Nanotechnology Sreevidhya@Students

8/7/2019 Nanotechnology Sreevidhya@Students

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ContentContent

History ofHistory of nanotechnolgynanotechnolgy

Introduction ofIntroduction of nanotechnlogynanotechnlogy

ConclusionsConclusions


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NanotechonolgyNanotechonolgy foretoldforetold

Concept first introduced by American physicist Richard P.Concept first introduced by American physicist Richard P.Feynman (1918Feynman (1918--1988)1988)

Calculated that an encyclopedia set could be compressed toCalculated that an encyclopedia set could be compressed to

fit the head of a pin.fit the head of a pin.He described such atomic scale fabrication as bottom upHe described such atomic scale fabrication as bottom upapproach as opposed to top down approach we areapproach as opposed to top down approach we areaccustomed to.accustomed to.


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I NTRODUCTIONI NTRODUCTION

NanoscienceNanoscience is the study of phenomena and manipulation ofis the study of phenomena and manipulation ofmaterials at atomic, molecular and macromaterials at atomic, molecular and macro--molecule scales, wheremolecule scales, whereproperties differ significantly from those at a larger scale.properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale.

NanotechnologyNanotechnology is the branch of science and engineering whichis the branch of science and engineering whichdeals with creation of materials, devices, and systems through thedeals with creation of materials, devices, and systems through themanipulation of individual atoms and molecules. The originalmanipulation of individual atoms and molecules. The originaldefinition is technology that is built from single atoms and whichdefinition is technology that is built from single atoms and whichdepends on individual atoms for function.depends on individual atoms for function.

The goal of nanotechnology is to control individual atoms andThe goal of nanotechnology is to control individual atoms andmolecules to create computer chips and other devices that aremolecules to create computer chips and other devices that arethousands of times smaller than current technologies permit.thousands of times smaller than current technologies permit.Current manufacturing processes use lithography to imprintCurrent manufacturing processes use lithography to imprintcircuits on semiconductor materialscircuits on semiconductor materials..


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The prefix nano is derived from theGreek word for dwarf. One nanometer(nm) is equal to one-billionth of a meter,

10-9 m.A human hair is approximately 80,000nmwide, and a red blood cell approximately7000nm wide. Atoms are below ananometer in size. A nanometer-sizedparticle is also smaller than living cell andcan be seen only with the most powerful

microscope available today.

Nanotechnology is the technology ofpreference to make things small, light andcheap, nanotechnology basedmanufacturing is a method conceived forprocessing and rearranging of atoms tofabricate custom products .if we rearrangethe atoms in coal, we can get diamond. Ifwe rearrange atoms of sand we can makecomputer chips etc.

The original definition this technology thatis built from single atoms and whichdepends on individual atoms for function.


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Nano technology simply refers to devices

and materials fabricated on this type of

scale.

To manipulate each individual atom of an

object is the basic idea ofNanotechnology.

Such devices and materials can be built intwo ways using Macroscopic Fabrication

techniques.

1)Bottom up approach

2)Top Down approach

Nano technology is not confined to limited

number of fields. Every area of industry,

Health and environment can be improved

using this.


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With the Discovery of techniques to organize, characterize and

manipulate individual elements of matter as well as the increasinginsights into self organization principles of these elements the

world wide industrial conquest of nanoscale dimensions began.

The prospect of injecting patients with machines to make

repairs, of rating super-strong and like materials for spaceexploration, of restoring environmental systems on a molecular

level are all parts of the promise ofNanotechnolgy.


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Working of Nanotechnology:Working of Nanotechnology:

AtomsAtoms areare thethe buildingbuilding blocksblocks forfor allall mattermatter inin our our universeuniverse..

YouYou andand everythingeverything aroundaround areare mademade ofof atomsatoms.. NatureNature hashas

perfectedperfected thethe sciencescience ofof manufacturingmanufacturing mattermatter molecularlymolecularly.. For For

instance,instance, ourour bodiesbodies areare assembledassembled inin aa specificspecific mannermanner fromfrom

millionsmillions ofof livingliving cellscells.. CellsCells areare naturesnatures nanomachinesnanomachines..

NanotechnologyNanotechnology isis aa hybridhybrid sciencescience combiningcombining engineeringengineering

andand chemistrychemistry.. AtomsAtoms andand moleculesmolecules stickstick togethertogether becausebecause

theythey havehave complementarycomplementary shapesshapes thatthat locklock together,together, oror chargescharges

thatthat attractattract.. JustJust likelike withwith magnets,magnets, aa positivelypositively chargedcharged atomatomwillwill stickstick toto aa negativelynegatively chargedcharged atomatom..


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The goal nanotechnology is to manipulate atoms individually and

place them in a pattern to produce a desired structure. There are

three steps to achieving nanotechnology-produced goods:

Scientists must be able to manipulate individual atoms.

This means that they will have to develop a technique to

grab single atoms and move them to desired positions. In

1990, IBM researchers showed that it is possible to

manipulate single atoms. They positioned 35 xenon atoms

on the surface of a nickel crystal, using an atomic forcemicroscopy instrument. These positioned atoms spelled

out the letters IBM. You can view this nano-logo on this

page.

The next step will be to develop nanoscopic machines,

called assemblers, that can be programmed to manipulateatoms and molecules at will. It would take thousand of

years for a single assembler to produce any kind of

material one atom at a time. Trillions of assemblers will be

needed to develop products in a viable time frame.


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y In order to create enough assemblers to build consumer goods, some

nanomachines, called replicators, will be programmed to build more

assemblers.


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Trillions of assemblers and replicators will fill an area smaller than a

cubic millimeter, and will still be too small for us to see with naked eye.

Assemblers and replicators will work together like hands to automatically

construct products, and will eventually replace all traditional labour

methods. This will vastly decrease manufacturing costs, thereby makingconsumer goods plentiful, cheaper and stronger. In the next section, you

will find out how nanotechnology will impact every facet of society, from

medicines to computers.

Nano-technology in Medicine:

Nanomedicine may be defined as the monitoring, repair, construction

and control of human biological systems at the molecular level, using

engineered nanodevices and nanostructures. However, the full promises

of nanomedicine is unlikely to arrive until after the development of precisely controlled or programmable medical nanomachines and

nanorobots which were first hypothesized by the Nobel-winning physicist

Richard Feynman in 1959.


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Methods for designing and constructing these devices currently

being actively pursued by many universities and governmentorganizations in the United States, Europe and Japan, and also in

the private sector by nanotechnology startup companies and

nanotechnology seed capital firms.

One nanomachines are available, which are programmable and

controllable microscale robots comprised of nanoscale parts

fabricated to nanometer precision will allow medical doctors to

execute curative and reconstructive procedures in the human body

at the cellular and molecular levels. The ability to direct events in a

controlled fashion at the cellular level is the key that will unlock the

indefinite extension of human health and the expansion of humanabilities.


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Uses ofUses of nanotechonolgynanotechonolgy

NanotechnolgyNanotechnolgy in medicinein medicine

NanotechnolgyNanotechnolgy in electronicsin electronics

NanotechnolgyNanotechnolgy in foodin food


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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Nanotechnology is anNanotechnology is an umbrella term that covers many areas ofumbrella term that covers many areas ofresearch dealing with objects that are measured in nanometers.research dealing with objects that are measured in nanometers.

In the next 50 years, machines will get increasingly smaller..In the next 50 years, machines will get increasingly smaller..

Nanomachines to manufacture consumer goods at the molecularNanomachines to manufacture consumer goods at the molecularlevel, piecing together one atom or molecule at a time to makelevel, piecing together one atom or molecule at a time to makebaseballs, telephones and cars (which is the goal ofbaseballs, telephones and cars (which is the goal ofnanotechnology).nanotechnology).

As televisions, airplanes and computers revolutionized the world inAs televisions, airplanes and computers revolutionized the world inthe last century, scientists claim that nanotechnology will have anthe last century, scientists claim that nanotechnology will have aneven more profound effect on the next century.even more profound effect on the next century.

Nanotechnology Sreevidhya@Students

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