Nano Technoloy in Medicine
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Transcript of Nano Technoloy in Medicine
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Dr . . .V Rao MD
NANO TECHNOLOY
IN MEDICINE
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NANOSCIENCE
Nanosciene
is theScience of
Tiny Things
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Nanotechnol
Nanometre
Nano-stu
ff
Nan
o-P
rod
u
Nanomedicine
NanoscienceNanobotsA prefix that means very,very, small.
Nano:
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Nanotechnol
Nanometre
Nano-stu
ff
Nan
o-P
rod
u
Nanomedicine
NanoscienceNanobotsA part of science that studies smallstuff.
Nanoscience
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NANAO Means DWARF
The word itself is acombination of nano,from the Greek nanos(or Latin nanus),meaning Dwarf, and
the word "Science.Nano refers to the 10-9
power, or one billionth.In these terms it refers to
a meter, or a nanometer,which is on the scale ofatomic diameters
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Best definition of Nanoscience
Probably the best definition comes from the NanoSci-ERA2006 (www.nanoscience- europe.org): theterm Nanoscience encompasses the commonunifying concepts and physical laws that prevail in
the nanoscale.Research in nanoscience is an interdisciplinary
knowledge-generating activity that strives tounderstand these laws and how they govern the
behaviour of nano-scale objects of physical,chemical or biological interest.
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Nanoscience
Nanoscience isthe study ofatoms,
molecules, andobjects whosesize is on the
nanometer scale( 1 - 100nanometres )
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Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology,shortened to "nanotech",is the study of thecontrolling of matter on anatomic and molecular
scale. Generallynanotechnology deals withstructures sized 100nanometers or smaller inat least one dimension,
and involves developingmaterials or devices withinthat size.
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Nanotechnology
Measure anything smaller than micronsAnything at nanoscale 0.1 nm 100nmTo study the function and structure of those smallest
units in materials or living organismsThe major research objective of MolecularNanotechnology are the design, modelling, and
fabrication of molecular machines and moleculardevices.
Capable to build systems and materials with exactspecifications and characteristics.
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What is Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the creation of functional materials, devices and
systems, through the understanding and control of matter atdimensions in the nanometer scale length (1-100 nm), where newfunctionalities and properties of matter are observed and harnessedfor a broad range of applications
www.nasa.gov
An engineered DNA strandSemiconducting metal junctionformed by two carbon nanotubes
www.phys.psu.edu
pRNA tiny motor
www.purdue.edu
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What is Nanoscale
1.27 107
m
ww.mathworks.com
0.22
m
0.7 10-9
m
Fullerenes C60
12,756 Km22 cm 0.7 nm
10 millionstimes smaller
1 billion timessmaller
www.physics.ucr.edu
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Nanotechnology Applications
Information Technology Energy
Medicine Consumer Goods
Smaller, faster, moreenergy efficient andpowerful computingand other IT-based
systems
More efficient and costeffective technologies forenergy production
Solar cellsFuel cells
BatteriesBio fuels
Foods and beveragesAdvanced packaging
materials, sensors, andlab-on-chips for foodquality testing
Appliances and textilesStain proof, water proof
and wrinkle free textilesHousehold and cosmetics
Self-cleaning and
scratch free products,paints, and bettercosmetics
Cancer treatmentBone treatment
Drug deliveryAppetite controlDrug developmentMedical toolsDiagnostic testsImaging
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Medical Nanotechnology orNanomedicine
Nanomedicine isthe application ofnanotechnology inmedicine,including to curediseases andrepair damaged
tissues such asbone, muscle, andnerve
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New Technologies Needed in Medicine
Translating breakthroughsin understanding ofdisease into preventivemedicine
How to design affordable
healthcare for the bottom-of-the-pyramid
How to reap the benefits ofhealthcare while reducing
the inefficienciesCreating technologies for a
countrys economic growth
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Uses of Nanotechnology in Medicine
Biological imaging formedical diagnostics.Advanced drug delivery
systems.Biosensors for airborne
chemicals or othertoxins.Regenerative medicine:More durable, rejection-
resistant artificial
tissues and organs.
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Nanosciences influences Microbiology
Nanoscience does have animpact on several areasof microbiology. Itallows for the study and
visualization at the
molecular-assemblylevels of a process.It facilitates identification
of molecular recognitionand self-assembly motifs
as well as theassessment of theseprocesses
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Nano Diagnostics: early and accurate diagnosis
Biosensors and miniaturized devices targeted imagingagents to highlight of disease Targeted Drug Delivery:on the spot bring the drug to the target site and monitorits impact
Regenerative Medicine: stimulated repair help the body to(re)build organs or systemsMeeting ELSA challengesEthical, Legal & Social AspectsFor the main diseases in the world:Cancer, cardiovascular disease, musculo-skeletal, mental
and infectious disease, and diabetes
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Nano Technology in Cancer
To develop cure fortraditionally incurablediseases (e.g. cancer)through the utilization
of nanotechnologyTo provide more
effective cure withfewer side effects by
means of targeteddrug delivery systems
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Nano Diagnostics Opportunities
Screening: personal riskfactors
Identification ofpopulation at risk
Prediction of risk factorsEarlier, more sensitive,
faster diagnostic
Diagnosis of
asymptomatic patients
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Nanomedicine helps in Early Diagnosis
Higher sensitivity:detection of earlybiomarkers
Non- invasive and painlessdiagnostic techniques
From Central Lab tophysicians office andthe home
Genetic testing for
individual therapyselection
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Helps Targeted Drug Delivery
Protected Drug delivery totarget sites
Nanoparticles
Miniature devices
Higher doses Healthy tissue not affected
Theranostics
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Regenerative Medicine
Targeted Cell implantationBiomimicking cell
membranes
Polymers with
programmableconformation
Control of implantrejections
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ELSA Compliance
Nanomedicine touchesfamiliar Ethical,Legal and Social
Aspects (ELSA)
known frombiomedical ethicssuch as gap betweendiagnostics and
therapy sensitivity of genetic
information
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Key Goals for Nanomedicine
To develop cure fortraditionally incurablediseases (e.g. cancer)through the utilization
of nanotechnologyTo provide more
effective cure withfewer side effects by
means of targeteddrug delivery systems
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Nanotechnology in Health Care
Thermal ablation of cancer cells assistedby nanoshells coated with metallic layerand an external energy source National CancerInstitute
Thermal ablation of cancercellsNanoshells have metallic
outer layer and silica core
Selectively attracted tocancer shells eitherthrough a phenomenacalled enhancedpermeation retention ordue to some moleculescoated on the shells
The nanoshells areheated with an external
energy source killing thecancer cells
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Nanotechnology in Health Care
Treatment
Targeted drug deliveryNanoparticles
containing drugs arecoated with targetingagents (e.g.conjugated antibodies)
The nanoparticles
circulate through theblood vessels andreach the target cells
Drugs are releaseddirectly into the
targeted cells
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Nanotechnology is Potential science
Nanotechnology hasthe potential to createmany new materialsand devices with a
vast range ofapplications, such asin medicine,electronics,
biomaterials andenergy production.
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Nanotechnology in Food Industry
A microscopic biologicalsensor that detectsSalmonella bacteria inlab tests has beendeveloped by an
Agricultural ResearchService (ARS) scientistand universitycolleagues. The sensor
could be adapted todetect other food bornepathogens as well.
M k th d t ti f I f ti A t
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Makes the detection of Infectious AgentsEasier
A microscopicbiological sensor thatcan detect Salmonellabacteria--shown here
in a petri dish--in labtests has beendeveloped by anAgricultural Research
Service scientist anduniversity colleagues.
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Nano Technology helps particles pass throughBlood Brain Barrier
IBN's peptidenanoparticles, on theother hand, contain amembrane-penetratingcomponent that enables
them to pass throughthe blood brain barrierto the infected areas ofthe brain that require
treatment.
ibi i l d b i
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Nanoantibiotics can penetrate Blood brainbarrier
The ability of IBN's peptidenanoparticles to traversethe blood brain barrieroffers a superioralternative to existing
treatments for braininfections. The brainmembrane is impenetrableto most conventionalantibiotics because the
molecular structure ofmost drugs is too big toenter the membrane.
Nanoparticles overcome Drug
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Nanoparticles overcome DrugResistance
". The treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterialinfections is a greatchallenge for medicine.IBN's peptide
nanoparticles providedoctors with a novelmeans of treatinginfections that do not
respond to conventionalantibiotic
Th M t S i I f ti &
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The Most Serious Infections &Oligodynamic Silver
Silver ions can easily reach into the nucleus of thegerm, where its vital gene pool is located. Oncesilver ions combine with these genes, the genes
become paralyzed, and the germ cannot replicate
itself.15 Most recently, another researcher foundthat silver, when tied to oxygen, can actuallyelectrocute the germ which has turned out to be apowerful way to destroy viruses such as HIV!16 It is
very difficult to imagine that germs can develop
resistance to the onslaught made possible withUPOSH when it is properly delivered to thelocations ofthe infection."
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Nanoengineering couldprevent bacterialinfections using tinybiochemical machines
nanofactoriesthatcan confuse bacteriaand stop them fromspreading, without
the use of antibiotics
Stopping Bacterial Infections Without Antibiotics
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Nanomethods can alter Quorum Sensing
The nanofactories couldtrick the bacteria intosensing a quorum tooearly. Doing so wouldtrigger the bacteria to
try to form an infectionbefore there are enoughbacterial cells to doharm. This wouldprompt a natural
immune systemresponse capable ofstopping them withoutthe use of drugs.
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Nanotechnology in Health Care
Nanotechnology offers tools andtechniques for more effectivedetection, diagnosis andtreatment of diseases
Detection and DiagnosisLab on chips help detection and
diagnosis of diseases moreefficiently
Nanowire and cantilever lab on
chips help in early detection ofcancer biomarkers
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Nano-medicine in Cancer Study
To study cancer at molecular level To understand the relationship between gene mutation
and the cause of cancersTo identify tumor markers for early diagnosis of different
cancersCollect clinical information in order to find out which
treatment has best result for patients representingdifferent gene expression pattern for the samecancer
To provide Oncologists with personal gene information inorder to select most suitablepersonalized medicineand treatment for each individual patient
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PRIORITY AREAS on Nanomedicine
DNA Vaccines for parasitic, bacterialand viral diseases
Oral and pulmonary routes forsystemic delivery of proteins andpeptides
Nanotechnology in TissueEngineering
Impacts of Human Genome Research to
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Impacts of Human Genome Research toMedicine
Enter the era ofpersonalized medicineGenetic profiling for cancer risk -To identify the molecular changes of genes that underlie the
high
risk of cancer Precise diagnosis of the special types of cancerPro-active cancer management -Life style modification and monitoring.Pharmaco-genomic profiling for drug responsesTo identify the genetic predisposition for drug responses to
assist drug selection, optimize efficacy and minimize toxicity.
Gene therapy development
Nanotechnology and Water Microbiology
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Nanotechnology and Water Microbiology
Nanotechnologyoffers thepotential of novelnanomaterials for thetreatment of surface water,groundwater and
wastewater contaminatedby toxic metal ions,organic and inorganicsolutes andmicroorganisms. At the
present time manynanomaterials are underactive research anddevelopment.
http://www.horizonpress.com/nanotechnologyhttp://www.horizonpress.com/nanotechnology -
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Nanomicrobiology andAtomic Force Microscopy
Nanoscience andmicrobiology, thenanoscale analysis ofmicrobial cells usingatomic force microscopy
(AFM) is an exciting,rapidly evolving researchfield. Over the past decade,there has beentremendous progress in
use of AFM to observemembrane proteins andlive cells at high resolution
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Spectroscopy and Nanotechnology
Advances have also beenmade in applying forcespectroscopy tomanipulate singlemembrane proteins, to
map surface propertiesand receptor sites oncells and to measurecellular interactions at
the single-cell andsingle-molecule levels.
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Dendrimers and Nanotechnology
Dendrimers are anotherinteresting and powerful useof nanotechnology inmedicine. Dendrimers arenanostructured syntheticmolecules with a regular
branching structureprojecting from a central core
Dendrimers may act as effectiveagents for delivering DNAinto cells during gene therapy. While viral vectors typically
trigger an immune response,in principle, Dendrimersshould not.
http://www.nano-biology.net/showcitationlist.php?keyword=gene%20therapyhttp://www.nano-biology.net/showcitationlist.php?keyword=gene%20therapy -
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Ultimate Nanotechnology would be to build atthe level of one atom at a time and to be able to
do so with perfection.
Medicine may become AtomicMedicine
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Possible concerns on Nanoparticles ?
Experts report smallerparticles are morebioactive and toxic. Theirability to interact withother living systems
increases because they caneasily cross the skin, lung,and in some cases the
blood/brain barriers. Onceinside the body, there may
be further biochemicalreactions like the creationof free radicals thatdamage cells.
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Nanoparticles can be Industrial Hazard ???
Highest at risk are workersemployed by manufacturersproducing products thatcontain nanoparticles. TheNational Institute forOccupational Safety andHealth (NIOSH) reports
over 2 million Americansare exposed to high levels ofnanoparticles and theybelieve this figure will riseto 4 million in the nearfuture. NIOSH publishes
safety guidelines andother information forthose employed in thenanoindustry.
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Safety concerns of Nanomaterials
While nanomaterials present seemingly limitlesspossibilities, they bring with them new challenges tounderstanding, predicting, and managing potentialsafety and health risks to workers. The National
Institute for Occupational Safety andHealth (NIOSH) remains committed toprotecting workers now and in the future, asnanotechnology applications and uses expand.
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
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Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH) concerns on Nanoscience
NIOSH hopes to: raiseawareness of theoccupational safety andhealth issues involved
with nanotechnology;
make recommendationson occupational safetyand health best practicesin the production and
use of nanomaterials.
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Created byDr.T.V.Rao MD for
e learning in Medicine email