NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Arun Kumar.S

Ajay Kumar.V.A

Shiva Suresh Sonti

Syed Gufran

Indrajeet vike

WHAT’S NANOAnything with size(s) smaller than

100nm (Nanometers) down to molecules and atoms

Control of structure or position at the nano -scale

Dimensions comparable to elementary parts involved (atoms, molecules, domains), or

new properties induced by the small dimensions (quantum effects, surface).

MICRO, NANO

10 centimètres

1X

1 centimètre

10X100X

1 millimètre 100 microns

1000X

10 microns

10,000X

1 micron

100,000X1,000,000X

100 nanomètres

10,000,000X

10 nanomètres

100,000,000X

1 nanomètre

BIOTECHNOLOGY

Biotechnology is a field of applied biology that involves the use of living things in engineering, technology, medicine, and other useful applications. Modern use of the term includes genetic engineering as well as cell- and tissue culture technologies

WHAT IS NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY?

Biotechnology is the application of technological innovation as it pertains to biological and life sciences.

Nanobiotechnology incorporates biotechnology on the nano-scale.

Nanobiotechnology is a rapidly advancing area of scientific and technological opportunity that applies the tools and processes of nano/microfabrication to build devices for studying biosystems. Researchers learn from biology to create new micro-nanoscale devices to better understand life processes at the nanoscale. The Nanobiotechnology Center (NBTC), a National Science Foundation, Science and Technology Center is characterized by its highly interdisciplinary nature and features a close collaboration between life scientists, physical scientists, and engineers. We also share a commitment to education and outreach, taking the discoveries from the laboratory and realizing their potential benefit to society.

INTRODUCTION

Size Ranges of Biological Material

Cells: 100um – 10um

Cell organelles (nucleus, mitochondrion): 10um – 1um

Viruses: 100nm- 50nm

Cell material (proteins, lipids, DNA, RNA): 10nm – 0.1nm

INTRODUCTIONNanobiotechnology is an emerging field cells discovered 1665 electron microscope 1950s Watson and Crick discover DNA double helix 1953 Mapping of Human Genome 2003

Where is nanobiotechnology going? Applications? Cell structure and physiology Virus Detection Radiation/Chemotherapy Drug delivery Neurological functions of the brain Biomedical engineering research Study of molecular behavior Utilization of imaging deviceshttp://www.jnanobiotechnology.com/home

World nanotechnology industry focus in 2004 according to sector. Nanobiotechnology companies represent around 8% of the overall industry.

CURRENT GLOBAL FOCUS AREAS ON NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SPREAD IN NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY

CHALLENGES FOR NANOBIOTECHNOLGY

PORTER’S MODEL FOR NEW ENTRANTS IN NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY

FUTURE ACTIVITY IN NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY BY 2015 AND BEYOND

CURRENT TRENDS IN NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY

SWOT ANALYSIS OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY IN DEVELOPING ECONOMIES

REVIEWING MAJOR FIELDS IN NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY Molecular Motors and Devices.

Nano- Assemblies.

Biological Research at Nanoscale.

Nanocomputing.

DNA-Based Nanotechnology.

Nanomedicine.

BRAIN-MACHINE INTERFACE

Brain-machine interface (BMI) is a fabricated system to interpret voluntary brain activity and convert to a mechanical movement

• Physiology:Electrical signals in brain → spinal cord → skeletal muscle

• BMI needed for individuals with:spinal cord injury, or Parkinson’s disease

BRAIN-MACHINE INTERFACE

Procedures involved:1) mapping of brain target specific neurons2) electrode implantation 3) signal acquisition 4) wireless transmission5) signal processing 6) mechanical action

NANOMECHANICAL OSCILLATORA nano-scale cantilevered beam can be used to detect the presence of viruses and bacteria and find their masses.

• The beam can be coated with antibodies specific to a particular virus and then put into a substance to attract that virus. The oscillation of the beam can then be measured and compared to the oscillation before exposure to the substance.

http://www.hgc.cornell.edu/biomems.html

IMAGING DEVICES Atomic Force

Microscopy (AFM)

• Scanning Tunneling

Microscopy (STM)

IMAGING DEVICES AFM and STM are used for better resolution of nano-particles.

Analysis includes bacteria and protein structure, force measurements within particles, and virus-host interactions.

IMAGING DEVICES

West-Nile Study

•AFM has become the main source of imaging for analysis of virus-host interactions.

•A study involving the West-Nile virus gave a more detailed view of the stages the virus goes through during infection.

•The images produced reveal changes in plasma and viral budding; this is essential for tracking down the virus’ replication methods.

http://www.jnanobiotechnology.com/content/2/1/6

ETHICAL ISSUES : One is to anticipate ethical problems. Second is to foster sensitivity.

CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE TRENDS:

Development is multi directional. Semiconductor industry. Nano sized sensors and devices.