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The unconscious mind:
It consists of the primitive, instinctual wishes as
well as the information that we cannot access.
Although our behaviours might indicate the
unconscious forces that drive them, we don‟t
have easy access to the information stored in the
unconscious mind. During our childhood, we
acquire countless memories and experiences that
form who we are today. However, we cannot
recall most of those memories. They are
unconscious forces (beliefs, patterns, subjective
maps of reality) that drive our behaviours.
This image brings back some
cherished memories!
Old photos help trigger memories in people suffering from dementia
• Pictures taken by a little-known photographer Joseph Hardman, between the 1930s and 1960s have found a new use helping to trigger memories and reminiscences among people with dementia.
• When Joseph Hardman died in 1972, his wife donated almost 5,000 glass negatives to the Museum of Lakeland Life and Industry in Kendal, Cumbria.
• The stunning images document decades of daily life from all over the Lake District - from antiquated farming techniques to beautiful landscapes.
• And now they've been used to help a group of people living with dementia in the region - taking their own versions of his images and using them as a catalyst to reminisce about their lives.
• One such place was Dora's Field in Rydal, made
famous by the poet William Wordsworth.
• "That was also a trigger for Wordsworth's poetry,
tapping into people's deep long-term memory –
• Human Behavior
• Cognitive Processes
Psychology has four basic goals in regard to Human Behaviour:
To describe,
To explain,
To predict,
and to change behavior and
mental processes
Psychological disorders are patterns
of behavioural or
psychological symptoms that impact
normal functioning or day to day life
of an individual as a result of
conscious actions and due to
subconscious mind.
Common Psychological Disorders Anxiety Symptoms
It is an extreme apprehension
and worry, is a normal reaction
to stressful situations. But in
some cases, it becomes
excessive and can cause
sufferers to dread everyday
situations. This type of steady,
all-over anxiety is called
Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
•Constant worrying or obsession
about small or large concerns
•Restlessness and feeling keyed up or
on edge
•Fatigue
•Difficulty concentrating or mind
“going blank”
•Muscle tensions or muscle aches
•Trembling, feeling twitchy or being
easily startled
•Trouble sleeping
•Sweating, nausea or diarrhea
•Shortness of breath or rapid heart
beat
Depression Symptoms
A depressive disorder is
an illness that involves
the body, mood, and
thoughts. It interferes
with daily life, normal
functioning.
•Difficulty concentrating, remembering details, and
making decisions
•fatigue and decreased energy
•Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, and/or
helplessness, hopelessness and/or pessimism
•Insomnia, early-morning wakefulness, or
excessive sleeping
•Irritability, restlessness
•Loss of interest in activities or hobbies once
pleasurable
•Overeating or appetite loss
•Persistent aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or
digestive problems that do not ease even with
treatment
•Persistent sad, anxious, or "empty" feelings
•Thoughts of suicide, suicide attempts
Psycho-Technology on Indian Railways:
An overview …
• Conducts
• Revises
• Enriches
Personality Tests
Cognitive Tests
Aptitude Tests
Psycho-motor Tests
Genesis
Set up in 1964 in Railway Board in pursuance of the recommendation of Railway Accident Committee in 1962 (Kunzru Committee) “use of Psycho-technology as an aid to selection of operating personnel would go a long way in improving the quality of man-power connected with traffic safety, whose lapses and failings account for about 70% of the total accidents on the Indian Railways”
Transferred to RDSO in 1970 and attached to Traffic Research Wing.
Made a full-fledged Directorate in 1989 in RDSO Lucknow.
Every individual is unique and they differ in physical and
psychological make up
Requirement of every Job also differs with respect to
certain psychomotor capabilities and cognitive
attributes(especially for ALP, Motorman and Train
Operator) personality characteristics (especially for the
job of ASMs Customer Relation Assistants and Section
Controllers) who deal with public and later become
independent supervisors and become the face of Indian
Railways and Mass Rapid Transport Systems)
Compatibility of the above two is essential for
enhancement of individual‟s productivity leading to
organisational efficiency
Basic tenets of Aptitude Testing:
Present Organizational Tree
ED/Traffic/Psycho-Tech
JSO JSO (Vacant)
4 SS/SA (7 Vacant)
ER (Vacant)
SCR
WR (Vacant)
NR
NER
NFR
CR
Director General
RDSO Railways
SR (vacant)
SCSER Director/Joint Director (Vacant)
*Vacancy Position: SSO/JSO: 04
Supervisors/Assistant:07
In Railways we deal with
Cognitive,
Personality,
Psycho-motor and
Counseling Psychology
Role/Mandate of Psycho-Technical
Directorate, RDSO
In terms of Board‟s letter No. E. (RRB)/2003/25/7, dated 04.06.2003, 21.03.2005 and 09.06.2005 Aptitude tests are prescribed for Direct Recruitment as well as in-service promotions:
The direct selection of safety category staff (ASM, ALP & Motorman)
Recruitment through RRB and RRC
Departmental promotions by Divisions and Zonal Railways including High Speed Train Drivers
Selection related activities :
Compassionate Ground(CG), Liberalized Active Retirement scheme for Guaranteed Employment for Safety Staff (LARGESS) appointments etc. by Divisions of Railways
Consultancy to KRCL and 14 Metro Rails on Psycho-Technical matters and Aptitude Testing for selection of Train Operators, Station Controllers and Customer Relation Assistant staff.
Selection related activities :
Job analysis of ASM, ALP and Motormen
Conducting Research Studies regarding the behaviour/fatigue patterns of above staff so that they can be made more safety conscious and sound
Stress management
Development, enrichment and revision of Aptitude tests
Accident analysis due to human errors and SPAD cases
Counseling of Safety Category Staff
Aptitude Testing
Introduction of Aptitude tests of Safety Categories on Indian Railways
Direct recruitment through RRBs
Assistant Station Master (1971)
Assistant Loco Pilot (1975)
Motorman (1975)
Last selection held in 2009 through RRB Mumbai
Departmental Selection/Promotions
Assistant Station Master (1994)
Assistant Loco Pilot (1994)
Motorman (1975)
High Speed Train Drivers (1989)
Other categories
Group Departmental Competitive Exam(GDCE),
Limited Departmental Competitive
Exam(LDCE) , Compassionate Ground(CG) etc.
•Earlier the Aptitude tests were qualifying in nature and were called „Psycho tests‟ but according to letter No. E(RRB)/2003/25/7 dated 04-06 2003, in direct recruitment Weight age of written test to Psycho test is in the ratio of 70:30. According to letter No. E(NG)I/2002/PM1/31 Dated 22.08.2003 in promotion (in-service) Weight age of written test to Aptitude test is in the ratio of 80:20.
Decentralisation of computerised aptitude testing of LPs for their screening as High Speed Train Drivers
The Computer Aided Drivers‟ Aptitude Test (CADAT) System was developed in 2006 and the LPs from all the Zonal Railways were tested at RDSO only. This caused a lot of inconvenience besides loss of man-days.
The testing was therefore decentralised under technical guidance of the Directorate after taking approval of Railway Board as per the following arrangement:
Railways Railways
served
With effect
from
ER ER, ECR,
ECOR, NFR,
SER
15.4.2010
NR NR, NWR 15.4.2010
SCR SR, SECR,
SCR, SWR
15.4.2010
WR CR, WCR, WR 15.4.2010
RDSO NCR,
NER
•September
2006 (all
the
Railways)
• 15.4.2010
(NCR, NER)
Railways Railways
served
With effect
from
Test battery for Assistant Station Masters
Attributes Tests for ASM (RRB
and also in-service/
GDCE/ (LDCE)/CG)
Intelligence: Inductive reasoning and
cognitive ability based on abstract
information with time bound performance
Intelligence Test:
Classification type
(ICT)
Concentration: Ability to concentrate on a
task without any distraction which covers
selective awareness with respect to
targeted stimulus
Selective Attention
Test (SAT)
Ability to accurately and quickly survey a
spatial field/pattern and identify a path
through the visual field/pattern.
Spatial Scanning Test
(SST)
Information ordering:Ability to
follow a set of rules to come to a
conclusion
Information
Ordering Test
(IOT)
*G factor (Rule-conscious,
Dutiful, Conscientious,
Conforming, Rule bound) and
Q3 factor (Perfectionist,
Organized, Self-disciplined,
Socially Precise, Exacting Will
power, Control)
Personality
test (PQA)
consisting of
16 factors
*The two personality factors along with other attributes have
been selected through the Job Analysis of ASM category
Test Attribute Test items
Intelligence
Selective Attention
Spatial Scanning
Information Ordering
Personality
16 factors of personality test
•Warmth, which is considered to indicate friendliness towards others and willingness to participate.
•Reasoning, which is thought to be indicative of cognitive ability and intellect;
•Emotional Stability, which refers to the candidate‟s ability to adapt while under stress and whether they are easily upset.
•Dominance, which ascertains to levels of aggression, assertiveness and co-operation.
• Liveliness, which tends to indicate whether the candidate is likely to be cheerful or expressive as opposed to introverted or serious.
• Rule-Consciousness, which generally conveys attitudes towards authority and likelihood of obedience.
• Social Boldness, which refers to whether an individual is likely to be timid or shy as opposed to being uninhibited or out-going.
• Sensitivity, which considers whether the candidate is compassionate and sympathetic to others or if they tend to be more objective.
16 factors of personality test
• Vigilance, which specifies how trusting, accepting or suspicious the individual may be around others.
• Abstractedness, which can refer to being imaginative or solution orientated but at the higher level can also suggest being impractical.
• Privateness, which can indicate how forthright or non-disclosing an individual might be.
• Apprehension, which is descriptive of whether someone may be more self-assured or insecure.
16 factors of personality test
•Openness to Change, which is regarded as flexibility and a liberal attitude as opposed to being attached to the familiar. •Self-Reliance, which identifies how
self-sufficient or group orientated an individual might be. •Perfectionism, which refers to self-
discipline and precision as opposed to impulsiveness. •Tension, which conveys the likelihood
of being time driven or impatient instead of being relaxed and patient.
16 factors of personality test
Test battery for Assistant Loco Pilots
Attributes Tests for ALP (In-
service/ LDCE/CG)
Memory: Ability of
associative/sequential/short term memory
both for verbal and non-verbal
Picture Number Test
(PN)
Building Memory
(BM)
Information Ordering: Ability to act
according to given directions in a
systematic manner
Following Directions
Test ( FD)
Depth Perception: Ability to measure
perception of three dimensions and apply
mental visualization in 3D space.
Depth Perception Test
(DP)
Attributes Tests for ALP (In-
service/ LDCE/CG)
Power of Observation: Ability to
observe in visually complicated
spatial field.
Number Search Test (NS) ,
Number Matching Test
(NM)
Perceptual Speed: Ability of quick
and correct perception of objects.
Perceptual Speed Test (PS)
Mechanical Comprehension:
Ability to apply mechanical and
physical concepts to everyday life.
Mechanical Comprehension
Test (MCT) (Apart from
this test all other tests are
the same for RRB/Direct
recruitment)
All the attributes have been selected through the Job Analysis of
ALP category
Test Attribute Test items
Memory
Information
Ordering
Test Attribute Test item
Depth Perception
Power of
Observation
Perceptual Speed
Test battery for Motorman
Attributes Tests for MM (RRB-(not held
after 2009) and in-service/GDCE/
LDCE/CG)
Intelligence: Inductive
reasoning and cognitive ability
based on abstract information
with time bound performance
Form Board Test (FB)
Memory: Ability of
associative/sequential/short
term memory both for verbal
and non-verbal stimuli
Test of Memory (MM)
Numerical ability: Speed test to
judge the basic arithmetic
ability without computing
device
Test of Number operations(TNO)
Reaction Time: Ability of quick and
correct response to stimulus
Discriminative
reaction test
(DRT)
Field dependence/independence: Ability
to find, apprehend and identify a
known visual pattern embedded in a
complex visual array
Group embedded
figure test (GEFT)
Restraint: It is the ability to be able to
remain unemotional, dispassionate
having self control.
Emotional Stability: It’s a mental state
of calmness and composure.
Personality
(PQ-R), (PQ-E)
All the attributes have been selected through the Job Analysis of
Motorman category
Test Attribute Test item
Intelligence
Memory
Numerical
Ability
Test Attribute Test item
Reaction Time Signals of different colors red, yellow and green are shown
randomly on the screen and the candidate has to respond quickly
and accurately to it pressing the corresponding color button.
GEFT
Personality
Aptitude Testing for selection of Safety staff on IR (both direct recruits through RRB and in service promotions)
Calendar
Year
ALP ASM Motormen Total
2008 12561 13501 111 26173
2009 25009 5463 955 31427
2010 10179 1618 - 11797
2011 19992 5346 - 25338
2012 53081 948 293 54322
2013 21781 22152 134 43987
2014 83649 6787 221 98657
2015 73411 581 569 74561
2016 385 32425 322 19797
Calendar Year ALP ASM Motormen Total
Aptitude Testing for selection of Safety staff on IR (both direct recruits through RRB and in service promotions)
Attributes Tests for High
Speed Train Drivers
Reaction Time: Ability of Prompt
response to various stimuli.
Reaction Time Test
Form Perception: Ability of Quick
and timely perception of forms in
working environment.
Form Perception
Concentration: Ability to
concentrate during monotonous
task.
Group Bourden
Test Battery for High Speed Train Drivers
(Tests and the Operational definition of the
attribute measured)
Speed Perception: Ability to
anticipate speed. (for this critical
perceptual ability attention and
focused concentration is
mandatory.
Speed Perception
Test
Vigilance: Ability to stay alert in
monotonous situations where
only once in a while a reaction is
required / to process visual
information at a constant rate
where incidentally an action is
triggered.
Visual
Differentiating
Attention Test
Aptitude Testing for screening of High Speed Train Drivers
Year Total LPs tested
2006 23
2007 339
2008 149
2009 221
2010 202
2011 166
2012 154
2013 96
2014 139
2015 146
2016 279
2017 (upto September) 82
Consultancy to other Railway Systems
• Konkan Railway -2002
• Delhi Metro Rail Corporation-2002
• Delhi Airport Metro Express-2009
• Metro One Operations Pvt Ltd, Mumbai-
2011
• Rapid Metro, Gurgaon-2012
• Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation-
2016
• Chennai Metro Rail Corporation-2013
• Hyderabad Metro-2014
• Kochi Metro-2015
• Lucknow Metro-2016
• Jaipur Metro-2017
Other Metro Railways soon to be in ambit:
• Nagpur Metro
• Bangalore Metro
• Ahmedabad Metro
• Noida Metro
Name of Metro Functional Date
Kolkata Metro 24.10.1984
Konkan Railway
Corporation Limited
26.1.1998
Delhi Metro
24.12.2002
Mumbai metro
08.06.2014
Chennai metro
29.6.2016
Chennai Metro
Kolkata Metro
Konkan Railway
Delhi Metro Mumbai Metro
Name of Metro Functional Date
Hyderabad Metro
To start in Nov 2017
Jaipur Metro
3.6.2015
Kochi Metro 16.6.2017
Lucknow Metro 05.09.2017
Hyderabad Metro
Jaipur Metro
Kochi Metro Lucknow Metro
Consultancy to Metro Railways in selection of Train Operators and Controllers
Year Metro
Railway
Candidate
s tested
Earnings as
Consultancy
charges (in
Rs.)
2011-12 DMRC 75 60,505
DAME 22 86,900
KRCL 245 99,051
MOOPL 277 1,38,487
2012-13 DMRC 2823 7,17,994
DAME 17 49,300
MOOPL 812 3,81,088
KRCL 07
29,295
Rapid Metro
59 90,275
2013-14 DMRC 40 90,275
CMRL 1173 3,68,307
HYB L&T
Metro 285 4,94,071
KRCL 254 2,73,239
Year Metro
Railway
Candidates
tested
Earnings as
Consultancy
charges (in
Rs.)
Year Metro
Railway
Candidates
tested
Earnings as
Consultancy
charges (in
Rs.)
2014-15
DMRC 1074 9,33,657
MOOPL 304 2,67,184
HYB L&T
Metro 708 8,78,673
2015-16
HYB L&T
Metro 200 2,86,583
Kochi 163 2,86,583
KRCL 21 1,14,259
2016-17 Hyderabad 3209 16,37,418
LMRC 498 9,00,229
Kochi 179 3,46,078
CMRL 380 5,16,506
MOOPL 300 4,11,570
DFCCIL 91 1,73,176
DMRC 2725 38,33,840
Year Metro
Railway
Candidates
tested
Earnings as
Consultancy
charges
Recently Completed Project: Computer based Aptitude Test (CBT) of ASMs
On the recommendation of Member Staff in the 31st
GCM held on 17th July 2015 at RDSO and reiterated in
the 32nd GCM to look at feasibility of conducting on-
line psychological testing, the Psycho-technical
Directorate put up an enormous effort to comply with
the recommendation and achieved a milestone in
successfully accomplishing the task of conducting on-
line Aptitude Test of 34118 Assistant Station Masters
on 30th of June 2017 in 13 cities and in up to 3 shifts,
for filling up of 5349 vacant posts of ASMs and Traffic
Assistant.
Advantage of CBT mode of testing
• Date of notice: Centralised Employment notice no. 3/2015 dated 26.12.15
• Number of candidates who applied: 8186880
• Number of candidates who qualified in stage-I: 273250
• Number of candidates who qualified in Stage-II: 43382
• Number of candidates who appeared for Aptitude test: 34118
• Number of candidates who passed the Aptitude test: 16247
• The Psycho-technical Directorate was able to achieve a milestone in shifting from paper-pencil mode to on-line mode of testing as directed by Railway Board.
•Savings in terms of question paper and OMR sheet: Rs. 525000/-
•Savings of A4 size paper: 122500
•Saving of Man days : 177
•Generating awareness about the on-line mode of testing through website thereby saving time and effort of candidates
•Saving of TA and DA of Scientific Officer and Supervisors
Savings done through CBT
The Psycho-technical Directorate has achieved a milestone in shifting from paper-pencil mode to on-line mode of testing as directed by Railway Board in the direct recruitment process through RRB.
Total 10 tests have been developed for two Safety Category Staffs of Indian Railways i.e. Assistant Loco Pilots and High Speed Train Drivers in computerized mode. Reliability and Validity studies are being conducted.
In progress project:
Development of Computerized Tests for
Safety Category Staffs of Indian
Railways
On-line testing of ALP and Motorman will
also lead to savings as mentioned in the
previous slides.
Assistance required There has been acute shortage of technical
manpower in the directorate and in the units under the administrative control of Railways. The post of SSO/JSO on SR has been lying vacant for the last 8 years.
• Total 04 posts of SSO is lying vacant.
• Posts of 03 JSO‟s in Zonal Railways and 01 in RDSO are vacant.
• 06 posts of Scientific Supervisor and 01 post of Artist is also lying vacant from past 07 years.
Thank youFor any further queries/suggestions
my mail id is [email protected]
Mobile no: +919794863017