Phosphorus!!

Na-SodiumNa2O- Sodium Oxide and NaCl- Sodium ChlorideAt standard condition- Solid

Bonding and Structure: Ionic lattice

Electrical Conductivity: Good conductor of electricity in molten state.

Magnesium Oxide2Mg + O 2MgO Heating Magnesium in air

Physical State = Solid white powderForms giant ionic lattice and strong ionic bonds hold the ions togetherConducts electricity when moltenHowever, melting point is very high (2850C)

Magnesium ChlorideMg + Cl MgCl

Physical State = SolidHeld together in a giant ionic lattice with strong ionic bonds

Conducts electricity Ions dissociate when in molten stateMelting point is 714COxides and Chlorides of AluminumAluminium Oxide (AlO)Physical Properties:Solid under standard conditions, with metallic propertiesHas strong bonds, ionic bonding (ionic lattice)However, it is more covalent than usual. (All bonds are covalent to a degree)NOTE: Aluminium Oxide is amphoteric!

Electrical Conductivity:When melted, it is a good conductorIonic lattice breaks, ions become free flowingHas free moving charged particles, conducts easily

Ions are held together tightly when in an ionic lattice.Aluminium Chloride (AlCl)Physical Properties:Physical property changes depending on the type of bondingCan either be bonded through an ionic lattice, or a covalent bondEmpirical formula (AlCl), ionic lattice (has a lot of covalent properties though), is a solidAluminium and Chlorine do not have a strong bondAlCl, covalent bond (partly due to polarization).Sublimes from AlCl to AlCl at 180C (gas), turns to liquid at 190C and 2 atmospheric pressure.Electrical Conductivity:Electrical conductivity is poor (AlCl)Some electrical conductivity since there is still some ionic bonding left.

Silicon By TheOnlyFrankie

Silicon Oxide(Dioxide)SiO2 (silicon dioxide)

HIGH M.P and B.P16100c22300c

Conductivity

Reaction with Water?

Silicon Chloride (Tetrachloride)SiCl4

M.P and B.P-7058Conductivity

Why Liquid?Intermolecular (van der Waals) forces only SiCl4+2H2O ---> SiO2+4HCI AcidicReact wildly with water (therefore It fumes with moist air)Product -Hydrogen ChloridePhosphorus!!

Oxides P4O6 ( Tetraphosphorus hexaoxide)

P4O10 (Tetraphosphorus Decaoxide)P4O6Crystalline SolidOne Phosphorus atom bonds with 3 oxygen atoms.Boiling Point: 173cCant conduct electricity

P4O10Crystalline SolidOne atom of phosphorus bonds with 3 oxygen atomBoiling Point: 605cCant conduct electricity

ChloridesPCl3 (Phosphorus Trichloride)

PCl5 ( Phosphorus Pentachloride)PCL3LiquidIt has weak Van der Waal forceOne atom of phosphorus bonds with 3 chloride atomsCant conduct electricity ( covalent bond)

PCl5Crystalline SolidCannot conduct electricitySulfurOxides (SO2, SO3)covalent small gaseous moleculesPhysical state is gaseous because covalent bonding has weak intermolecular forces between the molecules.Sulfur dioxide does not conduct electricity because covalent bonding has no charges to produce current.Chlorides (S2Cl2)covalent small liquid moleculesPhysical state is liquid because covalent bonding has weak intermolecular forces between the molecules.Sulfur chloride does not conduct electricity because covalent bonding has no charges to produce current.Chlorine propertiesOxide:Creates Cl20, ClO2, Cl2O6, Cl207Creates covalent bondsElectronegativity difference between chlorine and oxygen is 0.28

Chloride:Only forms Cl2Properties of oxides: BondingCovalent bonds are form as the electronegativity difference is small so it is not polar so there are weak inter molecular forces

OClElectronegativity: 3.16Electronegativity: 3.44Properties of oxides: Physical statesCl20 and Cl02 are gases as they have weak intermolecular forces and have a low atomic massCl206 and Cl2O7 are liquids as they have covalent bonds and have a higher atomic massProperties of oxides: electrical conductivity and acidityIn the liquid state they are not electrically conductive as they do not have freely moving ions.Chlorine forms an acid when it reacts with water.

Cl207+H2O2HClO4Properties of chlorineChlorine bonds with itself to form Cl2It has covalent bonds as the electronegativity difference is 0ClClElectronegativity: 3.16Electronegativity: 3.16Bonding change across period 3Group 1 to 3 are ionic bondingGroup 4 to 7 are covalent bondingGroup 4 is giant structureGroup 5 to 7 are small molecules

Physical states across period 3Group 1 to 5 are solidGroup 6 is gaseousGroup 7 is gas/liquid