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Bilingual material 6th

level of Primary Education

By Miguel A. Cabo Sánchez 1

1.1. CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS

SYSTEM

The nervous system is the system through which we

send and receive information. It also coordinates other

systems like the digestive system.

The nervous system is the control center of the body.

It’s divided into two main systems, the central nervous

system and the peripheral nervous system.

• The central nervous system consists of the brain

and the spinal cord.

In the brain we can distinguish three parts:

� The cerebrum controls voluntary movements.

� The cerebellum coordinates movements controls

balance.

� The brain stem communicates the brain with the

spinal cord.

The spinal cord controls reflex movements.

1. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Human beings, like all the animals, capture

what occurs around us: we see, we hear, we feel...

Then, we act in accordance what we capture:

we move, we cry, we speak...

This process is the function of relationship is

possible thanks to the nervous system, the senses

and the locomotive system.

a reflex movement




• The Peripheral nervous system consists of

nerves. The brain sends messages to the rest parts of

the body through the nerves.

The brain communicates with the rest of the body

through the spinal cord and the nerves. They tell the

brain what is going on in the body at all times.

cerebrum

Brain stem

cerebellum

1.2. SPINAL CORD AND NERVES

The spinal cord is located in the back. It controls

involuntary movements. It runs down a tunnel of holes in

our backbone. The bones, called vertebrae, protect it

from damage. The cord connects our brain with the rest

of our body.

Nerves carry information from the organs to the

brain and from the brain to the rest of the body. These

nerves are called neurons or nerve cells. Neurons are

the principal cells of the nervous system, they receive

and transmit information. They are grouped together to

form nerves.

Spinal cord is located in the back.




1.3. REFLEX AND VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS

We can distinguish two types of movements:

• Reflex movements: they are involuntary

movements in response to external stimuli.

• Voluntary movements: They are the result of

decisions.

1.4. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

The Nervous System coordinates all the body´s

internal processes, such as the beating of the heart or

the digestion of food. The nervous system can do this

thanks to the involuntary muscles and the

endocrine system.

We cannot control the involuntary muscles,

they work automatically and they are very important for

our body.

On the other hand, the endocrine system is

responsible for functions such as growth and

reproduction. The endocrine system consists of

endocrine glands which secrete substances called

hormones.

The principal glands are:

• Thyroid gland: it produces the hormone

thyroxin which enables the body to absorb nutrients.

• Pancreas: it produces insulin which controls

the amount of sugar in the bloodstream.

• Ovaries (female) and testes (male): they

produce sex hormones, which are responsible for

reproduction.

• Pituitary gland: it produces growth hormones.




ACTIVITIES 1. Complete these sentences.

• The nervous system is the system through which we ………….. and ……………

information.

• The nervous system is divided into two main systems, the central nervous

system and the ……………………………………………...

• In the brain we can distinguish three parts: cerebrum, ………………………. And

brain stem.

• The spinal cord controls ………………………………………… .

• The Peripheral nervous system consists of ……………………….. .

• The ……………………… connects our brain with the rest of our body.

• The brain ……………. messages to the rest parts of the body through the

……………… .

• …………………….. are the principal cells of the nervous system.

• We can distinguish two types of movements: …………………. and

……………………… movements.

• The nervous system is the system through which we send and receive

information.

• The nervous system is divided into two main systems, the central

nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system

(nerves).

• Spinal cord controls involuntary movements and nerves carry information

from the brain to the rest of the body.

• There are two types of movements: reflex and voluntary movements.

• The Nervous System coordinates all the body´s internal processes and do

this through the involuntary muscles and the endocrine system.




2. Complete the diagram.

3. Match the glands with their functions.

4. Look at the pictures, comment with your classmates and write. Voluntary or involuntary movements?

Thyroid gland

Ovaries and testes

Pancreas

Pituitary gland

produces insulin which controls the amount of sugar in the bloodstream

produce sex hormones, which are responsible for reproduction

produces growth hormones

produces the hormone thyroxin which enables the body to absorb nutrients

1 2 3 4




5. Complete this outline.

6. Read the sentences and write true (T) or false (F).

a) Spinal cord is located in the abdominals.

b) The nervous system is the system through which we reproduce.

c) Spinal cord controls reflex movements.

d) Nerves are the principal cells of the nervous system.

e) The endocrine system is responsible for functions such as growth and

reproduction.

f) Reflex movements are the result of our decisions

g) The nervous system is divided into two main systems, the central

nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

h) There are two types of movements: control and voluntary movements.

i) The endocrine system consists of endocrine glands which secrete

substances called hormones.

7. Correct the false sentences of the activity before.

For example: Spinal cord is located in the back.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

………………………………… PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

…………….………… SPINAL CORD

………………

………………

………………

…………….…………




8. Watch this video, listen and fill in the gaps with the most

suitable word.

fibers nerves pairs outside cells spinal network inside system thirty one cranial heartbeat

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqvoV4R7T2g&feature=related

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

The Nervous System is a complex _______________ of nerves ___________ and nerve

_____________ spread throughout the body. Its functions it to interpret, store and

respond to information received from ______________ and _____________. The Central

Nervous System or CNS consists of the brain a __________ cord and is responsible for

processing information gathered from the rest of the nerves and transferring the

instructions to the body.

Messages passing to and from the CNS are carried by the _____________ at the

peripheral nervous ____________. This system includes 12 _________ of cranial nerves

and ____________ pairs of spinal nerves. The __________ nerves and spinal nerves (are

responsible for) movements and sensations.

The autonomic nervous system consisting in sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

fibers controls such involuntary functions as the _______________.

9. Read and complete.

Brain

Spinal Cord Nerves




The Nervous System is made up of three parts. They are the _ _ _ _ _ , the _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ and the _ _ _ _ _ _ .The _ _ _ _ _ is the control centre of the Nervous System.

Messages travel back and forth from the different parts of the brain, along the _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ and through the _ _ _ _ _ _ . The nerves are connected to all the different

muscles in our body and the muscles move when they receive messages from the brain.

10. Label each part of the nervous system and tell to your classmate what

each part does.




FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

2. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

All living things can reproduce. Reproduction is the

process through which living things produce other living

things with similar characteristics.

The Reproductive System is a set of organs which

allow us to reproduce. Men and women have different

reproductive organs. The female reproductive system

is composed of these organs: ovaries, uterus, and

vagina.

• Ovaries: produce the eggs or ovules for

reproduction

• Fallopian tubes: connect the ovaries to the

uterus.

• Uterus: is the organ where the baby grows

during the pregnancy.

• Vagina: is a channel which goes from the uterus

to the outside of the body.

The male reproductive system is composed of

these organs: penis, testes, and prostate.

• Penis: the urethra passes through this organ.

• Testes: Men have two and they produce the

sperm cells necessary for reproduction.

• Prostate gland: produces a liquid to feed and

transport sperm.

Members of a family have similar

characteristics

uterus

vagina

penis

testes

prostate ovaries




ACTIVITIES

11. Draw, label and colour.

2.1. Differences between men and women

Other differences between sexes:

WOMEN

• Women also have breasts, a softer voice, less hair,

and wider hips than men.

MEN

• Men have a stronger voice, more hair, and a wider

chest than women.

________________

________________

________________

• Reproduction is the process through which living things produce other

living things with similar characteristics.

• The female reproductive system is composed of these organs: ovaries,

uterus, and vagina. The male reproductive system is composed of these

organs: penis, testes, and prostate.




12. Find reproductive organs.

________________

________________

________________

djacdajlnfjkdnjkpenisaskfpjfipqpmdndhavaginamajdgcbffgwtdfsvuterusmnshakiafaobladderkddkdnbdhewtwradajotestesnbcvxdaswqghdlggnfjprostatemfnhydwretsgbcvfhnjmskshnbgterwdafgshgbdgcfvxmljoplgjovariesnfhdshsfsbcgftsysmjdndkidneyssjaoncvfdrwyw

3. Sex cells.

Both male and female cells are necessary for

reproduction.

• Egg cells or ovules are the female cells. They are

made in the ovaries.

• Sperm cells are male sex cells. About 200 million

of these are produced every day.

Egg cells or ova are made in the ovaries.

Sperm are the male cells.




4. Fertilisation.

Before a new human can start to grow, a sperm and

an egg or ovule must join up. We called this fertilisation.

Fertilisation occurs when an egg cell and a sperm

unite in the Fallopian tubes or in the uterus.

The fertilised egg grows inside the mother’s uterus.

After about nine months the baby is ready to be born.

The first cell has all the DNA of the two parents and is

called zygote. The zygote divides various times and forms

embryo. The embryo is implanted in the wall of the

uterus.

Fertilisation.

5. Pregnancy.

Pregnancy is the set of changes that happen from

fertilisation until the new baby is born. A pregnancy lasts

nine months. During this time, the developing baby is

called foetus. The foetus develops inside the uterus.

The mother´s body changes during this period.

• Male and female cells are necessary for reproduction.

• Fertilisation occurs when an egg cell and a sperm unite in the Fallopian

tubes or in the uterus. The first cell has all the DNA of the two parents

and is called zygote. The zygote divides various times and forms

embryo.

• Pregnancy is the set of changes that happen from fertilisation until the

new baby is born. During this time, the developing baby is called foetus.




ACTIVITIES

13. Read and write.

• A channel which goes from the uterus to the outside of the body:

• A gland which produces a liquid to feed and transport sperm:

• They are made in the ovaries:

• The first cell which has all the DNA of the two parents:

• The developing of baby:

• The organ where the baby grows during the pregnancy:

• The urethra passes through this organ:

• They produce the sperm:

14. Talk to your classmates and write two differemces between men and

women.

MEN WOMEN

1.

1.

2.

2.

15. Answer these questions about the reproduction system.

1. What is reproduction?

2. What are the organs of the female reproductive system?

3. What are the organs of the male reproductive system?

4. How many testes do men have?

5. When fertilisation occurs?

6. What is pregnancy?




16. Listen and complete.

THE REPRODUCTORY CELLS

__________ is the name for the time when the body begins to develop and

change as you move from child to adult. During puberty, the body will ________

faster than at any other time in your ________ , except for when you were a baby.

By this time reproductive organs are mature. For boys, __________ travel

through the blood to the ___________ and give the signal to begin the production

of _________ and the hormone testosterone. In girls, hormones go to the ovaries

and cause the _____________ and release of the ____________ .

_________ and sperm are reproductive ____________. The sperm are

extremely small and they ___________an elongated shape and a long _________

to push themselves. The ovule is a big and rounded cell. It cannot _________ by

itself.

17. Watch this video and comment with your classmates

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZpKlt1sHr4Q

Puberty grow life hormones testicles sperm maturation ovule ovules cells have tail move




ACTIVITIES

18. Complete.

19. Classify these organs

Digestive System

Respiratory System

Circulatory System

Excretory System

Reproduction System

HUMAN

SYSTEMS

________________

RESPIRATORY

REPRODUCTIVE

____________ trachea

____________

_____________

________________

________________

mouth, ____________ ________________________

anus

____________ ________________________

capillaries

____________ ____________

urethra

____________ ____________

uterus ____________ ____________

prostate

esophagus, penis, veins, stomach anus, kidneys, uterus, testes, trachea, prostate, capillaries, heart, mouth, bladder, arteries, nostrils, intestine, bronchial

tubes, lungs, ovaries, vagina




20. Read and Answer. Reading.

How does the fertilization occur? When sperm are ejaculated from the penis during sexual relation, they swim up the vagina, into the uterus and then into the fallopian tubes of the female. These sperm are looking for an ovule (or egg) to fertilise.

Once one sperm has fertilized the ovule, no other sperm can get in (for the sperm, it is like a race and there is only one winner). When this sperm fertilizes the ovule, we can say that the woman is pregnant.

1. Where does a sperm swim up after sexual relation?

2. What does this sperm look for?

3. How many sperms can fertilize an ovule?

4. When is a woman pregnant?

21. Solve this crossword puzzle. ACROSS 1. A very important red liquid in our body 5. Process through which we clean our blood and eliminate waste from our body. 6. Where the food is mixed. 7. Organ of the male reproductive system. 8. Feces are expelled through it. 11. They connect veins and arteries. 12. The process by which food substances are changed into nutritional substances that our body needs.

DOWN 2. Organs of the female reproductive system. 3. Gas that we take in when we breathe. 4. When our lungs fill with air. 9. There are two of these and they are organs of our Respiratory System 10. An involuntary muscle that pumps blood throughout our body.

1 2

3 4

5

6

7

8

9 10

11

12

EclipseCrossword.com




22. Look and write. 23. Match. 1. Feces are expelled.

a) digestion

2. A long tube composed of two parts.

b) arteries

3. It takes about two hours.

c) oxygen

4. A gas that we need to live.

d) kidneys

5. They take the blood from our heart to the rest of our body.

e) penis

6. They clean our blood and make the urine.

f) anus

7. Where the urine is stored. g) bladder

8. An organ of the male reproductive system.

h) intestine

24. Put in order the sentences. How do you digest a pear?

The parts of the pear that my body does not need go to large intestine.

Then the food goes into the small intestine.

The pear, mixed with saliva, goes down the esophagus.

I chew the pear in my mouth.

At last, the feces are expelled through the anus.

In my stomach, the pear is mixed with gastric juice.

___________________

___________________

2 1




Nervous system: Stimuli: Sperm:

Relationship: Endocrine system: Liquid:

Senses: To work: To feed:

Locomotive system: Growth: To transport:

To send: Reproduction: Breasts:

To receive: Endocrine gland: Softer voice:

To coordinate: Thyroid gland: Less hair:

Central nervous system: Thyroxin: Wider hips:

Peripheral nervous system: To absorb: Stronger voice:

Brain: Pancreas: More hair:

Spinal cord: To produce: Wider chest:

Cerebrum: Insulin: Fertilisation:

Cerebellum: Amount: To unite:

Brain stem: Bloodstream: Zygote:

Voluntary movement: Ovary: Embryo:

Reflex movement: Teste: Implanted:

Nerve: Pituitary gland: Wall:

Message: To allow: Pregnancy:

Involuntary movement: Fallopian tubes: To be born:

To control: Uterus: Foetus:

To carry: To grow: To develop:

Neuron: Pregnancy: Period:

Cell: Vagina:

To transmit: Outside:

Together: Penis:

To form: To pass:

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