uthj vdcjkcknh

Hkkjr Kku foKku lfefr

2

uthj vdcjkcknhMkW- T;ksRluk j?kqoa'kh

iqLrdekyk laikndrkiks'k pØorhZ

dkWih laikndbji+Qkuk

js[kkadulqu;uk ch- ikaMs

doj ,oa xzkfiQDltxeksgu

izFke laLdj.kfnlacj] 2007

lg;ksx jkf'k25 #i;s

eqæ.klu lkbu vkWiQlsVubZ fnYyh& 110018

Nazeer AkbarabadiDr. Jyotsna Raghuvansi

Series EditorTaposh Chakravorty

Copy EditorIrfana

IllustrationSunayana B. Pande

Cover & GraphicsJagmohan

First EditionDecember, 2007

ContributionRs. 25

PrintingSun Shine OffsetNew Delhi- 110018

uo tuokpu vkanksyu

bl fdrkc dk izdk'ku Hkkjr Kku foKku lfefr us^lj nksjkcth VkVk VªLV* osQ lg;ksx ls fd;k gSA

bl vkanksyu dk edln vke turk esaiBu&ikBu laLÑfr fodflr djuk gSA

Publication and Distribution© Bharat Gyan Vigyan Samiti

Basement of Y.W.A. Hostel No. II, G-Block, Saket , New Delhi - 110 017Phone : 011 - 26569943, Fax : 91 - 011 - 26569773Email : bgvs_delhi@yahoo.co.in, bgvsdelhi@gmail.com

website: www. bgvs.org

BGVS DECEMBER 2007 2K 2500 NJVA 0151/2007

3

Hkwfedk

vkt lkaiznkf;drk dh vkx us ekuoh; foosd dh vka[kksa ij inkZMky fn;k gSA og'kr LoNan ?kwe jgh gS_ ;g tquwu gS] tks lc oqQNèoLr dj nsuk pkgrk gSA ml tquwu dks HkM+dkus dk xqugxkj dkSugS] bl ij cgl tkjh gSA foosd dh vka[ksa tc lkiQ gksaxh rksxqugxkj vo'; dV?kjs esa gksaxs] fiQygky tjQjr bl ckr dh gS fdfeyu osQ os lsrq cpk, tk,a] tks yacs le; ls gekjh lk>h laLÑfrdh igpku osQ izrhd jgs gSaA ;s lsrq rc cus Fks] tc c<+rh nwfj;ksadks ikVus osQ fy, ¯gnw vkSj eqlyeku leku jQi ls vkxs c<+s Fks]¯gnw larksa vkSj eqfLye iQdhjksa us ,slk vkanksyu NsM+k Fkk] ftlls lHkhoxks± us ,d eap ij vkdj lkaLÑfrd esy&feyki osQ xhr x, Fks&

ftu eSy fny ls fetkZ ek/ks dk /ks fn;kA

¯gnw rqjd dk Hksn fnyks tka ls [kks fn;kA

vkf'kd rks dyanj gS u ¯gnw u eqlyekaA

isze osQ fy, ¯gnw eqlyeku dk Hksn dksbZ ekuh ugha j[krk gSAyk[kksa yksxksa osQ fnyksa esa èkM+dus okys uthj vdcjkcknh (1735&1830)dh jpuk,a nks lkS o"kks± ls yksdthou dk fgLlk cuh gqbZ gSA uthjtc rd czt osQ yksd thou esa ?kqys&feys jgs] tu&tu osQ oaQBksa lsiwQVrs jgs] esys&rek'kksa esa xk, tkrs jgs] rc rd budh jpukvksa lsNydrk ve`r] mUekn dh fpaxkjh dks tUe ysrs gh BaMk djrk jgkAuthj osQ dkO; osQ fryLeh vlj dh otg ls bUgsa tudfo dh[;kfr gkfly gqbZA feêðh dh lksa/h egd okyh budh jpuk,a vktHkh tknqbZ izHkko j[krh gSA uthj vdcjkcknh dh izklafxdrk vktf'kír ls eglwl dh tk jgh gSA

4

uthj cgqr vPNs balku Fks] og tu dks lacksf/r jpuk,a fy[krsFks] 'kCnksa osQ tknwxj vkSj ok.kh osQ ckn'kkg FksA mudh Hkk"kk Hkkoksa dksliQyrkiwoZd vfHkO;fÙkQ nsus esa leFkZ gSA Hkko tkxs vkSj Hkk"kk usliQyrk osQ lkFk 'kCn&fp=k mrkjus 'kqjQ dj fn,&,slh mfÙkQ;ka uthjvdcjkcknh osQ laca/ esa lnk dgh o fy[kh tkrh jgh gSA

uthj vdcjkcknh vius thoudky esa gh feFkd osQ uk;dksadh rjg izfl¼ gks x, FksA budh dkO; izfrHkk dks lkfgR;sfrgkl esackn esa LohÑfr feyh ij mlosQ cgqr igys gh budh dforkvksa dktknqbZ laxhr vkxjk osQ cktkjksa] jkgksa vkSj xyh&owQpksa esa xwatrk jgk&

lc BkB iM+ jgk tkosxk] tc ykn pysxk catkjkAX X X X X X X

D;k [kwc ueksZ uktqd bl vkxjs dh ddM+hAvkSj ftlesa [kkl dkfiQj bLoaQnjs dh ddM+hA

uthj dh jpuk,a yksdxhr o bZ'koanuk dh rjg eafnjksa] ?kjksa omRloksa esa xkbZ tkrh jgh&

rsjh lju xgh gS] dj rw fugky HkSjksaA,s irZiky nsor] eneLr dky HkSjksaA;kjks lquks] ;g nf/ osQ yqVS;k dk ckyiuAvkSj e/qiqjh uxj osQ clS;k dk ckyiuAeksgu ljQi fujr djS;k dk ckyiuA

cu&cu osQ Xoky xkS,a pjS;k dk ckyiuA,slk Fkk ckalqjh osQ ctS;k dk ckyiuAD;k&D;k dgwa eSa Ñ".k dUgS;k dk ckyiuA

tu lkekU; osQ chp uthj dh dfork dh iSB vkSj o`gntu&Lohd`fr us vkykspdksa dks bl lhek rd ckè; fd;k fd mUgsauthj dks mnwZ fefJr [kM+h cksyh dk vU;re vkSj fof'k"V dfo?kksf"kr djuk iM+kA

uthj vdcjkcknh laHkor% ,sls vosQys dfo jgs] ftUgksaus ;qxhu

5

pqukSfr;ksa dk tokc ,d vyx rjhosQ ls fn;k vkSj viuh vkfRed'kfÙkQ osQ cy ij fVosQ jgsA uthj us vius dkO; esa ,d u, jkLrsdks jks'ku fd;k] ftldk gejkgh vke vkneh Fkk vkSj eafty vkebalku&

xkfy;ka] ekj [kkrs gSa dkSM+h osQ okLrsA'keks Z g;k mBkrs gS a dkSM+h osQ okLrsAlkS eqYd Nku vkrs gSa dkSM+h osQ okLrsAefLtn dks ne esa <krs gaS dkSM+h osQ okLrsAdkSM+h osQ lc tgku esa uD'kksa uxhu gSAdkSM+h u gks rks dkSM+h osQ fiQj rhu&rhu gSA

uthj vdcjkcknh ,sls vosQys dfo gSa] ftUgksaus yksxksa osQ ckjsesa] yksxksa osQ fy, xk;kA blosQ fy, bUgksaus laiznk;&lhfer rRoksa ;kfdlh jgL;okfnrk dk lgkjk ugha fy;kA buosQ ckjs esa tkuukizdkjkUrj ls muosQ ;qx&thou dks tkuuk o eglwl djuk gSA budhesgur] g"kksZYykl vkSj NksVh&NksVh miyfC/;ksa dks thoar jQi esans[kuk gSA

uthj dks vkxjk o laiw.kZ czt {ks=k osQ mRlo&R;kSgkj (gksyh]fnokyh] clar] 'kCcjkr] bZn)] esys (cYnso] rSjkdh] oaQl vkfn dkesyk)] [ksy (dcwrjckth] iarxckth] enkjh dh dykckth] jhN dkukp) cgqr ilan FksA buls lacaf/r dforkvksa esa thou dh okLrfodlPpkb;ksa vkSj lq[k dk vuqHko ikBd dks vkÈkfnr dj nsrk gSArRdkyhu fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vke vkneh osQ fy, ;s dfork,alathouh 'kfÙkQ dk dke djrh FkhaA

vkt Hkh jktuhfrKksa osQ Ny&Nn~e osQ pyrs Hkk"kk&laLÑfr] izsevkSj l‰ko lekt ls nwj gSA vc ¯gnh&mnwZ vkSj ¯gnw&eqlyeku dkcaVokjk gh ugha gks jgk gS oju~ cM+h fnysjh osQ lkFk lqfu;ksftrlkaiznkf;d naxksa osQ lapkyu osQ ckn jkT; ljdkj osQ laj{k.k esa xkSjojFk&;k=kk fudyrh gSaA vkReeqX/k ukf;dk dh Hkkafr 'kh"kZLFk usrk

6

orZeku fLFkfr;ksa ls larq"V vkSj lgt nh[krs gSaA vkt Hkh vkevknehdh ihM+k dks lquus] le>us o nwj djus okyk dksbZ ugha gSA

uthj vdcjkcknh tSls tudfo dh dfork,a ,sls esa cgqrizlafxdyxrh gSa&

>xM+k u djs feYyrks etgc dk dksbZ ;kaAftl jkg esa vkt iM+s [kq'k jgs gj vkaaAtqÂkj xys ;k fd cxy chp oqQjvkaAvkf'kd rks dyanj gS u ¯gnw u eqlyekaAA

MkW- T;ksRLuk j?kqoa'kh

jhMj]

osQanzh; ¯gnh laLFkku]

vkxjk

7

uthj&O;fÙkQro vkSj thoufe;ka uthj dk vlyh uke eqgEen vkSj miuke ^uthj* FkkA

vius miuke ^uthj* esa fuokl LFkku laca/h ^vdcjkcknh* 'kCntksM+dj os ^uthj vdcjkcknh* dgyk,A muosQ firk dk ukeeqgEen iQkjQ[k FkkA firk iVuk osQ fdlh jbZl osQ ;gka dke djrsFksA mudk [kkunkuh is'kk fligxhjh FkkA uthj dh ufugky vkxjk esaFkhA mudh eka vkxjs osQ fdysnkj uokc lqYrku [kka dh csVh FkhaAfe;ka uthj osQ tUe osQ laca/ esa izksisQlj 'kgckt us fy[kk gS&

dgk tkrk gS fd viuh ckjg larkuksa osQ vdky dky&dofyrgks tkus osQ dkj.k uthj osQ ekrk&firk larku osQ vHkko esa nq[kh jgrsFksA ,d ckj ,d iQdhj dk vkxeu gqvk] lqudj eqgEen iQkjQdmuosQ ikl x, vkSj iQdhj osQ fn, gq, ikap iwQy lkFk ysdj ?kjvk,A iQdhj us vkns'k fn;k Fkk fd iwQyksa dks law?kdj unh esa Mkynsuk vkSj tks oSQfiQ;r gks eq>s vkdj crkukA fo'okl vkSj vkLFkk osQlkFk eqgEen iQkjQd us ;equk rV ij tkdj ,d&,d djosQ iwQyksadks ;equk eas isaQdk vkSj muesa ls ,d iwQy ikuh ij rSjrk jgk] 'ks"klc ikuh esa Mwc x,A ;g ckr mUgksaus iQdhj dks lqukbZA iQdhj usizl gksdj dgk] ¶tk [kq'k gksA rsjk ,d yM+dk ¯tnk jgsxk vkSj rsjsuke dks jks'ku djsxkA¸ mudh iRuh xHkZorh gqbZ vkSj le; ls cPpsdk tUe gqvkA dbZ larkuksa dh e`R;q osQ vuarj uthj dk tUe gksusosQ dkj.k ekrk&firk vkSj ukuh dks vR;ar izlÂrk gqbZA le;kuqlkjmuosQ lHkh laLdkj fd, x,A cqjh utj ls cpkus osQ fy, ukd] dkuNsndj mudk jQi yM+fd;ksa tSlk cuk fn;k x;kA uthj osQ 'kkjhfjd

8

xBu osQ laca/ esa iQjgrqYyk csx dk dFku gS fd uthj dk jaxxanqe&xwa] dn njfe;kuk] is'kkuh maQph vkSj pkSM+h] vka[ksa pednkjvkSj iSuh] ukd cqyan FkhA nk<+h [k'k[k'kh vSj ewaNsa cM+h j[krs FksAf[kM+dhnkj ixM+h] xk<+s dk vaxj[kk] lh/k inkZ] uhph pksyh] mlosQ uhpsoqQrkZ] ,d cjdk ik;tkek] /hryh twrh] gkFk esa 'kkunkj NM+h] maxfy;kasesa iQhjksth vkSj vdhd dh vaxwfB;kaA

(nhokus uthj vdcjkcknh] i-6)

tUe frfFkuthj osQ tUedky osQ lca/ esa fuf'pr izek.k osQ u gksrs gq,

Hkh vf/drj fo}kuksa us uthj dk tUe 1735 gh ekuk gSA

tUeLFkkufofHk fo}kuksa osQ erksa ij è;ku nsus osQ ckn uthj dk tUe

LFkku nsgyh ekuuk gh mi;qDr izrhr gksrk gSA izksisQlj 'kgckt }kjkizLrqr tkudkjh dk laca/ fe;ka uthj dh uoklh ls gksus osQ dkj.kvf/d izekf.kd gSA

uthj dk vkxjs osQ izfr izse vSj vkxjsokyksa osQ uthj osQ izfrizse osQ dkj.k mudk tUeLFkku vkxjk dks Js; fnykuk vkxjk dksegRo iznku djus dk iz;kl gh dgk tk,xkA lp rks ;g gS fduthj nsgyh esa tUe ysdj vkxjs esa cl x,] ftlls vkxjk vkSjuthj nksuksa gh /U; gks x,&

vkf'kd dgks vlhj dgks vkxjs dk gSAeqYyk dgks] nchj dgks] vkxjs dk gSAeqfÝyl dgks] iQdhj dgks] vkxjs dk gS

'kk;j dgks] uthj dgks] vkxjs dk gSA

f'k{kk&nh{kkifjokj dh ,dek=k thfor vkSj vR;ar fiz; larku gksus osQ ckn

Hkh LFkkuh; ikB'kkyk dh i<+kbZ esa budh vPNh izxfr FkhA pkj o"kZdh mez esa bUgsa i<+kus osQ fy, ekSyoh fu;qÙkQ fd;k x;kA uthj usifo=k oqQjku dk ikB fd;k vkSj mlosQ ckn lknh osQ ¶djhek¸ ekedhek] [kqljksa osQ ^[kfydckjh* (mnwZ] iQkjlh 'kCndks'k) vkSj

9

egnwnukek] vrSukek ls iQkjlh dh FkksM+h&cgqr i<+kbZ dh vkSj^vkenukek* O;kdj.k Hkh ns[kkA

uthj vkB Hkk"kk,a laLÑr vjch] mnZq] iatkch] ekjokM+h] iwohZvkSj ¯gnh tkurs FksA izksisQlj 'kgckt us bl laca/ esa fy[kk gS&

uthj us viuh roTtks dks eq[rfyiQ tckuksa dks gkfly djusesa eljQiQ fd;kA og FkksM+s gh oÙkQ esa iatkch [kklh rjg cksyus yxsAcztHkk"kk ij xksfi;ksa dh&lh egkjr gkfly dhA iwfoZ;ksa dk ygtklh[k fy;kA ekjokfM+;ksa dh ifjHkk"kk,a ;kn dhaA efyd eqgEentk;lh ;k rqylhnkl dh tks tcku gS] mlesa deky iSnk fd;k] blizdkj og dbZ Hkk"kkvksa osQ tkudkj cu x,A

bl ckr osQ Hkh izek.k feyrs gSa fd budh jQfp] n'kZu vkSjfp=kdkjh esa FkhA

mu fnuksa dh f'k{kk cgqvk;keh gksrh FkhA mnkgj.kkFkZ] f'k"; dksosQoy ijaijk vkSj lkfgR; dk Kku gh ugha gksuk pkfg, cfYd ryokjpykus] oqQ'rh yM+us] ykBh pykus] Hkkys&xksys isQadus dk vH;kl gksukpkfg,A fe;ka uthj osQ thou dk ,d cM+k Hkkx [ksyowQn esa chrkAiPphlk] xatiQk] pkSlj] 'krjat osQ vfrfjDr nhokyh ij tqvk Hkh[ksyk (uthj rks cuk gS tqvkfj;k fnokyh dk)_ iraxckth dhA oqQ'rhyM+h (oqQ'rh esa geus fdruh eqír cnu dks rksM+k)_ fxygjh] jhN vkSjvtngs dk cPpk ikyk (ge csprs gSa ;kjksa! vtngs dk cPpk) rSjkdhesa fnypLih yh (bl vkxjs esa D;k&D;k ,s! ;kj iSjrs gS)_ esys&Bsys]rht R;kSgkj dk vkuan mBk;kA 'ks[k lyhe fp'rh osQ mlZ osQ lkFk ghcynso th dk esyk Hkh ns[kkA 'kCcjkr] bZn osQ lkFk gh j{kkca/u vkSjgksyh Hkh eukbZA okLro esa uthj us iwjh rjg thou dks ft;kA lkFk gh;gh ,d mÙke ikFks; Fkk] ftlosQ lgkjs py dj Hk;kog orZeku nq[kksadks oqQN le; osQ fy, Hkqyk;k tk ldrk FkkA

fookg rFkk ifjokj

fe;ka uthj dk fookg vkxjk osQ vgnh vCnqy jgeku [kka

10

pqxrkbZ dh uoklh eqgEen jgeku [kka dh csVh rgOojQfÂlk csxe osQlkFk gqvk] tks rktxat eqgYys esa eydks xyh esa jgrs FksA uthjvdcjkcknh Hkh ckn esa uwjh njokts okyk edku NksM+dj rktxat esatk clsA ogha viuk edku cuok fy;kA budh nks larkusa ,d iq=kxqytkj vyh ^vlhj* rFkk iq=kh bekeh csxe gqbZ bekeh csxe dhcsVh foyk;rh csxe ls gh tkudkjh izkIr dj izksisQlj 'kgckt usuthj vdcjkcknh osQ laca/ esa egoiw.kZ ys[ku&dk;Z fd;kA

thou&;kiu

thou&;kiu osQ fy, uthj us oqQN fnu eFkqjk esa yM+osQ i<+kusdh ukSdjh dhA ogka eu ugha yxk rks vkxjk vkdj HkkmQ fdysnkjosQ mLrkn cu x,A blosQ ckn oqQN fnuksa eqgEen vyh [kka osQ cPpksadks i<+k;k ij ;gka Hkh vf/d fnu ugha fVosQA ;gka ls ukSdjhNksM+dj vkxjk osQ ekbZFkku eqgYys esa jktk foykl jk; osQ cPpksa dksl=kg jQi, ekgokj ij i<+kus yxsA ,d le; dk [kkuk Hkh ogha [kkrsFksA rktxat ls vkus&tkus osQ fy, ?kksM+h dk iz;ksx djrs FksA

fe;ka uthj dk eq[; dk;Z cPpksa dks f'k{kk nsuk vksj 'kk;jhdjuk FkkA mudk vf/drj le; cPpksa dks f'k{kk nsus esa O;rhr gksrkFkkA ;gh mudk thfodk dk lk/u FkkA os vkxjk osQ izfl¼ f'k{kdksaesa ls FksA mUgksaus jktk foykljk; osQ yM+oQksa gjc['kjk;] xqjQc['kjk;]ewypanjk;] eulq[kjk;] ca'kh/j rFkk 'kadjnkl dks i<+k;kA buosQvfrfjÙkQ vU; cPpksa dks Hkh uthj us i<+k;k FkkA

'kk;jh osQ {ks=k esa muls izsj.kk xzg.k djus okys f'k";ksa dh la[;koSls rks cgqr Fkh ysfdu izks- 'kgckt us muesa eq[; fuEufyf[kr ukefxuok, gS&

1- [kyhiQk xqytkj vyh ^vlhj* (iq=k)2- gdhe ehj oqQrqcíhu ckfru3- fetkZ vlnqYykg ^xkfyc*4- egkjkt cyoar flag

11

5- ykyk cq¼lSu lkiQh6- 'ks[k enkjh ^tehj*7- gdhe ehj eqgEen ^tkfgj*8- [ks'k uchcD'k ^vkf'kd*9- eqa'kh gqlSu vyh [kka ^ego*10- csnku c['k ^ygj*11- 'ks[k gqlSu c['k ^c['kh*

buesa ls fetkZ xkfyc osQ f'k";Ro osQ laca/ esa fopkjdksa osQfofHk fopkj gSaA fetkZ xkfyc dky Øekuqlkj uthj vdcjkcknh(lu~ 1735&1830 bZ-) vSj fetkZ xkfyc (lu~ 1797&1869) osQdfo gSaA bl izdkj uthj dk cq<+kik] xkfyc dk cpiu vkxjs esachrkA izksisQlj 'kgckt dk dFku gS& ml le; vkxjk es [kyhiQkeqvTte vkSj fe;ka uthj nks gh eqerkt eqYykvksa esa FksA xkfyc dksbUgha nks dh rjiQ tkuk iM+kA

uthj viuh ys[kuh osQ cy ij ¯gnw o eqlyekuksa esa leku jQils yksdfiz; FksA jkg pyrs yksx uthj dks jksddj dfork lqukus dkvkxzg djrs vkSj uthj lg"kZ dfork lqukus dks jkth gks tkrsA /kfeZdHksnHkko uthj dks Nw rd ugha x;k FkkA ^Lrqfr HkSjksa th* vkt Hkhrktxat fLFkr 'ke'kku ?kkV ij HkSjksa th osQ eafnj eas iw.kZ J¼k ls xk;htkrh gSA

dfo uthj ljy LoHkko osQ FksA tc os ?kj ls fudyrs rksvDlj yksx jkLrk jksddj [kM+ gks tkrsA ?kksM+h ,slh l/ xbZ Fkh fdtgka yksxksa us lyke fd;k] og [kM+h gks tkrhA lc dgrs] fe;ka igysdfork lqukosa] rc vkxs tkus nsaxsA uthj ogha cSBdj dfork cukrs vkSj?kaVksa lqukrs_ isQjh yxkdj eky cspus okys muls dfork,a fy[kok ystkrs vkSj xyh owQpksa esa xk&xkdj viuk eky cspk djrsA ddM+h cspusokyk ihNs iM+k rks ^vkxjs dh ddM+h* uked jpuk dhA

Hkh[k ekaxus okys tksxh us fuosnu fd;k rks ^dUgS;k dk ckyiu*

12

dfork dgh vkSj og dM+k ctk&ctkdj mls xk&xkdj Hkh[k ekaxusyxk&

,slk Fkk ckalqjh osQ ctS;k dk ckyiuA

D;k&D;k dgwa eSa fd'ku dUgS;k dk ckyiuA

fe;ka uthj LokfHkeku vkSj Lora=k izÑfr osQ dfo FksA mUgksausdHkh fdlh jktk] uokc ;k jbZl dh iz'kalk eas ,d iafÙkQ Hkh ughafy[khA mUgksaus tks oqQN fy[kk] turk osQ fy, fy[kkA os u rks yksHkhFks vkSj u mUgsa fdlh dh [kq'kken djuk gh ilan FkkA dgk tkrk gS]y[kumQ osQ uokc lvknr vyh [kka dfo vkSj dykdkjksa dk cgqrlEeku djrs FksA mUgsa uthj dh xjhch dk irk pyk rks mUgsa vius;gka cqykus osQ fy, vkneh HkstsA HksaVLojQi oqQN /u Hkh HkstkA uthjus ml le; rks os jQi, j[k fy, vkSj y[kumQ tkus dk ok;nk Hkhdj fy;kA ijarq mUgas mu jQi;ksa ls ,slh Xykfu gqbZ fd jkr Hkj uhanugha vkbZA lqcg mBdj mUgksaus os jQi;s okil dj fn, vkSj dgk]ckn'kkg ls esjk lyke dguk] esjh rjiQ ls ekiQh ekaxuk] vkSj vtZdjuk fd uthj iQdhj rks viuh >ksiM+h esa gh [kq'k gS 'kkgh egyksaesa jguk mldh rdnhj eas ughaA

izksisQlj 'kgckt us fy[kk gS fd muosQ firk eqgEen iQk:dvthekckn osQ fdUgha uokc osQ ;gka ukSdj FksA muosQ nsgkar osQ cknmudk eky&lkeku ysus osQ fy, mudks cqyk;k x;k] ysfdu ;g ughax,A mudks fy[k fn;k fd Ñi;k vki eky [kSjkr dj nhft,A

czt {ks=k esa uthj dh dfork dh cgqr /we FkhA mudh iz'kalkls izHkkfor gksdj Hkjriqj osQ jktk us bUgsa vius ;gka cqyk;k ysfduogka Hkh ugha x,A fe;ka uthj dks vkxjk bruk ilan Fkk fd mUgksausvkxjs dh gn ls ckgj tkus dh bPNk ugha dhA reke vkea=k.kksa vkSjizyksHkuksa osQ ckotwn dfork dks mUgksaus O;olk; esa ifjofrZr ughagksus fn;kA ,d ckj uokc okftn vyh 'kkg osQ nwr osQ yxkrkjvkxzg o ncko ij og y[kumQ tkus osQ fy, rS;kj gks x, FksA uthjviuh ?kksM+h ij lokj gksdj fudys] uthj rc rd vkxs c<+rs jgs]

13

tc rd [kwclwjr rkt utjksa ls vks>y ugha gqvk Fkk] ftldh Nk;kesa uthj us mez clj dh FkhA oqQN nwj pyus osQ ckn ,d ,slhfLFkfr vkbZ] rc rkt utj ls vks>y gksus yxkA bl nq[k us dfo dksLrC/ dj fn;k vkSj mlosQ ckn og fiQj okil ykSV iM+s--- rktvkSj vkxjs dh vksj] bl fu'p; osQ lkFk fd fujarj rkt dks ns[krsgq, og vkxjs esa vkthou f'k{kd dh ukSdjh dj larq"V jgsaxscfuLcr y[kumQ osQ le`¼ njckj esa foykliw.kZ thou fcrkus osQA

uthj osQ /eZ esa ckjs eas mudh fLFkfr fooknkLin cuh jghAfuLlansg] buosQ firk lqÂh eqlyeku Fks] ysfdu os [kqn f'k;keqlyeku FksA /eZ ifjorZu dh izfØ;k osQ ckjs esa dksbZ fuf'prlaosQr&lw=k miyC/ ugha gS] ,slk laHkor% mudh eka osQ fof'k"VizHkko osQ pyrs gh gqvk gksxk] tks Lo;a f'k;k FkhaA uthj brusmnkjoknh Fks fd va/ ijaijkvksa vkSj /kfeZd jQf<+;ksa dks mUgksaus thouosQ {ks=k esa drbZ ugha vkus fn;kA fo'okl ls f'k;k gksus osQ ckotwnlwfiQ;ksa osQ jgL;okn dh vksj mudk cgqr jQ>ku FkkA os fnYyh osQe'kgwj lwiQh ekSykuk iQ[kjQíhu osQ vuU; iz'kald FksA

uthj dks lkS o"kZ dh yach ¯tnxh feyhA ydok ekj tkus osQrhu o"kZ ckn bUgksaus vius vkaxu osQ uhe vkSj csj osQ isM+ksa dh Nk;kesa vafre fojke fy;k] ftudh Nkao eas vkthou [kwclwjr dfork,afy[krs jgs Fks] tgka 'kkfxZn ;qok dfo;ksa ls ckrphr gksrh Fkh vkSjvius f'k";ksa dks f'k{kk nh Fkha bu isM+ksa dh Nk;k uthj osQ iwjs mRd"kZdh lk{kh jghA budh e`R;q osQ ckn f'k;k&lqfÂ;ksa osQ vykok ¯gnqvksaus Hkh viuk gd trk;kA ?kj esa isM+ksa dh Nk;k esa fe;ka uthj dksniQukdj etkj cuk nh xbZ vkS ¯gnw f'k";ksa vkSj iz'kaldksa us buosQdiQu dks tykdj J¼katfy vfiZr dhA

e`R;q frfFk

uthj dh bu dkO; iafÙkQ;ksa dks i<+dj uthj dh vk;q dkvuqeku Lo;a gks tkrk gS&

14

,s ;kj lkS cjl dh gqbZ viuh mez vkdjA

vkSj >qfjZ;ka iM+ha gSa lkjs cnu osQ mQijAA

uCcs&ipkuos osQ yxHkx vk;q dk igqapk gqvk O;fÙkQ Lo;a dksyxHkx lkS o"kZ dk dg ldrk gSA lu~ 1243 fgtjh esa mu ijiQkfyt fxjk vkSj rhu lky osQ ckn 26 liQj 1246 fgtjh rnuqlkj26 vxLr lu~ 1930 dks mudk nsgkar gqvkA

bl izdkj ,d egku~ thou dk var gqvkA egku~ blfy, fdmldk ,d&,d {k.kiwjh larqf"V vkSj [kwclwjrh ls ft;k x;k FkkAfo/ok iRuh] ,d csVk rFkk csVh osQ vykok] os viuh ihNs lSdM+ksaf'k";ksa dk lalkj NksM+ x, vkSj lalkj osQ fy, viuk vewY; 'kk'ordkO;&

vkf[kj osQ rbZ gal vosQyk gh fl/kjkA

czt&{ks=k vkSj vkxjkoklh vc Hkh vius fiz; dfo fe;ka uthjvdcjkcknh dk Lej.k djrs gSaA clar&iapeh osQ 'kqHk volj ij'kgj osQ izcq¼ ukxfjd] dykdkj] vf/dkjh] jktusrk] lektlsoh]dfo] 'kk;j vkfn rktxat dh eydks xyh esa fLFkr uthj dh etkjosQ ikl vk;ksftr uthj esys esa ,d=k gksrs gSa vkSj cM+s J¼k Hkko lsmudh uTeksa dks xkrs o izLrqr djrs gSaA

fiNys 70 o"kks± ls vk;ksftr uthj esys osQ ckjs esa yrhiQmíhulkgc vkSj MkW- xqjQeq[kjke VaMu us vius vuqHko lqukrs gq, crk;kFkk& ¶eq>s ;kn gS fd clar osQ fnu vkxjs osQ eksgYys eksrh dVjk]xksoqQyiqjk] NÙkk oxSjg esa uthj osQ pkgus okys Vksfy;ka cuk djihyh Vksfi;ka igudj uthj dh uTesa i<+rs gq, tkrs Fks_ buesavdlfj;r ¯gnw gtjkr dh gksrh FkhA fnu Hkj uthj dh 'kk;jh dks[kkl vankt ls i<+us osQ eqdkcys gksrs FksA cPps ihys oqQrsZ] vkSjrsaihys nqiêðs] /ksfr;ka igurh FkhaA ,d [kkl ckr vkSj vkius crkbZ fduthj dk T;knrj dyke de i<+s&f[kys ;k vui<+ yksxksa dks tqckuh;kn Fkk&yksdxhrksa dh rjgA¸

15

uthj dh jpuk,adfooj uthj vdcjkcknh osQ thou esa dksbZ dkO; laxzg ugha

Ni ldkA bldk lcls cM+k dkj.k Fkk fd uthj jkg pyrs gq,^uTesa* dgk djrs Fks] mudk dksbZ laxzg ugha djrs FksA mudk lkjkdkO; LiqQV jQi esa feyrk gS] mudh dforkvksa osQ iz'kaldksa us mudhjpukvksa dks latksdj j[kkA

;g rks lc Lohdkj djrs gS fd uthj us cgqr fy[kk] ysfdumudh jpukvksa dh fu'fpr la[;k dksbZ ugha crk ldkA uthj }kjkjpukvksa dks 'kkL=kh; fu;e] lkfgfR;d lkSan;Z vkSj jktlh lkt&laokjls nwj j[kus osQ dkj.k cgqr le; rd lkfgR;dkjksa us uthj osQdkO; dks lk/kj.k vkSj ?kfV;k le>dj misf{kr j[kk vkSj dksbZO;ofLFkr laxzg rS;kj ugha gks ldkA dfo uthj us Hkh viuhjpukvksa dks tek ugha fd;kA muosQ f'k";ksa] fe=kkksa vkSj iz'kaldksa osQikl mudh jpuk,a iM+h jghaA

uthj osQ mnwZ osQ nks vkSj iQkjlh osQ rhu nhokuksa dk laxzg Hkhfeyrk gSA uthj us iQkjlh Hkk"kk esa x| Hkh fy[kkA iQkjlh dh ghukS Ñfr;ksa dh [kkst gqbZA mu jpukvksa dh lkrksa ikaMqfyfi;ksa dks ntZHkh djk;k x;k] tks Øe'k bl izdkj gSa& uTesa] xthu] dns eÙkhu]iQgfe, djhu] cTes ,s'k] 'kukbZ&,&tsck] gqLu cktkj vkSj rtsZrdjhjA (eksgEen glu] uthj vdcjkcknh] i-25) ;s lkjh ikaMqfyfi;kafnYyh fo'ofo|ky; osQ ikaMqfyfi foHkkx esa miyC/ gSA

mnwZ&¯gnh osQ vusd fo}kuksa us mudh jpukvksa osQ NksVs&cM+slaxzg izdkf'kr djk,A lkFk gh thou ifjp; Hkh izLrqr fd;kA buxzaFkksa osQ uke bl izdkj gSA

16

oqQfYy;krs uthj % eqgEen vCnqy xiwQj ^'kgckt*jQgs uthj % e[kewj vdcjkcknheqar[kkcrs uthj % e[kewj vdcjkcknhpeus csuthj % e[kewj vdcjkcknhnhokus uthj vdcjkcknh % fetkZ iQjgrqYyk csxbar[kkc oqQfYy;krs uthj % lS;kn tykyqíhu vgen tkiQjhxqytkjs uthj % lyhe tkiQjoqQfYy;krs uthj vdcjkcknh% ekSykuk vCnqyckjh ^vklh*

uthj dh uTesa

nhokus uthj % eqgEen utj [kkabar[kkcs uthj % j'khn glu [kkaoqQfYy;krs uthj % vtgj jkghbar[kkcs xtfy;kr uthj % MkW- efydtknk eatwj vgen

vdcjkcknh

uthj vdcjkcknh osQ ¯gnh dkO; laxzg

v'kvkj&,&fe;ka uthj % yYywjke] dydÙkk] 1812uthj osQ 'ksj % Kku jRukdj izsl dydÙkk] 1868nhoku&,&uthj % bdcky] 'kga'kkgh izsl] vkxjk] 1897v'kvkj&,&uthj % jktukjk;k.k vxzoky] gkfiQt 'ke'kqíhuuthj ckuh % fiQjkd xksj[kiqjhnhoku&,&uthj (¯gnh) % eqgEen utj [kkaegkdfo cs uthj % j?kqjkt fd'kksj oru gfjnkl ,Ma oaQiuh]

eFkqjkuthj dkO; laxzg % iafMr mn; 'kadj 'kkL=khdfooj uthj % MkW- f'koeaxy flag lqeuutj vdcjkcknh vkSj % ljLorh lju ^osQiQ* mudh 'kk;jhegkdfo uthj vdcjkcknh% j?kqjkt fd'kksj orunhoku&,&uthj % eqgEenh izsl] /udksV] vkxjkdfo Jh uthj % vehj eqgEen [kkauthj vdcjkcknh % eksgEen glu

17

uthj xzaFkkoyh % uthj eqgEenuthj 'kk;jh vkSj ¯tnxh % 'kiQhdk iQjgruthj vkSj mudh fopkj/kjk% vCnqy vyhe

blosQ vfrfjÙkQ NksVh&NksVh iqLrdksa osQ jQi esa fe;ka uthj dhjpuk,a ckyiu dUgS;k dk] ukxyhyk] pwgsukek] egknso th dk C;kg]vkVk&nkyukek] gksyh osQ jax uthj osQ lax izdkf'kr gqbZ gSaA xhrk izslxksj[kiqj ls izdkf'kr Hktu laxzg esa uthj osQ oqQN Hktu laxzghr gSA

uthj dh dkO;xr fof'k"Vrk

uthj vdcjkcknh vius tekus esa vkSj mlosQ cgqr fnuksa ckn Hkhtulk/kj.k esa rks fiz; jgs ¯drq mÂhloha 'krkCnh esa lkfgfR;d ekU;rkizkIr u dj losQA rRdkyhu lekykspdksa us rks mudh iwjh mis{kk djnhA njvly] ml nkSj esa ¯gnh esa jhfrdkyhu dfork gkoh Fkh rks mnwZesa njckjh 'kk;jhA uthj dh psruk vius le; ls cgqr vkxs c<+h gqbZFkh] ftls muosQ ledkyhuksa us cgqr ihNs dh pht le>k vkSj mldksdksbZ egÙo ugha fn;kA uthj osQ le; dk Hkkjr lkearoknh Hkkjr Fkk]ftlesa ;k rks /eZ vkSj n'kZu osQ vk/kj ij lkfgR;&ltu fd;k tkrkFkk ;k fiQj lkSan;Z cks/ dk ,slk vk/kj <wa<k tkrk Fkk] tks lkear oxZosQ thou esa fey losQA

blosQ fojQ¼ uthj fcyoqQy tulk/kj.k osQ dfo Fks] tks lkjsthou dks mlh dh nf"V ls ns[kk djrs FksA mUgksaus thou dh izR;sdvuqHkwfr dk fp=k.k fd;k gS ¯drq mudh psruk tulkèkkj.k osQ thouosQ ifjizs{; esa gh ns[kh tk ldrh gSA os izse dh ckrsa djsaxs rks Hkh mlesalk/kj.k tu dk rwiQkuh izse gksxk] HkfÙkQ dh ckrsa djsaxs rks Hkh ml lk/kj.k tu dh Hkkouk dk fp=k.k djsaxs] tks Ñ".k vkSj eqgEen nksuksa osQvkxs ureLrd gks tkrk gSA egyksa vkSj njckjksa dh ltkoV dhpdkpkSa/ vkSj 'kkgh lokfj;ksa ;k f'kdkj osQ o.kZu osQ ctk; muosQ ;gkarSjkdh cYnso th dk esyk] vkxjs dh ddM+h] rktegy vkSj jhN dkrek'kk fn[kkbZ nsxkA blosQ vykok os oqQN ,slh Hkh ckrsa dg tk,axs] tks

18

lkearh ;qx osQ lH; lekt esa oftZr Fkhaa&tSls xjhch dk jksuk] ekSr dkMj vkSj jksfV;ksa dk egRoA Li"V gS fd lk/kj.k ¯drq laiw.kZ thou osQ,sls ;FkkFkZoknh dfo dks laHkkyuk ml ;qx dh lkearh njckjh psruk osQo'k dh ckr ugha FkhA blfy, rRdkyhu vkykspdksa us cktkjQiu osQuke ij mudh yksdfiz;rk ls Nqêðh ik yhA

fons'kh dfo;ksa cUlZ vkSj foyksa dh rjg uthj ,d izfrHkkokuvkokjk FksA (eqgEen glu] uthj vdcjkcknh] i- 36) vkokjk dhdksfV esa osQoy vlkekftd rRo gh ugha vkrs cfYd le; dh ekU;lhekvksa dk vfrØe.k djus okys ltZd euh"kk dks Hkh blh dksfV esaèkosQy fn;k tkrk gSA

uthj us thou vkSj txr osQ oqQN i{kksa dks tku&cw>djvLohdkj fd;k ysfdu blesa bu i{kksa ls mudh vKkurk ugha Fkh]cfYd lk;kl iz;Ru FkkA os ml leqnk; osQ yksxksa dks vPNh rjgtkurs Fks vkSj mlosQ izcy fojks/h Hkh FksA ,d vke vkneh dh utjls vkxjk dh lef¼] [kq'kgkyh vksj tokuh dks] blosQ vkd"kZ.k] pedvkSj eLrh dks] etkd] NsM+NkM+ vkSj uaxsiu dks cM+h [kwclwjrh ijvktknh osQ lkFk uthj us viuh dfork esa vfHkO;fÙk nhA iwQgM+iu dksfy[kus dk vijk/&cks/ bUgsa dHkh ugha gqvkA buosQ dkO; esa LoPNanvfHkO;fÙk dh tks ikjnf'kZrk gS] og lekt ls Nqik dj dksbZ dk;Z ughadjrhA ¯tnxh osQ izR;sd {k.k dks O;ÙkQ djus esa mUgsa dksbZ nqfo/k ;kfgpfdpkgV ugha gksrhA

ml le; egyksa osQ Hkhrj Dykfld dkO; ijaijk dk fuokZg FkkAegyksa dh pkgjnhokjh osQ ckgj vla[; dkexkj turk Fkh] tks vHkkoksadh ¯tnxh thrs gq, Hkh yksd xhr] uR;] igsfy;ka dgkfu;ksa dksih<+h&nj&ih<+h ekSf[kd jQi ls iznku dj jgh FkhA bl izdkj ;gltho ogn jpuk&lalkj vkSj yksd dyk&ltu thfor jgkA

bu nksuksa esa gkykafd dksbZ nhokj ugha Fkh fiQj Hkh vfyf[kr yksdlkfgR;] njckjh laLÑfr o lkfgR; ls eqÙkQ jgk vkSj blus viuhjpuk&i¼fr Hkh fodflr dhA

19

uthj dh dforkvksa esa nksuksa yksd dyk vkSj Dykfld dkO; osQrÙo feyrs gSa] ij nksuksa esa ledkyhu (rRdkyhu) okLrfodrk dkiz;kl eq[kj gSA Hkksx&foykl osQ lk/uksa ls Hkjiwj jktegyksa dh jaxhuysfdu ne?kksaVw lhfer ¯tnxh dks NksM+dj dfo uthj yxkrkj oafpryksxksa osQ thou ls lac¼ jgs&mUgha dks uthj dh leLr 'kCn o dyk,alefiZr FkhaA

bl izdkj uthj dh dfork,a rRdkyhu lekt ls gekjk iqulkZ{kkRdkjdjkrh gSA uthj dh dfork,a Hkko vkSj Hkk"kk&f'kYi dh nf"V ls bruhlgt gS fd dgha&dgha ,slk yxrk gS fd dfo uthj vkt dhfLFkfr;ksa dk fp=k.k dj jgk gSA dfo dh ^[kq'kken*] ^eqfÝylh*]^jksfV;ka*] ^vknehukek* vkfn dfork,a vkt Hkh mruh gh izklafxd vkSjtulkekU; fLFkfr;ksa osQ vuqjQi gSa] ftruh ml le; FkhA ;g fof'k"Vrkfdlh dfo dh dkO;xr fof'k"Vrk dk egRo fl¼ djrh gSA

euq";rk osQ xk;d

uthj vdcjkcknh dk thou gks ;k 'kk;jh& og lpeqptudfo fl¼ gksrs gS_ vke vkneh osQ izfrfuf/_ euq";rk osQ lexzxk;oQ muosQ lkjs ÑfrRo dks ,d uke nsuk gks rks og mudheqdfEey uTe dk 'kh"kZd gh] gks ldrk gS& ^vknehukek*A

201- ykyp 2- MkowQ 3- ekSr 4- ekSr

catkjk ukekVqd fgLksZ&gok

1 dks NksM+ fe;ka] er ns'k fons'k fiQjs ekjkA

dTtkd2 vty

3 dk ywVs gS] fnu jkr ctkdj uDdkjkA

D;k cf/;k] HkSalk] cSy] 'kqrj4 D;k xkSus iYyk lj HkkjkA

D;k xsgwa] pkoy] eksaB] eVj] D;k vkx] /aqvk vkSj vaxkjkAlc BkB iM+k jg tkosxk] tc ykn pysxk catkjkAA

xj rw gS yD[kh catkjk vkSj [ksi Hkh rsjh Hkkjh gSA,s xkfiQy] rq> ls Hkh p<+rk ,d vkSj cM+k O;kikjh gSAD;k 'kDdj feJh oaQn xjh D;k lkaHkj ehBk [kkjh gSAD;k nk[k] equDdk lksaB] fejp] D;k osQlj ykSax lqikjh gSAlc BkB iM+ jg tkosxk tc ykn pysxk catkjkA

rw cf/;k ykns cSy Hkjs] tks iwjc if'pe tkosxkA;k lwn c<+ kdj yko sxk] ;k Vk sVk ?k kVk iko sxkAdTtkd vty dk jLrs esa tc Hkkyk ekj fxjkosxkA/u nkSyr] ukrh iksrk D;k] ,d oqQuck dke u vkosxkA

21

5- ?keaMh 6- ,d izdkj dk Nik gqvk tjh dk js'keh diM+k 7- og diM+k ftlij isM+ksa dk fMtkbu gks 8- ekSr 9- dcz

lc BkB iM+k jg tkosxk tc ykn pysxk catkjkA

;g [ksi Hkjs tks tkrk gS] ;g [ksi fe;ka er fxu viuhAvc dksbZ ?kM+h] ij lkvr eSa] ;g [ksi cnu dh gS diQuhAD;k Fkky dVksjs pkanh osQ] D;k ihry dh fMfc;k <duhAD;k cjru lksus pkanh osQ] D;k feêðh dh gafM;k piuhAlc BkB iM+k jg tkosxk tc ykn pysxk catkjkA

D;ksa th ij cks> mBkrk gS] bu xkSuksa Hkkjh&Hkkjh osQAtc ekSr dk Msjk vku iM+k] rc dksbZ ugha xqurkjh osQAD;k lkt tM+kmQ tj tsoj] D;k xksVs Fkku fdukjh osQAD;k ?kksM+s thu lqugjh osQ] D;k gkFkh yky vekjh osQAlc BkB iM+k jg tkosxk tc ykn pysxk catkjkA

exjQj5 u gks ryokjksa ij] er iwQy Hkjksls <kyksa osQA

lc iêðk rksM+ osQ Hkkxsxk] eqag ns[k vty osQ Hkkyksa osQAAD;k fMCcs eksrh ghjksa osQ] D;k <sj [ktkus ekyksa osQAD;k cqxps rk'k

6 eq'kTtj

7 osQ D;k r[rs 'kky nq'kkyksa osQAA

lc BkB iM+k jg tkosxk tc ykn pysxk catkjkAtc exZ

8 fiQjk dj pkcqd dks] ;g cSy cnu dk gkaosQxkA

dksbZ ukt lesVsxk rsjk] dksbZ xkSu fl;s vkSj VkaosQxkAgks <sj vosQyk taxy esa] rw [kkd ygn

9 dh iQkaosQxkA

ml taxy esa fiQj vkg ^uthj* ,d Hkquxk vku u >kaosQxkAlc BkB iM+k jg tkosxk tc ykn pysxk catkjkA

22

10- Bsdk 11- nkSyrean 12- /uk<~; 13- NksVk 14- cM+k egku

ru dk >ksaiM+k;g ru tks gS gj ,d ds mrkjs dk >ksaiM+kAblls gS vc Hkh] lcds lgkjs dk >ksaiM+kAblls gS ckn'kkg ds utkjs dk >ks aiM+kAbles a gh gS iQdhj fcpkjs dk >ks aiM+kAAviuk u eksy dk u btkjs

10 dk >ksaiM+kA

^ckck* ;g ru gS ne osQ xqtkjs dk >ksaiM+kAA

blesa gh Hkksys] Hkkys] blh esa fl;kus gSa ables a gh gk sf'k;kj] blh es a fnokus gS aAblesa gh nq'eu] blesa gh vius ;xkus gSA'kkg >ksaiM+k Hkh vius] blh esa uqekus gSAviuk u eksy dk u btkjs dk >ks aiM+kA^ckck* ;g ru gS ne osQ xqtkjs dk >ksaiM+kAAblesa gh vgys nkSyrks

11 eqube

12 vehj gSA

bles a gh jgrs lkjs tgka osQ iQdhj gSAbles a gh 'kkg vk Sj blh es a othj gSAblesa gh gS] lxhj

13 blh es a dchj

14 gSA

viuk u eksy dk u btkjs dk >ks aiM+kA^ckck* ;g ru gS ne osQ xqtkjs dk >ksaiM+kAA

blesa gh pksj Bx gS] blh esa veksy gSAblesa gh jksuh 'kDy] blh esa BBksy gSAbles a gh ckts] vkSj udkjs o <ksy gSA'kkg >ksaiM+k Hkh blesa gh djrs dyksy gSviuk u eksy dk u btkjs dk >ks aiM+kA^ckck* ;g ru gS ne osQ xqtkjs dk >ksaiM+kAA

bl >ksaiM+s eas jgrs gS lc 'kkg vkSj othjA

23

jksfV;katc vkneh osQ isV esa vkrh gSa jksfV;kaAiwQyh ugha cnu es a lekrh gS jk sfV;k aAAvk a[k s a ijhjQ[kk s a

16 ls yM+krh gS a jk s fV;k aA

lhus mQij Hkh gkFk pykrh gS jk sfV;kaAAftrus ets gSa lc ;g fn[kkrh gSa jksfV;kaAA

jksVh ls ftudk ukd ryd isV gS HkjkAdjrk fiQj gS D;k og mNy owQn tk ctkAAnhokj iQkan dj dksbZ dksBk mNy x;kABêðk galh 'kjkc] lue lkdh] ml flokAAlkS lkS rjg dh /we epkrh gSa jksfV;kaAAiwNk fdlh us ;g fdlh dkfey

17 iQdhj lsA

;g esgjks18 ekg

19 gd us cuk, gSa dkgs osQAA

og lquosQ cksyk] ckck [kqnk rq>dks [kSj nsAge rks u pkan le>sa] u lwjt gSa tkursAAckck ges a rks ;g utj vkrh gS a jk sfV;ka

jksVh tc vkbZ isV esa lkS dUn20

?kqy x,Axqytkj

21 iwQys vka[kksa esa vkSj ,s'k rqy x,AA

nks rj fuokys isV esa ftrus Fks lc Hksn [kqy x,A

blesa odhy c['kh o eqrlíh15 vkSj vehjA

blesa gh lc xjhc gSa] blesa gh lc iQdhjA'kkg >ksiM+k tks dgrs gSa] lp gS fe;ka ¶uthj¸viuk u eksy dk u btkjs dk >ks aiM+kA^ckck* ;g ru gS ne osQ xqtkjs dk >ksaiM+kAA

15- fglkc fdrkc j[kus okyk izca/d 16- ifj;ksa tSlh 'kDy lwjr okyh17- fuiq.k] gksf'k;kj 18- lw;Z 19- pkan 20- 'kDdj 21- ckx

2422- pkSng yksd 23- xq/s gq, vkVs dh

pkSng rcd22 osQ ftrus Fks lc Hksn [kqy x,AA

;g d'iQ ;g deky fn[kkrh gS jksfV;kaAA

jksVh u isV esa gks rks fiQj oqQN tru u gksAesyss dh lSj [okfg'ks ckxks peu u gksAAHkwosQ xjhc fny dh [kqnk ls yxu u gksAlp gS dgk fdlh us fd HkwosQ Hktu u gksAAvYykg dh Hkh ;kn fnykrh gSa jksfV;kaAA

jksVh dk vc vty ls gekjk rks gS [kehjAjQ[kh Hkh jksVh gd esa gekjs gS 'kgnks 'khjAA;k iryh gksos eksVh [kehjh gks ;k iQrhj

23A

xsgwa] Tokj] cktjs dh tSlh Hkh gks ^uthj*AAgedks rks lc rjg dh [kq'k vkrh gS jksfV;kaAA

25

vknehukeknqfu;ka esa ckn'kkg gS lks gS og Hkh vknehAvkSj eqfÝylks xnk gS lks gS og Hkh vknehtjnkj csuok gS] lks gS og Hkh vknehAuSer tks [kk jgk gS] lks og Hkh vknehAA;ka vkneh gh ukj gS vkSj vkneh gh uwjA;ka vkneh gh ikl gS vkSj vkneh gh nwjAAoqQy vkneh dk gqLuksa dcg esa gS ;ka tgwjA'kSrka Hkh vkneh gS tks djrk gS eozQks twj

24AA

vkSj gknh jguqek gS lks gS og Hkh vknehAAefLtn Hkh vkneh us cukbZ gS ;ka fe;kaA

24- Ny diV

26

curs gSa vkneh gh beke vkSj [kqrck[;kaAAi<+rs gSa vkneh gh oqQjku vkSj uekt ;kaAvkSj vkneh gh mudh pjkrs gSa twfr;kaAtks mudks rkM+rk gS lks gS og Hkh vknehAA;ka vkneh is tku dks okjs gS vknehAvkSj vkneh ls rsx dks ekjs gS vknehAAixM+h Hkh vkneh dks iqdkjs gS vknehAvkSj lqu osQ nkSM+rk lks gS og Hkh vknehAfpYyk osQ vkneh dks iqdkjs gS vknehAvkSj lqu osQ nkSM+rk gS lks gS og Hkh vknehAAcSBs gS a vkneh gh nqdkus a yxk&yxkAvkSj vkneh gh fiQjrs gSa j[k lj is [kksepkAAdgrk gS dksbZ ^yks* dksbZ dgrk gS ^yk js yk*Afdl&fdl rjg cspsa gSa phtsa cuk&cukAAvkSj eksy ys jgk gS lks gS og Hkh vknehAA;ka vkneh gh ykyks tokgj gSa cs cgkAvkSj vkneh gh [kkd ls cnrj gS gks x;kAAdkyk Hkh vkneh gS fd mYVk gS twa rokAxksjk Hkh vkneh gS fd VqdM+k lk pkan dkAAcn'kDy] cnuqek gS lks gS og Hkh vknehAAejus iS vkneh gh] diQu djrs gSa rS;kjAugyk /qyk mBkrs gSa oaQ/s iS dj lokjdyek Hkh i<+rs gSa] eqnZs osQ dkjksckjAvkSj og tks ej x;k gS lks gS og Hkh vknehAvk'kjkiQ vkSj dlhus ls ys 'kkg rk othjAgSa vkneh gh lkfgcs bTtr Hkh vkSj gdhj;ka vkneh eqjhn gS vkSj vkneh gh ihjAvPNk Hkh vkneh gh dgkrk gS ,s ^uthj*AAvkSj lc esa tks cqjk gS lks gS og Hkh vknehAA

27

tj

nqfu;ka esa dkSu gS tks ugha eqfCryk,25 tjA

ftrus gS lcosQ fny esa Hkjh gS gok, tjAAvka[kksa esa] fny esa] tku esa lhus esa tk;s

26 tjA

gedks Hkh oqQN ryk'k ugha vc flok, tjAAtks gS lks gks jgk gS lnk eqfCryk, tjAgj ,d ;gh iqdkjs gS] fnu jkr gk;s tjAA

;g ikuh tks vc thLr27 dh lcdh fu'kkuh gSA

tj dh >ed dks ns[k osQ vc ;g Hkh ikuh gSA;kjk s gekjh ftlosQ lcc ftfUnxkuh gSA;g ikuh ;g ugha] og lksus dk ikuh gSAAtks gS lks gks jgk gS lnk eqfCryk, tjAgj ,d ;gh iqdkjs gS] fnu jkr gk;s tjAA

vkcsfryk28 dh cawn Hkh vc ftlosQ gkFk gSA

og cwan D;k gS p'e, vkcs g;kr29 gSA

nqfu;ka esa ,s'k] nhu Hkh bJr osQ lkFk gSAtj og gS ftlls nksuksa tgka ls futkr gSAtks gS lks gks jgk gS lnk eqfCryk, tjAgj ,d ;gh iqdkjs gS] fnu jkr gk;s tjAA

fdruksa osQ fny esa /qu gS fd tj gh dekb;sAoqQN [kkb,] f[kykb, vkSj oqQN cukb,AAdgrk gS dksbZ gk; dgka tj dks ikb,AD;k dhft, tgj [kkb, vkSj ej gh tkb,AAtks gS lks gks jgk gS lnk eqfCryk, tjAgj ,d ;gh iqdkjs gS] fnu jkr gk;s tjAA

25- xzLr iaQlk gqvk 26- LFkku 27- thou 28- lksuk dk ikuh 29- ver30- pkan dh izHkk dks ean dj nsus okys eq[kokyk

28

yM+dk lyke djrk gS >qd&>qd osQ j'osQ30 ekgA

cw<s cM+s lc mldh rjiQ I;kj djosQ okgAAnsrs gS ;g nqvk mls rc fny ls [okã[okgA¶,s esjs yky gks rsjk lksus osQ lsgjs C;kg¸tks gS lks gks jgk gS lnk eqfCryk, tjAgj ,d ;gh iqdkjs gS] fnu jkr gk;s tj

ftruh tgka esa [kYd gS D;k 'kkg D;k othjAihjks] eqjhn] eqfÝylks] eksgrkt vkSj iQdhjAAlc gSaxs tj osQ tky esa th tku ls vlhjAD;k&D;k dgwa eS [kwfc;ka tj dh fe;ka ^uthj*AAtks gS lks gks jgk gS lnk eqfCryk, tjAgj ,d ;gh iqdkjs gS] fnu jkr gk;s tj

eqfÝylh

tc vkneh osQ gky is vkrh gS eqfÝylhAfdl rjg ls mldks lrkrh gS eqfÝylhAAI;klk reke jk st fcBkrh gS eqfÝylhAH k wdk reke j kr l qykrh g S e q fÝylh;g nq[k og tkus ftl is fd vkrh gS eqfÝylhA

tks vgys iQTy vkfyeks iQkfty dgkrs gSAeqfÝyl gq, rks dYek rd Hkwy tkrs gSaAAiwNs dksbZ ^vfyiQ* rks mls ^cS* crkrs gSAog tks xjhc xqjcka osQ yM+osQ i<+krs gSaAAmudh rks mezHkj ugha tkrh gS eqfÝylhAA

eqfÝyl djs tks vku osQ egfiQy osQ chp gkyAlc tkusa jksfV;ksa dk ;g Mkyk gS blus tkyAAfxj&fxj iM+s rks dksbZ u ysos mls laHkkyAeqfÝyl esa gksosa yk[k vxj bYe vkSj dekyAAlc [kkd chp vkosQ feykrh gS eqfÝylhA

29

csVs dk C;kg gks rks cjkrh u lkFkh gSAu jk s'kuh u ckts dh vkokt vkrh gSAAek a ihNs ,d eSyh pnj vks<+ s tkrh gSAcsVk cuk gS nwYgk] rk s ckck cjkrh gSAAeqfÝyl dh ;g cjkr p<+krh gS eqfÝylhA

eqfÝyl dk nnZ fny esa dksbZ Bkurk ughaAeqfÝyl dh ckr dks Hkh dksbZ ekurk ughaAAtkr vkSj glc ulc dks dksbZ tkurk ughaAlwjr Hkh mldh fiQj dksbZ igpkurk ughaAA;ka rd utj ls mldks fxjkrh gS eqfÝylhAA

nqfu;k esa ysosQ 'kkg ls] ,s ;kjks rk iQdhjA[kkfyd u eqfÝylh esa fdlh dks djs vlhjAv'kjkiQ

31 dks cukrh gS ,d vku esa gdhj

32A

D;k&D;k esa eqfÝylh dh [kjkch dgwa ^uthj*AAog tkus ftlosQ fny dks tykrh gS eqfÝylhAA

cpiu

D;k fnu Fks ;kjks og Hkh Fks tcfd Hkksys HkkysAfudys Fkh nkbZ ysdj fiQjrs dHkh nnk ysApksVh dksbZ j[kk ys cn~?kh dksbZ fiUgk ysAgalyh xys esa Mkys feÂr dksbZ c<+k ysAeksVsa gksa ;k fd nqcys] xksjs gksa ;k fd dkysAD;k ,s'k ywVrs gS a eklwe Hkk sys HkkysAA

tks dksbZ pht nsos fur gkFk vksVrs gS aAxqM] csj] ewyh] xktj] ys eqag esa ?kksVrs gSaAAckck dh ewaN eka dh pksVh [klksVrs gSaAxnks ± esa vV jgs gSa] [kkdksa esa yksVrs gSaA

31- 'kjhiQ yksx 32- rqPN NksVk

30

oqQN fey x;k lks ih ysa] oqQN cu x;k lks [kkysaD;k ,s'k ywVrs gS a eklwe Hkk sys HkkysAA

tks mudks nks lks [kkysa] iQhdk gks ;k lyksukAgS ckn'kkg ls csgrj tc fey x;k f[kykSukAAftl tk is uhan vkbZ fiQj oka gh mudks lksukAijok u oqQN iyax dh us pkfg, fcNkSukAAHkksaiw dksbZ ckt ys] fiQjdh dksbZ fiQjk ysAD;k ,s'k ywVrs gS a eklwe Hkk sys HkkysAA

;s ckysiu dk ;kjks] vkye vtc cuk gSA;g mez oks gS blesa tks gS lks ckn'kkg gSAAvkSj lp vxj ;s iwNks rks ckn'kkg Hkh D;k gSAvc rks ^uthj* esjh lcdks ;gh nqvk gSAAthr s jg s lHkh o s Q vklk s&e qj kn oky sAD;k ,s'k ywVrs gS a] eklwe Hkk sys HkkysAA

31

cq<+kikD;k dgj

33 gS ;kjks ftls vtk, cq<+kikA

vkSj ,s'k tokuh osQ rbZ [kk, cq<+kikAAbJr

34 dks feyk [kkd esa xe yk, cq<+kikA

gj dke dks gj ckr dks rjlk, cq<+kikAlc pht dks gksrk gSA cqjk gk;! cq<+kikAvkf'kd dks rks vYykg! u fn[kyk, cq<+kikAA

33- nSoh izdksi 34- [kq'kh] vkuan

32

D;k ;kjks] myV gk; x;k gels tekukAtks 'kks[k

35 fd Fks viuh fuxkgksa osQ fu'kkukAA

NsMs gS dksb Z Mky osQ nknk dk cgkukAgal dj dksbZ dgrk gS] ^dgka tkrs gks ukuk*AAlc pht dks gksrk gSA cqjk gk;! cq<+kikAvkf'kd dks rks vYykg! u fn[kyk, cq<+kikAA

D;k ;kjks dgsa xksfd36 cq<+kik gS gekjkA

ij cw<+ s dgkus dk ugha rks Hkh lgkjkAAtc cw<+k gesa dgosQ tgka

37 gk;! iqdkjkA

dkfiQj38 us dysts esa xks;k rhj lk ekjkAA

lc pht dks gksrk gS cqjk gk;! cq<+kikvkf'kd dks rks vYykg! u fn[kk, cq<+kikAA

dgrk gS dksbZ Nhu yks bl cqM<+s dh ykBhAdgrk gS dksbZ 'kks[k fd gka [khap yks nk<+hAAbruh fdlh dkfiQj dks le> vc ugha vkrhAD;k cw<+s tks gksrs gSa rks D;k muosQ ugh thAAlc pht dks gksrk gS cqjk gk;! cq<+kikvkf'kd dks rks vYykg! u fn[kk, cq<+kikAA

udysa dksbZ bu iksiys gksBk s a dh cukosApydj dksbZ oqQcM+s dh rjg dn dks >qdkosAAnk<+h osQ dus

39 maxyh dks yk yk osQ upkosA

;g [okjh rks vYykg! fdlh dks u fn[kkosAAlc pht dks gksrk gS cqjk gk;! cq<+kikvkf'kd dks rks vYykg! u fn[kk, cq<+kikAA

xj fglZ40 ls nk<+h dks f[ktkc viuh yxkosA

>qjhZ tks iM+h eqag is mUgsa oSQls feVkosaAA

37- lalkj 38- bZ'oj dh nh gqbZ userksa ij ÑrKrk izdV u djus okyk] nq"V39- ikl 40- yksHk] ykyp] bPNk

33

xks eØ41ls galus osQ rbZ nkar ca/kos

42AA

lc pht dks gksrk gS cqjk gk;! c<+k;kvkf'kd dks rks vYykg u fn[kk, cq<+kikAA

og tks'k ugha ftlosQ dksbZ [kkSiQ ls ngysAog tkse ugha ftlls dksbZ ckr dks lg ysAAtc iwQl gq, gkFk FkosQ ikao Hkh igysAfiQj ftlosQ tks oqQN 'kkSd esa vkos ogh dg ysAAlc pht dks gksrk gS cqjk gk;! c<+k;kvkf'kd dks rks vYykg u fn[kk, cq<+kikAA

djrs Fks tokuh esa rks lc vkils vk pkgAvkSj gqLu fn[kkrs Fks og lc vku osQ fny [okg

43AA

;g dgj cq<+kis us fd;k vkg ^uthj* vkgAvc dksbZ ugha iwNrk vYykg! gh vYykg! AAlc pht dks gksrk gS cqjk gk;! cq<+kikvkf'kd dks rks vYykg! u fn[kk, cq<+kikAA

[ksy&rek'ks

dcwrjckth

gSa vkyesa ckth44 esa tks eqErkt

45 dcwrjA

vkSj 'kkSd osQ rkbj46 ls gSa vEckt

47 dcwrjA

Hkkrs gSa cgqr gedks ;g rÂkt48 dcwrjA

eqír ls tks le>sa gesa gejkiQ49 dcwrjA

fiQj gels Hkyk D;ksafd jgsa ckt dcwrjAA

gS a cljbZ vkSj dkcqyh 'khjkth fulkojApk s;k panuk s a lCteqD[kh 'kLrjk s vDdjA

35- papy 36- ;|fi 37- lalkj 38- bZ'oj dh nh gqbZ userksa ij ÑrKrk izdVu djus okyk] nq"V 39- ikl 40- yksHk] ykyp] bPNk 41- ckyksa dk dkyk djusdh nok 42- /ks[kk] pkykdh 43- eueksgd 44- [ksy rek'kk 45- [kkl 46- mM+usokyk i{kh 47- feys gq, 48- bBykdj pyus okys 49- fe=k] nksLr

34

rkmQfl;ks] oqQy iksfV;s] uhys] xqyh FkÕ;M+Arkjksa osQ og vankt ugha ckesa iQyd ijAtks djrs gS Nrjh osQ mQij ukt dcwrjAA

^owQ* djosQ ft/j osQ rb± Nhih dks fgykosaAoqQN gksos xjt fiQj og mlh flEr dks tkosAoqQêðh dks u iQdkosa rks fiQj rg dks u vkosaANksM+ mudks ^uthj* viuk fny vc fdlls yxkosaAvius rks yM+diu ls gS nelkt dcwrjAA

fxygjh dk cPpk

fy, fiQjrk gS] ;wa rks gj c'kj50 cPpk fxygjh dkA

gj ,d mLrkn osQ jgrk gS cPpk fxygjh dkAos ysfdu gS gekjk bl dnj cPpk fxygjh dkAfn[kk nsa ge fdlh yM+osQ dks] xj cPpk fxygjh dkArks ne esa yksV tk, ns[k dj cPpk fxygjh dkA

lisQnh esa og dkyh /kfj;ka ,slh jgh gSa cuA50- euq";

35

fd tSls xky ij yM+dksa dks NwVs tqYiQ dh ukfxuAfdukjhnkj iêðk] ftlesa ?kaq?kjQ dj jgs Nu&NuAxys eas galyh] ikoksa esa dM+] vkSj ukd es yVduAjgk gS ljclj

51 xgus esa Hkj] cPpk fxygjh dk

iM+h mYiQr gS] tcls ,s ^uthj* bl 'kks[k cPPks dhAmM+kbZ rc ls lSjsa geus D;k&D;k] oqQN rek'ks dhAu [okfg'k yky dh gS] vc u finM+h dh] u fiís dhAu mYiQr oqQN dcwrj dh] u rksrs dh] u cxys dhAgesa dkiQh gS vc rks mez Hkj cPpk fxygjh dkA

51- furkar] fcYoqQy

36

cjlkr dh mel

D;k vcz dh xehZ esa ?kM+h igj gS melAxehZ osQ c<+kus dh vtc ygj gS melAikuh ls ilhuks a dh cM+h ugj gS melAgj ckx esa gj n'r

52 esa gj 'kgj gS melA

52- taxy

37

cjlkr osQ ekSle esa fuiV tgj gS melAlc pht rks vPNh gS ij ,d dgj

53 gS melA

fdrus rks bl mel osQ rbZ dgrs gS xjekoA;kuh fd f?kj vcz

54 gks vkSj vkosQ jQosQ cko

55A

ml oÙkQ rks iM+rk gS xtc tku esa ?kcjkoAfny lhus esa csdy gks ;gh dgrk gS [kk rkoAcjlkr osQ ekSle esa fuiV tgj gS melAlc pht rks vPNh gS ij ,d dgj gS melAA

cnyh osQ tks f?kj vkus ls gksrh gS gok canAfiQj can lh xehZ og xtc iM+rh gS ;dpan

56A

ia[ks dksbZ idM+s] dksbZ [kksys gs [kM+k canAne jQd osQ ?kqyk tkrk gS xehZ ls gj ,d canAcjlkr osQ ekSle esa fuiV tgj gS melAlc pht rks vPNh gS ij ,d dgj gS melAA

bZ/j rks ilhuks a ls iM+h Hkhxs a gS a [kkVs aAxehZ ls m/j eSy dh oqQN P;wafV;ka dkVsaAdiM+k tks igfu, rks ilhus mls vkVs aAuaxk tks cnu jf[k, rks fiQj efD[k;ka pkVsaAcjlkr osQ ekSle esa fuiV tgj gS melAlc pht rks vPNh gS ij ,d dgj gS melAA

53- vtkc] nSoh vkifÙk 54- ckny 55- ok;q] gok 56- FkksM+k] foaQfpr~

38

fry osQ yM~Mw

tkM+s esa fiQj [kqnk us f[kyok, fry osQ yM~MwAgj ,d [kksaeps eas fn[kyk, fry osQ yM~MwAowQps xyh esa gj tk] fcdok, fry osQ yM~MwAgedks Hkh gSaxs fny ls] [kq'k vk, fry osQ yM~MwAthrs jgs rks ;kjks] fiQj [kk, fry osQ yM~MwA

tc ml lue osQ eq>dks tkM+s is è;ku vk;kAlc lkSnk FkksM+k FkksM+k cktkj ls eaxk;kAvkxs tks ykosQ jD[kk oqQN mldks [kq'k u vk;kAphtsa rks og cgqr Fkha] ij mlus oqQN u [kk;ktc [kq'k gqvk og mlus tc ik, fry osQ yM~MwA

tkM+s esa ftldks gj ne is'kkc gS lrkrkAmêòs rks tkM+k fyiVs ugha is'kkc fudyk tkrkAmudh nok Hkh dksbZ] iwNks gdhe ls tkA

39

cryk, fdrus uqL[ks] ij ,d cu u vk;kAvkf[kj bykt mldk Bgjk, fry osQ yM~MwA

tkM+s esa vc tks ;kjks ;g fry x, gSa HkwusAegcwcksa osQ Hkh fry ls buosQ ets gSa nwusAfny ys fy;k gekjk] fry 'kdfj;ksa dh jQ usA;g Hkh ^uthj* yM~Mw ,sls cuk, rwu sAlqu&lqu osQ ftldh yTtr] ?kcjk, fry osQ yM~MwA

vkxjs dh ddM+h

igqaps u bldks gjfxt dkcqy njs dh ddM+hAus iwjc vkSj u if'pe] [kwch Hkjs dh ddM+hAus phu osQ ijs dh vkSj us cjs dh ddM+hAnfD[ku dh vkSj u gjfxt] mlls ijs dh ddM+hAD;k [kwc ueksZ uktqd] bl vkxjs dh ddM+hAvkSj ftlesa [kkl dkfiQj] bLoaQnjs dh ddM+hA

D;k I;kjh&I;kjh ehBh vkSj iryh irfy;ka gSaAxÂs dh iksfj;ka gSa] js'ke dh rdfy;ka gSaAiQjgkn dh fuxkgsa] 'khjha dh glfy;ka gSaAetuwa dh lnZ vkgsa] ySyk dh maxfy;ka gSaAD;k [kwc ueksZ uktqd] bl vkxjs dh ddM+hAvkSj ftlesa [kkl dkfiQj] bLoaQnjs dh ddM+hA

Nwus esa cxsZ xqy gSa] [kkus esa oqQjoqQjh gSAxehZ osQ ekjus dks ,d rhj dh ljh gSAvka[kksa esa lq[k dysts] BaMd gjh Hkjh gSAddM+h u dfg, bldks] ddM+h ugha ijh gSAD;k [kwc ueksZ uktqd] bl vkxjs dh ddM+hAvkSj ftlesa [kkl dkfiQj] bLoaQnjs dh ddM+hA

csy mldh ,slh uktqd] twa tqYiQ isp [kkbZAcht ,sls NksVs] NksVs] [k'k[kk'k ;k fd jkbZA

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ns[k mldh ,slh ujeh ckjhdh vkSj xqykbZAvkrh gS ;kn gedks egcwc dh dykbZAD;k [kwc ueksZ uktqd] bl vkxjs dh ddM+hAvkSj ftlesa [kkl dkfiQj] bLoaQnjs dh ddM+hA

ysrs gSa eksy bldks xqy dh rjg ls f[ky osQAek'kwd vkSj vkf'kd [kkrs gSa nksuksa feyosQAvkf'kd rks gS cq>krs 'kksyksa dks vius fny osQAek'kwd gS yxkrs] ekFks iS vius fNyosQAD;k [kwc ueksZ uktqd] bl vkxjs dh ddM+hAvkSj ftlesa [kkl dkfiQj] bLoaQnjs dh ddM+hA

tks ,d ckj ;kjks] bl tk dh [kk;s ddM+hAfiQj tk dgha dh mldks gjfxt u Hkk, ddM+hAfny rks ^uthj* x'k gS ;kuh eaxk, ddM+hAddM+h gS ;k d;ker] D;k dfg, gk; ddM+hAD;k [kwc ueksZ uktqd] bl vkxjs dh ddM+hAvkSj ftlesa [kkl dkfiQj] bLoaQnjs dh ddM+hA