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B1 Cell Biology 35 Questions Name: ________________________ Class: ________________________ Date: ________________________ Time: Marks: Comments: Page 1 of 88 Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
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Transcript of Name: B1 Cell Biology -...
B1 Cell Biology35 Questions
Name: ________________________
Class: ________________________
Date: ________________________
Time:
Marks:
Comments:
Page 1 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
Figure 1 shows an animal cell.
Figure 1
© alex-mit/iStock/Thinkstock
(a) What is structure A?
Tick one box.
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Chromosome
Cytoplasm
(1)
1
Page 2 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(b) What is structure B?
Tick one box.
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Vacuole
(1)
(c) Figure 2 shows a sperm cell.
Figure 2
Describe how a sperm cell is adapted to carry out its function.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
Page 3 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(d) Substances can move into and out of cells by three processes.
The diagrams show the concentration of different substances inside and outside a root haircell.
How would each substance move into the root hair cell?
Draw one line from each root hair cell to the correct process.
Root hair cell Process
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 4 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
The figure below shows a scale drawing of one type of cell in blood.
(a) Use the scale to determine the width of the cell.
Give your answer to the nearest micrometre.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Width of cell = _________________ micrometres
(1)
2
(b) Complete the table below.
Part of the blood Function
Carries oxygen around the body
Protects the body against infection
Plasma
(3)
Page 5 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(c) Platelets are fragments of cells.
Platelets help the blood to clot.
Suggest what might happen if the blood did not clot.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
When an organism grows, new cells are produced by cell division.
(a) What type of cell division happens to produce new body cells?
Tick one box.
Differentiation
Meiosis
Mitosis
(1)
3
(b) Why can cancers grow very large?
Tick one box.
Cancer cells are specialised
Cell division is slow
Cell division is uncontrolled
(1)
(c) Give one factor which increases the risk of getting cancer.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
Page 6 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(d) Survival rates for people with cancer have improved a lot.
People who are alive 10 years after diagnosis are usually considered to be cured.
The figure below shows data for people diagnosed with cancer in 1961 and 2001.
78% of people diagnosed with breast cancer in 2001 were alive 10 years later.
Complete the figure above to show this information.
(1)
(e) Which type of cancer diagnosed in 1961 had the highest survival rate?
Tick one box.
Breast
Prostate
Skin
Testicular
(1)
Page 7 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(f) Which type of cancer shows the biggest improvement in the percentage of people alive after10 years?
Tick one box.
Breast
Prostate
Skin
Testicular
(1)
(g) Suggest two reasons why the survival rates for all cancers have increased.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 8 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
Pathogens cause infectious diseases in animals and plants.
(a) Draw one line from each disease to the type of pathogen that causes the disease.
Disease Type of pathogen
Bacterium
Gonorrhoea
Fungus
Malaria
Protist
Measles
Virus
(3)
4
Page 9 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(b) Some parts of the human body have adaptations to reduce the entry of live pathogens.
Look at Figure 1.
Figure 1
Explain how the trachea is adapted to reduce the entry of live pathogens.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(4)
Page 10 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(c) Malaria is a serious disease that can be fatal.
Malaria is spread to humans by infected mosquitoes.
Scientists investigated the behaviour of mosquitoes to understand how the spread ofmalaria could be controlled.
Figure 2 shows the equipment the scientists used.
Figure 2
This is the method used.
1. 30 mosquitoes infected with malaria were placed in Container A.
2. 30 uninfected mosquitoes were placed in Container B.
3. The total number of times the mosquitoes landed on the socks was recorded.
Name the dependent variable and suggest one control variable in this investigation.
Dependent variable ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Control variable ______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
Page 11 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(d) Infected mosquitoes landed on the socks three times more often than uninfectedmosquitoes.
Explain how this information can be used to reduce the spread of malaria.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
Page 12 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(e) Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) affects many species of plant.
Figure 3 shows a leaf infected with TMV.
Figure 3
© Nigel Cattlin/Getty Images
TMV destroys chloroplasts in the leaf.
Explain how this could affect the growth of the plant.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 14 marks)
Page 13 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
The figure below shows four different types of cell.
(a) Which cell is a plant cell?
Give one reason for your answer.
Cell _________
Reason ____________________________________________________________
(2)
5
(b) Which cell is an animal cell?
Give one reason for your answer.
Cell _________
Reason ____________________________________________________________
(2)
(c) Which cell is a prokaryotic cell?
Give one reason for your answer.
Cell _________
Reason ____________________________________________________________
(2)
Page 14 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(d) A scientist observed a cell using an electron microscope.
The size of the image was 25 mm.
The magnification was × 100 000
Calculate the real size of the cell.
Use the equation:
Give your answer in micrometres.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Real size = __________________ micrometres
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
Plants need nitrate ions in order to make proteins.
A plant is growing in soil flooded with water.
Explain why the plant cannot absorb enough nitrate ions.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 5 marks)
6
Page 15 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(a) Some antibiotics work by destroying the cell membranes of bacteria.
Suggest why these antibiotics may have side effects in the animals that are given theseantibiotics.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
7
(b) Each arrow on the figure below shows the date of discovery of each new type of antibiotic.
In which 10 year period were most new types of antibiotic discovered?
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(c) The figure above shows 22 new types of antibiotic. These were discovered before 2010.
Determine the percentage of types of antibiotic that have been discovered between 1980and 2010.
Use information from the figure above.
Give your answer to 2 significant figures.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
____________________ %
(2)
Page 16 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(d) Bacteria can evolve rapidly.
Many bacteria can develop into new strains which are resistant to antibiotics.
Complete the table below to show if each action is more likely or less likely to helpbacteria to become antibiotic resistant.
Put a tick in each row.
Action More likely Less likely
Take painkillers for headache
Washing with antiseptic hand gel
Adding antibiotics to food for cows
Giving antibiotics for colds and flu
Stopping antibiotics as soon as you feel better
(4)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 17 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
Starfish can split in half. Each half can then grow new arms to form offspring.
This process is shown in the figure below.
(a) What process produces the starfish offspring?
Tick one box.
Asexual reproduction
Fertilisation
Selective breeding
Sexual reproduction
(1)
8
(b) More cells are produced as the starfish grows more arms.
What process will produce more cells in the starfish as they grow?
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(c) All the offspring produced are genetically identical.
What name is given to genetically identical organisms?
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
Page 18 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(d) Each body cell of the parent starfish contains 44 chromosomes.
How many chromosomes are in each body cell of the offspring?
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Students used quadrats to estimate the population of dandelion plants on a field.
(a) Describe how quadrats should be used to estimate the number of dandelion plants in afield.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(4)
9
(b) The field measured 40 m by 145 m.
The students used 0.25 m2 quadrats.
The students found a mean of 0.42 dandelions per quadrat.
Estimate the population of dandelions on the field.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Estimated population of dandelions = ______________
(2)
Page 19 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(c) In one area of the field there is a lot of grass growing in the same area as dandelions.
Suggest why the dandelions may not grow well in this area.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 10 marks)
Different antibiotics destroy bacteria in different ways.
• Some antibiotics disrupt the bacterial cell membrane.
• Some antibiotics disrupt the bacterial cell wall.
(a) Antibiotics that disrupt the bacterial cell membrane often cause more side effects inhumans compared with antibiotics that disrupt bacterial cell walls.
Suggest why.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
10
(b) Some antibiotics prevent ribosomes functioning.
Suggest how this damages the bacterium.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
Page 20 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(c) Drug manufacturers are spending less on research into new antibiotics.
One reason why is because new antibiotics are rarely prescribed.
Some people think that governments should pay drug manufacturers to develop newantibiotics.
Suggest why.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
Figure 1 shows a cell viewed through a light microscope.
Figure 1
The size of the real cell is 0.03 mm.
(a) Calculate the magnification of the microscope.
Use Figure 1 to help you answer.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Magnification = ________________________
(2)
11
Page 21 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(b) A light microscope uses light waves to observe objects.
Light waves can be modelled using water waves.
Figure 2 shows a water wave.
Figure 2
Give one similarity between a light wave and a water wave.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(c) Write down the equation that links frequency, wave speed and wavelength.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(d) The wave in Figure 2 has a wavelength of 75 cm.
The wave moves at a speed of 1.6 m / s.
Calculate the frequency of the wave.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Frequency = __________________ Hz
(4)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 22 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(a) In humans there are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis.
The table below gives statements about cell division.
Tick ( ) one box in each row to show if the statement is true for mitosis only, for meiosisonly, or for both mitosis and meiosis.
The first row has been done for you.
Statement Mitosis only Meiosis onlyBoth mitosisand meiosis
How cells are replaced
How gametes are made
How a fertilised egg undergoes cell division
How copies of the genetic information aremade
How genetically identical cells are produced
(4)
12
(b) Stem cells can be taken from human embryos.
In therapeutic cloning, an embryo is produced that has the same genes as the patient.
(i) Name one source of human stem cells, other than human embryos.
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) Stem cells from embryos can be transplanted into patients for medicaltreatment.
Give one advantage of using stem cells from embryos, compared with cells from thesource you named in part (i).
(1)
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(Total 6 marks)
Page 23 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
The image below shows an epithelial cell from the lining of the small intestine.
(a) (i) In the image above, the part of the cell labelled A contains chromosomes.
What is the name of part A?
______________________________________________________________
(1)
13
(ii) How are most soluble food molecules absorbed into the epithelial cells of thesmall intestine?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
diffusion osmosis respiration
(1)
(b) Suggest how the highly folded cell surface helps the epithelial cell to absorb soluble food.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(c) Epithelial cells also carry out active transport.
(i) Name one food molecule absorbed into epithelial cells by active transport.
______________________________________________________________
(1)
Page 24 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(ii) Why is it necessary to absorb some food molecules by active transport?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) Suggest why epithelial cells have many mitochondria.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(d) Some plants also carry out active transport.
Give one substance that plants absorb by active transport.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Human cells and yeast cells have some parts that are the same.
(a) The diagram shows a yeast cell.
Parts A and B are found in human cells and in yeast cells. On the diagram, label parts Aand B.
(2)
14
Page 25 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(b) Many types of cell can divide to form new cells.
Some cells in human skin can divide to make new skin cells.
Why do human skin cells need to divide?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(c) Human stem cells can develop into many different types of human cell.
(i) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
embryos hair nerve cells
Human stem cells may come from
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
cystic fibrosis paralysis polydactyly
Human stem cells can be used to treat
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 26 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
The diagram below shows the parts of the body that digest and absorb food.
It also shows some details about the structure of the stomach.
(a) Complete the table to show whether each structure is an organ, an organ system or atissue.
For each structure, tick ( ) one box.
Structure OrganOrgansystem
Tissue
Stomach
Cells lining the stomach
Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, liver,pancreas, small and large intestine
(2)
15
(b) (i) The blood going to the stomach has a high concentration of oxygen.The cells lining the stomach have a low concentration of oxygen.
Complete the following sentence.
Oxygen moves from the blood to the cells lining the stomach by
the process of ___________________________________ .
(1)
Page 27 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(ii) What other substance must move from the blood to the cells lining the stomach sothat respiration can take place?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
glucose protein starch
(1)
(iii) In which part of a cell does aerobic respiration take place?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
cell membrane mitochondria nucleus
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
The image below shows some muscle cells from the wall of the stomach, as seen through a lightmicroscope.
(a) Describe the function of muscle cells in the wall of the stomach.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
16
Page 28 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(b) Figure above is highly magnified.
The scale bar in Figure above represents 0.1 mm.
Use a ruler to measure the length of the scale bar and then calculate the magnification ofFigure above.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Magnification = _______________ times
(2)
(c) The muscle cells in Figure above contain many mitochondria.
What is the function of mitochondria?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(d) The muscle cells also contain many ribosomes. The ribosomes cannot be seen in Figureabove.
(i) What is the function of a ribosome?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) Suggest why the ribosomes cannot be seen through a light microscope.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 29 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
Our lungs help us to breathe.
The image below shows the human breathing system.
(a) (i) Name part A.
______________________________________________________________
(1)
17
(ii) Give one function of the ribs.
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(b) (i) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
active transport diffusion osmosis
Oxygen moves from the air inside the lungs into the blood by the
process of __________________________ .
(1)
(ii) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
arteries capillaries veins
Oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood through the walls
of the __________________________ .
(1)
Page 30 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(iii) Inside the lungs, oxygen is absorbed from the air into the blood.
Give two adaptations of the lungs that help the rapid absorption of oxygen into theblood.
1. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Plants need different substances to survive.
Figure 1 shows the roots of a plant.
(a) (i) Mineral ions are absorbed through the roots.
Name one other substance absorbed through the roots.
______________________________________________________________
(1)
18
Page 31 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(ii) The plant in Figure 1 has a higher concentration of mineral ions in the cells of itsroots than the concentration of mineral ions in the soil.
Which two statements correctly describe the absorption of mineral ions into theplant’s roots?
Tick ( ) two boxes.
The mineral ions are absorbed by active transport.
The mineral ions are absorbed by diffusion.
The mineral ions are absorbed down the concentration gradient.
The absorption of mineral ions needs energy.
(2)
(iii) The plant in Figure 1 has roots adapted for absorption.
Figure 2 shows a magnified part of a root from Figure 1.
Describe how the root in Figure 2 is adapted for absorption.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
Page 32 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(b) The leaves of plants have stomata.
What is the function of the stomata?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(c) Figure 3 shows the underside of two leaves, A and B, taken from a plant in a man’s house.
(i) In Figure 3, the cells labelled X control the size of the stomata.
What is the name of the cells labelled X?
Tick ( ) one box.
Guard cells
Phloem cells
Xylem cells
(1)
(ii) Describe how the appearance of the stomata in leaf B is different from theappearance of the stomata in leaf A.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
Page 33 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(iii) The man forgets to water the plant.
What might happen to the plant in the next few days if the stomata stay the same asshown in leaf A in Figure 3?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
Gas exchange takes place in the lungs.
The diagram shows an alveolus next to a blood capillary in a lung.
The arrows show the movement of two gases, A and B.
19
(a) (i) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
Gases A and B move by
diffusion.
osmosis.
respiration.
(1)
(ii) Gas A moves from the blood to the air in the lungs.
Gas A is then breathed out.
Name Gas A.
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(iii) Which cells in the blood carry Gas B?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
platelets red blood cells white blood cells
(1)
Page 34 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(b) The average number of alveoli in each human lung is 280 million.
The average surface area of 1 million alveoli is 0.25 m2.
Calculate the total surface area of a human lung.
___________________________________________________________________
Answer ___________________________________ m2
(2)
(c) An athlete trains to run a marathon. The surface area of each of the athlete’s lungs hasincreased to 80 m2.
Give one way in which this increase will help the athlete.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
The diagram below shows a single-celled alga which lives in fresh water.
20
(a) Which part of the cell labelled above:
(i) traps light for photosynthesis
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) is made of cellulose?
______________________________________________________________
(1)
Page 35 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(b) In the freshwater environment water enters the algal cell.
(i) What is the name of the process by which water moves into cells?
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) Give the reason why the algal cell does not burst.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(c) (i) The alga can photosynthesise.
Complete the word equation for photosynthesis.
water + _______________ _______________ + oxygen
(2)
(ii) The flagellum helps the cell to move through water. Scientists think that the flagellumand the light-sensitive spot work together to increase photosynthesis.
Suggest how this might happen.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(d) Multicellular organisms often have complex structures, such as lungs, for gas exchange.
Explain why single-celled organisms, like algae, do not need complex structures for gasexchange.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
Page 36 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
The diagram below shows a cross-section of a plant root. The transport tissues are labelled.
21
(a) (i) What is tissue A?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
cuticle epidermis xylem
(1)
(ii) Name two substances transported by tissue A.
1. ____________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
(2)
(b) Phloem is involved in a process called translocation.
(i) What is translocation?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) Explain why translocation is important to plants.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
Page 37 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(c) Plants must use active transport to move some substances from the soil into root hair cells.
(i) Active transport needs energy.
Which part of the cell releases most of this energy?
Tick (✓) one box.
mitochondria
nucleus
ribosome
(1)
(ii) Explain why active transport is necessary in root hair cells.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Some infections are caused by bacteria.
(a) The genetic material is arranged differently in the cells of bacteria compared with animaland plant cells.
Describe two differences.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
22
Page 38 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(b) Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection caused by bacteria.
The table below shows the number of cases of TB in different regions of southern Englandfrom 2000–2011.
Number of cases of TB per 100 000 people
Year London South East South West
2000 37 5 3
2001 36 6 4
2002 42 6 6
2003 42 7 4
2004 42 7 5
2005 49 8 5
2006 44 8 3
2007 43 8 5
2008 44 8 5
2009 44 9 6
2010 42 9 5
2011 45 10 5
(i) How does the number of cases of TB for London compare with the rest of southernEngland?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) Describe the pattern in the data for cases of TB in the South East.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
Page 39 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(iii) Describe the pattern in the data for cases of TB in the South West.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(c) (i) On the graph paper below:
• plot the number of cases of TB in London
• label both the axes on the graph
• draw a line of best fit.
(4)
(ii) Suggest why a student thought the value for 2005 in London was anomalous.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
Page 40 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(d) People can be vaccinated against TB.
Suggest how a vaccination programme would reduce the number of people with TB.
Details of how a vaccine works are not required.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
The lugworm lives in a U-shaped burrow in the sand on the seashore.
The diagram below shows a lugworm in its burrow.
23
Page 41 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(a) Some scientists investigated the effect of different salt concentrations on lugworms.
The scientists:
• collected 50 lugworms from the seashore
• separated them into five groups of 10 lugworms
• weighed each group of 10 lugworms
• placed each group into a different concentration of salt solution and left them for 8hours
• took each lugworm out of the solution and placed it on blotting paper for 30 seconds
• re-weighed each group of 10 lugworms.
(i) Why did the scientists use groups of 10 lugworms and not just 1 lugworm at eachconcentration?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) Suggest why the scientists placed each lugworm on blotting paper for 30 secondsbefore they reweighed the groups of lugworms.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(iii) How might the method of blotting have caused errors in the results?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(iv) Suggest one improvement the scientists could make to their investigation.
______________________________________________________________
(1)
Page 42 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(b) The table below shows the scientists’ results.
Concentration ofsalt in arbitraryunits
Mass of 10lugwormsat start in
grams
Mass of 10lugworms
after 8hours ingrams
Change inmass ingrams
Percentage (%)change in
mass
1.0 41.2 61.8 +20.6 +50
2.0 37.5 45.0 +7.5
3.0 55.0 56.1 +1.1 +2
4.0 46.2 22.2 -24.0 -52
5.0 45.3 22.6 -22.7 -50
(i) The scientists calculated the percentage change in mass at each salt concentration.
Why is the percentage change in mass more useful than just the change in mass ingrams?
Use information from the table in your answer.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(ii) Calculate the percentage change in mass for the 10 lugworms in the salt solution witha concentration of 2.0 arbitrary units.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Percentage change in mass = ______________________ %
(2)
Page 43 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(c) (i) On the graph paper below, draw a graph to show the scientists’ results:
• plot the percentage change in mass
• label the horizontal axis
• draw a line of best fit.
(4)
(ii) The scientists thought one of their results was anomalous.
Draw a ring around the anomalous result on your graph.
(1)
(iii) Suggest what might have happened to cause this anomalous result.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
Page 44 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(d) (i) What do you think is the concentration of salts in the lugworm’s natural environment?
Use information from your graph to give the reason for your answer.
Concentration = ______________________ %
Reason _______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(ii) The mass of the lugworms decreased in the salt solution with a concentration of 5.0arbitrary units.
Explain what caused this.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 19 marks)
The diagram below shows how a nerve impulse passing along a relay neurone causes animpulse to be sent along another type of neurone, neurone X.
24
Page 45 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(a) What type of neurone is neurone X?
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(b) Describe how information passes from the relay neurone to neurone X.Use the diagram to help you.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(c) Scientists investigated the effect of two toxins on the way in which information passesacross synapses. The table below shows the results.
Toxin Effect at the synapse
CurareDecreases the effect of the chemicalon neurone X
StrychnineIncreases the amount of the chemicalmade in the relay neurone
Describe the effect of each of the toxins on the response by muscles.
Curare _____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Strychnine __________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Page 46 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
The image below shows some cells in the lining of the stomach.
25
(a) (i) Use words from the box to name structures A and B.
cell membrane chloroplast cytoplasm vacuole
A _____________________________________
B _____________________________________
(2)
(ii) What is the function of the nucleus?
Tick ( ) one box.
To control the activities of the cell
To control movement of substances into and out of the cell
To release energy in respiration
(1)
Page 47 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(b) Draw one line from each part of the human body to its correct scientific name.
Part of human body Scientific name
An organ
Layer of cells lining the stomach
An organism
Stomach
An organ system
Mouth, stomach, intestines,liver and pancreas
A tissue
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
In sexual reproduction, an egg fuses with a sperm.
(a) (i) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
An egg and a sperm fuse together in the process of
cloning.
fertilisation.
mitosis.
(1)
26
(ii) Egg cells and sperm cells each contain the structures given in the box.
chromosome gene nucleus
List these three structures in size order, starting with the smallest.
1 ____________________________________________________ (smallest)
2. ____________________________________________________________
3 _____________________________________________________ (largest)
(2)
Page 48 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(iii) The egg and the sperm contain genetic material.
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
The genetic material is made of
carbohydrate.
DNA.
protein.
(1)
(b) The diagram below shows the inheritance of X and Y chromosomes.
(i) Draw a tick ( ) on the part of the diagram that shows a sperm cell.
(1)
(ii) What is the chance of having a female child?
Give the reason for your answer.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising informationclearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.
Diffusion is an important process in animals and plants.
The movement of many substances into and out of cells occurs by diffusion.
Describe why diffusion is important to animals and plants.
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Page 49 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
In your answer you should refer to:
• animals
• plants
• examples of the diffusion of named substances.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Extra space _____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 6 marks)
Page 50 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
Substances can move into cells and out of cells.
(a) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
active transport.
Water moves into cells and out of cells by osmosis.
reabsorption.
28
freely permeable
The water moves through a non-permeable membrane.
partially permeable
(2)
(b) Students put plant cells into two different strengths of sugar solutions, A and B.
The diagram below shows what the cells looked like after 1 hour.
Cell insugar solution A
(after 1 hour)
Cell insugar solution B
(after 1 hour)
(i) Describe two ways in which the cell in sugar solution B is different from the cell insugar solution A.
1. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
Page 51 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(ii) A student put red blood cells into water.
Suggest what would happen to the cells.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(c) In the human body, glucose is absorbed into the blood from the small intestine.
The small intestine contains many villi.
Which two of the following help the absorption of glucose in the small intestine?
Tick ( ) two boxes.
Villi have a cell wall.
Villi are covered in thick mucus.
Villi give the small intestine a large surface area.
Villi have many blood capillaries.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Plant roots absorb water from the soil by osmosis.
(a) What is osmosis?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
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Page 52 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(b) The image below shows part of a plant root.
The plant root is adapted for absorbing water from the soil.
Use information from the diagram to explain how this plant root is adapted for absorbingwater.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Page 53 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
The diagram shows a cell.
(a) (i) Use words from the box to name the structures labelled A and B .
cell membrane chloroplast cytoplasm nucleus
A ___________________________
B ___________________________
(2)
30
(ii) The cell in the diagram is an animal cell.
How can you tell it is an animal cell and not a plant cell?
Give two reasons.
1. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(b) Oxygen will diffuse into the cell in the diagram.
Why?
Use information from the diagram.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
Page 54 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(c) The cell shown in the diagram is usually found with similar cells.
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
an organ.
Scientists call a group of similar cells a system.
a tissue.
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
CADASIL is an inherited disorder caused by a dominant allele.
CADASIL leads to weakening of blood vessels in the brain.
The diagram shows the inheritance of CADASIL in one family.
(a) CADASIL is caused by a dominant allele.
(i) What is a dominant allele?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
31
(ii) What is the evidence in the diagram that CADASIL is caused by a dominant allele?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
Page 55 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(iii) Person 7 has CADASIL.
Is person 7 homozygous or heterozygous for the CADASIL allele?
Give evidence for your answer from the diagram.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(b) Persons 7 and 8 are planning to have another baby.Use a genetic diagram to find the probability that the new baby will develop into a personwith CADASIL.
Use the following symbols to represent alleles.
D = allele for CADASILd = allele for not having CADASIL
Probability = ____________________________________
(4)
(c) Scientists are trying to develop a treatment for CADASIL using stem cells.
Specially treated stem cells would be injected into the damaged part of the brain.
(i) Why do the scientists use stem cells?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
Page 56 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(ii) Embryonic stem cells can be obtained by removing a few cells from a human embryo.In 2006, scientists in Japan discovered how to change adult skin cells into stem cells.Suggest one advantage of using stem cells from adult skin cells.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
The diagram shows some of the stages in IVF (in vitro fertilisation).
(a) Use words from the box to name structures A, B, C and D.
egg embryo fertilised egg ovary sperm
Structure A ____________________________
Structure B ____________________________
Structure C ____________________________
Structure D ____________________________
(4)
32
(b) What do doctors do next with structure D?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
Page 57 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(c) The table gives statistics for an IVF clinic.
Age of women treated
Below 35years
35 – 37years
38 – 39years
40 – 42years
Number of women treated 414 207 106 53
Number of women whoproduced one baby 90 43 17 1
Number of women whoproduced twins 24 8 4 1
Number of women whoproduced triplets 1 0 0 0
(i) About what proportion of the treated women aged 35 – 37 years produced one ormore babies?
Draw a ring around your answer.
one quarter one third half
(1)
(ii) This clinic does not give IVF treatment to women over 42 years of age.
Use data from the table to explain why.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(iii) The committee which regulates IVF treatment now advises that only one embryo isused in each treatment.
Suggest one reason for this.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
Page 58 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
The diagrams show four types of cell, A, B, C and D.Two of the cells are plant cells and two are animal cells.
(a) (i) Which two of the cells are plant cells?
Tick ( ) one box.
A and B
A and D
C and D
(1)
33
(ii) Give one reason for your answer.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
Page 59 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(b) (i) Which cell, A, B, C or D, is adapted for swimming?
(1)
(ii) Which cell, A, B, C or D, can produce glucose by photosynthesis?
(1)
(c) Cells A, B, C and D all use oxygen.
For what process do cells use oxygen?
Draw a ring around one answer.
osmosis photosynthesis respiration
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Substances can move into and out of cells.
(a) (i) How does oxygen move into and out of cells?
Draw a ring around one answer.
diffusion digestion photosynthesis
(1)
34
(ii) Diagram 1 shows the percentage concentration of oxygen in three cells, A, B and C.
Diagram 1
Oxygen can move from cell to cell.
Into which cell, A, B or C, will oxygen move the fastest?
(1)
Page 60 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(b) (i) How does water move into and out of cells?
Draw a ring around one answer.
breathing osmosis respiration
(1)
(ii) Differences in the concentration of sugars in cells cause water to move into or out ofcells at different rates.
Diagram 2 shows three different cells, P, Q and R.
The information shows the percentage concentration of sugar solutionin cells P, Q and R.
Diagram 2
Water can move from cell to cell.
Into which cell, P, Q or R, will water move the fastest?
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 61 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
Diagrams A, B and C show cells from different parts of the human body, all drawn to the samescale.
A B C
(a) Which cell, A, B or C, appears to be best adapted to increase diffusion into or
out of the cell?
Give one reason for your choice.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
35
(b) (i) Cell C is found in the salivary glands.
Name the enzyme produced by the salivary glands.
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) Use information from the diagram to explain how cell C is adapted for producing thisenzyme.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 62 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
Mark schemes
(a) cell membrane
extra boxes ticked negates mark1
1
(b) nucleus
extra boxes ticked negates mark1
(c) has a tail so it can swim (to an egg)
accept has many mitochondria to release energy to swim1
(d)
all three correct for 2 marks
one or two correct for 1 mark2
[5]
(a) 8 (micrometres)12
(b) red blood cell(s)1
white blood cell(s)
accept named cell
eg phagocyte / lymphocyte1
Page 63 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(plasma)transports proteins / dissolved substances / food (molecules) / urea / hormones / bloodcells
1
(c) any one from:
• you could lose a lot of blood• bleed internally
allow bleeding would not stop
allow could bleed to death1
[5]
(a) mitosis
extra box ticked negates mark1
3
(b) cell division is uncontrolled
extra box ticked negates mark1
(c) any one from:
• smoking / tar• alcohol• carcinogens
allow named chemical• viruses (living in cells)• (ionising) radiation
accept UV / X-rays / gamma waves1
(d) bar plotted at 78%
ignore width of bar1
(e) testicular
extra box ticked negates mark1
(f) prostate
extra box ticked negates mark1
Page 64 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(g) any two from:
• improved treatment / drugs• earlier diagnosis• more cancer screening• improved patient knowledge (of risk factors)
allow improved patient diet / lifestyle2
[8]
(a)
3
4
(b) (trachea) has mucus1
to trap pathogens1
(trachea) has cilia1
to move mucus out of trachea1
(c) dependent variable:number of times mosquitoes landed on socks
1
Page 65 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
control variable:any one from:
• number of mosquitoes in each container• length of time socks worn• dampness of socks• same type of socks• size of container• time• temperature• species of mosquito• age of mosquito
1
(d) use worn socksoruse chemical from worn socks
1
to attract / trap infected mosquitoes1
or accept:
wear clean socks / change socks regularly (1)
to reduce the chance of attracting mosquitoes (1)
(e) less chlorophyll present1
(so) less light absorbed1
(so) reduced photosynthesisor(so) less sugar / food made
1
[14]
(a) D15
any one from:
• has chloroplasts• has a (large) vacuole
ignore has a (cell) wall1
(b) B1
does not have a (cell) wall
allow has only a nucleus, (cell) membrane and cytoplasm1
Page 66 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(c) C1
any one from:
• genetic material is not in a nucleus
allow no nucleus• has a single loop of DNA
1
(d) real size = 25 / 100 0001
0.000251
(conversion to) 0.25 (µm)
allow 0.25 (µm) with no working shown for 3 marks1
[9]
(nitrate) ions are absorbed by active transport16
(active transport) is the movement of ions against the concentration gradient
allow (active transport) is the movement of ions from a dilute to amore concentrated solution
1
(active transport) requires energy from respiration1
(respiration) requires oxygen1
no / little oxygen / air in water-logged soil1
[5]
(a) animal cells also have cell membrane17
(b) 1945–1955
allow 1946–1956
or 1947–19571
(c)
allow 9.09 (%) or 9 (%) with no working shown for 1 mark1
9.1 (%)
allow 9.1 (%) with no working shown for 2 marks1
Page 67 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(d)
More likely Less likely
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
allow 3 marks for 4 correct
allow 2 marks for 3 correct
allow 1 mark for 2 correct4
more than one tick in a row negates a mark
[8]
(a) asexual reproduction18
(b) mitosis1
(c) clones1
(d) 441
[4]
(a) (placed) randomly
allow description of placement1
9
sufficient number (of quadrats) used1
count (dandelions) in each quadrat1
use mean number of dandelions, area of quadrat and area of field to estimate population
accept (area of field / area quadrat) × mean number of dandelionsper quadrat
1
(b) (40 × 145) / 0.25 = 23 2001
Page 68 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(0.42 × 23 200 =) 9744
allow 9744 with no working shown for 2 marks
allow ecf from correct attempt at the previous step) × 0.42 for 1mark
1
(c) Level 2 (3–4 marks):A detailed and coherent explanation is given. Logical links between clearly identifiedrelevant points are made to explain why dandelion growth may be limited.
Level 1 (1–2 marks):Discrete relevant points are made. The logic may be unclear.
0 marks:No relevant content
Indicative content
factors that may be considered:competition for resources including:• light• water• space• mineral ions (allow nutrients / salts / ions from the soil)
reference to why growth may be limited:• (light) energy for photosynthesis• water as a raw material for photosynthesis / support• surface area exposed to light• sugar / glucose produced in photosynthesis• (space) to grow bigger• (space) for growth of root system• (mineral ions) for growth• (mineral ions / sugar) for production of larger molecules or named example
4
[10]
(a) human cells have cell membraneorhuman cells have no cell wall
1
10
(b) can no longer synthesise proteins1
(c) antibiotics are being developed at a slower rate than emergence of new resistant strains1
resistant strains mean we cannot treat (common) infections1
reduce (future) cost of antibiotic resistant infections1
[5]
Page 69 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(a)
= 29 ÷ 0.031
11
= 9671
allow 967 with no working shown for 2 marks
(b) they are transverse1
(c) wave speed = frequency × wavelength
allow v = f λ1
(d) 75 cm = 0.75 m1
1.6 = f × 0.751
f = 1.6 ÷ 0.751
= 2.13 (Hz)1
allow 2.13 (Hz) with no working shown for 4 marks
[8]
Page 70 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(a)
Mitosisonly
Meiosisonly
Bothmitosisandmeiosis
How cells arereplaced
How gametesare made
How a fertilisedegg undergoescell division
How copies ofthe geneticinformation aremade
How geneticallyidentical cellsare produced
if more than one tick per row then no mark
ignore first row1111
12
(b) (i) (adult) bone marrow
accept (umbilical) cord blood, skin, amniotic fluid / membrane1
(ii) cells will not be rejected by the patient’s body (if they have been produced bytherapeutic cloning)
allow easier to obtain linked to embryo stem cellsor(embryo stem cells) can develop into many different types of cells
allow doesn’t need an operation linked to bone marrowor(embryo stem cells) not yet differentiated / specialised or undifferentiated
accept embryo cells are pluripotent1
[6]
Page 71 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(a) (i) nucleus1
(ii) diffusion1
13
(b) increases / larger surface area (for diffusion)
ignore large surface area to volume ratio1
(c) (i) sugar / glucose
accept amino acids / other named monosaccharides1
(ii) against a concentration gradientorfrom low to high concentration
1
(iii) (active transport requires) energy1
(from) respiration1
(d) minerals / ions
accept named ion ignore nutrients
do not accept water1
[8]
(a) A = nucleus
allow phonetic spelling1
B = (cell) membrane1
(b) for repair / growth or to replace cells
ignore new cells / skin1
(c) (i) embryos1
(ii) paralysis1
[5]
14
Page 72 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(a)
Structure OrganOrgansystem
Tissue
Stomach
Cells lining the stomach
Mouth, oesophagus,stomach, liver,pancreas, small andlarge intestine
all 3 correct = 2 marks2 correct = 1 mark1 or 0 correct = 0 marks
2
15
(b) (i) diffusion
allow phonetic spelling1
(ii) glucose1
(iii) mitochondria1
[5]
(a) contract / shorten
ignore relax
do not allow expand1
16
to churn / move / mix food
accept peristalsis / mechanical digestion
ignore movement unqualified1
(b) 400
acceptable range 390-410
allow 1 mark for answer in range of 39 to 41
allow 1 mark for answer in range of 3900 to 41002
(c) to transfer energy for use
allow to release / give / supply / provide energy
do not allow to ‘make’ / ‘produce’ / ‘create’ energy
allow to make ATP
ignore to store energy1
Page 73 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
by (aerobic) respiration or from glucose
do not allow anaerobic
energy released for respiration = max 1 mark1
(d) (i) to make protein / enzyme
ignore ‘antibody’ or other named protein1
(ii) too small / very small
allow light microscope does not have sufficient magnification /resolution
allow ribosomes are smaller than mitochondria
ignore not sensitive enough
ignore ribosomes are transparent1
[8]
(a) (i) alveoli / alveolus
allow air sacs
allow phonetic spelling1
(ii) any one from:• protection (of lungs / heart)• help you breathe / inflate lungs.
1
17
(b) (i) diffusion1
(ii) capillaries1
(iii) any two from:• (have many) alveoli
allow air sacs• large surface / area• thin (exchange) surface or short diffusion pathway
accept only one / two cell(s) thick• good blood supply / many capillaries
allow (kept) ventilated or maintained concentration gradient.2
[6]
Page 74 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(a) (i) water / H2O
accept oxygen
allow H2O
do not allow H2O or H2O1
(ii) the mineral ions are absorbed by active transport1
the absorption of mineral ions needs energy1
(iii) have (many root) hairs1
(which) give a large surface area (for absorption)1
18
(b) carbon dioxide inoroxygen outorcontrol water loss
accept gas exchange
ignore gases in and out
ignore gain / lose water1
(c) (i) guard cells1
(ii) (stomata are) closed
allow there is no gap / space1
(iii) plant will wilt / droop
ignore die1
[9]
(a) (i) diffusion119
(ii) carbon dioxide
accept CO2 / CO2
do not accept CO2
1
(iii) red blood cells1
Page 75 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(b) 70
if no / incorrect answer then
70 000 000
or
280 x 0.25 gains 1 mark
ignore doubling the answer2
(c) allows more gas / oxygen / CO2
(exchange)
do not accept air1
[6]
(a) (i) chloroplast120
(ii) cell wall1
(b) (i) osmosis
accept diffusion1
(ii) cell wall (prevents bursting)1
(c) (i) carbon dioxide
allow correct formula1
glucose
allow sugar / starch1
(ii) any two from:
• light sensitive spot detects light• tells flagellum to move towards light• more light = more photosynthesis
2
(d) (cell has) larger SA:volume ratio1
short (diffusion) distance
allow correct description1
Page 76 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(diffusion) via cell membrane is sufficient / good enough
or
flow of water maintains concentration gradient1
[11]
(a) (i) xylem121
(ii) water1
minerals / ions / named example(s)
ignore nutrients1
(b) (i) movement of (dissolved) sugar
allow additional substances, eg amino acids / correct named sugar(allow sucrose / glucose)
allow nutrients / substances / food molecules if sufficiently qualified
ignore food alone1
(ii) sugars are made in the leaves1
so they need to be moved to other parts of the plant for respiration / growth /storage
1
(c) (i) mitochondria1
(ii) for movement of minerals / ions
Do not accept ‘water’1
against their concentration gradient1
[9]
(a) any two from:
• only one ‘chromosome’
allow one strand of DNA• circular
allow loop• may have plasmids• not in a nucleus / no nucleus
2
22
Page 77 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(b) (i) any one from:
• London is much higher
or converse• more variable / wider range
allow ‘on average it is 5 / 6 times greater’1
(ii) increases
Included figures must be correct1
(iii) overall slight increase
accept ‘doesn’t change much’1
variable / goes up and down1
(c) (i) both axes correctly labelled
x = Year
y = Number of cases1
correct points
all correct = 2 marks
1-2 errors = 1 mark
> 2 errors = 0 marks2
suitable line of best fit
accept straight line or smooth curve1
(ii) doesn’t fit the pattern / line of best fit1
(d) provides immunity / protection (to TB)
ignore ‘stops people catching it’
ignore ‘resistance’1
prevents TB spreading
accept ref to herd immunity1
[13]
Page 78 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(a) (i) variation in masses / more representative / more typical / more reliable / average /mean / reference to anomalies
or
one worm to light to measure change
do not allow more accurate / more precise
ignore fair test / valid / repeatable / reproducible1
23
(ii) remove solution / liquid (on outside of worm)
allow ‘water’1
(iii) variable amounts removed from each worm
ignore reference to length of timing1
(iv) equal sizes of worm / more worms (in each group) / wash off all the sand /repeats / use more accurate balance / use smaller concentration intervals
allow reference to improve blotting technique eg blot before / blotmore thoroughly
1
(b) (i) different (starting) masses / sizes / weights (at different concentrations)1
allows comparisons / shows pattern / shows trend1
(ii) (+)20
correct answer = 2 marks, with or without working
or
for 1 mark
2
(c) (i) graph:
points correct
allow ± 1 mm
–1 mark per error
allow ecf from part b(ii)2
label on x-axis including units – ie Concentration of salt in arbitrary units1
Page 79 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
line of best fit = smooth curve / ruled straight line
anomaly (4.0, –52) either plotted and ignored re. line
or not plotted
do not allow point to point
allow best fit for ecf from 2bii1
(ii) on graph:
ring drawn around point at (4.0, –52)
allow (5.0, –50) if cand. line indicates this1
(iii) sensible suggestion – eg used wrong solution / used 5.0% instead of 4.0% /different length of time in solutions / ref to error in blotting / balance not zeroed /error in weighing
allow some lugworms died
allow error in calculation1
(d) (i) 2.9 to 3.0 / correct for candidate’s graph ± 0.11
value of no change in mass / worms in equilibrium with soln / described
allow small(est) mass change1
(ii) water loss1
by osmosis / diffusion1
from dilute region in the worm to more concentrated solution outside
allow correct description in terms of high to low water concentration/ high to low water potential
salt solution is hypertonic
concentration unqualified = salt concentration1
[19]
(a) motor
allow efferent / postsynaptic
allow another relay (neurone)1
24
(b) release of chemical (from relay neurone)
allow ecf for ‘motor’ neurone from (a)
allow release of neurotransmitter / named example1
Page 80 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
chemical crosses gap / junction / synapse
allow diffuses across
allow chemical moves to X1
chemical attaches to X / motor / next neurone (causing impulse)1
(c) (curare) decrease / no contraction
accept (muscle) relaxes1
(strychnine) increase / more contraction
if no other mark awarded allow 1 mark for (curare) decrease / noresponse and (strychnine) increase / more response
1
[6]
(a) (i) A = (cell) membrane125
B = cytoplasm
do not accept cytoplast1
(ii) To control the activities of the cell1
(b)
extra lines cancel3
[6]
(a) (i) fertilisation126
Page 81 of 88Brookvale Groby Learning Trust
(ii) in sequence:
accept 1 next to gene, 2 next to chromosome and 3 next to nucleusin box
1 gene2 chromosome3 nucleus
allow 1 mark for smallest or largest in correct position2
(iii) DNA1
(b) (i) On diagram:
tick drawn next to X and / or Y from Parent 1
tick(s) must be totally outside grid squares
allow ticks around “parent ”
extra ticks elsewhere cancel1
(ii) 0.5 / ½ / 50% / 1:1 / 50:50 / 1 in 2
allow 2/4 / 2 in 4 / 2 out of 4 / ‘even(s)’ / ‘fifty – fifty’
do not allow 1:2 or ‘50 / 50’ or ‘50 – 50’1
2 (out of 4) boxes are XX
or
half of the sperm contain an X-chromosome
allow XY is male and 2 (out of 4) boxes are XY1
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Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Written Communication(QWC) as well as the standard of the scientific response. Examiners should also apply a ‘best-fit’approach to the marking.
0 marksNo relevant content.
Level 1 (1 – 2 marks)An example is given of a named substanceora processorthere is an idea of why diffusion is important eg definition.
Level 2 (3 – 4 marks)At least one example of a substance is givenandcorrectly linked to a process in either animals or plants.
Level 3 (5 – 6 marks)There is a description of a process occurring in either animals or plants that is correctlylinked to a substanceanda process occurring in the other type of organism that is correctly linked to a substance.
examples of points made in the response
Importance of diffusion:
• to take in substances for use in cell processes• products from cell processes removed
Examples of processes and substances:
• for gas exchange / respiration: O 2 in / CO2 out• for gas exchange / photosynthesis: CO 2 in / O2 out• food molecules absorbed: glucose, amino acids, etc• water absorption in the large intestine• water lost from leaves / transpiration• water absorption by roots• mineral ions absorbed by roots
extra information
Description of processes might include:
• movement of particles / molecules / ions
• through a partially permeable membrane
• (movement of substance) down a concentration gradient
• osmosis: turgor / support / stomatal movements
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(a) osmosis1
partially permeable1
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(b) (i) any two from:
allow correct answers in terms of A
• vacuole is small(er)• cytoplasm has shrunk
allow cytoplasm is smaller• gap between cytoplasm and cell wall• cell wall curves inwards
allow cell B is flaccid or cell A is turgid• the (cell) membrane has moved away from the wall
2
(ii) any one from:
• water will move / diffuse in• (cells) will swell• (cells) will burst
ignore turgid1
(c) villi give the small intestines a large surface area1
villi have many blood capillaries1
[7]
(a) any three from:
• (water through a) partially permeable
accept ‘semi permeable’ / selectively permeable
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• membrane• from dilute to (more) concentrated solution
allow ‘from a high concentration of water to a lower concentration(of water)’allow ‘from high water potential to low water potential’allow ‘down a concentration gradient of water’
do not accept ‘along a concentration gradient of water’• (it‘s a) passive (process)
allow requires no energy3
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(b) (there are) many hairs or thin hairs or hairs are one cell thick1
(which gives) large / increased surface area or short diffusion pathway1
(so there is) more diffusion / osmosis (of water into the root)
ignore absorption1
[6]
(a) (i) A = nucleus130
B = (cell) membrane1
(ii) any two from:
ignore shape
• no (cell) wall
• no (large / permanent) vacuole
• no chloroplasts / chlorophyll2
(b) because high to low oxygen / concentration or down gradient
allow ‘more / a lot of oxygen molecules outside’
ignore along / across gradient1
(c) a tissue1
[6]
(a) (i) allele expressed even when other allele present or expressed if just one copy ofallele is present or expressed if heterozygous
if present other allele not expressed1
31
(ii) 2 affected parents have unaffected child or 1 and 2 → 5 / 6
or if recessive all of 1 and 2’s children would have CADASIL1
(iii) heterozygous – has unaffected children or because if homozygous all childrenwould have CADASIL
1
(b) genetic diagram including:
accept alternative symbols, if defined1
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correct gametes:
D and dand d (and d)
ignore 7 / 8 or male / female1
derivation of offspring genotypes:
Dd Dd dd dd
allow just Dd dd if ½-diagramallow ecf if correct for student’s gametes
1
identification of Dd as CADASILor dd as unaffected
allow ecf if correct for student’s gametes1
correct probability: 0.5 / ½ / 1 in 2 / 50% / 1 : 11
(c) (i) stem cells can differentiate or are undifferentiated / unspecialised1
can form blood vessel cells / brain cells
or
stem cells can divide1
(ii) ethical argument - eg no risk of damage to embryo or adult can give consent forremoval of cells or adult can re-grow skin
more ethical qualified
ignore religion unqualified
orif from a relative then less chance of rejection or if from self then no chance ofrejectionorskin cells more accessible
1
[10]
(a) A sperm132
B egg1
C fertilised egg1
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D embryo1
(b) insert into mother
ignore fertilise / check fertilisation / check viability1
womb / uterus1
(c) (i) one quarter1
(ii) no / little chance of success over 421
reference to table of only two women in the age bracket 40-42 years becamepregnant
the statement ‘only 2 out of 53 40-42 year old women becamepregnant / had babies’ gains 2 marks
1
(iii) so fewer twins / multiple birthsormultiple births more dangerous
1
[10]
(a) (i) C and D
no mark if more than one box is ticked1
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(ii) any one from:
do not allow if other cell parts are given in a list
• (have) cell wall(s)
• (have) vacuole(s)1
(b) (i) A
apply list principle1
(ii) D
apply list principle1
(c) respiration
apply list principle1
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(a) (i) diffusion
apply list principle1
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(ii) A
apply list principle1
(b) (i) osmosis
apply list principle1
(ii) R
apply list principle1
[4]
(a) B
no mark for “B” alone, the mark is for B and the explanation.
large(r) surface / area or large(r) membrane
accept reference to microvilli
ignore villi / hairs / cilia
accept reasonable descriptions of the surface eg folded membrane/ surface
do not accept wall / cell wall1
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(b) (i) any one from:
• (salivary) amylase
• carbohydrase1
(ii) many ribosomes
do not mix routes. If both routes given award marks for the greater.1
ribosomes produce protein
accept amylase / enzyme / carbohydrase is made of protein
or
(allow)
many mitochondria (1)
mitochondria provide energy to build / make protein (1)
accept ATP instead of energy1
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