nanotechnology future of todays present

8/14/2019 nanotechnology future of todays present

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NANOTECHNOL

OGYCharacterization & synthesis

of ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized by

wet chemical Process

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SUBMITTED BY:- RAHUL

JAISWAL

B.Sc LIFE SCIENCES 2ND

YEAR

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude to Dr.VINAYGUPTA, Department of Physics andAstrophysics, University of Delhi for giving

me permission to commence this project in thefirst instance, to do the necessary research workand to use departmental data. I have furthermoreto thank ANJALI MADAM, AMIT SIR who helped &encouraged me to go ahead with my project.

I am deeply indebted Prof. Dr. HARISH whosehelp, stimulating suggestions and

encouragement helped me in all the time ofresearch for and writing of this project.

Especially, I would like to give my special thanksto my parents whose patient love enabled me tocomplete this work.

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DECLARATION

I hereby certify that the matter embodied in the project

entitled Characterization & synthesis of ZnO

Nanoparticles Synthesized by wet chemical

Process has been carried out by RAHUL JAISWAL at

the Department of Physics and Astrophysics under

the supervision ofProf. Dr.VINAY GUPTA for his short-

term programmed in Nanotechnology and that it has

not been submitted elsewhere for award of any degree

or diploma.

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CONTENTS

NANOTECHNOLOGY

a)NANOMETER

b)HISTORRY

c) PIONEERS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

NANOPARTICLES

a)HISTORY

b)PROPERTIESFABRICATIONS OF NANOTECNOLOGY

CHARECTERIZATION TECHNIQUES

a)UV-VIS SPECTROSCOPY

b)X-RAY DIFFRACTION

WHY I CHOOSE ONLY ZnO NANOPARTICLES

SYNTHESIS OF ZnO NANOPARTICLES

RESULT

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CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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NANOTECHNOLOGY

Nanotechnology is the creation of

USEFUL/FUNCTIONAL materials, devices andsystems (of any useful size) through

control/manipulation of matter on the nanometer

length scale and exploitation of novel

phenomena and properties which arise because

of the nanometer length scale:

NANOMETER:

One billionth (10-9) of a meter

Hydrogen atom 0.04 nm

Proteins ~ 1-20 nm

Diameter of human hair ~ 10 m

BRIEF REMINDING OF THE HISTORY

RELATED TO NANOTECHNOLOGY :

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1959

Feynman gives after-dinner talk describingmolecular machines building with atomicprecision

1974Taniguchi uses term "nano-technology" in paperon ion-sputter machining

1977

Drexleroriginates molecular nanotechnologyconcepts at MIT

1981First technical paperon molecular engineering tobuild with atomic precisionSTM invented

1985Buckyball discovered

1986First bookpublished,AFM invented, Firstorganization formed

1987First protein engineered, First university

symposium1988First university course

1989IBM logo spelled in individual atoms , Firstnational conference

1990First nanotechnology journal

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http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.htmlhttp://www.nanoword.net/library/nwn/1.htmhttp://home.earthlink.net/~rpterra/nt/DrexlerProfile.htmlhttp://www.imm.org/PNAS.htmlhttp://www.chemsoc.org/timeline/pages/1981.htmlhttp://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/1996/news/press.htmlhttp://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385199732/qid=1111552512/sr=2-1/ref=pd_bbs_b_2_1/102-9693616-8715302http://hansmalab.physics.ucsb.edu/development/background.htmlhttp://degrado.med.upenn.edu/person.php?id=1http://www.foresight.org/Updates/Update04/Update04.1.htmlhttp://www.ieee-virtual-museum.org/collection/event.php?taid=&id=3457012&lid=1http://www.foresight.org/Conference/MNT01/Nano1.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Conference/MNT01/Nano1.htmlhttp://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.htmlhttp://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.htmlhttp://www.nanoword.net/library/nwn/1.htmhttp://www.nanoword.net/library/nwn/1.htmhttp://www.nanoword.net/library/nwn/1.htmhttp://home.earthlink.net/~rpterra/nt/DrexlerProfile.htmlhttp://home.earthlink.net/~rpterra/nt/DrexlerProfile.htmlhttp://home.earthlink.net/~rpterra/nt/DrexlerProfile.htmlhttp://www.imm.org/PNAS.htmlhttp://www.imm.org/PNAS.htmlhttp://www.imm.org/PNAS.htmlhttp://www.chemsoc.org/timeline/pages/1981.htmlhttp://www.chemsoc.org/timeline/pages/1981.htmlhttp://www.chemsoc.org/timeline/pages/1981.htmlhttp://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/1996/news/press.htmlhttp://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/1996/news/press.htmlhttp://nobelprize.org/chemistry/laureates/1996/news/press.htmlhttp://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385199732/qid=1111552512/sr=2-1/ref=pd_bbs_b_2_1/102-9693616-8715302http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385199732/qid=1111552512/sr=2-1/ref=pd_bbs_b_2_1/102-9693616-8715302http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385199732/qid=1111552512/sr=2-1/ref=pd_bbs_b_2_1/102-9693616-8715302http://hansmalab.physics.ucsb.edu/development/background.htmlhttp://hansmalab.physics.ucsb.edu/development/background.htmlhttp://hansmalab.physics.ucsb.edu/development/background.htmlhttp://degrado.med.upenn.edu/person.php?id=1http://degrado.med.upenn.edu/person.php?id=1http://degrado.med.upenn.edu/person.php?id=1http://www.foresight.org/Updates/Update04/Update04.1.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Updates/Update04/Update04.1.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Updates/Update04/Update04.1.htmlhttp://www.ieee-virtual-museum.org/collection/event.php?taid=&id=3457012&lid=1http://www.ieee-virtual-museum.org/collection/event.php?taid=&id=3457012&lid=1http://www.ieee-virtual-museum.org/collection/event.php?taid=&id=3457012&lid=1http://www.foresight.org/Conference/MNT01/Nano1.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Conference/MNT01/Nano1.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Conference/MNT01/Nano1.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Conference/MNT01/Nano1.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Conference/MNT01/Nano1.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Conference/MNT01/Nano1.htmlhttp://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html


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1991

Japan''s MITI announces bottom-up "atomfactory"Carbon nanotube discovered

1992First textbookpublished

1993First Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded

First coverage ofnanotech from White House"Engines of Creation" bookgiven to Riceadministration, stimulating first universitynanotech center

1996NASA begins workin computational nanotechFirst nanobio conference

1997First company founded: ZyvexFirst design of nanorobotic system

1998First NSF forum , First DNA-basednanomechanical device

1999First Nanomedicine bookpublished

2000President Clinton announces U.S. NationalNanotechnology InitiativeFirst state research initiative: $100 million inCalifornia

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http://www.nanotech-now.com/nanotube-buckyball-sites.htmhttp://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0471575186/qid=1111551559/sr=1-1/ref=sr_1_1/102-9693616-8715302?v=glance&s=bookshttp://www.foresight.org/EOC/index.htmlhttp://www.patmedia.net/tbookman/techsoc/Peterson.htmhttp://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT6/NSF.htmlhttp://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1570596808/qid=1111546829/sr=1-2/ref=sr_1_2/102-9693616-8715302?v=glance&s=bookshttp://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/01/biztech/articles/21chip.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/01/biztech/articles/21chip.htmlhttp://www.nanotech-now.com/nanotube-buckyball-sites.htmhttp://www.nanotech-now.com/nanotube-buckyball-sites.htmhttp://www.nanotech-now.com/nanotube-buckyball-sites.htmhttp://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0471575186/qid=1111551559/sr=1-1/ref=sr_1_1/102-9693616-8715302?v=glance&s=bookshttp://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0471575186/qid=1111551559/sr=1-1/ref=sr_1_1/102-9693616-8715302?v=glance&s=bookshttp://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0471575186/qid=1111551559/sr=1-1/ref=sr_1_1/102-9693616-8715302?v=glance&s=bookshttp://www.foresight.org/EOC/index.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/EOC/index.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/EOC/index.htmlhttp://www.patmedia.net/tbookman/techsoc/Peterson.htmhttp://www.patmedia.net/tbookman/techsoc/Peterson.htmhttp://www.patmedia.net/tbookman/techsoc/Peterson.htmhttp://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT6/NSF.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT6/NSF.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT6/NSF.htmlhttp://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1570596808/qid=1111546829/sr=1-2/ref=sr_1_2/102-9693616-8715302?v=glance&s=bookshttp://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1570596808/qid=1111546829/sr=1-2/ref=sr_1_2/102-9693616-8715302?v=glance&s=bookshttp://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1570596808/qid=1111546829/sr=1-2/ref=sr_1_2/102-9693616-8715302?v=glance&s=bookshttp://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/01/biztech/articles/21chip.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/01/biztech/articles/21chip.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/01/biztech/articles/21chip.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/01/biztech/articles/21chip.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/01/biztech/articles/21chip.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/01/biztech/articles/21chip.html


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2001

Firstreport on nanotech industryU.S. announces first center for militaryapplications

2003Drexler/Smalleydebate ispublished in Chemical& Engineering News

2004

Firstpolicy conference on advanced nanotechFirstcenter for nanomechanical systems

2005AtNanoethics meeting, Roco announcesnanomachine/nanosystem project count hasreached 300

2006National Academies nanotechnology report callsfor experimentation toward molecularmanufacturing

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http://www.foresight.org/nano/istherev.htmlhttp://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8148/8148counterpoint.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Conferences/AdvNano2004/index.htmlhttp://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~amanb/cgi-bin/browseSched.cgi?url=http://www.berkeley.edu%2Fnews%2Fmedia%2Freleases%2F2004%2F11%2F08_coins.shtmlhttp://nsts.nano.sc.edu/confprogram.htmhttp://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=2328http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=2328http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=2328http://www.foresight.org/nano/istherev.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/nano/istherev.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/nano/istherev.htmlhttp://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8148/8148counterpoint.htmlhttp://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8148/8148counterpoint.htmlhttp://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8148/8148counterpoint.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Conferences/AdvNano2004/index.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Conferences/AdvNano2004/index.htmlhttp://www.foresight.org/Conferences/AdvNano2004/index.htmlhttp://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~amanb/cgi-bin/browseSched.cgi?url=http://www.berkeley.edu%2Fnews%2Fmedia%2Freleases%2F2004%2F11%2F08_coins.shtmlhttp://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~amanb/cgi-bin/browseSched.cgi?url=http://www.berkeley.edu%2Fnews%2Fmedia%2Freleases%2F2004%2F11%2F08_coins.shtmlhttp://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~amanb/cgi-bin/browseSched.cgi?url=http://www.berkeley.edu%2Fnews%2Fmedia%2Freleases%2F2004%2F11%2F08_coins.shtmlhttp://nsts.nano.sc.edu/confprogram.htmhttp://nsts.nano.sc.edu/confprogram.htmhttp://nsts.nano.sc.edu/confprogram.htmhttp://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=2328http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=2328http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=2328http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=2328http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=2328http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=2328http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=2328http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=2328http://www.foresight.org/nanodot/?p=2328


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P IONEERS OF

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Richard Feynman:

Was anAmericanphysicist. For his contributions to

the development of quantum electrodynamics,

Feynman received the Nobel Prize in Physicsin

1965.He for the first time introduced the

concept of nanotechnology. His famous books

are calledThere's Plenty of Room at the Bottom, and

Physics.Feynman is also known for his semi-

autobiographical books Surely You're Joking, Mr.

Feynman!andWhat Do You Care What Other PeopleThink?

Norio Taniguchi(27 May1912 - 15November1999):

was a professor ofTokyo Science University. Hecoined the term nanotechnologyin 1974 todescribe semiconductor processes such as thinfilm deposition and ion beam milling exhibitingcharacteristic control on the order of ananometer: "Nano-technology mainly consistsof the processing of separation, consolidation,

and deformation of materials by one atom or onemolecule."

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There's_Plenty_of_Room_at_the_Bottomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surely_You're_Joking,_Mr._Feynman!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surely_You're_Joking,_Mr._Feynman!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Do_You_Care_What_Other_People_Think%3Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Do_You_Care_What_Other_People_Think%3Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Science_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There's_Plenty_of_Room_at_the_Bottomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There's_Plenty_of_Room_at_the_Bottomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There's_Plenty_of_Room_at_the_Bottomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surely_You're_Joking,_Mr._Feynman!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surely_You're_Joking,_Mr._Feynman!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surely_You're_Joking,_Mr._Feynman!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surely_You're_Joking,_Mr._Feynman!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surely_You're_Joking,_Mr._Feynman!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surely_You're_Joking,_Mr._Feynman!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Do_You_Care_What_Other_People_Think%3Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Do_You_Care_What_Other_People_Think%3Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Do_You_Care_What_Other_People_Think%3Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Do_You_Care_What_Other_People_Think%3Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Do_You_Care_What_Other_People_Think%3Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Do_You_Care_What_Other_People_Think%3Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Science_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Science_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Science_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology


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Professor Taniguchi was the recipient ofEuspen's

1st Lifetime Achievement Awardwhich waspresented in Bremen, May 1999.

Kim Eric Drexler(bornApril 25, 1955)

Is anAmericanengineer best known for

popularizing the potential ofmolecular

nanotechnology(MNT), from the 1970s and 1980s.

His 1991 doctoral thesis atMITwas revised and

published as the book "Nanosystems Molecular

Machinery Manufacturing and Computation" (1992),

which received theAssociation of American

Publishers award for Best Computer Science.

Drexler in his 1986 bookEngines of Creation: The

Coming Era of Nanotechnologyto describe what

later became known as molecular nanotechnology

(MNT).He proposed the idea of a nanoscale

"assembler" which would be able to build a copy

of itself and of other items of arbitrary

complexity. He also coined the term grey goo.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIThttp://www.e-drexler.com/d/06/00/Nanosystems/toc.htmlhttp://www.e-drexler.com/d/06/00/Nanosystems/toc.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engines_of_creationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engines_of_creationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_goohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIThttp://www.e-drexler.com/d/06/00/Nanosystems/toc.htmlhttp://www.e-drexler.com/d/06/00/Nanosystems/toc.htmlhttp://www.e-drexler.com/d/06/00/Nanosystems/toc.htmlhttp://www.e-drexler.com/d/06/00/Nanosystems/toc.htmlhttp://www.e-drexler.com/d/06/00/Nanosystems/toc.htmlhttp://www.e-drexler.com/d/06/00/Nanosystems/toc.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engines_of_creationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engines_of_creationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engines_of_creationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engines_of_creationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engines_of_creationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engines_of_creationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_goohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_goohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_goo


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NANOPARTICLES

NANOPARTICLE is defined as a small object thatbehaves as a whole unit in terms of its transport

and properties. It is further classified according

to size: In terms ofdiameter, fine particles

cover a range between 100 and 2500

nanometers, while ultrafine particles, on the

other hand, are sized between 1 and 100

nanometers.

HISTORY OF NANOPARTICLES:

Nanoparticles were used byartisansas far back

as the 9th century in Mesopotamia for

generating a glittering effect on the surface of

pot

PROPERTIES OF NANOPARTICLES:

Properties of nanoparticles both chemical &

physical are different from than those of bulk

materials. The change in properties is not always

desirable. Like

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitter


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1. Different colour of metals nanoparticles

than bulk like gold nanoparticles appearsred.

2. Copper nanoparticles smaller than 50 nm

are considered super hard materials that do

not exhibit the same malleabilityand

ductilityas bulk copper.

3. The reduction in incipientmelting

temperature of nanoparticles

4. Sintering can take place at lower

temperatures, over shorter time scales than

for larger particles.

REASONS BEHIND THE DIFFERENTPRO PERTIES OF NANOPARTICLES FROM

TH AT OF BULK MATERIALS

Drastic increase in the surface to volume ratio

as the particle size is reduced below 100nm

leading to:--

1.Restriction in delocalization of electron with

reduced size

2.Ability of surface to make larger excursions

from their equilibrium position leading to a

change in structure with size. E.g. gold

nanoparticles when smaller


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becomes isohedral instead of the bulk FCC

arrangement3. Dominance of the interfacial phenomenon.

FABRICATION OF

NANOPARTICLES

Characterization

Technique1. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy.

2.powder x-ray diffractometry[XRD].

3. atomic force microscopy[AFM].

4. electron microscopy[TEM,SEM].

5. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

[FTIR]

Ultraviolet-visible

spectroscopy

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV-VIshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_force_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTIRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV-VIshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV-VIshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV-VIshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV-VIshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV-VIshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_force_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_force_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_force_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTIRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTIRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTIRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV-VIshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV-VIs


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A beam of light from a visible and/or UV lightsource (colored red) is separated into itscomponent wavelengths by a prism or diffraction

grating. Each monochromatic (singlewavelength) beam in turn is split into two equalintensity beams by a half-mirrored device. Onebeam, the sample beam (colored magenta),

passes through a small transparent container(cuvette) containing a solution of the compoundbeing studied in a transparent solvent. The other

beam, the reference (colored blue), passesthrough an identical cuvette containing only the

16 NANOTECHNOLOGY


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solvent. The intensities of these light beams are

then measured by electronic detectors andcompared. The intensity of the reference beam,which should have suffered little or no lightabsorption, is defined as I0. The intensity of thesample beam is defined as I. Over a short periodof time, the spectrometer automatically scans allthe component wavelengths in the mannerdescribed. The ultraviolet (UV) region scanned isnormally from 200 to 400 nm, and the visible

portion is from 400 to 800 nm.

IF the sample compound does not absorb light ofof a given wavelength, I = I0. However, if thesample compound absorbs light then I is lessthan I0, and this difference may be plotted on a

graph versus wavelength, as shown on the right.Absorption may be presented as transmittance(T= I/I0) orabsorbance (A= log I0/I). If noabsorption has occurred, T = 1.0 and A= 0. Mostspectrometers display absorbance on the verticalaxis, and the commonly observed range is from0 (100% transmittance) to 2 (1% transmittance).

The wavelength of maximum absorbance is acharacteristic value, designated asmax.

Different compounds may have very differentabsorption maxima and absorbance. Intenselyabsorbing compounds must be examined indilute solution, so that significant light energy is

received by the detector, and this requires the

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use of completely transparent (non-absorbing)

solvents. The most commonly used solvents arewater, ethanol, hexane and cyclohexane.

Solvents having double or triple bonds, or heavyatoms (e.g. S, Br & I) are generally avoided.Because the absorbance of a sample will be

proportional to its molar concentration in thesample cuvette, a corrected absorption value

known as the molar absorptivityis used whencomparing the spectra of different compounds.This is defined as:

Molar Absorptivity, = A/ c l( where A= absorbance,

c = sample concentration in moles/liter

&

l = length of light path through the cuvettein cm.)

Molar absoptivities may be very large for

strongly absorbing compounds ( >10,000)

and very small if absorption is weak ( = 10

to 100).

X-ray Diffraction

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X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with typical

photon energies in the range of 100 eV - 100keV.

For diffraction applications, only short

wavelength x-rays (hard x-rays) in the range of a

few angstroms to 0.1 angstrom (1 keV - 120 keV)

are used. Because the wavelength of x-rays is

comparable to the size of atoms, they are ideallysuited for probing the structural arrangement of

atoms and molecules in a wide range of

materials.

The energetic x-rays can penetrate deep into the

materials and provide information about the bulk

structure.

Powder XRD (X-ray Diffraction) is perhaps themost widely used x-ray diffraction technique forcharacterizing materials. As the name suggests,the sample is usually in a powdery form,consisting of fine grains of single crystallinematerial to be studied. The technique is usedalso widely for studying particles in liquidsuspensions or polycrystalline solids (bulk or thinfilm materials).

The term 'powder' really means that the

crystalline domains are randomly oriented in the

sample. Therefore when the 2-D diffraction

pattern is recorded, it shows concentric rings of

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scattering peaks corresponding to the various d

spacings inthe crystal lattice. The positions andthe intensities of the peaks are used for

identifying the underlying structure (or phase) of

the material.

Powder diffraction data can be collected usingeither transmission or reflection geometry, as

shown below. Because the particles in thepowder sample are randomly oriented, these twomethods will yield the same data. In the MRL x-ray facility, powder diffraction data are measuredusing the Philips XPERT MPD diffractometer,which measures data in reflection mode and isused mostly with solid samples, or the custombuilt 4-circle diffractometer, which operates intransmission mode and is more suitable for liquid

phase samples.

The peaks in an x-ray diffraction pattern aredirectly related to the atomic distances. Let usconsider an incident x-ray beam interacting with

the atoms arranged in a periodic manner as

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shown in 2 dimensions in the following

illustrations. The atoms, represented as greenspheres in the graph, can be viewed as formingdifferent sets of planes in the crystal (coloredlines in graph on left). For a given set of lattice

planes with an inter-plane distance of d, thecondition for a diffraction (peak) to occur can besimply written as

2dsin = n This is known as the Braggs law, after W.L.

Bragg, who first proposed it. In theequation, is

the wavelength of the x-ray, the scattering

angle, and n an integer representing the order ofthe diffraction peak. The Bragg's Law is one ofmost important laws used for interpreting x-raydiffraction data.

Bragg's Law applies to scattering centersconsisting of any periodic distribution of electrondensity. In other words, the law holds true if the

atoms are replaced by molecules or collections of

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molecules, such as colloids, polymers, proteins

and virus particles.

WHY I CHOOSE

ONLY ZnONANOPARTICLES?

BECAUSE:

1.ZnO has large band gap of 3.2eV - 3.4eVat

room temperature and large exciton-binding

energy of 60meV so can be used for exciton-

related optical devices.

2.ZnO is a semi-conducting, photo-conducting

and piezoelectric material had widely used as

transparent electrodes in solar cells, active

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channel in thin film transistor, varistors, and

chemical & gas sensors.3.Recently, ZnO is main attention among the

research community because of the tailoring

of its optical and electrical properties using

doping and find applications in the area of

spintronics, p-n junction, short wave length

optoelectronics devices

SYNTHESIS OF ZnO

NANOPARTICLES

My approach of synthesis of ZnO nano particles

is a wet chemical route, as reported by

Spanhel & Anderson. This synthesis consists of

two major steps:

1. Preparing the precursor by reacting Zinc

acetate with ethanol

2. Hydrolyzing the precursor to form ZnO

colloid by using lithium hydroxide.

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Zinc acetate dihydrate ((CH3COO)Zn.2H2O,

molecular weight= 219.50 from Thomas Baker)and absolute ethanol (spectrochem) were used

to prepare the precursors without any further

purification, and Lithium hydroxide monohydrate

(LiOH.H2O, molecular weight = 41.96 from

Thomas Baker), was used to hydrolyze the

precursor.

Following flowchart represents the steps involved

in the synthesis of nanoparticles through wet

chemical route

When zinc acetate is heated at 75C to prepare

an intermediate species through hydrolysis and

condensation, acetic acid is also produced, which

reacts with ethanol and results in the generation

of additional water through an esterification

process. One of the immediate species formed

by hydrolysis and condensation is ZnO (Ac)

which turns to zinchydroxy double salt byfollowing reactions:

Zn-OAc + HOH Zn-OH +

HOAc

Zn-OH + Zn-OAc Zn-O-Zn

+ HOAc

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Zn-O-Ac + HOH Zn-OH

+ Zn-OHThe addition of LiOH to the transparent precursor

leads to the formation of ZnO nanoparticles sol

along with the reaction products like lithium

acetate and HO through hydrolysis. Presence of

water plays an important role in growth of ZnO

nanoparticles, and therefore presence of water isstrictly controlled during the reaction and during

precipitation to obtain nanopowders.

The use of hydrocarbon with long chain, such as

hexane and heptane were reported to be suitable

for the precipitation of nanoparticles. Heptane is

preferable because of its less toxic in nature.

The size of ZnO nanoparticles can be varied by

varying the time of addition of n-heptane, by

increasing the time size of ZnO nanoparticles are

expected to increase.

In present experiment sample was

prepared by adding n-heptane after 1

hr.

RESULT:

ZnO SOL under UV LIGHT

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FIG: 1

FIG: 1 Clear ZnO sol when observed under UV light.Green florescence indicates the presence of ZnO

nanoparticles.

FIG: 2

FIG: 2ZnO nanoparticles under UV after adding n-heptane & keeping it over night. ZnO particles settle

down when n-heptane is added.

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FIG: 3

FIG: 3ZnO nanoparticles under UV after addingethanol & centrifuged (washing of ethanol)

RESULT BY UV-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY

Optical transmission spectra of the ZnO sol was

recorded at room temperature in the wavelength

range 250 to 900 nm. The measurements were

made with reference to the ethanol medium to

cancel the effect of solvent. The onset of

fundamental absorption edge, which is obtained

by extrapolating the steep part of the

transmission curve, is found to be

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BIBLIOGRAPHYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norio_Taniguc

hi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Eric_Drexl

er

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feyn

man

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoparticleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology

http://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/Nano

29 NANOTECHNOLOGY
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norio_Taniguchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norio_Taniguchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norio_Taniguchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Eric_Drexlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Eric_Drexlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Eric_Drexlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoparticleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnologyhttp://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/Nanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norio_Taniguchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norio_Taniguchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norio_Taniguchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norio_Taniguchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norio_Taniguchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norio_Taniguchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Eric_Drexlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Eric_Drexlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoparticleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnologyhttp://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/Nano

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