J. Exp. Med., 45 (3) : 101)

6. Walchia (Ripiaspichia) sawaii Suzuki, 1975(Japan. J. Exp. Med., 45 (3) : 101)

C. Sub family TROMBICULINAE Ewing, 1929

Tribe TROMBICULINI Vercammen-Grandjean, 1960

(5) Genus Eutrombicula Ewing, 1938

7. Eutrombicula (Eutrombicula) ablephara (Womersley, 1952)(Rec. S. Australian Mus., 10 : 86)

8. E. (£.) wichmanni (Oudemans, 1905)(Ent. Berichten, 1 : 217)

E. (Siseca) haematocheiri Suzuki, 1976

(Japan. J. Sanit. Zool., 27 (3) : 271)E. (S.) sp.

(6) Genus Babiangia Southcott, 1954)Babiangia (Vatacarus) ipoides Southcott, 1957

(Trans. R. Soc. S. Austral. 30 : 165)

(7) Genus Leptotrombidium Nagayo, Miyagawa, Mitamura, and Imamura, 1916Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) akamushi groupL. (L.) deliense (Walch, 1923)

(Kitasato Arch. Exp. Med., 5 (3) : 83)L. (L.) fuji (Kuwata, Berge and Philip, 1950)

(J. Parasitol., 36 : 80)L. (L.) kawamurai (Fukuzumi and Obata, 1953)

(Kitasato Arch. Exp. Med., 26 (1) : 2)L. (L.) kitaokai (Asanuma, Suzuki and Fujikura, 1959)

(Japan. J. Sanit. Zool., 10 : 136)L. (L.) kuroshio (Sasa and Kawashima, 1951)

(Tokyo Iji Shinshi, 68 (12) : 15)L. (L.) miyajimai (Fukuzumi and Obata, 1951)

(Kitasato Arch. Exp. Med., 23 (4) : 6)L. (£.) pallidum burnsi (Sasa, Teramura and Kano, 1950)

(Tokyo Iji Shinshi, 67 (10) : 22)

Table 1 (continued)

「・

J

20. L. (L.) pallidum pallidum (Nagayo, Mitamura and Tamiya, 1919)(Jikken Igaku Zasshi, 3 : 265)

21. L. (L.) scutellare (Nagayo, Miyagawa, Mitamura, Tamiya and Tenjin, 1921)

(Amer. J. Hyg., 1 : 571)22. L. (Trombiculindus) kansai (Jameson and Sasa, 1953)

(J. Parasitol., 39 : 247)

(8) Genus Microtrombicula Ewinj, 1950

23. Microtrombicula (Microtrombicula) sp.

(9) Genus Miyatrombicula Sasa, Kawashima and Egashira, 1952

24. Miyatrombicula (Miyatrombicula) kochiensis (Sasa, Kawashima and Egashira, 1952)(Tokyo Iji Shinshi, 69 : 337)

25. M. (AT.) okadai Suzuki, 1976

(Japan. J. Sanit. Zool., 27 (3) : 271)

(10) Genus Neotrombicula Hirst, 1925

26. Neotrombicula {Neotrombicula) tamiyai (Philip and Fuller, 1950)(Parasitol., 40 : 51)

27. N. (Ar.) mitamurai (Sasa, Hayashi, Kumada and Teramura, 1950)

(Tokyo Iji Shinshi, 67 (ll) : 18)

(ll) Genus Eltonella Audy, 1956

28. Eltonella (Eltonella) ichikawai (Sasa, 1952)

(Japan. J. Sanit. Zool., 3 : 81)

(12) Genus Toritrombicula Sasa, 1954

29. Toritrombicula (Toritrombicula) anus (Wharton, 1945)(J. Parasitol., 31 : 403)

30. T. (T.) gygis Bernnan and Amerson, 1971(J. Parasitol., 57 (6) : 1311)

31. T. (T.) hasegawai (Sasa, Hayashi and Kawashima, 1953)(Tokyo Iji Shinshi, 70 : 203)

(13) Genus Sasatrombicula Vercammen-Grandjean, 1960

32. Sasatrombicula (Sasatrombicula) koomori (Sasa and Jameson, 1954)(Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser., 28 : 316)

Tribe SCHOENGASTINI Vercammen-Grandjean, 1960

(14) Genus Ascoschoengastia Ewing, 1946

33. Ascoschoengastia (Ascoschoengastia) ctenacarus (Domrow, 1962)

(Acarologia 4 : 592)34. A. 04.) indica (Hirst, 1915)

(Bull. Ent. Res., 6 : 183)35. A. (A.) noborui Suzuki, 1976

(Japan. J. Sanit. Zool., 27 (3) : 271)36. A. 04.) sp.

37. A. (Paraschoengastia) monticola (Wharton and Hardcastle, 1946)(J. Parasitol., 32 : 301)

(15) Genus Schoengastia Oudemans, 1910

38. Schoengastia (Schoengastia) hanmyaensis Suzuki, 1976(Japan. J. Sanit. Zool., 27 (3) : 271)

(16) Genus Walchiella Fuller, 1952

39. Walchiella (Walchiella) amamiensis Suzuki, 1976(Japan. J. Sanit. Zool., 27(3) : 271)

40. W. (W.) oudemansi (Walch, 1922)(Geneesk. Tijds. Ned. Ind., 62 : 530)

6

Table 1 (continued)

(17) Genus Doloisia Oudemans, 191041. Doloisia (Doloisia) minamii Suzuki, 1976

(Japan. J. Sanit. Zool., 27 (3) : 31)

42. D. (D.) okabei (Sasa, Hayashi, Kawashima, Mitsutomi and Egashira, 1952)(Tokyo Iji Shinshi, 69 : 160)

43. D. (D.) satoiana Suzuki, 1976(Japan. J. Sanit. Zool., 27 (3) : 31)

44. D. CD.) synoti (Oudemans, 1910)(Ent. Ber. Amst., 3 : 83)

45. Z). CD.) zentokii Suzuki, 1976(Japan. J. Sanit. Zool., 27 (3) : 31)

(18) Genus Helenicula Audy, 195446. Helenicula (Helenicula} sp.

(19) Genus Mackiena Traub and Evans, 1950

47. Mackiena (Mackiena) todai Kamo, 1953(Kyushu Mem. Med. Sci., 4 : 200)

(20) Genus Cordiseta Hoffmann, 195448. Cordiseta (Kayelld) nakayamai Suzuki, 1976

(Japan. J. Sanit. Zool., 27 (3) : 271)(21) Genus Neoschoengastia Ewing, 1929

49. Neoschoengastia (Megaschoengastia) carveri (Wharton and Hardcastle, 1946)(J. Parasitol., 32 : 313)

50. N. (M.) namurui (Wharton and Hardcastle, 1946)

(J. Parasite., 32 : 316)

51. N. (Neoschoengastia^ americana solomonis (Wharton and Hardcastle, 1946)(J. Parasitol., 32 : 313)

52. N. (N.) atollensis (Wharton and Hardcastle, 1946)

(J. Parasitol., 32 : 306)

53. N. (N.) egretta (Wharton and Hardcastle, 1946)(J. Parasitol., 32 : 304)

54. N. (TV.) posekanyi (Wharton and Hardcastle, 1946)(J. Parasitol., 32 : 302)

55. N. (.JV.) shiraii (Sasa and Sato, 1953)(Tokyo Iji Shinshi, 70 : 144)

Table 2. Number of trombiculid mites collected from Iriomote, Ishigaki and Okinawa Islands

Species Localities Number of specimens

*1. Whartonia (A.) iwasakii Ishigaki 52. Gahrliepia (G.) saduski Okinawa 21

*3. Eutrombicula (£.) ablephara Ishigaki 43*4. E. (£.) wichmanni Ishigaki, Iriomote 26*5. Babiangia (V.) ipoides Ishigaki ?

6. Leptotrombidium (L.) kawamurai Okinawa 6887. Microtrombicula (M.) sp. Okinawa 1

*8. Toritrombicula (T.) <2««s Iriomote 139. Ascoschoengastia C4.) noborui Okinawa 2

*10. A. (P.) monticola Okinawa 44ll. Walchiella (W.) amamiensis Okinawa 1

*12. Neoschoengastia (M.) carveri Okinawa 14*13. iV. (M.) namurui Okinawa 1*14. N. (Af.) americana solomonis Okinawa 34*15. N. (/Y.) atollemis Okinawa 1*16. N. (N.) egretta Okinawa 3*17. AT. (AT.) posekanyi Okinawa 17

*Other author's collection

Table 3. Number of trombiculid mites collected from Yoron, Okinoerabu andTokunoshima Islands

【

！、

Species Localities

1. Acomatacarus (O.) yosanoi

2. Gahrliepia (G.) saduski

3. Walchia (W.) pentalagi4. W. (£.)sawaw

5. Leptotrombidium (L.) kawamurai

6. L. (Z/.) kuroshio

7. Ascoschoengastia (A.) noborui

*8. Doloisia (D.) o^a^z

9. D. (D.) satoiana

10. Neoschoengastia (A/T.) posekanyi

ll. .V. (AT.) 5/w'ran

Tokunoshima

Tokunoshima

Tokunoshima

Tokunoshima

Tokunoshima

Tokunoshima

Tokunoshima

YoronTokunoshima, Okinoerabu

Tokunoshima, Okinoerabu

Tokunoshima

Number of specimens

1

2273

167

4

365

9

14

10

2

2

2

Other author's collection

Tokunoshima Is. , however, contains abundant hilly woods and fields surrounding

Mt. Inokawa-dake (644. 8 m high), and mammals, including the Amami-rabbit,

Pentalagus furnessi living on the island are also abundant as well as in Amami-oshima

Is. The author conducted a survey in Dec. 1973 and collected 9 species of 7 genera

of Trombiculid. The species composition of Trombiculid found in Tokunoshima Is.

corresponds to that found m Amamioshima Is. In Tokunoshima Is., 167 specimens

of W. pentalagi specifically parasitized in Amami-rabbit, have been collected from

soil samples of the dirt hole suspected as the nest hole of the rabbit.

2. Amamioshima Island (Table 4)

Amamioshima Is. is the third largest island in Japan next to Okinawa Is. and

Sado Is. The collections were conducted mainly in the southern part of the island

because the northern part is mostly cultivated.

As shown in Table 4, 39 species of 17 genera have been collected in this island

(the largest collection of all islands surveyed). The great many times of collection

may be one of the reasons for the largest collection, but the main factor must bethe natural environment of this island. Even though the destruction of nature has

gradually progressed, approximately 80% of the island is occupied by native forest

and field, which is a much larger area than any other island of Nansei Islands. This

particular situation should explain the abundance of mammals, including specificanimals to this island, and also the rich fauna of Trombiculid mites both which are

closely related to each other.Another characteristic of mammals in this island is that the origin of the animals is

much older than that of animals in any other island of Japan. Therefore, Trombiculid

mites of various species and genera parasitizing in those animals are also quite uncommon.

Furthermore, there is an obvious difference of Trombiculid fauna found between cultivated

areas and undeveloped areas of this island. Table 5 shows the collections by different natural

environment. Of 22 species of 14 genera in total, 19 species of ll genera were collected

8

i n Mt. Yuwandake. It indicates that all the species, except 3 species collected frompropagating habitat of sea-birds in Hanmya Is. (uninhabited is.), have been found inMt. Yuwandake. The forest of 103.13 hectar in Mt. Yuwandake, are reserved as national

protected areas by the government, where the rich mammalian fauna is contained in a well-

Tabe 4. Number of trombiculid mites collected from Amami-oshima

Species Number of specimens

1. Acomatacarus (O.) yosanoi

2. Gahrliepia (G.) saduski

3. Walchia (W.) pentalagi4. W. (£.)sawan

5. Eutrombicula (S.) haematocheiri

6. E. (5.)sp.

*7. Babiangia (Vatacarus) ipoides

8. Leptotrombidium (L.) akamushi group

*9. L. (L.) tfeftoue

10. L. (L.) kawamurai

*11. L. (L.) kitaokai

12. L. (L.) kuroshio

13. L. (I/.) miyajimai

14. L. (L.) pallidum burnsi

15. L. (L.) scutellare

*16. Miyatrombicula (M.) kochiensis

17. M. (M.) oiarfa/

18. Eltonella (£.) ichikawai

19. Toritrombicula (T.) gygis

20. T. (T.) hasegawai

21. Ascoschoengastia (A.) ctenacarus

*22. A. (A.) m^ca

23. A. (A.) noborui

24. A. (P.) monticola

25. A. (A.)sp.

26. Schoengastia (<S.) hanmyaensis

27. Walchiella (W.) amamiensis

*28. T7. (T^.) oudemansi

29. Doloisia (D.) minamii

30. D. (D.) satoiana

*31. D. (D.) jywotf

32. D. (D.) zentokii

33. Helenicula (H.) sp.

34. Mackiena (M.) fo^at

35. Cordiseta (K.^) nakayamai

36. Neoschoengastia (M.) carveri

37. Ar. (iV.) americana solomonis

38. N. (IV.) posekanyi

39. JV. (AT.) 5Afra«

* Other author's collection

51

1242

9666

97

164

4

p

1

p

9868

p

494

65

25

1241

p

46

20

4

3

556

?

295

6

2

68

64

p

280

227

p

14

3

2

808

7

1

1

755

9

b alanced natural environment. On the other hand, areas around Mt. Yui-dake (483.6 mhigh), Mt. Kanmuridake (434m high), Mt. Takabachi (485.4 m high) and Mt. Kanengo-

dake (528m high) have been cultivated since the end of World War II.

Table 6 shows comparison of the species collected by different habitat in Mt. Yuwan-

dake area and Hanmya Island. Those habitats are nest holes of sea-birds in Hanmya Is. ,nest holes of Amami-rabbit in Mt, Yuwandake, nest holes of Amami spinous country-rat,

Tokudaia osimensis osimensis and tree holes that were discovered by a stream of a southern

slope of the mountain in 22 Dec. 1971. The tree holes are suspected as the habitat of the

Okinawa long-haired rat, Rattus legata.

As seen in table 6, 18 species of 10 genera of Trombiculids were discovered in soilsfrom nest holes of Amami-rabbit, which indicates the rabbit is the most important host for

the mite. Furthermore, 2 species of W. pentalagi and C. nakayamai were collected abundantly

only from the nest holes of the rabbit. This means those 2 species are specifically parasitizedto the Amami-rabbit.

Because of the result that 10 species of 7 genera of Trombiculids were collected from

soil below the tree holes, Okinawa long-haired rats are also an importnat host for the mite.

Trombiculid species of genera Cordiseta and Schoengastia, sub-genera Ripiaspichia

and Siseca were unrecorded in Japan before this survey. During this survey, the total of

28 species of 15 genera have been newly recorded in southern Amamioshima Is. Of them,

Table 5. Collection record of trombiculid mites at various stations in southern Amami-oshima

"'---_.Collection area Hanmya Mt. M y. Mt. Mt. Mt. KakeromaSpecies Island Yuwan Kanmuri Takabachi Kanengo Island

1. Acomatacarus (O.) yosanoi ll

2. Gahrliepia (G.) *zrf«sJb* 443 3

3. Walchia (W.} pentalagi 5161

4. TF. (#.) wztwm ll 9

5. Eutrombicula OS.) haematocheiri 8 92

6. Leptotrombidium (L.) akamushi group 1

7. L. (L.) kawamurai 2473 20 207 323 9 267

8. L. (Z.) kuroshio 152 15 5 5

9. L. (L.) miyajimai 22

10. L. (L.) pallidum burnsi 4

ll. L. (L.) scutellare 40

12. Miyatrombicula (M.) okadai 42

13. Eltonella (£.) ichikawai 12

14. Ascoschoengastia 04.) ctenacarus 361

15. ^. (A.) noborui 52 3 14

16. Schoengastia (*S.) hanmyaensis 68

17. Walchiella (W.) amamiensis 8

18. Doloisia (-D,) minamii 16

19. D. (D.) satoiana 124

20. Helenicula (//.) sp. 2

21. Cordiseta (/C.) nokayamai 714

22. Neoschoengastia (AT.) shiraii 755

10

the author has reported ll species of 8 genera as new species (1975, 1976).

Walchia pentalagi- Abundantly collected from soil of nest holes of Amami-rabbit, 91% ofmites from the rabbit.

Distribution : Amamioshima Is. and Tokunoshima Is.

Walchia CR.) sawaii-Belongs to sub-genus Ripiaspichia previously unrecorded in Japan.

Collected from soils of tree holes and also directly from Amami spinous country-rat.Distribution : Amamioshima Is. and Tokunoshima Is.

Eutrombicula OS.) haematocheiri-Parasitized in soft tissue of leg coxa and in gill of female

abdominal coxa of land crabs, Sesarma haematocheir and Potamon dehaani (the first

reported collection in the world of Trombiculid mites from such lower animals).

Distribution : Area from coast to the forest of southern Amamioshima Is. , during theseason from summer to autumn.

Miyatrombicula (M.) okadai- A large type of Trombiculids collected from nest holes of

Amami-rabbit and from soils below tree holes, and directly from Amami-rabbit, Black-

rat, Rattus rattus and Amami spinous country-rat.Distribution : Amamioshima Is.

Ascoschoergastia (A.) noborui- Mostly collected from soils below tree holes but some fromnest holes of Amami-rabbit and Black-rat.Distribution : Okinawa Is. Tokunoshima Is. and Amamioshima Is.

Table 6. Collection record of trombiculid mites according to the habitats, in the Mt. Yuwanand HanmyaIsland in southern AmamiIsland

~~~~--__Habitats Nesthole of ^est1?ole,°A N5st holeof ~ TT~SpecieT^-~^-__ seabird Amami-rabbit rodent Tree hole. (r\ jurnessi) {1. osimensis)

1. Acomatacarus (O.) yosanoi 41 3

2. Gahrliepia (G.) saduski 745 6 3

3. Walchia (T^.) pentalagi 4962

4. W. (7?.) sawaii 6 12

5. Eutrombicula (5.) haematocheiri 8

6. Leptotrombidium (Z/.) akamushi group 1

7. L. (L,) kawamurai 619 6 650

8. L. (L.) kuroshio 21 82 3

9. L. (L.) miyajimai 4

10. L. (I/.) pallidum burnsi 2

ll. L. (L.) scutellare 7 3

12. Miyatrombicula (M.) okadai 4 4

13. Eltonella (E.) ichikawai 3

14. Ascoschoengastia (A.) ctenacarus 1 361

15..A. (.A.) noborui \ 92

16. Walchiella (W.) amamiensis 5 6 1

17. Helenicula (H.) sp. 1

18. Doloisia (D.) minamii 6

19. D. (-D.) satoiana 55 5

20. Cordiseta (X.) nakayamai 524

21. Neoschoengastia (JV.) shiraii 717

22. Schoengastia (5.) hanmyaensis 46

11

Ascoschoengastia (A.) ctenacarus- Previously described by Domrow (1962) , collected from

squirrel, Callosciurus tenuis in Malaysia,

Four (4) specimens collected from Amami-rabbit. Finding this species in Amamioshima

Is. is quite interesting in zoogeographic viewpoint.

Schoengastia OS.) hanmyaensis-Collected from nest holes of sea birds, Calonectris leucomelas,at an uninhabited island (about 2 km round), south of Amamioshima Is. The species

is parasitic not only to birds but also to humans for the mites were adhering to thecollector's arm.

Distribution : Amamioshima Is.

Walchiella (W.) amamiemis-Collected from nest holes of Amami-raddit and from tree holes,

and also directly from Amami spinous country-rats and Black-rats.Distribution : Okinawa Is. and Amamioshima Is.

Toritrombicula (T.) gy^/s-Previously collected from Gygis alba in Phoenix Is. , south Pacific,

by Brennan et al. (1971).

Collected from Egretta sacra in Amamioshima Is.

Doloisia (D.) minamii-Collected from nest holes of Amami-rabbit and tree holes, and directly

from nasal cavities of Amami spinous country-rats and from Black-rats.Distribution : Amamioshima Is.

Doloisia (D.) satoiana - Collected from nest tunnels of Amami-rabbits and Amami spinous

country-rats, and from tree holes, directly from Amami spinous country-rat.Distribution : Okinoerabu Is. , Tokunoshima Is. , Amamioshima Is. and Yaku Is.

Doloisia (D.) zentokii-Collected directly from Black-rat and Amami spinous country-rats,but no larval mites collected from soil samples.

Distribution : Amamioshima Is.

Cordiseta (J^.) nakayamai-Abundantly collected from nest holes of Amami-rabbit and directlyfrom Amami-rabbit. This is a rare species of the collection from Mt. Yuwandake

area. Because, a type species of this genus is Cordiseta (K.) mexicana reported from

Mexico. It is quite interesting to study this species, therefore, to clarify relationships

to Trombiculid mite parasitizing in Mexican Volcano-rabbit, Romerolagus diazi beinga close relative of the Amami-rabbit.

C. Tane Is. and Yaku Is.

As seen in Table 7, 13 species of 7 genera have been collected in these islands.

There is no particular difference of species1composition of Trombiculids in these twoislands. Trombiculid fauna of the islands obviously corresponded to that of Japan's main

islands. Only one species of Doloisia satoiana is not found in the main islands. L. fuji,

the most dominant species in Japan, is also most dominant inthetwo islands. There have

been no records of L. fuji in any area south of Amamioshima Is.. The result shows that

Trombiculid fauna is greatly varied at Watase Line, a biological distribution boundary linebetween Yaku Is. and Amamioshima Is.

Collection directly from Host Animals :

As seen in Table 8, 44 species of 17 genera of Trombiculid mites have been collected

12

T able 7. Number of trombiculid mites collected from Tanegashima and Yakushima Islands

Species Localities Number of specimens

1. Gahrliepia (G.) saduski Tanegashima, Yakushima 792. Walchia (W.) ogataz Yakushima 4

3. Leptotrombidium (L.) /zyV Tanegashima, Yakushima 1,8344. L. (L.) kawamurai Yakushima 20

5. L. (L.) kuroshio Tanegashima, Yakushima 95

6. L. (L.) pallidum pallidum Tanegashima 2

7. L. (L.) miyajimai Tanegashima, Yakushima 26

8. L. (T.) £awttw Tanegashima, Yakushima, 16

9. Miyatrombicula (M. ) kochiensis Tanegashima 2110. Sasatrombicula (5.) koomori Yakushima, 7

ll. Doloisia (D.) okabei Tanepshima, Yakushima 3112. D. (D.) satoiana YakuBima 4

*13. Neotrombicula (A^.) tamiyai Tanegashima 1

* Other author's collection

directly from various host animals such as human, wild-rats, Amami-rabbits, wild Birbs,

reptiles, crabs etc. Comparing with the host fauna seen in Japan main islands, the fauna

in Nansei Islands is extremely various and peculiar, i.e. , crabs, lung of sea snake, scale

of Okinawa green snake, Opheodrys semicarinatus, lizard, turtle etc.

Fig. 2 shows locations where Amami-rabbits, Amami spinous country-rats and Blackrats were trapped in southern Amamioshima Is.Rodents:

In total, 6,315 mites of 14 species of 7 genera have been collected from 131 Amami

spinous country-rats and 63 Black-rats. Results of the identification of them have clarified

some unknown larval mites previously collected from soil samples. The most dominant speciesfrom the rat is L. kawamurai, this result is corresponded to that of collections of larva.

D. zentokii directly from the rat were not discovered in the collection of soil samples.Amami-rabbit :

Four (4) male and two (2) female Amami-rabbits have been captured and examined

for Trombiculid mites. In total, 4,467 mites of 10 species of 7 genera have been collected

from the six rabbits, and 91% of them are W. pentalagi.

As seen above, there is a great difference in the parasitic fauna between rats and

Amami-rabbit, and W.pentalagi have not been discovered from rat. From these result, the

author has suggested (1973, 1975) a special survey method for discovering the nest hole of

Amami-rabbit. The method is to find the nest hole by discovering larval W. pentalagi in

the soil, because the species of W. pentalagi is specifically parasitized only to Amami-rabbit.

The method has been proved to be effective during the survey of capturing the rabbit.

Comparison of Trombiculid Fauna between Nansei island and Japan's main island :As shown in Table 9, there are 13 species of 7 genera ofTrombiculid mites collected

in Tane Is. and Yaku Is., the most of northern part of Nansei Island. And all of mites

except D. satoiana are identified as same as those of fauna of Japan's main islands. In

Table 8. Trombiculid mites reported from hosts in Nansei Islands

13

Species Hosts Localities

1. Whartonia (A.) iwasakii

2. Gahrliepia (G.) saduski

3. Walchia (W.) pentalagi

4. Walchia OR.) sawaii

5. Eutrombicula (£.) ablephara

6. E. CE.) wichmanni

7. E. (£.) haematocheiri8. E. (5.)sp.

9. Babiangia (V.) ipoides

10. Leptotrombidium (I/.) deliense

ll. L. (L.)/tt/V

12. L. (L.) kawamurai

13. L. (L.) kuroshio

14. L. (L.) kitaokai

15. L. (L:) miyajimai

16. L. (L.) pallidum burnsi

17. L. (L.) scutellare

18. Miyatrombicula (M.) kochiesis

19. M. (M.) o&adaz

20. Neotrombicula (A^.) tamiyai

21. Eltonella (E.) ichikawai

22. Toritrombicula (T.) arcws

23. T. (T.) gygw

24. T. (T.) hasegawai

25. Ascoschoengastia (A.) ctenacarus

26. A. 04.) wdkca

27.A. (A.) noborui

28. A, (A.)sp.

29. A. (P.) monticola

30. Schoengastia (5.) hanmyaensis

31. Walchiella (W.) amamiensis

Hipposideros turpis

Apodemus argenteus, A. speciosus dorsalis,Rattus rattus, Tokudaia osimensis,

Pentalagus furnessi

Pentalagus furnessiTokudaia osimensis

Japalura polygonata

Cydemys flavomarginata , Japalura

polygonataSesarm haematocheir, Potaman dehaani

Opheodrys semicarinatusLaticauda laticaudata, L, affinis, L.

semifasciata

Rattus legata

Apodemus argenteus tanei, A. a. yakui,

A. speciosus dorsalis, Mus musculus oriiRattus rattus

Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus, R. legata,Tokudaia osimensis, Garrulus lidthi,

Pentalagus furnessi, Croddura dsinezumiorii, Mustela sibirica sho

Apodemus argenteus yakui, A. a. dorsalis,Rattus rattus, Tokudaia osimensis

Rattus norvegicus , Tokudaia osimensis

Apodemus speciosus dorsalis, Apodemus

argenteus yakui, Rattus rattus, Tokudaiaosimensis

Tokudaia osimensis, Pentalagus furnessiRattus rattus, Tokudaia osimensis,

Pentalagus furnessi

Apodemus speciosus dorsalis, Rattusrattus, Tokudaia osimensis

Rattus rattus, Tokudaia osimensis,

Pentalagus furnessi

Apodemus speciosus dorsalisTokudaia osimensis

Egretta sacra

Monticola solitalius philippensis

Corvus macrorhyn chos connectens

Pentalagus furnessi

Rattus legataRattus rattus, Tokudaia osimensis

Pentalagus furnessiMonticola solitarius

HomosapiensRattus rattus

Ishigaki-jimaTokunoshima, Amami-

oshima, Tanegashima,Yakushima

Amami-oshimaAmami-oshima

Ishigaki-jimaIshigaki-jima

Amami-oshima

Amami-oshima

Ishigaki-jimaAmami-oshima

Amami-oshima

Tanegashima,Yakushima

Amami-oshima ,

Yakushima

Amami-oshima ,

Tanegashima,Yakushima

Amami-oshima

Amami-oshima ,

Yakushima

Amami-oshima

Amami-oshim

Amami-oshima

TanegashimaAmami-oshima

TanegashimaAmami-oshima

Iriomote-jimaAmami-oshima

Amami-oshima

Amami-oshima

Amami-oshima

Amami-oshimaAmami-oshima

Okinawa, Amami-oshima

Amami-oshima

Amami-oshima

14

Table8〔continued）

Species Hosts Localities

32. W. (W.) oudemansi

33. Doloisia CD.) minamii

34. £>. (£>.) ofezfrft

35. D. (D.) satoiana

36. Z). (D.) jynotf

37. D. (D.) zentokii

38. Helenicula (#.) sp.

39. Cordiseta (K.} nakayamai

40. Neoschoengastia (M. ) carveri

41. A7". (AT.) namurui

42. AT. (Ar.) americana solomonis

43. AT. (Ar.) atollensis

44. Ar. (AT.) <?£«?#a

45. A7". (AT'.) posekanyi

Rattus legataRattus rattus, Tokudaia osimensis

Apodtmus speciosus dorsalis, Rattus rattus,Tokudaia osimensis, Suncus murinus

riukiuanus, Mogera wagura kanaiTokudaia osimensis

Rattus norvepicus, Tokudai osimensisRattus rattus, Tokudaia osimensis

Corvus macrorhynchos connectens

Pentalagus furnessi

Gygis alba , Monticola solitarius

Gygis alba,Butorides striatus, Monticola solitarius ,

Streptopelia orientalisBirds

Egretta intermedia

Monticola solitarius, Streptopelia orientalis

Amami-oshima

Amami-oshimaAmami-oshima , Ybron-

jima, Tanegashima,Yakushima

Amami-oshima

Amami-oshima

Amami-oshimaAmami-oshima

Amami-oshima

Okinawa, Amami-oshima

Okinawa,

Okinawa. Amami-oshima

Okinawa

Okinawa

Okinawa, Amami-oshima

\ £~ 1 : 200,000

\ Mt. Takabachi (

} Mt. Yakugachoboshi iJr Aà" A A pj

^/ Q 9 Mt. Kanengo,-J

\ O UKEN /

/ /^> SUMIYO Vill. ^'^

/ ^S\ KATOKU ^\f S k SHINOKAWAO \

^^ y-* /^TNj /?Mt' ^ AGINA/-/V'^

-^ N XI/7 AO°^-^^,_J A X^k-TV-TowerQ f^7\\

r^^Mt. Kanmuri -^ \ <VV» JIT5"Fassf*^ ^t// ^-X N^y \^) «^^ .~*^fj KAITSU

° «>>Mt.Yumishi"÷T5¢/uP”1"÷W,L>-T, J Ml~\_^^ f^á"7 Kakeroma Isi. t

0 CP33 SJ

j uKe-lsl^x^Và" Rabbit (V-- ^*\fO---Rodent S L

V. Xoro-Is'1.

Fig. 2. Collection places of Amami-Rabbits and Rodents in Amami-Island.

15

Tane Is. and Yaku Is., many species of host mammals for Trombiculid have were sub-

species through the process of species differentiation since they were isolated in the island.

On the other hand, there have been no specific species of Trombiculid mites reported

in the islands hitherto. This fact may be of value in studying species differentiation of

Trombiculids in the isolated circumstance.

Trombiculid mites collected in south of Amamioshima Is. are 47 species of 20 genera.

The mites found in birds are excluded from the discussion in this paper, such as, T.

hasegawai, A. monticola, N. americana solomonis, N. carveri, N. posekanyi and M. todai,

because the distribution of mits quite widely appeared. Of the 47, the species correspon-

ding to those observed in Japan's main islands are only ll species of 6 genera. The 36 of

47 species are either specific species to Amami Islands and Okinawa Is. or the speciesincluded into the fauna of South East Asia. Especially, two specific species of the mite

have been collected only from Amami-rabbit. It is extremely interesting to study to

compare Trombiculid mites from Amami-rabbit and mites from Mexican and African red

rabbits, Pronolagus crassicaudatus which are only 2 species known in the world and areclose relatives to Amami-rabbit.

It has been clarified that Trombiculid fauna is clearly separated by the Watase Line,

a biological distribution boundary between Yaku Is. and Amamioshima Is., as same as

all other animals or plants.

From an epidemiological view point, L. deliense collected in Amamioshima Is. is a

vector of Tsutsugamushi disease in South East Asia, and L. scutellare collected from the

same island is a vector of Tsutsugamushi-disease in the Izu Seven Is. L. kawamurai, the

Table 9. Comparison of Trombiculid mites from Rabbits and Rodents

~~~~--__Hosts Pentalagus furnessi Tokudaia osimensis Rattus rattus, ,,~~T- - Ex. :6 Ex.:182 Ex.:84

Tombicuhd mites

1. Leptotrombidium kawamurai 72 1 ,227 3, 970

2. L. kuroshio 0 328 1

3. L. miyajimai 0 42 3

4. L. pallidum burnsi 0 21 0

5. L. scutellare 90 300 181

6. Eltonella ichikawai 3 2 0

7. Miyatrombicula okadai 0 2 6

8. Gahrliepia saduski 161 30 22

9. Walchia pentalagi 4,083 0 0

10. Walchia sawaii 0 1 0

ll. Ascoschoengastia ctenacarus 4 0 0

12. A. noborui H ° 5

13. A. sp. 2 0 014. Walchiella amamiensis 0 4 9

15. Cordiseta nakayamai 1 0 0

16. Doloisia minamii 0 194 60

17. D. satoiana 0 6 0

18. D. zentokii 0 13 3

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18

most dominant species, in south of Amamioshima Is. is the mite mostly infected with the

Rickettsia in Hokkaido. Consequently, it is desired to carry a prompt survey on the existence

of the infectious source of Tsutsugamushi disease in Nansei Islands area.

SUMMARY

Trombiculid fauna in Nansei Islands (Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. , Amami Is., Tane

Is. and Yaku Is.) have been surveyed and compared with that in Japan's main islands.

1. The total of 55 species of 21 genera have been recorded; 7 species of 10 genera in

Yaeyama Is. and Okinawa Is., ll species of 10 genera in Yoron Is., Okinoerabu Is.

and Tokunoshima Is., 47 species of 20 genera in Amamioshima Is. and 13 species of

7 genera from Tane Is. and Yaku Is.

2. All of Trombiculid mites, except D. satoiana, collected in Tane and Yaku Is. have been

found included in the fauna of Japan's main islands. On the other hand, only ll of

47 species collected in the south of Amamioshima Is. correspond to that in the main

island of Japan. And it is concluded that Trombiculid fauna is clearly separated by the

Watase Line, a biological distirbution boundary.

3. Various species of Trombiculid mites have been found to be specific in Amamioshima Is.

Especially, W. pentalagi and C. nakayami have been specifically collected from Amami-rabbit.

4. It has been found that 3 important species (L. deliensey L. scutellare and L. kawamurai)

which is able to transmit Tsutsugamushi disease are distributed in Amamioshima Is.

5. Prevalence of Trombiculid fauna is found to be influenced by status of natural environment

and richness of animal fauna in the respective island.

6. Trombiculid mites collected directly from hosts were 45 species of 17 genera, included themits obtained from uncommonhosts such as crabs, snakes, lizards or turtles.

7. Eighteen (18) species of 9 genera of Trombiculid mites have been collected from Amami-

rabbit, Amami spinous country-rats and Black-rats in Amamioshima Is.

8. A great difference is found between Trombiculid fauna in Amami-rabbit and wild rats.

W.pentalagi, the most dominant species to Amami-rabbit, have not been collected from

anyrats.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Author would like to thank Dr. M. Sasa, National Institute for Environmental Studies,

for valuable assistances in carrying out this study.

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19

2) Asanuma, K., N. Kumada, K. Okubo, H. Taniguchi, T. Kugoh, K. Kaneko, T. Karasawa, J.

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20

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22) Domrow, R. (1962) : Four new species of Laurentella from S. E. Asia (Acarina, Trombiculidae).Acarologia, 6: 476-483.

23) Domrow, R. & M. Nadchatram (1962) : Three new species of Doloisia from S. E. Asia (Acarina,

Trombiculidae). Acarologia, 4 : 577-585.

24) Domrow, R. & M. Nadchatram (1964) : Four Thai chiggers with expanded sensillae (Acarina,

trombiculidae). Acarologia, 6 : 476-483.

25) Gunther, C. E. M. (1952) : A checklist of the trombiculid larvae of Asia and Australasia. Proc. Linn.

Soc. N. S. W., 77 : 1-60.

26) Hayashi, S., Suzuki, T., Tanaka, H., Teramura, S., Ueno, Y. & M. Sasa (1954) : Analytical

studies on the soil-surface distributions of unengorged larvae of Trombicula scutellaris, Trombicula

wichmanni and Trombicula akamushi. Studies on Shichito Feber. Pt. 3. Tokyo Helth Dept. pp.61-74. (in Japanese).

27) Hubert, A. A. & H. J. Baker (1963) : Studies on the habitats and population of Leptotrombidium

(Leptotrombidium) akamushi and Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) deliensis in Malaya (Acarina,

Trombiculidae). Amer. J. Hyg. , 78 (2): 131-142.

28) Jameson, E. W., Jr. & M. Sasa (1953) : Trombicula (Trombiculindus*) kansai, a new chigger fromCentral Honshu, J. Parasitol. , 39 : 247-249.

29) Kamo, H. (1953) : On a new species of trombiculid mite, Mackiena todai sp. nov. from birds in

Kyushu (Acarina, Trombiculidae). Kyushu Mem. Med. Sci 4 (2,3) : 199-204.

30) Kaneko, K. & R. Kano (1966) : Notes on two species of Trombiculid mites (Trombiculidae, Acarina)

in Taiwan. Jap. J. Sank. Zool., 17(3): 169-172.

31) Kaneko, K. & J. Akiyama (1961) : Studies on arthopods of medical importance on three islands of

Kagoshima prefecture. Jap. J. Sanit. Zool. , 12(3): 130-131. (in Japanese)

32) Kaneko, K. (1967) : Trombiculid mites of Amami-Oshima Island. Jap. J. Sanit. Zool., 18(2,3) :

158. (in Japanese)

33) Kano, R., K. Kaneko, S. Toshioka, Y. Ishigaki & K. Aniya (1956) : Collection record of trom-

biculid mites on Yaeyama Islands group, Ryukyu. Bull. Tokyo Med. Dent. Univ. , 3: 67-72.

34) Kano, R., Kumada, N., Kaneko, K. & T. Kugoh (1961) : Five species of trombiculid mites

recorded on Amami-Oshima Islands. Jap. J. Sanit. Zool. , 12(2): 135. (in Japanese)

35) Kitahara, K. & M. Yaita (1957) : Tsutsugamushi in Kagoshima district, especially on Doloisia

okabei. Jap, J. Sanit. Zool., 8(2): 85. (in Japanese)

36) Kundin, W. D., M. Nadchatram, R. W. Upam, Jr. & Ropmund (1966): Recovery of unengorged

larval trombiculid mites (Acarina) from ground holes. Nature, 211 (5054): 213.

37) Lakshana, P. & A. L. Dohany (1972) : A new and unusual chigger species of the genus and

subgenus Gahrliepia collected from southern Thailand (Prostigmata, Trombiculidae). J. Med. Ent. ,

9(1):13-15.

38) Mitchell, C. J. & M. Nadchatram (1966) : Seven new species of chiggers from Central India, with

a redescription of Leptotrombicula (L.) pelta (Womersley, 1952) (Acarima, Trombiculidae). J. Med.Ent., 3(1): 61-77.

39) Miyazaki, I., H. Kamo & K. Kawashima (1959) : Discovery of the Genus Whartonia Ewing,bat chiggers, in the Loochoo Islands (Acarina, Trombiculidae). Kyushu J. Med. Sci. , 10: 93-99.

40) Nadchatram, M. & J. W. Gentry (1964) : A new species of scrub-itch mite from Malaya, withnotes on ecology (Acarina, Trombiculidae). J. Med. Ent,, 1(1): 1-4.

21

41) Nadchatram, & R. Domrow (1964) : The intranasal species of Laurentella (Acarina, Trombicuiidae).

J. Med. Ent., 1(1): 29-39.

42) Nadchatram, M. & R. Traub (1964) : New species of chiggers from rodents in Laos (Acarina,

Trombicuiidae). J. Med. Ent., 1(1): 65-72.

43) Nadchatram, M. & P. Lakashna (1965) : Tow new Schoengastiine chiggers from Thailand (Acarina,

Trombicuiidae). J. Med. Ent., 1(4): 329-334.

44) Nadchatram, M. (1967) : Notes on the genus Toritrombibula (Sasa et a/.) with designation of neotype,

description of nymph and redescription of larva of Tori, densipiliata (Walch), and descriptions of two

new species from southern Asia (Acarina: Trombicuiidae). J. Med. Ent., 4(4): 401-415.

45) Nadchatram, M. & N. Wilson (1969) : A new species and new records ofMackiena (Acarina,

Trombicuiidae). J. Med. Ent., 6(1): 99-101.

46) Nadchatram, M. & R. Traub (1969) : Three new species of Guntherana Womersley and Heaslip

(Prostigmata, Trombicuiidae). J. Med. Ent. , 6(3): 263-268.

47) Nadchatram, M. (1970) : A review of intranasal chiggers with descriptions of twelve species from

East New Guinea (Acarina, Trombicuiidae). J. Med. Ent., 7(1): 1-29.

48) Nadchatram, M. (1970) : Correlation of habitat, environment and color of chiggers, and their potential

significance in the epidemiology of scrub typhus in Malaya (Prostigmata, Trombicuiidae). J. Med.

Ent., 7(2): 131-144.

49) Nadchatram, M. (1970) : Nepal chiggers 1. Species of the genus and subgenus Leptotrombidium,

with synonymic notes (Prostigmata, Trombicuiidae). J. Med. Ent. , 7(2): 145-163.

50) Nadchatram, M. & F. J. Radovsky (1971) : A second species of Vatacarus (Prostigmata, Trombi-

cuiidae) infesting the trachea of amphibious sea snakes. J. Med. Ent., 8(1): 37-40.

51) Nadchatram, M. & R. Traub (1971) : Chiggers of the genus Helemcula of the old world including

descriptions of 9 new species (Acarina, Trombicuiidae). J. Med. Ent. , 8(5): 562-597.

52) Radford, C. D. (1954) : The larval genera and species of Havest mites (Acarina, Trombicuiidae).

Parasitology, 44: 247-276.

53) Sasa, M. (1956) : Tsutsugamushi and Tsutsugamushi disease. Igaku Shoin Ltd., Tokyo, 1-497. (in

Japanese)

54) Sasa, M. (1958 a) : Trombiculid mites of Izu islands. Studies on Sichito Fever, Dept. Health Tokyo. ,

47-115. (in Japanese)

55) Sasa, M. (1958 b) : The sensibility of some parasitic insects and mites to carbon dioxide. Bull. Soc.

Franco-Japonaise de Biol. , 7: 235-247.

56) Sasa, M. (1965) : The mites. Tokyo Univer. Press. Tokyo., 161-206. (in Japanese).

57) Sasa, M., S. Hayashi & G. Kawashima (1953) : New records of trombiculid mites from birds in

Hachijo island. Tokyo Iji Shinshi, 70(4): 203-205. (in Japanese)

58) Sasa, M., S. Hayashi & K. Tokunaga (1953) : New notes of trombiculid mites from Kyushu.

Tokyo Iji Shinshi, 70(6): 313-314. (in Japanese)

59) Sasa, M. & R. Kano (1950) : Discovery of Trombicula wichmanni from Japan. Tokyo Iji Shinshi,

67(4): 9-10. (in Japanese)

60) Sasa, M., R. Kano, S. Hayashi, N. Kumada, A. Miura, K. Sato & K. Asanuma (1952) : On

the kinds, distribution and ecology of the tsutsugamushi found on Hachijo Island, and their relation

Shichito-netsu. Studies on Schichito Fever, Pt. 1. Dept. Health, Tokyo 91-104. (in Japanese)

61) Sasa, M. , F. Kawashima & M. Egashira (1952) : Trombicula (Miyatrombicula} kochiensis, n, subgenus,

n. sp., from western Japan. Tokyo Iji Shinshi, 69(6): 5-6. (in Japanese)

62) Sasa, M., A. Miura, H. Tanaka & K. Ueno (1955) : Studies on cluster fromations in unengorged

22

larvae of Trombicula scutellaris. Jap. J. Sanit. Zool. , 6(2): 135-136. (in Japanese).

63) Sasa, M. & K. Sato (1953) : Trombiculid mites found in Shimokita-peninsula. Tokyo Iji Shinshi,

70(3): 143-145. (in Japanese)

64) Sasa, M., H. Tanaka & S. Teramura (1955) : Notes on the behavior of unengorged larvae of

Trombicula akamushi (Brumpt) , especially on the mechanism of their claster formation and their relation

to expired CO2 gas. Jap. J. Sanit. Zool., 6(3,4): 166-169. (in Japanese).

65) Sasa, M., H. Tanaka, Y. Ueno & A. Miura (1957) : Notes on the bionomics of unengorged larvaeof

Trombicula scutellaris and Trombicula akamushi, with special references to the mechanisms of cluster

fromation and reaction to carbon dioxide expired by the hosts. Jap. J. Exp. Med., 27: 31-43.

66) Suzuki, H. (1970 a) : Studies on chigger mites at Mt Fuji area. 1. Collection records of unengorged

larvae. Jap. J. Sanit. Zool., 21(2): 139. (in Japanese).

67) Suzuki, H. (1970 b) : Field ecology of scrub typhus vector chiggers. 406th Annual Res. Prog. Rep.,287-302.

68) Suzuki, H. (1971) : Studies on chigger mites at Mt. Fuji area. 3. Studies on habitats and ecological

character by six genera, eighteen species of unengorged larvae. Jap. J. Sanit. Zool. , 22(2) : 101. (in

Japanese).

69) Suzuki, H. (1972 a) : Studies on chigger mites at Amami-Oshima Island. Jap. J. Sanit. Zool., 22

(4): 259. (in Japanese).

70) Suzuki, H. (1972 b) : Studieson chigger mites at Mt Fuji area. 4. Seasonal appearance of unengorged

larvae in small areas by the collection of quantitative and an established rule. Jap. J. Sanit. Zool. , 22

(4): 285. (in Japanese).

71) Suzuki, H. (1972 c) : Studies on chigger mites at Mt Fuji area. 5. Transition times and differences

of recovery rate of unengorged larvae using by Berlese method. Jap. J. Sant. Zool., 22(4): 286. (in

Japanese).

72) Suzuki, H. (1972 d) : A new species of Gahrliepia (Walchid) from Japan (Prostigmata, Trombicuhdae).

J. Med. Ent., 9(1): 30-31.

73) Suzuki, H. (1973) : Reports of medico-zoological investigations in the Nansei Islands. Part 1. The

trombiculid fauna of southern Amami-Oshima. Jap. J. Sanit. Zool. , 24(2): 135-142. (in Japanese).

74) Suzuki, H. (1975) : Reports of medico-zoological investigations in the Nansei Islands. Part III. Des-

criptions of two new species of Walchia from Southern Amami Island (Prostigmata, Trombiculidae)

Jap. J. Exp. Med., 45(3): 235-239.

75) Suzuki, H. (1976 a) : Reports of medico-zoological investigations in the Nansei Islands. Part IV.

Three new trombiculid mites of the genus Doloisia from the Amami Island (Prostigmata, Trombiculidae).

Jap. J. Sant. Zool., 27(3): 31-37. (in Japanese).

76) Suzuki, H. (1976 b) : Reports of medico-zoological investigations in the Nansei Islands. Part V. Six

new species of chiggers from the southern Amami Island (Prostigmata, Trombiculidae). Jap. J. Sanit.

Zool. , 27(3): 271-282. (in Japanese).

77) Suzuki, H. & Y. Noboru (1973 a) : Studies on arthoropods of medical importance in southern Amami

Island. Jap. J. Sanit. Zool., 23(4): 266. (in Japanese).

78) Suzuki, H. & Y. Noboru (1973 b) : Studies 2n chigger mites at Amami-Oshima. Discovery of

chigger mites from land living carbs. Jap. J. Sanit. Zool., 23(4): 309. (in Japanese).

79) Suzuki, H. & Y. Noboru (1974 a) : Fauna of trombiculid mites and hard ticks in Yakushima island.

Jap. J. Sanit. Zool., 34(4): 293. (in Japanese).

80) Suzuki, H. & Y. Noboru (1974 b) : Reports of medico-zoological investigations in Nansei Islands.

Sanitary zoology in Tokunoshima and Okinawa islands. Jap. J. Sanit. Zool. , 24(4): 332. (in Japanese)

ヨニj

81) Suzuki, T., S. Hayashi & S. Teramura (1955 a) : Ecological studies of chigger mites. (1) Collection

method of unengorged larval chigger mites by bakelite plate method. Tokyo Iji Shinshi, 72(2): 93-95.

(in Japanese).

82) Suzuki, T., S. Hayashi & S. Teramura (1955 b) : Studies on the diurnal rhythm of unengorged larvae

of Trombicula akamushi (Brumpt, 1910). Jap. J. Sanit. Zool., 6(2): 94-95. (in Japanese).

83) Suzuki, T., S. Hayashi & S. Teramura (1955 c) : Studies on behavior and distributions of larval

trombiculid mites. Jap. J. Sanit. Zool. 6(1): 47. (in Japanese).

84) Suzuki, T., M. Sasa, H. Tanaka, S. Hayashi & K. Ueno (1958) : Species of trombiculid mites

collected by bakelite plate and it's meaning. Studies on Shichito Fever. General review, Dept. Health

Tokyo. 101-106. (in Japaness).

85) Takada, N. (1976) : Studies on trombiculid mites in Tohoku district. Med. J. of Hirosaki Univ. 28:

391-426. (in Japanese).

86) Tamiya, T. (1962) : Recent advances in studies of Tsutsugamushi disease in Japan. Medical Culture

Inc., Tokyo 308pp.

87) Tanaka, H., Sasa, M. & K. Ueno (1957) : Notes on stimulated phenomenon of unengorged larvae

of Tombicula scutellaris by CO2 gas in breath. Jap. J. Sanit. Zool. , 6(2): 137-140. (in Japanese).

88) Toshioka, S., K. Kaneko & T. Kugoh (1962) : Studies on the endoparasitic mites. 1. On the

endoparasitic trombiculid mites. Jap. J. Sanit. Zool. , 12(2): 135. (in Japanese).

89) Tokuda, M. (1969) : Biologicalgeography Tsukiji shokan Tokyo. 199pp. (in Japanese).

90) Traub, R. & T. M. Evans (1950) : A new genus and species of trombiculid mite from Burma

(Acarina). J. Parasitology, 36(4): 356-359.

91) Traub, R. & E. W. Sundermeyer (1950) : A new species of Ascoschoengastia from Noth Burma

(Acarina, Trombiculidae). Proc. Helminth. Soci. Wash. , 17(1): 35-78.

92) Traub, R. & M. Evans (1951) : Two new species of Trombiculindus Radford from North Burma

(Acarina, Trombiculidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. , 44(2): 262-268.

93) Traub, R. & J. R. Audy (1954) : Malaysian parasites. IV. Species of Trombicula (Trombiculidae)from Borneo. Stud. Inst. Med. Res. Malaya, 26: 45-76.

94) Traub, R. & M. L. Morrow (1955) : A revision of the chiggers of the subgenus Gahrliepia (Acarina,

Trombiculidae). Smithsonian Miscell. Coll. , 128(6): 1-89.

95) Traub, R. & T. M. Evans (1957) : Malaysian parasites. XXVIII. Indomalaysian chiggers of the

subgenus Walchia Ewing (Acarina, Trombiculidae). Stud. Inst. Med. Res., Malaya, 28: 295-356.

96) Traub, R. & M. Nadchatram (1967 a) : Chiggers of the subgenus Trombiculindus Radford, 1948

known from Malaysia (Acarina, Trombiculidae, Leptotombidium). J. Med. Ent. , 4(4): 419-442.

97) Traub, R. & M. Nadchatram (1967 b) : Three new species of Leptotrombidium from southeast Asia

(Acarina, Trombiculidae). J. Med. Ent. , 4(4): 483-489.

98) Traud, R., M. Nadchatram & P. Lakshana (1968) : New species of chiggers of the subgenus

Trombiculindus from Thailand (Acarina, Trombiculidae, Leptotrombidium) J. Med. Ent. , 5(3): 363-

374.

99) Traub, R. & C. L. Wisseman, Jr. (1974) : The Ecology of chiggerborne rickettsiosis. J. Med.

Ent., ll(3): 237-303.

100)Ueno, Y. (1956) : Studess on Tsutsugamushi and Tsutsugamushi disease of Hachijo island. Jap. J.

Sanit. Zool., 7(3,4): 231-253. (in Japanese).

101)Ueno, Y.. H. Tanaka & M. Sasa (1955) : Studies on the appearance of unengorged larvae of

Trombicula scutellaris on the soil surface of Hachijo Island, and their mode of attaching to the hosts.

Jap. J. Sanit. Zool., 6(2): 133-134. (in Japanese).

24

102)Ueno, Y., H. Tanaka & M. Sasa (1956) : Studies on Tsutsugamushi and Tsutsugamushi disease of

Hachijo Island. Jap. J. Sanit. Zool., 7(2): 141-142. (in Japanese).

103)Upham R. W. Jr. & M. Nadchatram (1968) : Three new species of trombiculid mites from Malaysia

with a redescription and notes on Leptotombidium muridia (Womersley) (Acarina, Trombiculidae). J.Med. Ent,, 5(2): 195-203.

104)Upham, R. W. Jr., A. A. Hubert, O. W. Phang. Yusof bin Mat & G. Rapmund (1971): Distribution

of Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidiwrn} arenicola (Acarina, Trombiculidae) on the ground in west

Malaysia. J. Med. Ent., 8(4): 401-406.

105)Vercammen-Grandjean, P. H. (1960) : Introduction a un essai de classification rationelle des larvesde

Trombiculinae Ewing, 1944 (Acarina, Trombiculidae). Acarologia, 2(4) : 469-471.

106)Vercammen~Grandjean, P. H. (1965) : Revision of the genus Eutrombicula Ewing, 1938 (Acarina,Trombiculidae). Acarologia, 7: 280-294.

107)Vercsmmen-Grandjean, P. H. (1968) : The chigger mite of the Far East. Special study U. S. ArmyMed. Res. and Devel. Command Washin. D. C. 20315. 1-135.

108)Vercammen-Grandjean, P. H., N. Kumada, I. M. Newell, P. Robaux & H. Suzuki (1974) :

Ralphaudyna amamiensis, an ultimate homage to the memory of Dr, J, Ralph Audy (Acarina,Parasitengona) Jap. J. Sanit. Zool., 25(3): 245-249.

109)Wharton, G. W. & A. B. Hardcastle (1946) : The genus Neoschoengastia (Acarina, Trombiculidae)in the western Pacific area. J. Parasitology, 32: 286-322.

110)Womersley, H. (1945) : Acarina of Australia and New Guinea. The family Leeuwenhoekiidae. Trans.Roy. Soc. S. Australia, 69: 96-113.

Ill)Womersley, H. (1952) : The scrub-typhus and scrub-itch mite (Trombiculidae, Acarina) of theAsiatic-Pacific Region. Rec,. S. Aust. Mus., 10:Pt. 1:1-435, Pt. 2: 438-673.

112)Womersley, H. & J. R. Audy (1957) : Malaysian parasites. XXVII. The Trombiculidae (Acarina)

of the Asiatic-Pacific Region. A revised and annotated list of the species in Womersley, 1952 with

descriptions of larvae and nymphs. Stud. Inst. Med. Res. Malaya, 28: 231-294.

113)Womersley, H. & W. G. Heaslip (1943) : The Trombiculinae (Acarina) or itch-mites of the Austro-Malayan and Oriental Regions. Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, 67: 68-142.

114)Yalta, M. (1959) : Studies on tsutsugamushi in Kagoshima district (Report 2). Doloisia okabei in

Kagoshima city and Yoron Island. Jap. J. Sanit. Zool., 10(1): 41~45(in Japanese).

115)Yunker, C. E. & J. M. Brennan (1962) : Endparasitic chiggers: II. Rediscovery of Doloisia synoti

Oudemans, 1910, with descriptions of a new subgenus and two new species (Acarina, Trombiculidae).Acarologia, 4: 507-576.

南西諸島の恙虫相

鈴木博(長崎大学熱帯医学研究所ウイルス学部門)

南西諸島は,日本の南端に帯状に連なる島々からなり動物地理学上,東洋区と旧北区の接点に位置し

ている.しかも,これらの島々は,日本列島が大陸と隔離される以前に既に大陸とも日本列島とも隔

離されており,そこに生息する生物相には特異的なものが多い.従って,島で固有に進化した種によ

る種分化や,生物地理学的な研究の対象として注目されている島々である.筆者は,1971年から1975

年の間,奄美大島に常駐し,南西諸島の主な島々の恙虫相を調査した.本報では,筆者の調査をもと

に,これまでに報告された記録も併せて南西諸島の恙虫相をまとめ,各島々の恙虫相の特徴と日本本

土産の恙虫相との比較を試みた.調査地は,南は西表,北は屋久島を含む南西諸島の島々である.調

査の結果,八重山,沖縄群島から10属17種,与論,沖永良部,徳之島から7属11種,奄美大島から20

属47種,種子・屋久島から7属13種,合計21属55種が記録された.このうち,日本未記録属2種,新

種として筆者が記載した11種及び新記録6種を加え,本邦産恙虫は,25属99種になった.種子・屋久

島の恙虫は,Doloisia satoianaを除きすべて日本本土産のものに含まれ,奄美大島以南のものは,

47種のうち11種だけが本土産と一致した.この結果から,生物分布境界線渡瀬線は,恙虫相にも適用

されるものと考えられる.奄美大島には,特産の恙虫と思われる種が多く,特に,アマミノクロウサ

ギには特異的な寄生をする　W. pentalagi, C. nakayamaiが見出された.又,恙虫病媒介の有力種

L. deliense, L. scutellareが発見され,北海道でリケッチャ保有率が極めて高いL. kawamuraiが奄

美大島,沖縄本島での最優占恙虫であった.

熱帯医学　第19巻　第1号1-25頁, 1977年3月