Name: _____________________________________________ Date: __________________ Period: ___________

Chapter 48: Nervous Systems

1) Define

a) Nerve net

b) Nerve

c) Cephalization

d) Ganglia

2) For the animals sketched below, give the common name of the organism and its phylum. Also note the important

features of its nervous system.

3) Review from taxonomy:

a) Which phylum has a nerve net?

b) Which phylum showed cephalization?

c) Which phylum has a ventral nerve cord?

d) Which phylum has a dorsal nerve cord?

4) The CNS is made up of a ________________________ and _____________________________________

5) Label the following: stimulus, receptors

(sensors), sensory neuron, interneuron, spinal

cord, gray matter, white matter, motor

neuron, effector (muscle).

6) What is a neuron?

7) Neurons can be placed into three groups, based on their location and function. Fill in the table below

Type of Neuron Function

Sensory

Interneuron

Motor

8) Label the following elements of this figure: cell body, dendrites, axon, synapse, presynaptic cell, postsynaptic

cell, synaptic vesicles, synaptic terminal, and neurotransmitter.

9) What are glial cells?

a) List the types below with a brief description of each

10) What is the typical resting potential of a neuron?

11) On the sketch below, label the following: outside cell, inside cell. Show where the concentrations of Na+ and

K+ are highest.

12) In a resting neuron, the outside of the membrane is positively charged relative to the inside of the

membrane. If positively charged ions flow out, the difference in charge between the two sides of the

membrane becomes greater. What is the increase in the magnitude of the membrane potential called?

13) When a stimulus is applied, ion channels will open. If positively charged ions flow in, the membrane is said

to depolarize. If depolarization causes the membrane potential to drop to a critical value, a wave of

depolarization will follow. What is this critical value called?

14) What is an action potential? What is meant by an “all or none” response to a stimulus?

15) What are the two types of glial cells that produce myelin sheaths?

16) How does a myelin sheath speed impulse transmission?

17) In the disease multiple sclerosis, the myelin sheaths harden and deteriorate. How would this affect nervous

system function?

18) Figure 48.13 contains almost all you need to know about nerve impulse transmission, so it is worth some careful study time. Let’s approach it in steps.

a. Label Na+, K+, and their respective ion channels. b. Label the Resting state figure. Are the Na+ and K+ channels open, or closed? ________________ c. Label Depolarization. What triggers depolarization? ____________________ What channels open?

______________ What occurs if the depolarization threshold is reached? _______________ d. Label Stage 4 in the figure Repolarization. How is the charge on the membrane reestablished?

_______________________________________________________________ e. Label these regions of the graph: x- and y-axes, threshold, resting potential, depolarization, action

potential, and repolarization.

19) When the wave of depolarization arrives at the synaptic terminal, calcium ion channels open. What occurs to the synaptic vesicles as the Ca2+ level increases?

20) What is contained within the synaptic vesicles? 21) Label the figure below: synaptic vesicle, neurotransmitter, calcium ion channel, presynaptic membrane,

postsynaptic membrane, and synapse.

22) Explain how an action potential is transmitted from one cell to another across a synapse by summarizing

what is shown above in six steps

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

23) There are many different types of neurotransmitters. Each neuron secretes only ONE type of neurotransmitter. Some neurotransmitters hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane. Are these excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitters?

24) Define and explain summation.

25) A single postsynaptic neuron can be affected by neurotransmitter molecules released by many other neurons, some releasing excitatory and some releasing inhibitory neurotransmitters. What will determine whether an action potential is generated in the postsynaptic neuron?

26) Fill in the table below

Neurotransmitter Overall Effect/Function Functional Class

Acetylcholine

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

dopamine

Serotonin

GABA

Glutamate

glycine

Substance P

Endorphins

Nitric oxide (NO)

27) What is the general function of the peripheral nervous system?

28) Figure 48.21 shows the branches of the peripheral nervous system. Label these branches. Which branch is

sometimes called the “voluntary nervous system”? Which one is often termed “involuntary?” Include these

terms on the diagram below.

29) When the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated, what effect does it have on heart rate?

When the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated, what effect does it have on peristalsis?

30) Which division of your autonomic nervous system would likely be activated if you learned that an exam you

had forgotten about would start in 5 minutes? Explain your answer.

a. Describe the physiological responses that would occur.

31) Label the following structures on the figure of the brain, and give a primary function of each labeled structure.

brainstem (includes pons, medulla)

cerebrum

cerebellum

thalamus

hypothalamus

32) Fill in the table below

Lobe of cerebral cortex General functions

33) What is the limbic system? What parts of the brain make up the limbic system? What kinds of behaviors are

connected to this part of the brain?

34) Briefly describe each of the following:

a) Schizophrenia

b) Depression

c) Alzheimer’s disease

d) Parkinson’s disease

Chapter 49: Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

1) What are the types of sensory receptors? What do they each detect?

2) Label the parts of the ear:

3) Describe how sound “travels” within the ear to the auditory nerve.

4) Describe how smell is interpreted by the brain by labeling the diagram below:

5) Label the parts of the eye:

6) What are the photoreceptors of the eye? What does each detect?

Nervous System Questions

1. Match the structure with the correct letter from the

diagram below.

______ Dendrites

______ Schwann cell nucleus

______ Axon

______ Node of Ranvier

______ Cell body

______ Myelin sheath

______ Nucleus

______ Axon terminals

______ Neurilemma

______ End bulbs

2. Identify each of the following as true of the sensory neuron (SN) or the motor neuron (MN)

______ anterior root

______ posterior root

______ has a ganglion

______ lacks a ganglion

______ carriers impulses from receptor to

spinal cord

______ carriers impulses from spinal cord to

effector

______ has a relatively long dendrite &

short axon

______ has relatively short dendrites & a

long axon

______ enters spinal cord

______ exits spinal cord

3. Match the following parts with the correct

letter from the diagram.

______ Dorsal Root

______ Dorsal Root Ganglion

______ Effector

______ Interneuron

______ Receptor

______ Ventral Root

4. Match the following parts with the correct

letter from the diagram.

______ Motor neuron axon

______ Sensory neuron axon

______ Sensory neuron cell body

______ Sensory neuron dendrite

5. Match the description with the correct event.

A. Depolarization

B. Hyperpolarization

C. Refractory Period

D. Repolarization

E. Resting potential

______ More Na+ outside cell; more K+ inside cell

______ Na+ ion gates open and Na+ rush into cell

______ K+ gates open & Na+ gates close; K+ rush out of cell

______ More K+ moved out of cell than necessary to reestablish charge across membrane

______ Na+ pumped out of cell & K+ pumped into cell

6. How is the resting potential different from repolarization?

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

7. Answer the following questions regarding the transmission of a nerve impulse.

a) What maintains the excess of Na+ outside the cell and an excess of K+ inside the cell during the resting

potential stage?

___________________________________________________________________________________

b) The resting potential of a neuron (-70mV) indicates that the inside of the cell is more negative than the

outside. What two factors cause this negative charge?

___________________________________________________________________________________

c) What causes Na+ channels (gates) to open?

___________________________________________________________________________________

d) What causes Na+ to rush into the neuron during depolarization?

___________________________________________________________________________________

e) What causes K+ to rush out of the neuron during repolarization?

___________________________________________________________________________________

f) What causes the neuron to be hyperpolarized?

___________________________________________________________________________________

g) What reestablishes the original distribution of K+ and Na+ during the refractory period?

___________________________________________________________________________________

8. Listed below is the distribution / movement of Na+ and K+ during the transmission of a nerve impulse. Put

the following in the correct order.

___1__ More Na+ outside the neuron; more K+ inside the neuron

______ Na+ gates open

______ Na+ gates close & K+ gates open

______ Na+ rushes into the neuron

______ K+ rushes out of the neuron

______ More K+ is outside the neuron; more Na+ is inside the neuron

______ Na+ is pumped out of the cell & K+ is pumped into the cell

9. Match the structure with the correct

letter from the diagram below.

______ Neurotransmitter

______ Postsynaptic membrane

______ Presynaptic membrane

______ Receptor site (protein)

______ Synaptic cleft

______ Synaptic end bulb

______ Synaptic vesicle

10. Why was cephalization important in the evolution of the animal kingdom?

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

11. Use Figure 48.22 to identify the autonomic nervous system division (Parasympathetic or Sympathetic)

described in each of the following.

______ Long preganglionic fibers

______ Short preganglionic fibers

______ Long postganglionic fibers

______ Short postganglionic fibers

______ Ganglia near the CNS

______ Ganglia near the effector

______ Originate from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine

______ Originate from the brain and sacrum

______ Constricts the pupil

______ Dilates the pupil

______ Increases activity of the digestive system

______ Decreases the activity of the digestive system

______ Stimulates defecation and urination

______ Constricts respiratory passageways

______ Dilates respiratory passageways

______ Reduces heart rate and the force of cardiac contractions

______ Increases heart rate and the force of cardiac contractions

______ Centers on relaxation, food processing, and energy absorption

______ Prepares the body for emergencies; triggers the fight or flight response

12. Match the structure with the correct function.

A) Brainstem

B) Epithalamus

C) Cerebellum

D) Thalamus

E) Hypothalamus

F) Cerebral hemispheres

______ Contains centers that control breathing, heart and blood vessel activity, swallowing, vomiting, digesting

______ Helps coordinate large-scale body movements such as walking

______ Contains centers for receipt and integration of several types of sensory information

______ Most of descending axons cross from one side to CNS to the other; results in right side of brain controlling left side of body

______ Medulla, pons, midbrain

______ Coordination of movement

______ Receives information about position of joints, length of muscles, information from auditory and visual systems, and information from motor pathways; uses information to provide automatic coordination of movements and balance

______ Contains the pineal body and choroid plexus

______ Major integration center; major input center for sensory information going to cerebrum; main output center for motor information leaving cerebrum

______ Produces hormones; contains centers that regulate body temperature, hunger, thirst, fight-or-flight response, sexual responses, pleasure

______ Center for higher thought processes; thinking, speech, vision, hearing