Nanotechnology - the New Frontier Peter Grutter Physics Department McGill University peter.

Nanotechnology - the New Frontier

Peter Grutter

Physics Department

McGill University

www.physics.mcgill.ca/~peter

Science Fiction:

7of 9 on Star Trek

Field Ion Microscopy of tungsten tip

Imaging at 5.0 kV

A. Schirmeisen,

G. Cross,

A. Stalder,

U. Durig

P. Grutter

Field Ion Microscopy of tungsten tip

Imaging at 5.0 kV

Manipulating at 6.0 kV

Single atom on tungsten tip

Imaged at 2.1 KV

“If I were asked for an area of science and engineering that will most likely produce the breakthroughs of tomorrow, I would point to nanoscale science and engineering.” (…)

Neal Lane, Assistant to former US President Clinton for science and technology

The Impact of Nano

“The total societal impact of nanotechnology is expected to be much greater than that of the silicon integrated circuit because it is applicable in many more fields than just electronics.”

How big is a nanometer?

Definition of Nanoscience

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology investigates and applies phenomena, systems and structures where:

1. At least one dimension lc is a few nm

2. The properties are qualitatively different

because l < lc

Condition 2 distinguishes ‘nano’ from ‘micro’, macro-molecular chemistry’ or ‘biology’

Sub-micron is not nano!

‘Nanotechnology on siliconproducts: Intel leads in production and research’(Wall Street Journal)

Moore’s Law

Challenges and Opportunities for Semiconductor R&D

Production Year 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014

DRAM half pitch 180nm

Overlay accuracy 65nm

Gate length 140nm

CD control 14nm 9nm

Oxide thickness 2nm 1.9nm

Nature, 406, 1023 (2000)


Production Year 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014

DRAM half pitch 180nm 130nm100nm70nm 50nm 35nm

Overlay accuracy 65nm 45nm 35nm

Gate length 140nm80nm 65nm 46nm 30nm 20nm

CD control 14nm 9nm

Oxide thickness 2nm 1.9nm

Nature, 406, 1023 (2000)


Production Year 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014

DRAM half pitch 180nm 130nm100nm70nm 50nm 35nm

Overlay accuracy 65nm 45nm 35nm 25nm 20nm 15nm

Gate length 140nm80nm 65nm 46nm 30nm 20nm

CD control 14nm 9nm 6nm 4nm 3nm 2nm

Oxide thickness 2nm 1.9nm 1.5nm 1.2nm 0.8nm 0.5nm

Nature, 406, 1023 (2000)

What is Nanoelectronics?

What is Electronics?

• By electronics we mean the handling of complicated electrical wave forms for communicating information, probing (such as in radar) and data processing.

• Data processing is the result of one complex stream of information interacting with another.

• This requires non-linear behavior, otherwise information just gets passed on from one place to the other.

(Landauer, Science 1968)

Nanoelectronics

* Investigate those electronic properties of small systems that are fundamentally different because of size. Look for interesting non-linearities.

* ‘Smallness’ depends on property and temperature.

The relevant length scale for conductance (the Fermi length) is 0.5nm for metals, 5nm for semiconductors.

Conductance Quantization

Conductance quantization in a 5 nm diameter wire during elongation

J.L. Pascual, Science 267, 1793 (1995)

Experiment

Modelling

Nanoelectronics sub-fields

• Molecular electronics

• Spintronics

• Quantum computing

• ….

Storing information atom by atom

Ultra high density (Library of Congress on a pin head)

Ultra slow (needs life time of universe to write)

Huge footprint (UHV 4K STM)

D. Eigler, IBM Almaden

Crossbar architecture

Bio-chemical Sensors

Lennox Group,

Chemistry, McGill

Beware of PowerPoint Science

or Cartoon Engineering !!!

Molecular electronics: the issues

• Contacts• Structure-function

relationship between transport process and molecular structure

• Dissipation

• Crosstalk (interconnects)

• Architecture • I-O with a trillion

processors• Fault tolerance• Manufacturing costs

Does atomic structure of the contact matter?

Mehrez, Wlasenko, et al., Phys. Rev. B 65, 195419 (2002)

(Guo Group, McGill Physics)

Electronic Properties of Molecules: Requirements

R. Reifenberger

Yan Sun

Anne-Sophie Lucier

Henrik Mortensen

Sascha Schaer

Yoichi Miyahara

Peter Grutter

(McGill Physics)

STM of alkanethiols on Au(111)

M. Godin, P. Williams, P. GrutterY. Sun

C6/C8

C8

C60 on Au(111)

J. Mativetsky, S. Burke, Y.Sun, S. Fostner, R. Hoffmann, P. Grutter

Dynamics of tungsten tip:

30 frames per second field ion microscope movie

Anne-Sophie Lucier

3D Reconstruction: the real thing

W polycrystalline tipreconstruction software by M. Orchard-Webb

F(z) and I(z) of W(111) trimer on Au(111)

Schirmeisen et al,

NJP 2, 29.1 (2000)

C60 on KBr

Cleaved in air, annealed in UHV clean KBr with C60400 nm

120 nm

600 nm

S. Burke, J. Mativetsky, S. Fostner, R. Hoffmann, P. Grutter

C60 islands on Au(111)

19 18 16 14 7

Magnetic reversal of microfabricated magnetic particles

Aim:

use coupled magnetic particles to

process and store information

Issue:

switching field distribution

Ph.D. Thesis of X. Zhu

Quantum dots

50 nm diameter InAs Qdots grown on 10 nm InP and a

2DEG InGaAs

Sample grown at NRC IMS

J. Lefebvre, P. Poole, R. Williams et al

J. Crystal Growth 234, 391 (2002)

Cryogenic MFM of Nb flux lattice

Ph.D. Thesis of M. Roseman

Experimental Set-up

Conductive AFM tip

Tunnel barrier 10 nm InP

InGaAs 2-DEG

InAs QD (1st stack)

Electric field

Tunnel barrier 10 nm InP

InAs QD (2nd stack)

Bias Voltage

Sample B

First results of cryogenic electrostatic force spectroscopy on Qdots

R. Stomp,

Y. Miyahara, P. Grutter

double dot

Contacting a nano-dot with a Au wire

M. Pumarol, Y. Miyahara

S. Studenkin (NRC IMS)

Where will nano make an impact?• Electronics and photonics

– molecular electronics, spintronics– photonics– sensors

• Materials– ultra-fine powders, composites– harder, more corrosion resistant, dirt/bacteria repellent– green manufacturing, cost effective

• Bio-medical– emerging applications (materials, diagnostics, drug delivery...)– biomedical research tools (labeling, nanotools applied to biomed )– biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology

New materials: non-permeable, self-cleaning, anti-septic,...

Lotus leafLotus leaf (artificial):

nm sized hydrophobic wax size: water rolls (not slides) -> cleans

sol-gel based technique -> on market

Self-cleaning plastic, textiles:Self-cleaning plastic, textiles: CNT stabilized enzymes in polymer

Textiles with ‘Stain Defender’

Air-D-FenseAir-D-Fense (InMat, New Jersey):

nanoclay/butyl thin film 3000 fold decreased permeability

Ceramic Coatings: Ceramic Coatings: (Inframat)

No barnacles on ship hulls: reduced drag

Nano materials in labeling

• High throughput multiplexed assays (‘nano bar code’)

• Optical tracking on a cellular level with tagged CdSe quantum dots: which gene is active?

Basis: size dependent emissioncolor of ZnS capped CdSe nano particles

Nanobiotechnology: Nanobiotechnology:

the next ueber-hype ???the next ueber-hype ???

NanoBioTechnology

• NOT more cleverly packed, sub- arrays

• NOT microtechnology scaled to nano

• NOT macromolecular chemistry

• So - what is it ???

Nanobiotechnology

• Emerging applications: – new drugs and drug delivery systems– new materials

• Biomedical research tools:– nano materials for labeling & diagnostics– tools of nanoscience applied to biomed

• Biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology

Nanobiotechnology - examples

• Emerging applications: – new drugs– new materials



Potential new drugs

• Cyclic peptides assemble into hollow, nanometer sized pipes.

• These tube forming rings punch holes into (negatively charged) microbe membranes (nanobiotics). Ghadri et al. Nature 412, 452 (2001)

Potential new drugs & drug delivery systems

• Nanoshells of gold (tagged if necessary) can be heated from outside of body by IR, thus releasing drugs locally and controlled

• Makes use of high optical density of agglomerates

Nano materials in screening

• Polymer microspheres filled with different intensity ratios of color coding nanoparticles

• Each sphere is tagged with a different receptor /ligand/antibody/DNA strand, ... Han et al., Nature Biotech 19, 631 (2001)

Live Cell Imaging:

Time-lapse sequence after contraction stimulation (~20min/frame).Images are 50x50 m. B. Smith, B. Tolosko, J. Martin, P. Grutter

• Smooth muscle cell from rat trachea. • The contractile dynamics are relevant in the study of asthma.

DNA ‘unwinding’

Nature - DNA replication,polymerization

AFM probe

Au surface

Experiment - AFM force spectroscopy

DNA Intercalant Ethidium BromideDuplex poly(dG-dC) with EB

200 300 400 500

Forc

e [4

00 p

N /

div.

]Fo

rce

[400

pN

/ di

v.]

B-S Transition ~ 70 pN

Melting Transition ~ 300 pN

Duplex poly(dG-dC)

300 450 600 750 Molecular Extension [nm]

b = 0.8 nmL = 778 nm

b = 0.8 nmL = 462 nm

A,G

A,G

T,C

T,CEB

Anselmetti et. al. Single Mol. 1, 58 (2000)

Stimulation of Single Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Natural Process:Synaptic Transmission

Goal: To study channel gating kinetics and binding forces, while maintaining precise control of agonist location.

Experiment: Ligand-functionalized AFM tip

Biotechnology applied to Nanoscience

• Better materials (e.g. Abalone shell)

• Positioning of parts (e.g. DNA scaffolding)

• Growing of wires, magnetic particles, …

+

Branching scaffold units for the construction of geometricallygeometrically controlled nanostructures

Synthesis of Branched Metal-DNA conjugates

F. Mathieu, H. Sleiman (Chemistry McGill)

Oligonucleotide

Nano Technology

Nanotechnology is at its infancy, still rather quite primitive!

Nano Technology

• Science!• Scaling Laws? • Statistics?• Better function?• Throughput?

Nanotechnology is at its infancy, still rather quite primitive!

•Cost?

•Systems integration?

•Environmental impact?

•Social acceptance?

•Ethics?

some of the issues:

Nanoscience -> Nanotechnologycrystal ball gazing!

New tools: NOW

Nanomaterials: 0-5 years

Nanoelectronics: 15-20 years

Nanobio/nanomed: 20-30 years

Nano: Renaissance Science

nm

size

time

solid state physics &

engineeringbiology

chemistry

now!

nm

Nanotools Facility

Why will gray goo remainremain fiction?

• Contradicts many well-established laws of physics and chemistry:– fat finger problem – sticky finger problem– stability problem (positional and chemical)– (see R. Smalley, Sci. Amer. Sept 2001, p. 76)

• Challenges:– communication macro-nano– surface - volume effects

Nanotechnology - the New Frontier Peter Grutter Physics Department McGill University peter.

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