Nanotechnology as Energy Source
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Transcript of Nanotechnology as Energy Source
NANOTECHNOLOGY &
ENERGY SOURCESPresented By:
Noor-ul-AinAasia Wahab
Farhat YasmeenHuma Farooq
Saba Khursheed
INTRODUCTION
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Provides multitude of approaches to energy saving
Viewed as crucial technology for technological advancement and novelties in all branches of economy
States the target-oriented mechanical application of objects and structures in a size in the range of 1 and 100 nm
NANOMETRE “Nano” is a Greek word which means “dwarf” One nanometre refers to one-billionth of a
meter One nanometre is about 3 atoms long 1nm= 10-9
Nanotechnology. SNF. Retrieved 4-12-2014, from http://snf.stanford.edu/Education/Nanotechnology.SNF.web.pdf
NANOMETRE
1 cm/10= 1 mm 1mm/10= 100 µm 100µm/100= 1µm 1µm/10= 100nm 100nm/100= 1nm
Nanotechnology. SNF. Retrieved 4-12-2014, from http://snf.stanford.edu/Education/Nanotechnology.SNF.web.pdf
NANOTECHNOLOGY
“Building and expending objects, devices, items and machines at the nanometre scale, making
use of distinctive properties that arise as a result of small dimensions that occur at that small scale”
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Following three things are included in nanotechnology: Small size, measured in 100s of manometers
or less Unique properties because of the small size Control of structure & composition on the
nm scale in order to control the properties
Why small objects are preferred?Because they are: Faster Lighter Cheaper Can get into small spaces Energy efficient Develop unique properties at small scale
NANOTECHNOLOGYProperties of materials change at nanoscale because of: Quantum mechanical effects Ratio of surface area-to-volume of structure
increases
Approaches in building small objects
Top-down Bottom-up
NANOPARTICLES
Have tiny size, incredible surface area per unit mass, light weight and are very strong
Have found applications in field of electronics, coatings, fuel cells, water filters composites, drugs cancer detection and treatment etc.
M. Krause. Introduction to nanotechnology. Veritox. Retrieved 4-12-2014, from https://www.aiha.org/aihce07/handouts/rt201krause.pdf
Use of Nanotechnology in batteries
Use of Nanotechnology in batteries Batteries store electrical energy In rechargeable batteries chemical process is reversible Batteries are important in many areas • transport • portable electronics• medical devices• power tools• Storage of electricity produced by irregular
renewable sources
Batteries are made from layers of different materials which enable the
electrochemical storage of electricity
M.Ahmed, W.A.Khan, F.Mahmood and M.Waqas Arif. Harvesting the potential of nanotechnology in renewable energy.
Benefits of Nanotechnology for Batteries Find materials suitable for use as electrodes have
high surface area Allows charge to flow more freely Resulting in higher capacity and shorter
charge/discharge cycles Safety of batteries an important concern Replace liquid electrolytes Can rupture the cell when overheated
Nanostructured materials increase surface area for electrolyte materials
Nanoparticles enhance the conductivity reduce the chance of a short circuit
Benefits of Nanotechnology for Batteries
Nanomaterials for Batteries
Electrodes Several types of nanomaterial allow for higher storage densities of lithium than standard metal or graphite electrodes Carbon-coated silicon nanowires Carbon nanotubes Layered, nanostructured vanadium oxide and manganese
oxide
Nanomaterials for Batteries
Electrolyte
Nanoparticles added to solid polymer gel Enhance the conductivity and storage capacity Solid ceramics have high temperature resistance high-stress applications like large vehicles
Improvements In Batteries
Coating the electrode’s surface with nanoparticles, nanowires, or other nanostructures Develops anodes with a greater density of locations to which
lithium ions can attach Increases the number of stored ions increases the stored electrical
powerChanging the atoms to which the lithium bonds Changes the electrochemical reaction gives more energy,
increasing the power
FUEL CELLSConverts a fuel directly into electricity in an electrochemical reactionLimitations of fuel cells Expensive materials such as platinum are needed for
the electrode catalysts Fuels other than hydrogen can cause fouling of the
electrodes Hydrogen is costly and difficult to store
Nanotechnology for Fuel Cell Catalysts
Use platinum nanoparticles instead of solid platinum surface
increases efficiency, and allows much less metal to be used
Support platinum nanoparticles on a porous surface further increases the accessibility of the platinum
surfaces
NANOTECHNOLOGY & ENERGY SOURCES
WIND ENERGY
Convert kinetic energy into mechanical energy
Uses a source to power a generator, without the harmful emissions
Use wind to generate electricity
Blades on the wind turbine
Kinetic energy
from the wind
Mechanical energy
Turn a shaft in a generator
Generate electricity
M.Ahmed, W.A.Khan, S.Hassan and Z.Ahmed. Improving wind turbine performance using nanomaterials.
Issues regarding Wind Turbines
Distribution problem Variation in wind speed Power control Life, weight, power losses and efficiency
Nanocomposite materials with excellent strength-to weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios enable construction
of longer more robust blades
Low-friction coatings and nanolubricants provide means to reduce energy losses in gearboxes and thus further
increase efficiency
Carbon nanotubes developed to make blades stronger and lighter improving energy efficiency
Nanopaints used to increase wind turbines life time
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN WIND TURBINES
WIND TURBINE PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS WITH NANOTECHNOLOGY
Ice buildup on blades and sensors
Non wetable surface, treatment: Degussa Micro-porosity of fiberglass which reduce porosity to prevent ice build up
Dirt build up on blades Self-cleaning surfaces, TIO2 nano-coating
Damage to blades Use protective coating e.g. non scratch surfaces
Reliability of rotating machine and replacing worn out components
Nano lubricant for improved wear resistance at all temperatures and pressures
Hydraulic system leaks Novel sealants based on Nano-composite
Start up and orientation requires grid power
Carbon nanotubes as fuel storage
HYDROGEN ENERGY Promising form of energy storage Process is efficient Exhaust gas produced is pure water Nanotechnology can help by using
nanomaterials at reduced cost
PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN
Solar water splitting considered as most effective and cleanest way
Solar energy directly produce hydrogen thereby making the fuel efficient alternative to batteries for storing clean energy
M.Ahmed, W.A.Khan. M.S.Anjum and Z.Ahmed. application of nanotechnology in hydrogen generation and storage.
STORAGE OF HYDROGEN
Safe and practical storage of hydrogen a major barrier to widespread use of the fuel
Storing hydrogen as a compressed gas or liquid requires extremely high pressures results in expensive tanks and risks of leaks or explosions
ISSUES WITH HYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTURE
The production of hydrogen gas requires a large
amount of energy
Storage of hydrogen gas an issue, as it is highly
flammable in its free gaseous form
PHOTO-CATALYTIC WATER SPLITTING
Ti02
Electrons
Holes
Reduce water to form H2
Oxidize water to form O2 on the
TiO2 electrode
Sun Radiations
PHOTO-CATALYTIC WATER SPLITTING AND USE OF NANO-SIZED PARTICLES
Particle size becomes small
Distance that photo-generated electrons and holes have to migrate to reaction sites on
surface become short
Decrease in the recombination probability
Increase in the photo-catalytic activity
Nano size particles are used
PHOTO CATALYTIC NANOPARTICLES FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
Nanoparticles which are titanium dioxide, a common white pigment in its bulk form have strong photo catalytic activity i.e. the ability to use the energy from sunlight to decompose molecules
Mostly applied to self-cleaning surfaces
NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS FOR HYDROGEN STORAGE
The key is : To find a material which has
controllable hydrogen affinity Absorb and release full capacity of
fuel in shortest time possible
In 2011, scientists at Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory developed a composite material composed of magnesium nanoparticles embedded in a flexible organic polymer matrix.
M.Ahmed, W.A.Khan. M.S.Anjum and Z.Ahmed. application of nanotechnology in hydrogen generation and storage.
Nanotechnology Relevant Studies
Effect of nanoparticles on heat capacity of Nanofluids based on molten salts as PCM for thermal energy storage
• Main aim is to develop a nanofluid with a phase change behavior by adding different kinds of nanoparticles
• Study of nanofluid thermal characteristics:
• Thermal conductivity• Thermal capacity
PREPARATION OF NANOFLUIDS
A binary salt; a mixture of NaNO3 and KNO3 is prepared Selected nanoparticles silica, alumina, titania and a
mixture of silica-alumina Measurements on thermophysical properties were performed
by differential scanning calorimetry analysis The dispersion of the nanoparticles was analyzed by scanning
electron microscopy (SEM).
RESULT OF THE STUDY
High thermal capacity and high thermal conductivity
Increase in the specific heat of 15% to 57% in the solid phase and of 1% to 22% in the liquid phase
The nanofluids (phase change materials) are gaining importance in many fields solar energy power plants Solar heating and cooling systems energy efficiency buildings waste heat recovery systems
Use of Nanotechnology in Solar PV Cell
Extensively use of nanotechnology in increasing the efficiency of solar cells by using: Nano-sized particles Carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) Semiconductor Quantum dots (QDs)
NANO-SIZED PARTICLES
In solar cells, bulk silicon is converted into discrete, nano-sized particles
These particles will show distinct colors depending upon their sizes
Films of 1 nm blue fluorescent Films of 2.85 nm red fluorescent silicon nanoparticles They produce large voltage enhancements with improved
power performance
CARBON NANO-TUBES (CNTS)
Incorporated to a titanium oxide nanoparticles-based solar cells
Provide a direct route i.e. the escape route to the electrons moving toward electrodes
Collect these electrons and show them a distinct path (red line shown in the figure below)
Semiconductor Quantum Dots (QDs)
Are tiny semiconductor crystals
Have the potential to convert the high energy photons present in the incident light into multiple electrons.
Usually produce three electrons when every photon of sunlight hits the dots
NANOTECHNOLOGY
& BIOENERGY
NANOTECHNOLOGY TO TURN ALGAE INTO BIOFUELS
Algae carbohydrates can be converted into ethanol or they may be gasified into bio-gas
However they pose various challenges Such challenges can be met with nanotechnology Algae have been successfully turned into biogases with
the incorporation of nanocatalysts
M. Kinman. 2009. QuantumSphere Awarded Research Grant to Turn Algae Into Biofuels. Market wired. Retrieved 4-12-2014, from http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/quantumsphere-awarded-research-grant-to-turn-algae-into-biofuels-1242512.htm
NANOCATALYSTS
https://www.jyu.fi/fysiikka/en/research/material/compns/research/index_html/supported.jpg
Heterogeneous catalysts that are fragmented into metal nanoparticles so as to speed up the catalytic process.
They have an increased surface area
They can be easily separated & recycled
NANOPARTICLES no-harm harvesters of biofuel oils
from algae
M. Kinman. 2009. QuantumSphere Awarded Research Grant to Turn Algae Into Biofuels. Market wired. Retrieved 4-12-2014, from http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/quantumsphere-awarded-research-grant-to-turn-algae-into-biofuels-1242512.htm
Trans-esterification of fatty esters into biodiesel
Base-catalyzed transesterification reacts lipids with alcohol to produce biodiesel
The nanocatalyst spheres are used to replace the commonly used sodium methoxide as base catalyst
The process is: Economical and recyclable, reacting at mild temperatures and pressures producing cleaner biodiesel greatly reducing water consumption and environmental
contaminants
NANOPARTICLE TECHNOLOGY TRIPLES THE PRODUCTION OF
BIOGAS
BiogàsPlus involves application of nanotechnology to improve biogas production
The controlled introduction of iron oxide nanoparticles in organic waste treatment can increase the production of biogas up to 3 times
Iron oxide nanoparticles feed the bacteria Enhance biological efficacy
2014. Nanoparticle technology triples the production of biogas. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Retrieved 4-12-2014, from http://www.uab.cat/web/newsroom/news-detail/nanoparticle-technology-triples-the-production-of-biogas--1345668003610.html?noticiaid=1345676996458
HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH NANOPARTICLES
• Move in the human body through inhalation
• can deposit in human lungs• reduces the ability of
alveolar macrophages to clean off foreign particles.
• can lead to various respiratory inflammation and tissue damage
• Insignificant penetration of TiO2 nanoparticles through the skin layer.