Name: ____________________________ Period: ___

APWH WORKBOOK

Unit Six: 1900 to the presentThe 20th and 21st centuries

Due Date: April 13, 2011 Score: ____/30

This packet will guide you through the sixth unit in AP World History and prepare you for the reading quizzes, vocabulary quizzes, essays, and the unit test on April 14, 2011

You must complete ALL of the pages in the workbook by yourself to get credit; incomplete or incorrect work will result in a zero for the whole packet.

Unit 6 Vocabulary Terms

Vocabulary Quiz #1:

1. Transnational or Multi-national corporation (p. 871)

2. Consumerism (mass consumer society) (p. 825)

3. Command Economy (p. 769)

4. Hyper Inflation (p. 749)

5. Great Depression (p. 772)

6. Fascism (p. 773-774)

7. Five-Year Plans (p. 767)

8. Import-Substitution Industrialization (p. 813)

Vocabulary Quiz #2:

1. Mandate System (p. 752)

2. Partition (p. 806)

3. Suburbanization (p. 761)

4. Decolonization (p. 830)

5. Non-Aligned Nations (p. 839)

6. Cold War (p. 829)

7. Proxy Wars (p. 830)

8. Genocide (pp. 788, 882-883)

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Timeline of important events in the 20 th Century

Directions: Annotate the following timeline by writing or drawing an important effect of each event

1915 end of Ottoman Empire; creation of secular republic of Turkey

1917 Russian Revolutions: Romanov Dynasty ended, USSR under Lenin

1918-1919 Influenza epidemic; Treaty of Versailles; League of Nations

1929 Global economy falters: debt crises & NY stock market crash

1931 Global economic Depression: Japanese invasion of Manchuria

1935 Italian invasion of Ethiopia

1937 Japanese invasion of China; Non-Aggression Pact

1939 German blitzkrieg in Poland

1941 Pearl Harbor; USA entry into WW2

1945 use of atomic bombs; beginning of Cold War (NATO&Warsaw Pact)

1947 Partition of India and Pakistan

1948 Arab-Israel conflict & creation of Israel as nation-state

1949 Chinese Communist Revolution – PROC & ROC

1950-1953 Korean War; division of Korean peninsula; growth of television broadcast

1954 Vietnamese defeat French at Dien Bien Phu; Guatemala coup

1956 de-Stalinization; nationalization of Suez Canal

1957 Ghana first African country to gain independence

1959 Cuban Communist Revolution; Great Leap Forward in China

1966-1976 Chinese Cultural Revolution

1967 Arab-Israel conflict (“Six-Day War”)

1968 Youth revolutions around the world; Olympics in Mexico

1973 Arab-Israel conflict (“Yom Kippur war”)

1979 Iranian Revolution; USSR invasion of Afghanistan

1987 1st Palestinian Intifada

1989 fall of Berlin Wall

1991 fall of USSR/1st Gulf war

1994 genocide in Rwanda/1st all race elections in S. Africa

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Unit 5 test analysis:

Themes Take notes to prevent selecting the same wrong answers on the final exam

Interaction between humans and the environment Development and interaction of cultures

State-building, expansion, and conflict

Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems

Development and transformation of social structures

Effects of Global Events of the Twentieth CenturyThe World Wars Reduction of European influence leading to decolonization Rise of Fascist dictatorships Increase in rights for women

The Cold War Globalization of diplomacy (United Nations) and conflict (nuclear weapons and proxy wars) Bipolar power system and Non-Aligned nations Increase in military dictatorships and other kinds of authoritarian regimes Use of Olympics and space race to “fight” Rise of Japanese economy Expansion in communications technology (internet)

End of Cold War New patterns of nationalisms in Eastern Europe and former Soviet Union after 1989 (Chapter 32) Increase in global conflicts: Balkans Rise of the Chinese economy Rise in Indian economy

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Write a generalization about the effects of the global events of the twentieth century:

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Compare the causes and effects of the Mexican and Chinese revolutions: Directions: First, highlight the similarities and underline the differences, and then write a comparative thesis statement.

Political Structure Before and During Revolution

Industrialization and Revolution:Focus on the Role of Railroads

Causes of Revolution Effects of Revolution

Mexican Revolution (1910 - 1920)

Porfirio Diaz, president, 1876 - 1911

Francisco I. Madero, president, 1911 - 1913 San Luis Potosi

Victoriano Huerta, president, 1913 - 1914

Venustiano Carranza, president 1914 - 1920

General Obregon, president1920 - 1924

1876 - 1910, 25,000 miles of railways built Lines ran from haciendas (plantations/commercial agriculture) and mines to U.S. border or to ports Railroads also went from haciendas and mines to the capital Some rural workers (campesinos) became railway workers; communication among working class improved Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata (Ayala Plan), and Venustiano Carranza use railroads to transport soldiers

Unequal land ownership (1% owned 85% of land); north of country much poorer than south Very small middle class Most agricultural cash crops for exports; peasants forced to buy food from landowner’s store Discrimination against Indians Catholic Church’s ownership of land and involvement in politics Enlightenment ideas about political participation Foreign (British and US) investment in industrialization including railroads Civil war in Mexico U.S. troops landed at Veracruz to support Huerta Women dissatisfied with lack of rights; fought as soldiers with Zapata

New Mexican constitution listing civil and economic rights for all Mexicans

PRI political party institutionalized until 1990s as main political party in Mexico; representation of rural communities, unionized workers, and public employees; term limit for presidents; land reform; national educational system; nationalized railroads and oil

Loss of political power for Catholic Church

2 million people died

Political Structure Before & After Revolution

Industrialization and Revolution:Focus on the Role of Railroads

Causes of Revolution Effects of Revolution

ChineseRevolution (1911 - 1928)

Qing Dynasty, 1644 - 1911 Republic of China, 1912 - 1925, Sun Yatsen, president, but General Yuan Shikai ruled from 1912-1915 as military dictatorRepublic of China, Chiang Kaishek (Jiang Jieshi), 1925-1949 ruled as authoritarianleader of Nationalist Party

1896, 250 miles of track built 1911, foreign railroad investors forced the Manchu government to approve a 10 million British pound loan for foreign construction of railroads from the interior to port cities Chinese investors angry about the expropriation of a railroad they planned which would start in Chengdu and go to Hangzhou and Canton In Sichuan, Chinese workers, shop owners, students (male and female), and secret societies protested about the railroad loan; protestors shot by local policeMore protests spread to other cities; Qing military under General Yuan Shikai

Qing government large debt to foreign governments due to indemnities from Opium Wars, Taiping and Boxer rebellions Foreign control over port cities (Condition in Treaty of Nanjing, 1840) Government failure to help peasants with famines due to flooding Government reform focused on restructuring bureaucracy and education system not on land reform Christian missionaries’ schools threatening power of gentry class Enlightenment ideas about political participation Foreign investment in industrialization including railroads Civil war between military governors of provinces

End of dynastic system in 1911 Republic established with a weak central government based on Confucian and democratic principles Continued civil war among warlords (former military governors)-- Assets of peasants and landowners seized Versailles Treaty, 1919: the Japanese gained control over former German spheres of influence in China; May Fourth Movement among urban youth and their teachers protested against the weakness of the country and desire to implement Enlightenment principles. Civil war again:Nationalists versus Communists fought over right for workers to organize unions and strike; use of foreign investment; organization of government; 1927 Nationalists drove Communists into southern provinces and then on the “Long March”; Japanese invasion in 1937 led to uneasy truce between Communists and Nationalists.

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defected to side of protestors

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WW1 Outline of Causes, Events, and Results (Chapter 28)Causes: Alliance System and the Spark Triple Entente (England, France, Russia) + Serbia Central Powers (Austria, Germany, Ottoman/Turkey) +Bosnia assassination of the archduke by the Serbian terrorist group the Black Hand

Technology of the war spurred by industrialization; profits to be made by capitalists in weapons, clothing, meat (Argentina) machine guns led to trench warfare (600 bullets a minute) chemical industry led to manufacture of deadly gases (mustard) trench warfare led to use of barbed wire invented to settle American West for cattle ranching balloons for spying and Zeppelins high explosive shells for artillery radios and telephones were the main ways of communication. These were very vital for the troops in trenches. Messenger dogs and pigeons were still used too. tanks planes (Red Baron) usually killed themselves when shooting, bullets returned back into the plane submarines (UBoats)

Colonial Troops Indians, Caribbean, and Africans on battlefields in France and in East Africa -- German colonies Chinese sent volunteers to help behind the lines Canadians, South Africans, Australians, and New Zealanders fought (Gallipoli, ANZAC day) 73,000/110,000 New Zealanders died (10% of their population)

Women 80,000 British women served in noncombat positions Russian women fought in special battalions

Results Allies won

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Germany lost Colonial peoples emboldened

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I. Review the following political terms – match the word with its definition

DefinitionsA. someone who believes in an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production.

B. someone who believes in the philosophy and social theory based on Karl Marx's materialist interpretation of class struggle in history and his predictions for a future classless, stateless society. Marx was inspired by the Enlightenment ideas about re-ordering society according to scientific precepts and was influenced by the German philosopher, Hegel’s ideas about change resulting from two opposing ideas or situations in conflict.

C. broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community

D. A member of the Russian Communist party, constituted in 1903 by a majority faction of the congress of the Russian Social Democratic party.

E. Owner of the means of production in an industrialized economy

F. Working class for industrialized economies

G. political system in which the monarch has complete authority

II. Events of the Russian Revolutions: Which of the following events do you think is the most important for world history? Why?

1914: Russian government under Czar Nicholas II backed Serbia against Austria-Hungary. 1916: Russian dissatisfaction with high casualty rate led to Czar Nicholas II abdicating and the

Russian parliament leading a revolution for a new government. Spring 1917: The Duma started a parliamentary democracy but stayed in the war and announced

delayed new elections until after the war was over. Summer 1917: Germans offered Lenin safe passage to Russia Fall 1917: Lenin’s Communist group, the Bolsheviks overthrew the Duma, withdrew Russia from

the war, and declared the success of a Communist revolution.

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This was Marx’s outline for how societies should progress to get to Communism:

Did Russia fit the Marxist model?

Marx’s Analysis of the Stages of History Russian HistoryStage One -- Prehistoric Period – Primitive CommunismCHANGE; Agricultural Revolution

ForagersCHANGE: Transition to Settled Agriculture

Stage Two -- Ancient Period – Masters versus SlavesCHANGE: Slaves get angry and overthrow classical empires

Agricultural EconomyCHANGE: Mongol rule

Stage Three -- Feudal Period – Lords versus SerfsCHANGE: Serfs get angry and overthrow feudalism

Russian Empire under Czars

CHANGE: Czar Alexander II ended serfdom

Stage Four -- Capitalist Period/Fully Industrialized (most people earn wages) – Bourgeoisie in conflict with Proletariat

CHANGE: The Proletariat revolt violently against Worsening Conditions (Wages, Abuse, Conditions) and spontaneously overthrow the Bourgeoisie to take over their factories and for a short while, the government.Marx predicted the factory workers in Great Britain would revolt first, but their conditions and wages improved in the 19th century.

Limited industrialization with conditions improving for workers; most people were peasants and exports mostly agricultural goods

CHANGE: Russia entered World War I. The leaders of the Russian parliament, the Duma, overthrew Czar Nicholas II in Spring 1917 because Russians were suffering huge casualties in the war.

Dictatorship of the Proletariat – Workers in charge of the means of production through a temporary government.

Germans offered safe passage to Russia to Lenin CHANGE: Lenin and his group of trained revolutionaries overthrew the Duma in October 1917 and forced a Communist (Bolshevik) revolution to occur.Lenin established a Command Economy and Totalitarian State.

III. Was the Russian Revolution of October 1917 a Marxist Revolution? Why or Why not?

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IV. What made the second Russian Revolution a Bolshevik revolution?

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Changes and Continuities in Communism in Russia up to 1954

Summary of Marx’s Beliefs

The COMMUNIST REVOLUTION would happen in a fully industrialized, capitalist country, most likely Great Britain.

The proletariat workers would revolt SPONTANEOUSLY to destroy the horrible and deteriorating conditions in the factories and their low wages, and seize the means of production.

The leaders of the proletariat would establish a “dictatorship of the proletariat,” (socialist state), in which the government controls the means of production

Eventually, the socialist state would disappear, and COMMUNISM would emerge where there is only one class, the proletariat. Since there would be only one class, there would not be any class struggle and all of the proletariat would get what they need and would give what they could to the rest of society.

Explain how each of the following pieces of evidence represents a change or continuity in Communism, as a political ideology and as a political system.

1. Lenin believed that, even though Russia was not industrialized, he could train a small group of dedicated revolutionaries to FORCE a successful communist revolution that would then “spark” communist revolutions in other countries.

2. Lenin’s revolution was led by a small group of educated elites, and relied on workers and soldiers to support the BOLSHEVIK leaders in their revolution against the provisional Russian government led by the Duma.

3. In 1921, Lenin’s New Economic Policy (NEP) allowed farmers to own small plots of land and sell their surplus crops.

4. After Lenin died, Stalin seized power, ended the NEP, and FORCED peasants to live on collective farms (collectives).

5. Stalin’s command economy, in which the government owned all factories, farms, and other “means of production,” made all economic decisions for workers and factory managers.

6. Stalin’s Five-Year Plans FORCED rapid industrialization in the USSR through development of industrial and agricultural production to “catch up” with the West.

Directions: Write a thesis statement about the changes and continuities in communism from Marx to Stalin. (Were there more changes or more continuity? Why?)

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Mastery Objective:  Compare divergent ideas about world peace after WW1.

8 January, 1918: President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points:“What we demand in this war, therefore, is nothing peculiar to ourselves. It is that the world be made fit and safe to live in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world as against force and selfish aggression. All the peoples of the world are in effect partners in this interest, and for ourown part we see very clearly that unless justice be done to others it will not be done to us.

V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined.”

June 1919: Article 22 of the Treaty of Versailles

“To those colonies and territories which as a consequence of the late war have ceased to be under the sovereignty of the States which formerly governed them and which are inhabited by peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world, there should be applied the principle that the well-being and development of such peoples form a sacred trust of civilisation and that securities for the performance of this trust should be embodied in this Covenant. The best method of giving practical effect to this principle is that the tutelage of such peoples should be entrusted to advanced nations who by reason of their resources, their experience or their geographical position can best undertake this responsibility, and who are willing to accept it, and that this tutelage should be exercised by them as Mandatories on behalf of the League.”

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HEARD: "fit and safe to live in"

 "peace-loving nations live their own lives"

 "assured of justice and fair dealing"

 HEARD: "Unless justice be done to others it will not be done to us."

 "determine their own

Circle the Country or Organization Name: China, Vietnam, Egypt, Pan-African CongressAnnotate the face to indicate near the ears the parts of Wilson’s 14 Points they heard applying to them in particular. Show near the eyes what they saw the British and French do to them in the Treaty of Versailles. And, put in the mouth what their reactions were.

REACTION: USA Congress refused to ratify the Treaty,

so the USA did not join League of Nations

Socratic Seminar on the 1920s – Chapter 28

Directions: Select one of the following choices and be prepared to explain why you would prefer to be that type of person (gender, economic class, ethnic background, marital status).

Who Would You Prefer to Be in the 1920s? Why? What age is this person?

English Male department store manager in Liverpool, England Married Woman of Italian Heritage who’s a Meat Packing Factory

Worker in Buenos Aires, Argentina Married Male of Polish Heritage who’s a Meat Packing Factory

Worker in Chicago Single Japanese Woman Worker in Textile Factory in Tokyo Single Jewish-German Woman Worker in Textile Factory in Berlin White Male of Spanish Heritage Supervisor in Textile Factory that

mostly employed single French women in Marseilles Male Clerk of Chinese Heritage in Cuban Import/Export Company Male Owner of Russian Heritage in Mexican Import/Export Company U.S. Male Investor of Scottish Heritage in Swift Meat Packing

Factories in Brazil Housewife of French Heritage in Paris Housewife of Dutch Heritage in Cape Town, South Africa African-American soldier returned from WW1 to St. Louis Male Kikuyu Worker on a Kenyan tea plantation owned by a wealthy

English woman African-American male writer in Paris

Now pick a leisure activity for the person you selected from the list above. Amateur Football (soccer) Game Tango Dance Club Samba Dance Club Silent Films Jazz Music Club Bicycle Race Shopping at Department Stores Polo Match Rugby Match Horse Races College Baseball Game Amusement Park Boxing Match

Some questions for the seminar: (If you’re absent the day of the seminar, turn in your answers to these questions)

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1. How did gender distinction in leisure continue to reinforce the 19th century Victorian “separate spheres” in the 1920s?2. If you do not like any of the choices in the first list above, what other possibilities were there for the time period? 3. How did gender, economic status, ethnic background, and age affect your choices?

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CAUSE #1 of Depression: _________________________________________________

CAUSE #2 of Depression: __________________________________________________

CAUSE #3 of Depression: __________________________________________________

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Effects of Industrialization

Expansion of the Middle Class globally in industrialized economies, but unequal distribution of wealth persisted

Business Cycle: Booms and Busts

Effects of WW1 on Global Economy

Expansion of manufacturing and food exports from all over the Americas

USA businesses took over markets in Latin America the British and French had controlled before the war

USA banks lent money to USA farmers and factory owners who expanded production

1920s Global Economy

Consumer demand increased but not enough for the amount of goods produced, because factory wages were low

Too much food on world market; prices dropped reducing profits for farmers.

USA farmers couldn’t repay loans for seeds and equipment. Other farmers cut costs by not buying new tools

Some USA banks failed.

The initial euphoria after the war led to easy credit offered by banks globally; purchases of stocks dramatically increased.

Global factory production higher than consumption; some factories closed, others laid off workers.

Banks in industrialized countries demanded repayment of loans from stock buyers, factory owners, farmers. Factories and businesses closed due to lack of credit.

Too many people tried to sell stocks they had bought on credit. The NY Stock Exchange crashed first, and then stock exchanges in other countries crashed.

As some banks failed in industrialized countries, there was a rush by rich and middle class people to withdraw their accounts; more banks failed.

Economies of all nation-states linked to global economy.

Allies demand for reparations payments led German government to print too much money which caused hyperinflation and massive loss of savings for the middle class.

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Economic and Political Responses to the Great Depression

Tariffs

AutarkyImport Substitution

Fascism

Welfare State Programs

Effects of Economic and Political Responses in the 1930s

Little economic improvement because reduced world trade limited expansion of jobs and production

Banks could not recover without international investment

WW2Immediate Economic effects:

When and Why Did Fascism Begin? A world economic depression began in the 1920s and drastically increasing unemployment in the 1930s. The fractured world economy intensified political instability and ideological extremism. Demagogues used these times of economic distress to preach a variety of solutions that were generally anti-democratic. Single party totalitarian states emerged in Italy, Spain, Portugal, the USSR, Germany, Brazil, Argentina, China, and Japan.

The ideology of fascism originated in Italy to glorify the leaders and expand its size. In Germany, Nazism also featured the racist philosophy of Aryan supremacy and the subjugation of those not “Aryan”. Fascist governments in Spain, Portugal, China, and Brazil used the threat of local Communist parties to gain support from their people.  The military government in Japan justified its expansionist policies on the needs for industrialization. Fascists claimed they were creating a better type of “modern” person who would retain traditional values, including gender roles, and still build a strong industrialized economy. 

Outline of General Characteristics of FascismI.  Personal Dictatorship A.  One individual is identified as the true leader of the nation, even though there may be an oligarchy or military command structure. B.  The dictatorship has a religious quality with actions by the leaders said to be holy or extraordinary in some way.   II. Intense Nationalism A.  The citizens must show patriotism for their country, which is a relatively new, modern nation-state. B.  The policies of the government are militant, aggressive, and intolerant of differences or public debate.     III.  Forcible Suppression of Dissent A.  censorship of the press and exclusion of foreign journalists C.  increasing propaganda about how wonderful life is under the dictator D.  secret police and severe treatment of political prisoners E.  book burning F.  government surveillance of citizens’ activities, including religion, culture, family     Answer these Questions:1. In what ways is fascism a “modern” type of political structure?

2. Why are there different kinds of fascism in the 20th century? (e.g. not all were expansionist)

3. What were people’s attitudes toward fascism?

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Alliance Systems in World War 2

Write a thesis statement comparing the type of countries allied with the Axis and those with the Allies.

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Directions:1. Identify the regions where events occurred: Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America, Middle East2. Put a star (*) next to events that raised tensions between the USA and USSR.3. Put a pound sign (#) next to events that lowered tensions between the USA and USSR.

Timeline of the Cold War1917: Allies supported the anti-Bolshevik side in the civil war1945: February 4-11-- Yalta Conference (idea of U.N., divisions of postwar Europe, war with Japan, letting Chinese decide on type of government after the war)1945: August 6 -- United States was the first to use an atomic bomb in war1945: August 8 -- Russia enters war against Japan1945: August 14 -- Japanese surrender1946: March -- Winston Churchill’s speech in USA about Soviet domination of Eastern Europe being like an "Iron Curtain"; Truman Containment of Communist governments Doctrine1947: March – USA and British work to prevent Communist Party victory in Greek elections1947: June -- Marshall Plan helps Western European countries’ economies; CIA ousts democratically elected socialist Iranian Prime Minister Mossadeq and installs the Shah as a monarch.1948: February -- Communist governments established in Eastern Europe: Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Baltic States, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania; apartheid in South Africa intensified1949: July -- NATO ratified1949: September – Communist government established in China1949: September -- Soviets explode first atomic bomb1950: June – 1953 July – Conflict in Korea ends with split of Korea at 38th parallel; Communist government in North Korea and military government in South Korea1953: March – Stalin dies, NKVD Chief Beria executed; power struggle in USSR1954: March -- KGB established1954 -- CIA helps overthrow democratically elected socialist government in Guatemala 1954: July -- Vietnam split at 17th parallel; Communist government in North Vietnam1955: May -- Warsaw Pact formed1956: October - November – Soviets put down rebellions in Communist Hungary and Poland; New premier, Khrushchev, denounced Stalinist actions like purges, but continued to build Soviet military, demanded complete obedience from Soviet and Soviet-satellites populations, and promoted socialist revolutions in other parts of the world.  On the other hand, Khrushchev endorsed "peaceful coexistence" with the United States. 1957: October 4 – Russian spaceship, Sputnik, launched into orbit1958: November -- Khrushchev demands withdrawal of NATO troops from Berlin1959: January -- Cuba taken over by revolutionary Fidel Castro1959: September -- Khrushchev visits United States; denied access to Disneyland1960: May -- USA spy plane shot down over Soviet territory; Sino-Soviet split; democratically elected Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba of the Congo overthrown by military coup backed by Belgium and USA1961: April – USA President Kennedy attempted invasion of Cuba-Bay of Pigs incident; USA places long-range missiles in Turkey pointed toward the USSR1961: August 17 -- Construction of Berlin Wall begins separating eastern and western Germany1962: -- USA involvement in Vietnam increased1962: October -- Cuban Missile Crisis1963: July -- Nuclear Test Ban Treaty ratified1964: August -- Gulf of Tonkin incident leads to increased American troops in Vietnam1965: April -- U.S. Marines sent to Dominican Republic to fight Communism1965: July -- Announcement of dispatching of 150,000 U.S. troops to Vietnam1967: June – War between Israel and Jordan, Syria, Egypt (with Iraqi and Saudi aid) 1968: January -- North Korea captured U.S.S. naval ship, Pueblo1968: August -- Soviet troops crush Czechoslovakian revolt1969: July 20 – USA spaceship Apollo 11 lands on the moon

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1970: April -- President Nixon extends Vietnam War to Cambodia; USSR supports militaries in Iraq, Syria, and Egypt1972: July -- SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) signed; Jamaican Prime Minister Michael Manley visits Cuba; USA President Nixon visits China1973: January -- Cease fire in Vietnam between North Vietnam and United States1973: September -- United States helps overthrow democratically elected socialist leader, Allende, in Chile1973: October -- Egypt and Syria attack Israel; Egypt requests more Soviet aid1975: April 17 – USA and allies withdraw troops from Vietnam; North Vietnam defeats South Vietnam; Castro sends Cuban troops to support Communists in Angola, etc.1979: July -- SALT II signed1979: November -- Shah of Iran overthrown; Iranian Hostage Crisis; Soviet troops sent to Afghanistan1980: Solidarity Movement begins in Poland as a labor strike but expands to demands for political rights; US trains mujahideen in Afghanistan to fight against Soviet military; Beginning of eight-year war between Iraq and Iran; USA boycotts Olympics in USSR to protest Soviet invasion of Afghanistan1982: USSR, USA, France, and Gulf States aid Iraqi military in war against Iran1983: -- USA President Reagan proposes Strategic Defense Initiative1983: October -- U.S. troops overthrow Soviet-friendly democratically elected regime in Grenada; support anti-Communist governments in El Salvador and Honduras1985: -- Iran-Contra Affair (arms sold to Iran for its war against Iraq, profits used to support contras [anti-Communist insurgents] in Nicaragua)1985: -- Mikhail Gorbachev ascends to power in Soviet Union1986: -- Gorbachev ends economic aid to Soviet satellites1986: October -- Reagan and Gorbachev resolve to remove all intermediate nuclear missiles from Europe1986: November -- Iran-Contra Affair revealed to public1987: October -- Reagan and Gorbachev agree to remove all medium and short-range nuclear missiles by signing treaty1989: January -- Soviet troops withdraw from Afghanistan1989: June -- China puts down protests for democracy [Tiananmen]; Poland becomes independent1989: September – Communist leaders in Hungary lose power1989: November -- Berlin Wall falls1989: December -- Communist governments fall in Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Rumania; Soviet empire ends1990: March -- Lithuania and other Baltic states become independent of the USSR; Czech Republic and Slovakia formed as independent states1990: May 29 -- Boris Yeltsin elected to presidency of Russia; elections in Nicaragua; ban on ANC in South Africa lifted and ANC leaders including Nelson Mandela released from prison – apartheid ended1990: October 3 -- Germany reunited1991: April -- Warsaw Pact ends1991: August -- End of Soviet Union; Cold War Ends1994: Nelson Mandela elected as first black president of South Africa Respond to the following question: “Analyze the effects of Cold War events on raising or lowering tensions between the governments of the USA and USSR during the Cold War.”

Thesis Statement:

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(Chapter 31)THE PURPOSE OF THE UNITED NATIONS The United Nations began in _______ as a strong association of free nations to maintain peace by providing a forum where disputes between nations could be discussed.  The U.N. was founded by fifty-one (51) nations. (In 2007, there are ____ member countries of the U.N.) During the Cold War between the _._._ and the _____ _____ the U.N. became an ideological ________________ for them.

HISTORY OF THE U.N. IDEA U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt and his wife, Eleanor, pushed the idea of the U.N. throughout the last years of WW2.  In 1941, President Roosevelt stated the American goal of four freedoms for everyone in the world:

        Freedom of _______

        Freedom of _______

        Freedom from _________

        Freedom from _________

Then, several meetings led to the creation of the U.N.

The Atlantic Charter (_____).  President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill met on board a ship in the Atlantic and reiterated President Wilson's Fourteen Points:    a) no territorial gain, b) respect the right of all peoples to ________________________________________, c) hope that all men live in freedom from fear and want, d) urge all nations to abandon the use of ________ and e) seek to establish a 'system of general security'

Dumbarton Oaks Conference (1944).  ____, __________, _______, and China drew up U.N. Charter proposals.

Yalta Conference (February _____).  Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin decided procedures for voting in the Security Council and urged all nations to send representatives to the San Francisco meeting.

San Francisco Conference (April-June ______).  U.N. Charter created by representatives from fifty-one (51)  nations.  U.N. headquarters set up in ____________ ___________.

STRUCTURE OF THE UNITED NATIONS

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I.  General Assembly:  Each member nation gets _____ vote at the annual meeting which lasts for about three months.  Any nation can introduce resolutions on topics of _________ to that nation.  A resolution needs _________ of the majority of nations to pass.  The General Assembly can be called into special session, which might happen if the Security Council fails to act on a world conflict because of a veto.  The General Assembly can recommend, by a _______ vote, that U.N. members take collective action, including the use of armed force. The U.N. does _____ have its own military force.  The U.N. military forces are contributed by _______   ________on a case by case basis.

II. Security Council:  The five permanent members are ____, _______, ________, _______, _______ and ten other seats are rotated to maintain equity among geographical regions.  The purpose of the Security Council is to maintain international ______ and _______.  It may (a) investigate disputes that could endanger world peace, (b) make recommendations for peaceful settlement of ongoing conflicts, and (c) if necessary, call upon U.N. member nations to take economic or _________ action against an aggressor nation.  The Security Council functions continuously.  Decisions by the Security Council on important matters require the affirmative vote of ______ members, including the five permanent members.  Thus, by a negative vote, any one of the Big Five can defeat a __________ ___________ decision, that is, exercise its veto power.  Abstention from voting by a permanent member is not considered a veto.

III.  Secretariat:  Secretary-General and his staff as well as the International Court of Justice (which consists of 15 judges who decide cases by majority vote; nations submitting disputes to the Court agree in advance to accept its decisions).

IV. Trusteeship Council:  originally set up to handle transition to independence for colonies

V.  Economic and Social Council:  is charged with improving economic, social, cultural, educational and health conditions in the world through UNICEF, the High Commissioner for Refugees, the U.N. Development Program, and the Commission on Human Rights.

VI.  Specialized Agencies:  UNESCO, ILO, FAO, WHO, IMF, ________ ____, etc.

POLITICS IN THE U.N.: COLD WAR ERA

Although the goal of the nations who created the U.N. was to reduce ________ between nations, the Cold War actually _________ them.  Because every nation got ____ vote in the General Assembly, and resolutions had to be passed with a ___- _____ majority, the United States and the Soviet Union tried to get nations to vote for American or Soviet resolutions. 

After the mass of former colonies became independent, however, they learned they could have a larger voice in the U.N. if they voted as ___ _______.  They named themselves the ____________________ ______________, because they did not want to follow the United States or the Soviet Union; they wanted to act as ____________

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____________ in the world.  The major leaders of the Nonaligned Movement were India's Jawaharlal Nehru, Yugoslavia's Tito, and Egypt's Gamal Abdal Nasser. 

Some liberal French journalists began referring to these nonaligned countries as the 'le tiers monde' to show that the former colonies rejected both the first world of uncaring and greedy capitalism and the second world of totalitarian socialism.  In the forum of the U.N. General Assembly, ________ - _________ nations' introduced resolutions against colonialism and imperialism.  The U.S. usually __________ or voted __________ the resolutions not wishing to offend western European nations like Portugal who still had colonies.  The U.S. itself came under attack for interfering in other countries political affairs for the benefit of U.S.-based multi-national corporations.

Summarize the main goals of the U.N.

Summarize the role of the U.N. for member nations

Summarize the main obstacles that keep the U.N. from solving world problems:

Independence in the Eastern Hemisphere

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Write a generalization about when countries gained their independence in the 20th century.

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Legacies of Colonialism/Imperialism (Chapters 31 & 32)

patterns of economic development: identify national languages, types of educational system, and the level of industrialization by 1970

Africa: focus on at least two countriesAsia: focus on at least two countries

Be sure to include the development of industrialized countries around the Pacific Rim (e.g. Taiwan & Korea)

Middle East: focus on at least two countries

Compare Patterns of decolonization (chapter 31)Directions:write dates of independenceunder the countryname

Identify at least two specific methods used in independence struggles

Identify at least one Political, social, and economic result after independence in each of these countries

India

Ghana

Kenya

Algeria

Vietnam

Senegal

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History of the Middle East—use the word banks to fill in the blanks and make sure you understand the concepts behind the words in the word bank

8,000 BCE to 600 CE: Middle East Earliest evidence of domesticated ____________ and ____________ Earliest evidence of sedentary villages: __________ and _______ ________ Early Civilizations: __________________ and ancient ____________ Start of two monotheistic religions: _________ and _____________. ____________ Empires, ____________ Empire and then its successor in the east, the ______________ Empire Destruction of __________ Temples; Diaspora of _______ throughout the __________ Empire.

Word Bank: plants and animals Roman Byzantine Persian Jewish Jews Mesopotamia Egypt Jericho and Catal Huyuk Judaism Christianity

600 – 1450: Middle East Beginning of another monotheistic religion: ________________ Creation of Muslim Empires from Arabian states and parts of __________ and __________ Empires: Abbasid, Fatimid,

Islamic Spain Crusades: Roman Catholics controlled the ____ ______ for about a hundred years. Destruction of Abbasid Empire by the _____________ from Central Asia, though the __________ kept this invading

group from taking over _____________.

Word Bank: Mamluk Byzantine Persian Holy Land Mongols Islam Egypt

1450 – 1750: Middle East Creation of the __________Empire from Byzantine and former Abbasid empires. ____________ Muslim rule and _______ policies toward other religious groups. Growing British and French Economic and Military Pressures on _______Empire

Word Bank: tolerant Ottoman

1750 – 1914: Middle East By the end of the 19th century the _______ indirectly controlled ___________ WW1: Ottomans sided with the _________ Powers; British military recruited help from the ________ and _______

in __________ to fight against the Ottomans.

Word Bank: Palestine British Central Arabs Jews Egypt

1914 – 1947: Middle East League of _______ Mandates divided __________ Empire into Turkey and French and British-dominated territories After WW1, nationalism caused by _____________ 14 Points led to more demands for _____________________ by

________ nations (Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon) and by _________ (Zionism) 1954, USA CIA overthrew __________ Prime Minister Muhammad Mosedeq to stop nationalization of the _____

industry there; Shah reinstated _____________. UN _____________ in 19___ based on British recommendations for separate Jewish and ________ nation-states

Word Bank: Nations Iranian Ottoman Central Powers Wilson’s Jews Arab Partition 1947 self-determination oil monarchy

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1948 – present: Arab-Israeli Conflicts and Agreements 1948: United Nations voted: 33 to 10 with 13 abstaining to recognize_____________ as a nation-state. 1948: First war between _______ and ______, ______, _______, with ______ and ______ _______ providing financial

and military support. 1952: Major Gamal Nasser overthrew King Faruk and ended British domination of ___________. 1956: Suez Crisis – Egypt versus Great Britain, ________, and Israel. 1958: General Qasim overthrew monarchy created by the British in _______, and then quit the anti-Communist

Baghdad Pact. 1967: Second war between _______ and ______, ______, _______, with ______ and ______ _______ providing

financial and military support. 1970: With Syrian help, the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) attempted coup d’etat against King Hussein of

__________. PLO moved to ____________when the coup d’etat failed. 1971: Creation of OPEC, Organization of Petroleum __________ Countries. 1973: Third war between _______ and ______, ______, _______, with ______ and ______ _______ providing

financial and military support; OPEC boycott against US. 1976: Egypt and Israel signed a __________ agreement. Egypt recognized Israel’s right to _______. Israel returned the

______ desert to Egypt. 1981: Egyptian President Sadat assassinated by _______________ in Egypt. 1982: PLO forced to leave _________ for Tunisia. 1987: First intifada, “_______ _____” in Arabic, goal was to end _________ occupation of _____ ______ and _____

______. 1993: Oslo Accords -- -- interim period of Palestinian self-______; assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzak Rabin

by _______________ Israelis. 2000: Second intifada.

Word Bank: exporting peace France Israel Gaza Egypt Syria Trans-Jordan West Bank Iraq Saudi Arabia Lebanon Sinai “shaking off” exist anti-Israel groups anti-Arab rule

Iraq-Iran Conflicts 1979: Saddam Hussein selected by previous leader to be president of _______. 1979: Shah overthrown; Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeni ordered the execution of many officers of the Iranian

Imperial Army. 53 ________ hostages held for 444 days. 1980: Iraq under President Saddam _______ attacked Iranian airfields and launched ground assault: _______ launched

air attacks on Iraq. 1981: Israel destroyed _________ installation near Baghdad in ________. 1982: Kurds in Iraq, supported by __________, sabotaged Iraqi military. 1982: Iran pushed _______ out of Iranian territory; ___________ helped Iraq. 1983: Iran began human wave ________ on mined fields. Iraq accepted delivery of _________ jets with Exocet

_________. 1984: ______ used chemical __________ against Iranian troops. Tanker war against many ___ tankers in the Persian

_____ cut Iranian oil exports in half. 1986: Iran-Contra affair revealed that President Reagan approved the secret sale of weapons to ________ to finance

supply of weapons and training to paramilitary groups in Central America fighting against Communist ______________. 1988: After Iran agreed to truce, _______ mounted last ground offensive. One million men killed, and 1.7 million

wounded. It was the ________ war in the 20th c.

Word Bank: missiles Iran Iraq Hussein longest USSR nuclear attacksFrench weapons oil Gulf Nicaragua

Persian Gulf War 1991, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein sent his military to invade _________ and launched Scud missiles against _____

and ___________; _____-sponsored coalition coordinated effort to force Iraq out of ___________Word Bank: UN Israel Saudi Arabia Kuwait

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KEY EVENTS FOR THE END OF THE COLD WAR (Chapter 32)

Directions: Annotate the timeline by identifying the POV1 that the leaders of the governments of the USA and the USSR had on the following events.

Poland:  Solidarity Movement, 1980 July 1980, the Polish government was once again forced to raise food prices, and by mid-August more than 100,000 workers were on strike. The Gdansk shipyards were once again at the heart of the protest. On August 14, 1980, the workers successfully seized control of the yard and demanded the reinstatement of Lech Walesa, who had scaled the shipyard fence to join the workers inside. Quickly named their leader, Walesa knew that the best hope of success was to get other types of workers to join the shipyard workers in protest. Walesa chaired the Interfactory Strike Committee, which linked the shipyard workers with workers in 20 other striking factories in the Gdansk-Sopot-Gdynia area, and the committee issued a series of bold political demands.  By 1989, free elections were held in Poland and the Communist Party lost power. Source: <http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/walesa/>

News Reports in China, 1980Newspapers in English and other foreign languages contained stories about the Polish Solidarity Movement, but the official Chinese press did not publicize the events.

World Nuclear Disarmament Movement, 1950s – 1980sPublic protests by civilians and petitions led by scientists and cultural figures pressured US President Reagan and Soviet premier Gorbachev to reconsider the former policies of “peace through strength.”

Glasnost and Perestroika in the USSR, 1985 -1991Gorbachev finally rose to the top party spot in March 1985. Almost from the start, he strove for significant reforms, so that the system would work more efficiently and more democratically. Hence the two key phrases of the Gorbachev era: "glasnost" (openness) and "perestroika" (reform). Hoping to shift resources to the civilian sector of the Soviet economy, Gorbachev also began to argue in favor of an end to the arms race with the West. In 1989, he made a speech to the UN saying, "By agreement with our allies in the Warsaw Pact, we have made the decision to withdraw six tank divisions from the GDR, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary, and to disband them by 1991."  He also agreed that multi-party democracies could form in Eastern European countries that deserved "self determination."  By December 1991, Boris Yeltsin, parliamentary leader of the Russian Republic and then elected president, made Gorbachev and the USSR irrelevant.

Berlin Wall: 1989 torn down by East and West Berliners. East Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Baltic states, Rumania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Armenia, states in Central Asia, etc.:  As borders opened, mass migrations began to the nearest nation that was quickly overthrowing their Communist Party dictatorships.  Some changes in political structures happened peacefully, e.g. the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia that led to the creation of two nations: the Czech Republic and Slovakia.  Other political changes happened violently, e.g. the bloody overthrow of Romania's Nicolae Ceausescu.  The physical environment 1 POV = Point of View, what is the opinion about the topic and what is the cause of that opinion?

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in much of Eastern Europe was ruined by unchecked chemical pollution of the air and water, so people migrating were escaping totalitarian governments, stagnant economies, and polluted environments.

Tiananmen Square and the Democracy Movement in ChinaIn April 5, 1989, students organized a meeting in Tiananmen Square, the mainpublic space in Beijing. Part of the meeting was to memorialize Hu Yaobang, agovernment official who had shown sympathy for the student movement. Thestudents called for freedom of the press and other political reforms. Some students created models of the Statue of Liberty while others defied the army, including one unarmed student who stood in front of a tank by himself. After a month of student-occupation of the square, the government sent troops to disperse the students who refused to move. Local citizens helped the students resist martial law. On June 3, 1989, Deng Xiaoping ordered troops to clear the square, and hundreds of protestors were killed. Leaders of the movement were sent to labor camps.

NicaraguaIn 1990, Daniel Ortega, Communist president of Nicaragua, decided to hold free elections within Nicaragua. This controversial decision occurred for several reasons.  First, the collapse of the Soviet Union had left Nicaragua seemingly without allies. International pressure was mounting, and many countries were imposing heavy economic sanctions on Nicaragua. Second, the contra war, going on for more than a decade, was getting unbearable to Nicaraguans, who wanted nothing but peace, and a chance to succeed in global markets. For these reasons Ortega gave the presidency up to elections—a noble act that put him in front of the race for president. He lost though, by a small margin, to Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, previously of the junta, who had split off and formed the political party National Union of Opposition (UNO). Chamorro became president, and was immediately faced with an endless amount of conflicts to resolve.

Cuban President Fidel Castro, 1999: "The United States won the Cold War. Of course, it was very well assisted by the Soviet Union. [....] I trust that solidarity will prevail over xenophobia and racism, that generosity will prevail over selfishness."  Source: http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/24/interviews/castro/

Directions: Write a Thesis Statement on the events that led to the end of the Cold War:

Directions: Underline each event mentioned in the film and put a check in the margin if Nelson Mandela had a direct role in the event.

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Timeline for South Africa

1815 – Congress of Vienna -- British government gained territory in southern Africa from Dutch. 1885 – Berlin Conference (Europeans divided up Africa for direct colonization.)1912 – Founding of African National Congress (ANC), a non-violent civil rights organization that worked to promote the interests of black Africans1914 – Soldiers from African colonies served in European armies during WW1.

1935 – Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini invaded Ethiopia. Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia, appealed to the League of Nations but got no help.1939 -- Soldiers from African colonies served in European armies during WW2.1944 – Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Oliver Tambo founded the ANC Youth League.1948 – Nationalist Party came to power in South Africa and installed more stringent segregation, calling it apartheid.

1955 – ANC published its Freedom Charter demanding that the South African end apartheid and represent all of the people living in the country.1957 – Independence of the British colony of Ghana1960s – 1990s – Independence of over 50 other African nations.

1960 – Treason Trial by South African government sent Nelson Mandela and other leaders of the ANC to jail for life.1973:  Labor unions dominated by Black South Africans launch strikes in Natal and gain popularity and leadership. 1976 – Soweto massacre of school children protesting the compulsory language requirement of Afrikaans, the white language of Dutch descendants in South Africa1977:  Steve Biko, leader of the Black Consciousness Movement, was arrested and brutally murdered by South African police.  Militant Black South Africans had the slogan "no education without liberation," and refused to participate in the segregated, inferior "Bantu" education system, and often prevented others from going to school.

1980s – Economic and social boycott by wealthy nations like the USA of the white South African government (e.g. the white South African athletes weren’t allowed to participate in the Olympics or other international sports competitions.)1983:  Indians and "Coloreds" given representation in separate parliaments; Black South Africans opposed tokenism.

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1986:  Pres. Botha declared state of emergency; over 30,000 people detained. 1989:  P.W. Botha resigned.  de Klerk became president. 1990:  de Klerk lifted the ban on the ANC and released Nelson Mandela and other ANC leaders from prison; apartheid laws repealed; negotiations led to one person, one vote.  Violence escalated between the ANC and Inkatha, a Zulu political organization. 1993:  an interim constitution anticipated national elections.

1994 – Mandela elected president in first all-race elections.

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Internationalization of popular culture and reactions to global pop culture (Chapter 33)

Directions: Jot down a few notes about each of these developments in global and regional cultures

Interactions between elite and popular culture and art

Summarize the main ideas of Artistic Modernism (Dada) – Europe, North America, East Asia

Research to find the geographic origin of one of these types of music in the 20th century: Jazz, Salsa, Reggae, Hip Hop; and then explain how technology helped that music to spread to other specific countries or regions

Global cultural forces, influence of multinationalcorporations onthe spread of popular culture, and patterns of resistance

Give some examples of American fast food, video games, television shows, and/or films that spread to other countries (name of American product and then where and how it spread)

Give some examples of fundamentalist religious rejection of American consumer culture (Christian, Muslim or Hindu)

Write a thesis statement about the varying reactions to the spread of a global culture

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Compare the effects of 20th Century Political Revolutions on WomenRevolutionary ideology Briefly list some ways that women’s lives at home

and work were affected by the following types of governments

Marxism/Communism in the Soviet Union of Socialist Republics (Russia) pp. 769-771

Neo-Liberalism in Latin Americapp. 854 - 855

Theocracy in the Islamic Republic of Iranp. 852 - 853

Explain why industrialized countries’ populations leveled off, but less industrialized countries’ populations continued to increase, especially after 1950. (Chapter 32, pp. 862 – 867)

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Review Sheet for Unit 6 Test: 1914 -- present

Directions: Write a few notes about each of these topics

Technology and Demographic ChangesList Environmental stresses caused by production of war materials during World War 2Effects of the influenza epidemic of 1918-1919Identify new technologies developed for World WarsCauses of population increases during the 20th centuryCauses and effects of migration to large cities, especially in countries with lower rates of industrializationEffects of computers and automobilesEffects of video, cassette tapes, faxes, Internet

Cultural and Intellectual Changes and ContinuitiesEffects of the spread of American popular cultureCause of the industrialization jumps in Pacific Rim statesEffects of Dependency Theory

Changes in Political Structures and Attitudes Toward Governments:De-colonization: Violent and nonviolent techniques used to gain independenceEffects of Women’s participation in revolutionary and independence movementsEffects of Gandhi List African attitudes toward European colonial governmentsCause of the 1948 war in the former British colony of PalestineEffects of 1967 Arab-Israeli WarType of new governments in India and Pakistan/PartitionSimilarities of colonies under French controlList Major problem created by European colonizers in AfricaWho was Jomo Kenyatta?Differences between Ghanian and Algerian strugglesEffects of Attitude of racial superiority embedded in Apartheid system in South Africa

Cold WarEffects of Winston Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech Effect of the Cold War on AfricaCauses and Effects of Suez CrisisEffects of U.S. intervention in Latin AmericaCauses and Effects of Fidel CastroCompare overthrow of Iranian Prime Minister Mossadeq and the Chilean President AllendeCauses and Effects of Nonaligned MovementDifferences between Shah of Iran and Ayatollah KhomeniCauses and Effects of Proxy combatantsCauses and Effects of rising Japanese economyCauses and Effects of Great Leap ForwardCauses and Effects of Chinese Cultural RevolutionCauses and Effects of Soviet involvement in Afghanistan and the U.S.A. involvement in VietnamCauses and Effects of Meiji economic strategy, Stalin’s Five-Year PlanConditions in Third World nationsCauses and Effects of NATO and WARSAW PACT

End of Cold WarCauses and Effects of Polish Solidarity Causes and Effects of Balkan Wars

World WarsRole of the Black HandEffects of Wilson’s Fourteen PointsEffects of AutarkyCauses and Effects of FascismEffects of Colonial soldiers in the warsCauses and Effects of The Long March of the Chinese Communists

Social and Gender ChangesWomen in the Soviet UnionWhere and when do women receive the right to vote?Middle class expanded in industrialized countries and in large urban areas in less industrialized countriesCause of Anti-immigrant feelings

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