Nanocellulose in wood-based panels: A review

Vila Real, 30 September – 1 October 2013Electra Papadopoulou

COST FP1205: Innovative applications of regenerated wood cellulose fibres

Nanocellulose types

Source: http://www.neno-tech-views.com/the-nanocellulose-the-new-material-appears-to-be-low-cost-and-miracle-ecological

Bacteria

Straw, pulp, banana, potato,

E.Papadopoulou, CHIMAR Hellas S.A

Nanocellulose advantages

Nanocellulose-based materials have high strength and low weight.The highest grades have attributes that offer great reinforcing strength and/or optical clarity, while lower grades can offer increased strength and improved properties at lower costs.

E.Papadopoulou, CHIMAR Hellas S.A

Reinforcement potential of NCC

Source: Ron Crotogino, The economic impact of nanocellulose, International symposium on assessing the economic impact of nanotechnology, Washington DC, March 2012

E.Papadopoulou, CHIMAR Hellas S.A

Composites with nanocellulose

Used as reinforcing material A) in polymers’ matrices of

– Rubber, Resole-type phenolic resins– Poly(vinyl alcohol), Poly(oxyethylene), Poly(lactic acid)– Poly(vinyl chloride), polyurethane– Polyproprolyene, polystyrene, etc

B) in wood based panels

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Reasons to use CNF in composites

Cellulose macro- and nanofibers can be used as reinforcement in composite materials because provide enhanced

– mechanical – thermal, and – biodegradation properties

• However, cellulose fibers are hydrophilic in nature, so it becomes necessary to increase their surface roughness for the development of composites with enhanced properties (Susheel kalia et al, 2011)

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Overview of NCC surface modifications

FITC=Fluorescein – 6 -isothiocyanate

Source: Serge Rebouillat, Fernand Pla, State of the Art Manufacturing and Engineering of Nanocellulose: A Review of Available Data and Industrial Applications, Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology, 2013, 4, 165-188

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Wood based panels & CNF

Common wood based panels:• Particleboards (PB)• Oriented Strand Boards (OSB)• Medium Density Fiberboards (MDF) • Plywood (PW)

Common adhesives used for their production:• Urea-Formaldehyde• Melamine – Urea – Formaldehyde• Phenol - Formaldehyde

CNFor

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State of the art

WO2009086141A: Wood adhesives containing reinforced additives for structural engineering products

Publication date: 9 July 2009

Inventors: Sigun Wang, Cheng Xing

Applicant: University of Tennessee research foundation

They have patented: the use of any type of nanocellulose, nanocarbon and nanoclay in any type of wood adhesive (UF, MUF, PF, MUPF, pMDI, protein, epoxy etc) at various ratio for the production of various types of panels.

Result/ConclusionNanomaterial and micromaterial additives improve the structural properties of resins/adhesives and mostly the mechanical properties of the panels.

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Det går inte att v isa bilden för tillfället.

State of the art (con.)Stefen Veigel et. Al (2012): Added CNFs in UF and MUF resin:CNF content of 0, 1, - 3 wt% prepared by mixing an aqueous CNF suspension

with UF and MUF adhesivesLaboratory-scale particle boards and oriented strand boards (OSBs)

Result:Particle boards prepared with UF + 1 wt% CNF showed: • reduced thickness swelling • better internal bond and bending strength than boards produced with pure

UF. The reinforcing effect of CNF was even more obvious for OSB where a

significant improvement of strength properties of 16% was found.

For both, particle board and OSB, mode I fracture energy and fracture toughness were the parameters with the greatest improvement indicating that the adhesive bonds were markedly toughened by the CNF addition

Michael Obersriebnig et. al. (2011) concluded to the same result when added cellulose nanofibrils to UF resin.

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Emmanuel Atta-Obeng et al. (2013) added microcrystaline cellulose (MCC) in PF resin at the levels of 0, 3, 6 and 10% (wt/wt).and tested their thermal and shear strength properties.

Result:• Viscosity increase• Slight reduction of the curing temperature by 4°C.• The heat of reaction was a function of cellulose loading with the maximum

heat of reaction occurring at 3% loading.• The shear strength of the PF adhesive was increased by a factor of 1.7 with

a 10% cellulose loading.

State of the art (con.)

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State of the art (con.)

Emmanuel Atta-Obeng made particleboards from both sweet gum and pine and PF resin.

The addition of 10% nanocrystaline cellulose:• decreased the mechanical properties, • increased thickness swell and • decreased spring back.

E.Papadopoulou, CHIMAR Hellas S.A

FIBRACOM projectWithin the framework of the programm: Greek – Chinese cooperation 2012 – 2014,

Greece & China will carry out the project with title: Nanotechnology Enhanced Bio-composites from Lignocellulosic Materials

Acronym: FIBRACOMDuration: 30 monthsStarting date: 1 April 2013Greek Partners: CHIMAR Hellas, S.A., CRES and AUTHChinese Partners: Institute of Bast Fiber Crops-Chinese Academy of Agricultural

Sciences, Dalian Polytechnic University, Liaoyang Yimeng Carpet Manufacturing Co.Subject: The development of lightweight, nanotechnology enhanced bio-composites for

multiple applications. The polymers will be of phenolic nature (like phenol-formaldehyde resin or other with phenolic chemical groups from renewable resources) and epoxy resins. Cellulosic (nano)fibers and other nanomaterials will be used as reinforcing materials. The lignocellulosic (nano)additives will originate from kenaf, hemp and Juta. Two types of composites will be produced: particleboardsand epoxy resin/nanocellulose fibers composites suitable for various applications.

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Production locations of nanocellulose

Source: Heli Kangas, Ulla Forsström, VTT Nanocellulose – A promising material for future packages, Helsingin Messukeskus 4.9.2013

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Estimated production

In: Heli Kangas, Ulla Forsström, VTT Nanocellulose – A promising material for future packages, Helsingin Messukeskus 4.9.2013

E.Papadopoulou, CHIMAR Hellas S.A

Market per applicationIn Heli Kangas, Ulla Forsström, VTTNanocellulose –A promising material for future packages, Helsingin Messukeskus 4.9.2013

E.Papadopoulou, CHIMAR Hellas S.A

Bibliography• Emmanuel Atta-Obeng (2010), Effect of microcrystaline cellulose, spices

and particlesize on mechanical and physical properties of particleboard.Thesis, Aluburn University

• Emmanuel Atta-Obeng, Brian K. Via, Oladiran Fasina, Maria L. Auad, Wei Jiang, (2013) Cellulose Reinforcement of Phenol Formaldehyde: Characterization and Chemometric Elucidation

• M.Z.Rong, M. Q. Zhang, Y. Liu, G. C. Yang, andH. M. Zeng, (2001), The effect of fiber treatment on themechanical properties of unidirectional sisal-reinforced epoxy composites, Composites Science and Technology, vol. 61, Article ID 10.1016/S0266-3538(01)00046-X, pp. 1437–1447.

• Stefan Veigel, Ulrich Muller, Jozef Keckes, Michael Obersriebnig, Wolfgang Gindl-Altmutter (2011) Cellulose nanofibrils as filler for adhesives: effect on specific fracture energy of solid wood-adhesive bonds Cellulose 18:1227–1237

• Stefen Veigel, Jörn Rathke, Martin Weigl, Wolfgaug Gindl-Altmutter (2012), particleboard and OSB prepared with nanocellulose - Reinforced Adhesives. Jounal of Nanomaterials, Volume 2012.

• Susheel kalia et. Al. (2011), Cellulose – Based Bio and Nano composites: a Review, International Journal of Polymer Science, volume 2011.

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Contact Details:

Electra Papadopoulou

CHIMAR Hellas S.A.

Sofouli 88, 55131 Kalamaria Thessaloniki Greece

Email: papadopoulou@ari.gr

www.chimarhellas.com