Name: SPH 3U Date: Unit 4: Waves and Sound
Transcript of Name: SPH 3U Date: Unit 4: Waves and Sound
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Unit4:WavesandSoundIndependentStudyUnit
Name:____________________________ InstrumentChosen:_____________________________InthisISU,youwillbeinvestigatingsoundandwaves,aswellasanalyzingamusicalinstrumentofyourchoosing.Itwillbeuptoyoutofindtheinformation,thoughresourcesareprovidedforyouatthebeginningofeachsection.TheresourceswillalsobeprovidedtoyouontheCoursePreziforeasyaccess.Mostlinksprovidedshouldworkonmobiledevices.Youmayofcourselookelsewherefortheinformation,aslongasitcomesfromreliablesources.ThisISUwillbeworth10%ofyourfinalmark.Themarkingschemeisonthebackofthispage.Thereare2partstothisassignment:1)Modules1-6
• Theseworksheetsareself-directedandwillwalkyouthroughthematerialforthisunit.• Youwillapplytheconceptsintheinstrumentanalysissection.• Allquestionsaretobefullyanswered.• Youmayanswerinpointform• Showallcalculationswherenecessary.
2)InstrumentAnalysis• Startoffbyansweringtheresearchquestions.Youwillsubmityourresearchnotesalongwiththe
assignment.• Youwillthencreateaninformationsheet(orinfographic)basedonyourresearchcontaining
diagramsandfactsaboutthephysicsbehindhowtheinstrumentworks.• Keeptrackofallsources,asyouwillneedtociteyourworkontheinformationsheet
WhattosubmitSubmitthefollowing,stapledtogetherintheorderbelow:
• Thissheetwithnameandchoseninstrumentonit• Modules1-6complete• Researchnotesbasedonresearchquestions• Informationsheet
PlagiarismRemember:
• YoumayworkwithotherstocompletethisISUbutdonotcopy.Youwillreceiveamarkof0ifyouarefoundtohavecopiedfromanotherstudent.
• Whenlookingupdataonline,donotcopydirectlyunlessquotingasource.Paraphrasetheinformationyoufind.
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MarkingSchemeModulesEachModuleWillbemarkedoutof10underthefollowingcriteria:
Level1 Level2 Level3 Level40-4 5 6 7 8 9 10
• Notsubmitted• Incompletewith
manyerrors
• Questionsincompletewitherrors
• Allquestionscomplete
• Fewtonoerrors
• Allquestionscomplete• Thoroughandwellthought
outresponses Module1:Whatissound? /10 Module2:Howcanwedescribewaves? /10 Module3:Howdowaves‘bounce’? /10 Module4:Whathappenswhen2wavesmeet? /10 Module5:Howdomusicalinstrumentsformnotes? /10 Module6:Howdowehear? /10 Total /60InstrumentAnalysisTheinstrumentanalysiswillbeevaluatedunderthefollowingcategories
Level1 Level2 Level3 Level4 0-4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ResearchQuality
• Notincluded• Incomplete
withmanyerrors
• Someresearchtopicscovered
• Errorspresentin
• Researchtopicscovered
• Fewtonoerrors
• Researchtopicscovered
• Thoroughandwellthoughtoutresponses
OrganizationofInformation
• Informationdisorganized
• Citationsmissing
• Informationdifficulttofollow
• Citationsincomplete
• Informationeasytofollow
• Citationscomplete
• Layoutwellthoughtout
• Citationscomplete
CommunicationofConcepts
• Conceptsmisunderstood
• Terminologyfromunitnotused
• Understandingofconceptsnotevident
• Someterminologyused
• Understandingofconceptsevident
• Correctterminologyused
• Clearunderstandingofconceptsevident
• Correctterminologyused
Total /30Comments:
FinalMark: /90
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Module1:Whatissound?InUnit3,webrieflytalkedaboutsoundenergyandhowitistheenergyinvibratingmatter.Inthissectionwe’llbreakthatdefinitiondownabitmore…
Resources:
• TransverseandLongitudinalWaves:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rbuhdo0AZDU• KhanAcademy:IntroductiontoWaves:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c38H6UKt3_I• TextbookSections8.1-8.2
A.MechanicalWaves
1. Whatisamechanicalwave?Givesomeexamples:
2. Mechanicalwavesarethemajorfocusofthisunit.Thereare2typesofwaves:transverseandlongitudinalwaves.Completethetablebelow:
TransverseWaves LongitudinalWaves
Sketch:Sketchwhataspringlookslikewhenitisexperiencingeachtypeofwave
Labelthepeaksandtroughs Labelthecompressionsandrarefactions
Definition:
Canpropogatein:(solids,liquidsorgases?)
Examples:wherewouldyoufindthistypeofwave?
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3. Light(electromagneticwaves)isatypeofwavetoobutwhyisitnotconsideredamechanicalwave?B.Sound
1. DefineSound:
2. Issoundalongitudinalortransversewave?Illustrateyouranswerwithadiagramofhowsoundmovesthroughtheair.
3. Weuseadevicebelow,calledanoscilloscope,togiveusaphysicalrepresentationofwhatsoundlookslike.Oscilloscopesdisplaythecompressionsandrarefactionsasatransversewaveinsteadofalongitudinalwavethough.Whydoyouthinkthisis?
4. So,ifatreefallsintheforestandnobodyisaroundtohearit,doesitstillmakeasound?Relatethis
backtoyourdefinitionofsound.
Nexttimeyouarelisteningtomusic,thinkaboutwhatvibrationsareinvolvedinwhatyouhear!
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Module2:Howcanwedescribewaves?WaveCharacteristics
Periodicwavesarewavesthathavearepeatingpatternovertime.Wecandescribethesetypesofwaveswithspecifictermssuchaswavelength,amplitude,frequency,periodandvelocity.Inthissectionwewilllearnwhatallthesetermsmeanandhowtousethem.
Resources:
• KhanAcademy:Amplitude,Period,FrequencyandWavelengthofPeriodicWaves:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tJW_a6JeXD8
• KhanAcademy:SpeedofSound:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UgE2GIQwUCw• ToneGenerator:http://plasticity.szynalski.com/tone-generator.htm• TextbookSections8.3-8.4
A.AmplitudeandWavelengthWedescribethephysicaldimensionsofaperiodicwaveusingamplitude(A)andwavelength(λ). Theyareillustratedbelow: LongitudinalWave:
TransverseWave:
1. Definethefollowing: a)Amplitude: b)Wavelength:
2. Howiswavelengthdifferentforatransverseandlongitudinalwave?
3. Howdoesincreasingtheamplitudeofasoundwaveaffectthesoundyouhear?
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4. Completethefollowingquestionsbelowbymeasuringthewavelengthsandamplitudesofthewaves.
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B.FrequencyandPeriodPeriodicwavescanalsobedescribedbytheirbehaviorovertime.Thetermsweuseforthisarefrequency(f)andperiod(T).
1. Completethetablebelow: Frequency(f) Period(T)
Description:
Equation:
Units:
2. Ifaspeakervibrates200timesin1minute,
a)Whatisitsfrequency? b)Whatisitsperiod?
3. Usethetonegeneratorathttp://plasticity.szynalski.com/tone-generator.htmordownloadatonegeneratorapponyourphonetodeterminewhatyourhearingrangeis.Findthelowestandhighestfrequencyyoucanhearandrecordthevalueshere:
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C.WaveSpeedWecanputtogetherthefrequencyandthewavelengthintoapowerfulequationcalledtheUniversalWaveEquation.Thisequationcanhelpuscalculatethespeedatwhichawavetravels.
1. StatetheUniversalWaveEquation.LabeltheSIunitsforeachofthevariables:
2. Calculatethespeedofawaveifithasafrequencyof440Hzandawavelengthof0.7m.
3. Calculatethefrequencyofasoundwavetravellingthroughairifthewavehasawavelengthof2.0m.Thespeedofsoundinairat20˚Cis343m/s.
4. Doessoundtravelfasterinsolids,liquids,orgases?Explain.
5. Doeswarmerairmakesoundtravelfasterorslower?Explain.
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Module3:Howdowaves‘bounce’?WaveReflections
Ifyousendasingletransversepulsedownastringorspring,whatwillhappenwhenitgetstotheend?Checkouttheresourcesbelowtodiscoverwhathappens,orexperimentwithsomespringsorthewavemachineinclass!
Resources:
• InteractiveWaveSimulation:https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/wave-on-a-string• FixedEndWavePulseReflection:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTWHxZ6Jvjs• FreeEndWavePulseReflection:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVCqq5AkePI• TextbookSection9.2
1. Soitturnsoutthebehaviorofareflectedpulseitdependsonwhethertheendisfixedorfree.In
thediagramsbelow,sketchwhatthepulsewouldlooklikeafterithasreflectedofftheendineachcase.Includethedirectionofthereflectedpulse.
FixedEnd FreeEnd
2. DescribethebehaviorofthereflectionineachcaseFixedEnd FreeEnd
Sketchreflectedpulsebelow Sketchreflectedpulsebelow
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3. Sketchwhatthereflectionsofthefollowingstrangelookingwavepulseswouldlooklikeontherightside.Paycloseattentiontowhethertheyhaveafixedorfreeend.
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Module4:Whathappenswhentwowavesmeet?WaveInterference
Whathappenswhentwowavepulsesmovingtowardseachotherandintersect?Checkouttheresourcesbelowtofindout.TrytosendapulseintheInteractiveWaveSimulationandinterceptitwithanotherpulseafteritbounces.Observewhathappens.
Resources:
• InteractiveWaveSimulation:https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/wave-on-a-string• TextbookSection9.1
1. Sketchwhathappenswheneachofthetwopulsesbelowmeetandinterfere
2. Describethedifferencebetweenconstructiveanddestructiveinterference
3. Identifyeachofthefollowingasconstructiveordestructiveinterference.
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4. Ineachexamplebelow,twopulsesareapproachingeachother.Ifthewavesmoveat1boxpersecond,sketchwhattheinterferenceofthewaveswilllooklikeat1,2,3and4seconds.Thefirst3examplesaredoneforyou.Completethebottom3.
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Module5:Howdomusicalinstrumentsformnotes?StandingWaves
Inthepastfewmodules,we’velookedatwhathappenswhenapulseisreflectedandinterfereswithanotherpulse.Whathappenswhenaperiodicwaveisreflectedandinterfereswithitself?Checkouttheresourcesbelow:
Resources:
• Singingplates–StandingWavesonChladniplates:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYoxOJDrZzw• StandingWaveMakerInteractive:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Physics-Interactives/Waves-and-
Sound/Standing-Wave-Patterns/Standing-Wave-Patterns-Interactive• TacomaNarrowsBridgeCollapse“GallopinGertie”:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-zczJXSxnw• CYMATICS:ScienceVs.Music–NigelStanford:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3oItpVa9fs• CYMATICSMoreresources:http://nigelstanford.com/Cymatics/• TextbookSection9.2
A.StandingWavesSandingwavesareformedwhentwowavesmovinginoppositedirectionsinterfere.Standingwavesstilloscillatebutdon’tappeartomoveforwardorbackwards.
1. Thefollowingimageshowsanexampleofastandingwaveonastringwithbothendsfixedinplace.Identifythelocationofallnodesandantinodes.
2. Ifyoutouchedthestringgentlyatoneofthenodeswouldthestringkeepvibrating?Explain.UsingtheStandingWaveMakerInteractiveathttp://www.physicsclassroom.com/Physics-Interactives/Waves-and-Sound/Standing-Wave-Patterns/Standing-Wave-Patterns-Interactive,clickthe“pre-setwaves”buttontoseewhatstandingwaveslooklikewithdifferentendconditions(twofixedends,oneopenend,andtwoopenends).Youcanseehowtheforwardtravellingbluewaveinteractswiththebackwardtravellingorangewavetocreatethegreenstandingwave.Youcanalsoviewdifferentharmonicsonthestring.
3. Describewhataharmonicis,andhowthefrequenciesofdifferentharmonicsarerelatedtoeachother.
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4. Astringwith2fixedendscanvibrateindifferentstandingwavesorharmonics.Completethefollowingtablebysketchingthestandingwave,statingthenumberofnodesandcalculatingthefrequencybasedonthefirstharmonicwithafrequencyof440Hz:
Harmonic Sketch NumberofNodes Frequency
First 440Hz
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
5. Standingwavescanalsobegeneratedwhentheendsareopenandnotfixed.Thishappensinmanywindinstruments.Sketchthefirst3harmonicsofstandingwaveswiththefollowingendconditions:
Harmonic OneFixedEnd,OneFreeEnd TwoFreeEnds
First
Second
Third
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B.ResonanceWhenyoupluckastring,itwillnaturallyvibratewithcertainfrequenciesandharmonics.
1. Definethefollowingterms: a)Resonantfrequency: b)Resonance: c)Resonantmodes:
2. In1940,theTacomaNarrowsBridgeinWashingtonStatecollapsed.Describewhatroleresonanceplayedinthecollapseofthebridge.
C.CymaticsCymaticsismakingsoundvisibleusingvariousmaterials.WatchtheYoutubevideo“CYMATICS:ScienceVs.Music–NigelStanford”(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3oItpVa9fs)toanswerthequestionsbelow.Youcanalsofindsomebehindthescenesinfoaboutthevideoathttp://nigelstanford.com/Cymatics/.
1. Chladniplatesareusedtodemonstratestandingwavesonasurface.Inthevideo,thesandformspatternsdependingonthenotethatisplayed.Whydoesthesandcollectincertainspotsandnotothers?
2. ThevideoalsodemonstratesaRuben’sTube(withtheflamecomingoutofthepipe).Theflameishigherinsomeplacesandlowerinotherplacesandthepatternchangeswhenheplaysdifferentnotes.Describewhatishappeninginthetubewheretheflameishighandlow.Illustrateyouranswerwithadiagram.
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Module6:Howdowehear?Bynow,wehaveanunderstandingofhowmaterialsvibratebuthowdoweactuallyhearthosevibrations?Thevideo“WhatisupwithNoises”(linkbelow)answersthatquestionandmore.Checkitoutbeforetryingthequestionsbelow:
Resources:
• WhatisupwithNoises?(TheScienceandMathematicsofSound,Frequency,andPitch):https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_0DXxNeaQ0
• Audacity–Freeaudiorecordingsoftwarethatisalsogoodforanalyzingsound,generatingtonesandexperimentingwithdifferentfrequencies.ItisusedbyViHartinthevideoabove.Canbedownloadedat:http://audacityteam.org/
• TextbookSection10.1
1. Describehowthesoundfromavibratingguitarstringgetstoyourear.
2. Whatisasympathyvibration?Definethetermandprovideanexampleofhowitcanoccur.
3. Howdoesthebasilarmembraneinyourcochleadetectdifferentpitches?Includeadiagram.
4. Definetimbre:
5. Whydoesthesamenotesounddifferentwhenyouhearitplayedonaflute,onaguitarorsung?
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InstrumentAnalysisInthissectionoftheISU,youwillresearchtheinstrumentyousignedupforandpresentitasaninfographic.Youwillalsoneedtosubmityourresearchnotesbasedonthequestionsbelow:
Resources:
• WhatisupwithNoises?(TheScienceandMathematicsofSound,Frequency,andPitch):https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_0DXxNeaQ0
• Audacity–Freeaudiorecordingsoftwarethatisalsogoodforanalyzingsound,generatingtonesandexperimentingwithdifferentfrequencies.ItisusedbyViHartinthevideoabove:http://audacityteam.org/
• TextbookSection10.2
Researchquestions:
1. Backgroundinformation:Whatistheoriginoftheinstrumentandwhereisitused(orchestra,rock
band,soundeffects,etc)?2. Describethepartorpartsoftheinstrumentthatvibratetocreatestandingwaves.3. Howdoestheinstrumentvibratetocreatedifferentresonantmodes?4. Whatcausesthevibration?Describethemechanismusedtovibratetheinstrument.5. Describehowthevibrationfromtheinstrumentreachesyourear.6. Howdoestheinstrumentamplifythesoundtomakeitaudible?Doestheinstrumentneedexternal
equipmenttoamplifyit?Ifso,describehowthisisdone.7. Howcanyouvarytheloudness(amplitude)oftheinstrument?8. Howcanyouvarythepitch(frequency)oftheinstrument?9. Whatrangeofpitchesistheinstrumentcapableofproducing(calledtheplayingrange)?10. Istheinstrumentabletosustainapitchforanextendedperiodoftime(likeaguitar)ordoesitdie
outquicklyafteritisplayed(likeasnaredrum)?Whatdesignfeaturesoftheinstrumentincreaseordecreasethesustain?
11. Whatdoesaperiodicsoundwaveproducedbytheinstrumentlooklike(calledawaveform)?YoucanfindthewaveformfordifferentinstrumentsonlineorrecordtheinstrumentyourselfusingsoftwaresuchasAudacity.
12. Describethetimbreoftheinstrument.Arethereanyspecificharmonics(orovertones)thatcreateitsdistinctsound?Canyouchangethesoundbyplayingtheinstrumentdifferently?
13. Arethereanyotherinterestingfactsabouttheinstrumentandhowitcreatessound?Feelfreetoexplore.