N1 Industrial Electronics

7/23/2019 N1 Industrial Electronics

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n

A0Nai|{yun`f Lflkyumank{

Fl`ualu Emmd

Ocaa Dh

NAi|{yuN`f LfLkyumANk{


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W|efn{cli e~

H|y|ul Bà`jlu{ #Wy~. Fyi

WM Ems 0;0>9& Bmzeu`~& ::7 [m|ukl{ m Lflkyunkny~ #Inulky K|uulay. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!09>

Bmi|fl 07 uà{mublu{ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!08>

Bmi|fl 00 Bl`{|unaj Na{yu|blay{ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0::

Bmi|fl 05 @fylua`ynaj K|uulay #`k. Ylmu~ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!03:

Bmi|fl 0; [lbn"kmai|kymu Ylmu~ ài Inmil{ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!0>>

Bmi|fl 09 uà{n{ymu{ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!50>


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A0 Nai|{yun`f Lflkyumank{ 0

flanaj mbl

Ma kmbwflynma m ycn{ bmi|fl ~m| znff el èfl ym?

A`bl ycl inlulay |any{ m bl`{|ulblay `{ m|ai ycum|jcm|y ycl Lflkyumank

nai|{yu~4

\ailu{yài kmaxlu{nma{ |{naj ycl {{njali wulsl{ { n{ m|ai ycum|jcm|y ycl

Lflkyumank nai|{yu~4

Nilayn~ ycl Julld @fwcèly `{ m|ai ycum|jcm|y ycl Lflkyumank nai|{yu~4

Nilayn~ ài iu`z ` {lflkynma m NLK"knuk|ny {~bemf{ `{ m|ai ycum|jcm|y ycl

Lflkyumank nai|{yu~4

Lswf`na ycl mffmznaj ycl b|fyn"blylu{?

@a`fmj|l blylu4 ài Injny`f blylu!

\{l {|nyèfl knuk|ny in`ju`b{ ài lswf`na ycl kmaklwy m bl`{|unaj?

K|uulay4

Xmfy`jl4 ài

Ul{n{yàkl!

Jnxl ycl ilanynma{ m xùnm|{ lflkyumank kmbwmalay{ ài kmaklwy{!

0!0 |an h bllbla a wlhnsl

Na ycl {y|i~ lfi m Lflkyumank{ ny n{ nbwmuyày yc`y ~m| `{ flùalu c`xl ` {mfni

e`kdjum|ai ài damzflijl m ycl |any{ m bl`{|ulblay na ycn{ lfi m {y|i~ ài ycl{l

ùl jnxla ym ~m| na ycl mub m yc`y `{ na yèfl 0!0!

0KC@WYLU

Nayumi|kynma ym Lflkyumank{

NAyumi|kyNmA ym LfLkyumANk{


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NAYUMI\KYNMA YM LFLKYUMANK[5

[nakl ~m| znff el zmudnaj znyc ycl inlulay |any{ ny znff el nbwlu`ynxl yc`y ~m| `f{m damz

ycl wulsl{& zcnkc ùl `ffmk`yli ym ycl{l |any{! Yl{l wulsl{ ùl jnxla na yèfl 0!5!

Yèfl 0!5

Yèfl 0!0

H`kymu H`kymu na zmui{ [N"wuls [N"{~bemf

0 777 777 mu 078 Bnffnma blj`" B

0 777 mu 07; Ym|{ài dnfm" d

7&0 mu 07" 0 layc ilkn" i

7&70 mu 07" 5 C|aiuliyc klayn" k

7&770 mu 07"; Ym|{àiyc{ bnffn" b

7&777 770 mu 07" 8 Bnffnmayc bnkum"

7&777 777 770 mu 07"> Bnffnùiyc aàm" a

7&777 777 777 770 mu 07"05 Enffnmayc wnkm" w

P|àyny~ \any [~bemf P|àyny~ \any [~bemf

Flajyc Blyul

Klaynblyul

BnffnblyulBnkumblylu

Dnfmblyul

b

kb

bbb

db

[wlli Blyul wlu

{lkmai

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wlu cm|u

b-{ mu

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db!c"0

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Lflkyumbmynxl mukl Xmfy X Zmud imal Om|fl O #A!b.

Wmylayn`f inlulakl Xmfy X Wmzlu Z`yy Z #O-{.

Ul{n{yàkl Mcb Lflkyunk`f |s Km|fmbe K #@!{.

Ul`kyàkl Mcb Lflkyumbmynxl

mukl

Xmfy X #@!{.

Nbwliàkl Mcb Laluj~ Om|fl O #X-@.

Hulp|lak~ Cluy C Laluj~ |s Z`yy Z

#Z-@.


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A0 Nai|{yun`f Lflkyumank{ ;

Yèfl 0!;

0!5 Jlld wcel

Na ycl lfi m Lflkyumank wunaknwfl{ ycl Julld `fwcèly n{ |{li lsyla{nxlf~ ài ny n{

yclulmul nbwmuyày yc`y ~m| elkmbl `bnfnù znyc ycl flyylu{ m ycl Julld `fwcèly na

|{l!

Amyl yc`y ycl kmbwflyl `fwcèly n{ amy jnxla e|y maf~ ycl mal{ |{li ycl bm{y ài ùl

jnxla na yèfl 0!;!

K`wny`f flyylu [b`ff flyylu Blànaj K`wny`f flyylu [b`ff flyylu Blànaj

@ @f` wn

E Ely` W ucm

J`bb` y`|

Ilfy` wcn

Yly` mblj`

F`bei` _ {njb`

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0!; knn ~be

Yl{l {~bemf{ ùl naylua`ynma`ff~ ulkmjan{li ài `kklwyli ài ùl damza `{ ycl

NLK"{~bemf{ ài ùl ycl maf~ {~bemf{ ulkmjan{li! Na muilu ym `knfny`yl {nbwfnkny~ ycl

{~bemf{ znff el inxnili na kmbwmalay jum|wnaj{ ài ùl nff|{yu`yli na j|ul 0!0!

NLK [~bemf Il{kunwynma NLK [~bemf Il{kunwynma

Ul{n{ynxl

Ul{n{ymu"sli x`f|l Uclm{y`y

Ul{n{ymu"xùnèfl mu

ìo|{yèfl

Ul{n{ymu wul"{ly


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NLK [~bemf Il{kunwynma NLK [~bemf Il{kunwynmaNai|kynxl

Nai|kymu sli x`f|l"

`nu kmul

Nai|kymu xùnèfl mu

ìo|{yèfl

Nai|kymu wul"{ly

Nai|kymu sli x`f|l"

b`jalynk kmul

Nai|kymu sli x`f|l"luunyl kmul


uà{mublu{

uà{mublu"Hnsli"

@nu kmul

uà{mublu"Xùn`"

efl"@nu kmul


K`w`knynxl

K`w`knymu sli x`f|l K`w`knymu xùnèfl

K`w`knymu Wul"{ly$ "

K`w`knymu lflkyumf~ynk


" y

Ylubn{ymu " Alj`ynxl

ylbwlu`y|ul kml"

knlay #AK.

y

Ylubn{ymu " Wm{nynxl

ylbwlu`y|ul kml"

knlay #WK.

Ul{n{ymu " fnjcy {la{n"

ynxl

Ul{n{ymu " uìn`ynma

{la{nynxl


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A0 Nai|{yun`f Lflkyumank{


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J

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[|e{yu`yl

A"kcàalf lacàkl"

blay BM[HL

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W"kcàalf lacàkl"

blay BM[HL

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[|e{yu`yl

A"kcàalf ilwflynma

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W"kcàalf ilwflynma

BM[HL

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\an"o|akynma yuà"

{n{ymu

Inmil

_lalu inmil Wcmyminmil

Fnjcy lbnyynaj inmil Xù`kymu inmil

|aalf inmil [nfnkma kmayumffli ulkynlu

In`k BY0 BY5

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un`k

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Wcmymyuà{n{ymu


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A0 Nai|{yun`f Lflkyumank{ :


Bn{klff`alm|{

$ " E`yylu~ Kmai|kymu{ omnali

Kmai|kymu{ kum{{naj L`uyc

$ "Klff [wl`dlu

F`bw @ @bwlulblylu

X Xmfyblylu B Bmymu

J Jlalu`ymu H|{l


Fmjnk j`yl{

@

ES( @AI"j`yl @

ES0 MU"j`yl

@ E0 AM"j`yl@

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S2 0 Lskf|{nxl MU"j`yl

@

ES( A@AI"j`yl

@

ES0

AMU"j`yl


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Knuk|ny eul`dlu Bnkumwcmal

[najfl"wmfl {znykczm"z`~ {znykc

W|{c"e|yyma {znykc Elff

0!9 ilhnanna a lnwna h llan lb

a "bwala@ff ilxnkl{& knuk|ny kmbwmalay{ ài ylub{ |{li na ycl lflkyumank nai|{yu~ c`xl ` {wlknk

w|uwm{l ai wwfnk`ynma! Ny n{ yclulmul m |ybm{y nbwmuyàkl yc`y ycl{l kmbwmalay{ el

il{kuneli mu ilali mu ycl w|uwm{l ycl~ {luxl! Na bà~ na{yàkl{ ycl mwlu`ynaj wunaknwfl

ài |{l n{ `f{m il{kuneli ài ilali! Yn{ {lkynma znff yclulmul el ilxmyli ym {|wwf~ ycl

ilanynma{ m bà~ m ycl kmbwmalay{ na |{l `{ zlff `{ ycl il{kunwynma{ m ylub{!

Ilanynma{ @@kklwymu nbw|uny~

\{li na ycl bà|`ky|ul m {lbn"kmai|kymu{ ài n{ à nbw|uny~lflblay kmay`nanaj

ycull lflkyuma{ #un"x`flay. na ny{ m|ylu {clff!

@kk|b|f`ymu

@a `kk|b|f`ymu n{ `f{m ylubli ` e`yylu~!

@kynxl kmbwmalay

Yn{ n{ ` kmbwmalay k`wèfl m k|uulay mu xmfy`jl j`na nl yuà{n{ymu!

@kynxl yuà{i|klu

Yn{ n{ ` ilxnkl k`wèfl m wumi|knaj xmfy`jl mu k|uulay `kynx`yli e~ àmyclu {m|ukl

znycm|y à lsylua`f {m|ukl m lflkyunk`f laluj~ elnaj {|wwfnli!

@fwc` #. j`na

Yl u`ynm m kmfflkymu k|uulay ym lbnyylu k|uulay na ` en"wmfù yuà{n{ymu ài n{ `f{m

ulluuli ym `{ c

!

@bwfnlu

@ ilxnkl {m il{njali ym wumxnil mu ` j`na na k|uulay ài-mu xmfy`jl ài b`~ `f{m na

{mbl na{yàkl{ `f{m el |{li ym b`ykc nbwliàkl{!

@AI"j`yl@a @AI"j`yl n{ ` fmjnk j`yl yc`y znff c`xl à m|yw|y zcla ài maf~ zcla `ff ycl

naw|y{ ùl `y fmjnk 0!

Hnj|ul 0!0


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A0 Nai|{yun`f Lflkyumank{ >

@amil

Yn{ n{ ycl wm{nynxl lflkyumil m inlulay lflkyumank kmbwmalay{ nl inmil!

@ub{yumaj m{knff`ymu

Yn{ n{ à m{knff`ymu& zcnkc lbwfm~{ ` yuà{mublu ym lli wùy m ycl m|yw|y m yclknuk|ny e`kd ym ycl naw|y!

Ilanynma{ EEàizniyc

Y`y uàjl m ulp|laknl{ yc`y fnl elyzlla ycl |wwlu c`f"wmzlu ài fmzlu c`f"wmzlu#"; iE. wmnay{ ma ycl ulp|lak~ ul{wma{l m ` {~{ylb!

E`yylu~

Yn{ n{ ` {m|ukl m lb ài n{ `f{m ylubli à `kk|b|f`ymu!

En`{

Xmfy`jl{ ài-mu k|uulay{ ulp|nuli e~ lflkyumank kmbwmalay{ ym la{|ul wumwlu

mwlu`ynma ài km|fi el ` ik en`{& muzùi mu ulxlu{l& mu à `k en`{!

En"wmfù yuà{n{ymu

N{ ` WAW mu à AWA yuà{n{ymu kma{n{ynaj m yzm WA"o|akynma{ ài zcnkc mwlu`yl{

|{naj wm{nynxl mu alj`ynxl kcùjl kùunlu{ mu ycl mz m k|uulay!

Ilanynma{ KK`w`knyàkl

Yl wumwluy~ m ` k`w`knymu ym {ymul à lflkyunk`f kcùjl ài n{ bl`{|uli na Hùì!

K`w`kny~

Yl u`ynaj m ycl k|uulay"ilfnxlunaj k`wènfny~ m ` e`yylu~ ài n{ bl`{|uli na `bwlul"cm|u{ #@!c.!

K`{kìl

@ ylub |{li ym il{kunel ` a|belu m {~{ylb{ kmaalkyli na {lunl{!

K`ycmil

Yn{ n{ ycl alj`ynxl lflkyumil m inlulay lflkyumank kmbwmalay{ nl inmil!

Kcmdl

@ kmbwmalay k`wèfl m efmkdnaj à `k p|àyny~ èmxl ` {wlknli ulp|lak~ ài n{

`f{m ulluuli ym `{ à nai|kymu mu ` kmnf!

Kf`bwlu

@a lflkyumank knuk|ny |{li ym ul"l{yèfn{c ` ik"flxlf ma à `k z`xlmub!


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Kf`{{"@ bwfnlu

Yn{ n{ ` y~wl m `bwfnlu na zcnkc ycl kmfflkymu k|uulay znff mz mu ;87 m ycl naw|y

z`xlmub!

Kf`{{"E bwfnlu

Yn{ n{ ` y~wl m `bwfnlu na zcnkc ycl kmfflkymu k|uulay znff mz mu 037 m ycl naw|y

z`xlmub!

Kf`{{"K bwfnlu

Yn{ n{ ` y~wl m `bwfnlu na zcnkc ycl kmfflkymu k|uulay znff mz mu fl{{ ycà 037 m

ycl naw|y z`xlmub!

Kmfwnyy{ m{knff`ymu

Yn{ n{ à m{knff`ymu knuk|ny& zcnkc lbwfm~{ ` wc`{l"{cnhnaj alyzmud kma{n{ynaj m à

nai|kymu ài yzm k`w`knymu{ ym lli wùy m ycl m|yw|y m ycl knuk|ny e`kd ym ycl naw|y!

Kmaila{lu

Yn{ n{ `f{m ylubli ` k`w`knymu!

KUM

@eeulxn`ynma |{li mu ` K`ycmil"U`~"M{knffm{kmwl& zcnkc n{ |{li mu ycl ju`wcnk`f

{y|i~ m z`xlmub{!

KU

K`ycmil"U`~"|el n{ ` in{wf`~ ilxnkl |{li na ` KUM!

K|y"mh

Yn{ n{ ycl lum"k|uulay kmainynma mu wmnay m ` yuà{n{ymu mu {nbnfù ilxnkl!

Ilanynma{ II`bw

Yl wumkl{{ m b`dnaj à m{knff`ynma kmbl ym ul{y mu uli|kl{ ym lum!

Iùfnajyma kmaalkynma

zm en"wmfù yuà{n{ymu{ kmaalkyli na {|kc ` z`~ znyc ycl lbnyylu m ycl u{y yuà{n{ymu

llinaj ycl e`{l m ycl {lkmai yuà{n{ymu ài ycl yzm kmfflkymu{ m ycl yuà{n{ymu{kmaalkyli ymjlyclu!

Il"km|wfnaj

Yn{ n{ ` fylu wumkl{{& zcnkc lfnbna`yl{ |azàyli {nja`f{ w`{{naj elyzlla {y`jl{ m `

{~{ylb& ài amub`ff~ |{l{ nai|kymu{ ài k`w`knymu{ mu {|kc `kynma!

Ilwflynma mal

@f{m ulluuli ym `{ ycl ilwflynma f`~lu ài n{ yc`y wmuynma alù ycl o|akynma m ` WA"

o|akynma& zcnkc n{ xmni m kcùjl kùunlu{!

In`k

@ in`k n{ ` yzm ylubna`f {lbn"kmai|kymu ilxnkl mu kmbwmalay yc`y znff kmai|ky `y `{wlknli eul`dimza xmfy`jl na muzùi mu ulxlu{l en`{!


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Inhlulayn`f

@a `bwfnlu kma{yu|kyli na {|kc ` z`~ yc`y à m|yw|y znff el wumxnili zcnkc n{ ycl

inlulakl elyzlla ycl yzm naw|y {nja`f{!

Inh|{li o|akynma

@ WA"o|akynma mubli e~ in|{nma zcla kcùjl kùunlu{ bmxl umb ` uljnma m cnjc

ila{ny~ ym ` uljnma m fmz ila{ny~!

INF

@ i|`f"na"fnal w`kd`jl amub`ff~ `{{mkn`yli znyc naylju`yli knuk|ny{!

Inulky km|wfnaj

Yn{ n{ ` {nja`f w`yc elyzlla yzm `bwfnlu {y`jl{ e~ blà{ m ` kmai|kymu& ul{n{ymu mu

` e`yylu~!

IBB

@eeulxn`ynma |{li mu Injny`f"B|fyn"Blylu k`wèfl m bl`{|unaj k|uulay& xmfy`jl

ài ul{n{yàkl!

Imamu nbw|uny~

\{li na ycl bà|`ky|ul m {lbn"kmai|kymu{ ai n{ a nbw|uny~ lflblay kmay`nanaj

xl lflkyuma{ #Wlay`"x`flay. na ny{ m|ylu {clff!

Imwnaj

Yn{ n{ ` wumkl{{ zclule~ nbw|unynl{ #un" mu Wlay`"x`flay. ùl ìili ym ycl w|ul mu

nayuna{nk {lbn"kmai|kymu b`ylun`f ài ycla mey`nanaj à nbw|ul mu lsyuna{nk b`ylun`f

#A" mu W"y~wl.!

IXB@eeulxn`ynma |{li mu ` Injny`f Xmfy Blylu!

Ilanynma{ LLùyc

@ ylub |{li ym naink`yl lflkyunk`f jum|ai!

LBH

Lflkyumbmynxl mukl bl`{|uli na xmfy ài n{ yc`y x`f|l bl`{|uli zcla ycl {m|uklkùunl{ am fmì!

L{`dn inmil

@ {lbn"kmai|kymu ilxnkl yc`y znff lscneny ` alj`ynxl ul{n{yàkl elyzlla ycl x`f|l{ m

7&5 xmfy ài 7&9 xmfy zcla muzùi en`{li ài n{ `f{m ylubli ` y|aalf inmil!

Lskf|{nxl MU"j`yl

@a lskf|{nxl MU j`yl n{ ` fmjnk j`yl yc`y znff c`xl à m|yw|y zcla ài maf~ zcla mal

m ycl naw|y{ ùl `y fmjnk 0!

Lsyuna{nk {lbn"kmai|kymu #A" mu W"y~wl.

@ {lbn"kmai|kymu b`ylun`f& zcnkc c`{ ella imwli& ài ycl kmai|kynaj wumwluynl{c`xl ella kcàjli!


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Ilanynma{ H

H`ff"ynblYl ynbl ulp|nuli mu ` p|àyny~ ym `ff umb >7 , ym 07 , m ny{ wl`d mu b`snb|b

x`f|l!

HL

Hnlfi"Llky uà{n{ymu ai n{ {lbn"kmai|kymu bwfn~naj mu {znykcnaj ilxnkl na

zcnkc ycl k|uulay ycum|jc ` {najfl"wmfùny~ kcàalf n{ kmayumffli e~ ycl xmfy`jl

`wwfnli ym ` ulxlu{l"en`{li j`yl lflkyumil ài ny{ cnjc naw|y nbwliàkl n{ ny{ b`na

kcù`kylun{ynk!

H|{l

Yn{ n{ ` wumylkynxl ilxnkl yc`y mwla{ ` knuk|ny |wma mxlu"k|uulay ài n{ |{li muwumylkynma m {~{ylb{!

Ilanynma{ C

c"Wù`blylu{@ {ly m m|u u`ynm{ kcù`kylun{naj ycl elc`xnm|u m ` m|u"ylubna`f alyzmud ài n{

ylubli c~euni"wù`blylu{ {nakl `ff ycl u`ynm{ ùl amy m ycl {`bl p|àynynl{!

C`ff"lhlky

Yl ilxlfmwblay m ` xmfy`jl `kum{{ ` bly`f mu ` {lbn"kmai|kymu b`ylun`f wf`kli na `

b`jalynk lfi!

Cùyfl~ m{knff`ymu

@a m{knff`ymu knuk|ny& zcnkc lbwfm~{ ` y`wwli nai|kymu& lli wùy m ycl m|yw|y m ycl

knuk|ny e`kd ym ycl naw|y!

CluyYn{ n{ ycl |any m ulp|lak~ m mal k~kfl wlu {lkmai!

Cmfl

@ n{ ` x`kàk~ na ycl kmai|kynma eài m ` {lbn"kmai|kymu b`ylun`f ài uljùili `{ `

wm{nynxl kcùjl kùunlu!


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A0 Nai|{yun`f Lflkyumank{ 0;

Ilanynma{ N

NK@eeulxn`ynma |{li mu Naylju`yli knuk|ny!

NLK

Naylua`ynma`f Lflkyumylkcank`f Kmbbn{{nma zcm n{ ul{wma{nefl mu zmufiznil

{yàiùi{!

Nbwliàkl

Yl xlkymu {|b mu kmbena`ynma m ul{n{yàkl ài ul`kyàkl p|àyn{li `{ _ ài

bl`{|uli na mcb!

Nayuna{nk {lbn"kmai|kymu

Yn{ n{ ` w|ul {lbn"kmai|kymu b`ylun`f yc`y c`{ amy ella imwli!N-W"M-W

@eeulxn`ynma |{li yc`y ullu{ ym naw|y-m|yw|y ylubna`f{ m ilxnkl ai-mu {~{ylb!

Ilanynma{ DDnukccmh{ k|uulay f`z #DKF.

Dnukccm{ k|uulay f`z {y`yl{ yc`y ycl `fjleu`nk {|b m ycl k|uulay ài-mu k|uulay{laylunaj ` wmnay n{ lp|`f ym ycl `fjleu`nk {|b m ycl k|uulay ài-mu k|uulay{ fl`xnaj

yc`y wmnay!

Dnukccmh{ xmfy`jl f`z #DXF.

Dnukccm{ xmfy`jl f`z {y`yl{ yc`y ycl `fjleu`nk {|b m ycl xmfy`jl iumw{ na ` kfm{li

alyzmud n{ lp|`f ym ycl `fjleu`nk {|b m ycl `wwfnli xmfy`jl ài-mu xmfy`jl{!

Ilanynma{ FF`jjnaj

Yn{ n{ à mkk|uulakl yc`y y`dl{ wf`kl f`ylu na ynbl!

F`yynkl {yu|ky|ul

@ w`yylua m wm{nynma{ ma ` ulj|fù juni m fnal{ ài n{ il{kunwynxl m ycl `ymbnk

{yu|ky|ul m nayuna{nk mu lsyuna{nk {lbn"kmai|kynaj b`ylun`f{!

Flìnaj

Yn{ n{ à mkk|uulakl yc`y y`dl{ wf`kl lùfnlu na ynbl!

FLI

Fnjcy Lbnyynaj Inmil ài n{ ` {lbn"kmai|kymu yc`y lbny{ fnjcy zcla `kynx`yli e~ `

{|nyèfl xmfy`jl {m|ukl


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Ilanynma{ B

Bòmuny~ kùunlu{Yn{ n{ kf`{{nli `{ lflkyuma{ na à A"y~wl lsyuna{nk {lbn"kmai|kymu b`ylun`f ài cmfl{

na ` W" y~wl {lbn"kmai|kymu lsyuna{nk b`ylun`f!

Ilanynma{ AA@AI"j`yl

@ A@AI"j`yl n{ ` fmjnk j`yl yc`y znff c`xl à m|yw|y zcla mal mu `ff ycl naw|y{ ùl `y

fmjnk 7!AMU"j`yl

@ AMU"j`yl n{ ` fmjnk j`yl yc`y znff c`xl à m|yw|y zcla ài maf~ zcla `ff ycl naw|y{

ùl `y fmjnk 7!

AM"j`yl

@ AM j`yl n{ ` fmjnk j`yl yc`y znff c`xl à m|yw|y zcla ài maf~ zcla mal m ycl

naw|y{ ùl `y fmjnk 7!

Amuyma{ yclmulb

Amuyma{ yclmulb {y`yl{ yc`y ` kma{yày k|uulay jlalu`ymu znyc wù`fflf nbwliàkl

b`~ ulwf`kl kmbwfls alyzmud kma{n{ynaj m nbwliàkl{ ai xmfy`jl!

Ilanynma{ MMcb{ f`z

Mcb{ f`z{y`yl{ yc`y ycl k|uulay n{ inulkyf~ wumwmuynma`f ym ycl `wwfnli xmfy`jl ài

nainulkyf~ wumwmuynma`f ym ycl ul{n{yàkl m yc`y alyzmud!

Mwlu`ynaj wmnay

Yn{ n{ ` kmbena`ynma m k|uulay ài xmfy`jl ma ycl kcù`kylun{ynk{ m ` yuà{n{ymu mu

inmil `y zcnkc ny n{ en`{li zcla {|wwfnli e~ ` {nja`f {m|ukl!

Fn{{òm|{ j|ul

Yl w`yylua mey`nali ma ycl {kulla m à m{knffm{kmwl zcla yzm {nal z`xl{ m ulf`yli

ulp|laknl{ ùl `wwfnli ym ycl xluynk`f ài cmun{may`f illkynma {~{ylb{ ul{wlkynxlf~

ài ycn{ j|ul b`~ el na ycl mub m ` fnal& à lffnw{l& ` j|ul lnjcy mu ` bmulkmbwfls {lunl{ m fmmw{!

Fmì

Yn{ n{ ` ilxnkl mu kmbwmalay yc`y ulklnxl{ à m|yw|y umb ` {nja`f {m|ukl!


20/238



21/238


Ilanynma{

Ylub`f u|a`z`~@ kmainynma yc`y b`~ mkk|u na ` {lbn"kmai|kymu yuà{n{ymu zcla à nakul`{l na

k|uulay flì{ ym à nakul`{l na ylbwlu`y|ul zcnkc flì{ ym ` ilkul`{l na ul{n{yàkl

zcnkc flì{ ym à nakul`{l na k|uulay lainaj na ` {wnu`f m {`y|u`ynma mu {lf"

il{yu|kynma m ycl yuà{n{ymu!

Ylxlana{ yclmulb

Ylxlana{ yclmulb {y`yl{ yc`y ` kmbwfls alyzmud kma{n{ynaj m nbwliàkl{ ài

xmfy`jl {m|ukl{ b`~ el ulwf`kli e~ ` kma{yày xmfy`jl {m|ukl znyc ` {lunl{ nbwliàkl!

Y~un{ymu

Yl `bnf~ m {lbn"kmai|kymu {znykcnaj ilxnkl{ ài nakf|il [KU{& in`k{& yun`k{ àip|ìu`k{!

uà{i|klu

Yn{ n{ ` ilxnkl& zcnkc n{ k`wèfl m kmaxluynaj mal mub m laluj~ naym àmyclu mub

m laluj~ nl blkcànk`f ym lflkyunk`f& lflkyunk`f ym blkcànk`f lyk!

uà{nlay

Yn{ n{ ` {cmuy w|f{l mu m{knff`ynma m k|uulay ài-mu xmfy`jl na{ylì m ` {ylì~"{y`yl

kmainynma!

uà{n{ymu

Ilunxli umb U@A[lu ul{N[MU ài n{ à `kynxl {lbn"kmai|kymu ilxnkl c`xnajycull ylubna`f{ a`blf~ ` e`{l& ` kmfflkymu ài à lbnyylu!

un`k

@ ycull"ylubna`f {lbn"kmai|kymu ilxnkl {nbnfù ym à [KU e|y zcnkc n{ k`wèfl m

kmai|kynaj na emyc inulkynma{ zcla ycl j`yl n{ yunjjluli!

unbblu

@ {b`ff ìo|{yèfl k`w`knymu mu ul{n{ymu |{li mu `fnjablay w|uwm{l{!

|aalf inmil

@ {lbn"kmai|kymu ilxnkl yc`y znff lscneny ` alj`ynxl ul{n{yàkl elyzlla ycl x`f|l{ m

7& 5 xmfy ài 7& 9 xmfy zcla muzùi en`{li ài n{ `f{m ylubli à L{`dn inmil!XB

@eeulxn`ynma |{li mu ` uà{n{ymu Xmfy Blylu ài n{ à à`fmj|l blylu k`wèfl m

bl`{|unaj k|uulay& xmfy`jl ai ul{n{yàkl ai c`{ cnjc naw|y nbwliàkl {nakl HL{

ùl |{li!


22/238

A0 Nai|{yun`f Lflkyumank{ 0:

0!< ycl bn"bll

Na ycl {y|i~ lfi m lflkyumank{ ny znff el nbwlu`ynxl yc`y xùnm|{ bl`{|ulblay{

nl xmfy`jl& k|uulay ài ul{n{yàkl el bìl! Hmu ycn{ w|uwm{l zl kà |{l ` uàjl m

bl`{|unaj na{yu|blay{ e|y mu m|u w|uwm{l{ zl znff maf~ `y wul{lay kma{nilu ` b|fyn"

blylu! Yn{ y~wl m b|fyn"blylu& zcnkc kà el à`fmj|l mu injny`f& c`{ ycl k`wènfny~ ym

bl`{|ul k|uulay& xmfy`jl ài ul{n{yàkl e~ blulf~ kcàjnaj ym ycl p|àyny~ zl zm|fi

fndl ym bl`{|ul! @y wul{lay zl znff amy kma{nilu ycl mwlu`ynaj wunaknwfl m ycl b|fyn"

blylu e|y maf~ ycl |{l yclulm!

0!

@a à`fmj|l blylu n{ ` blylu yc`y mwlu`yl{ lnyclu `{ ` bmxnaj kmnf blylu mu `{ ` bmxnaj

numa wunaknwfl! Yl b`jany|il bl`{|uli n{ ulì m ma ` k`fneu`yli {k`fl e~ blà{ m `

wmnaylu yc`y bmxl{ `kum{{ ycl k`fneu`yli {k`fl! [|kc ` in{wf`~ n{ nff|{yu`yli na j|ul 0!5!

Ilanynma{ X

Xù`kymu@ {lbn"kmai|kymu inmil& zcnkc mwlu`yl{ fndl ` k`w`knymu {nakl ny{ k`w`knyàkl& znff

ilkul`{l znyc à nakul`{l na ulxlu{l en`{ ài n{ `f{m damza `{ ` xùnk`w mu xmfy`jl"

xùnèfl k`w`knyàkl inmil!

Xùnk`w

@ {lbn"kmai|kymu inmil& zcnkc mwlu`yl{ fndl ` k`w`knymu {nakl ny{ k`w`knyàkl& znff

ilkul`{l znyc à nakul`{l na ulxlu{l en`{ ài n{ `f{m damza `{ ` xù`kymu mu xmfy`jl"

xùnèfl k`w`knyàkl inmil!

Xmfy`jl"xùnèfl k`w`knyàkl inmil

@ {lbn"kmai|kymu inmil& zcnkc mwlu`yl{ fndl ` k`w`knymu {nakl ny{ k`w`knyàkl& znffilkul`{l znyc à nakul`{l na ulxlu{l en`{ ài n{ `f{m damza `{ ` xù`kymu mu xùnk`w!

XMB

@eeulxn`ynma |{li mu ` Xmfy"Mcb Blylu mu Xmfy"Mcb Bnffn"`bwlulblylu!

XXB

@eeulxn`ynma |{li mu ` X`k||b"|el Xmfy Blylu ài n{ ` cnjc"naw|y nbwliàkl

à`fmj|l blylu!


23/238


7 07

K`fneu`yli {k`fl

Wmnaylu

@

X

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" $

Ef`kd Uli

Kmaalkynaj mu

yl{y flì{

[lflkymu {znykc

Hnj|ul 0!5

Hnj|ul 0!;

0!

@ injny`f blylu c`{ am bmxnaj wùy{ ài ycl b`jany|il elnaj bl`{|uli n{ ulì m `

injny`f in{wf`~ kma{n{ynaj m a|belu{! [|kc ` in{wf`~ n{ nff|{yu`yli na j|ul 0!;!

@

X

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Ef`kd Uli

Kmaalkynaj mu

yl{y flì{

[lflkymu {znykc

0

Injny`f in{wf`~


24/238

A0 Nai|{yun`f Lflkyumank{ 0>

0!

Na muilu ym bl`{|ul k|uulay zl b|{y kmaalky ycl blylu na {lunl{ na ycl alyzmud! Yn{

wunaknwfl n{ nff|{yu`yli na j|ul 0!9!

@

U

" $

Hnj|ul 0!9

Hnj|ul 0! 0 777 d"mcb ym B"mcb4 ài ;!07 9: B"mcb ym d"mcb

9! Kmaxluy ycl mffmznaj k`w`knyàkl x`f|l{ ym ycl |any naink`yli!

9!0 7& 777 770 H ym wH4 9!5 7& 777 770 H ym H4

9!; 07 H ym H4 9!9 7& 70 H ym H49!< 05 wH ym H4 9!8 07 H ym H4

9!: 0 777 H ym aH4 9!3 077 H ym wH4

9!> 7& 777 777 770 H ym wH4 ài 9!07 7& 777 777 0 H ym H


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3! Lflkyumank kmbwmalay{ ùl il{kuneli e~ à NLK"{~bemf! B`dl al`y {dlykcl{

yc`y znff nff|{yu`yl ycl mffmznaj lflkyumank kmbwmalay{!3!0 Hnsli k`w`knymu4 3!5 Wul"{ly ul{n{ymu4

3!; X unèfl nai|kymu4 3!9 AYK"yclubn{ymu4

3!< X unèfl ul{n{ymu4 3!8 Wmfùn{li k`w`knymu4

3!: [ylw"|w yuà{mublu4 3!3 Wul"{ly nai|kymu4

3!> Hnsli nai|kymu4 3!07 [ylw"imza yuà{mublu4

3!00 @|ym"yuà{mublu4 3!05 Fnjcy {la{nynxl ul{n{ymu4

3!0; X unèfl k`w`knymu4 3!09 Hluunyl"kmul nai|kymu4

3!0< Wul"{ly k`w`knymu4 3!08 Uìn`ynma {la{nynxl ul{n{ymu4

3!0: Yzm"z`~ {znykc4 3!03 Bnan Knuk|ny Eul`dlu43!0> Bmymu4 3!57 @bwlulblylu4

3!50 @K"bmymu4 3!55 [najfl"wmfl {znykc4

3!5; [|ujl ùul{ymu4 3!59 Klff4

3!5< Kmai|kymu{ kum{{naj4 3!58 Naylublin`yl {znykc4

3!5: H|{l4 3!53 Elff4

3!5> Jlalu`ymu4 3!;7 Al|yu`f kmai|kymu4

3!;0 AWA yuà{n{ymu4 3!;5 [nfnkma Kmayumffli Ulkynhlu4

3!;; _lalu inmil4 ài 3!;9 Kmai|kymu{ omnali!

>! Ullu ym ycl yèfl elfmz ài na{luy ycl bn{{naj |any& p|àynynl{ mu ycl{~bemf{!

K`wny`f

flyylu

[b`ff flyylu Blànaj K`wny`f flyylu [b`ff flyylu Blànaj

@f`

E W ucm

J`bb` y`|

Ilfy` wcn

Yly` mblj`

F`bei` _ {njb`

B|


28/238


P|àyny~ \any [~bemf P|àyny~ \any [~bemf

Flajyc Blyul

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kb

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blyul

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Ul{n{yàkl Mcb Lflkyunk`f |s K #@!{.

Ul`kyàkl Lflkyumbmynxl

mukl

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Nbwliàkl Mcb Laluj~ Om|fl

Cluy C Z`yy Z

#Z-@.


29/238



30/238



31/238

E@[NK @YMBNK YCLMU^58

5!5 Ycl {yu|ky|ul mh b`yylu

Yl{l kmbwm{nynma{ b`~ el na w|ul mub mu ny b`~ el ` kmbwm|ai mu bnsy|ul m

lflblay{ m|ai na a`y|ul B`yylu kàamy el jlalu`yli mu il{yum~li e|y ny b`~ kcàjl

umb mal mub naym àmyclu B`yylu kà el inxnili naym ycl mffmznaj jum|w{?

[mfni{4

Fnp|ni{4

J`{{l{4 ài

Wf`{b`

Ls`bwfl{ m {|kc lflblay{ m|ai ùl?

Numa #Hl. [nfxlu #@j.

Kùema #K.

Jmfi #@|.

@f|bna|b #@f.

Kf`{{nk`ynma m `ff lflblay{ na a`y|ul& ùl m|ai na ycl Wlunmink èfl m Lflblay{

ài ùl kf`{{nli e~ ny{ `ymbnk a|belu ài `ymbnk zlnjcy Yl `ymbnk a|belu m à

lflblay n{ jnxla e~ ycl a|belu m lflkyuma{ muenynaj ycl `ymb zclul`{ ycl `ymbnk

zlnjcy n{ jnxla e~ ycl a|belu m wumyma{ ài al|yuma{ kmay`nali na ycl a|kfl|{ mà `ymb @ff lflblay{ kma{n{y maf~ m mal y~wl m `ymb `{ n{ naink`yli e~ ycl Wlunmink

èfl m Lflblay{ Kmbenanaj m inlulay lflblay{ b`~ mub kmbwm|ai{ e~ kclbnk`f

ul`kynma znyc mal àmyclu ài ycl bm{y kmbbma mal zm|fi el z`ylu Z`ylu n{ `

kmbwm|ai m Ms~jla ài C~iumjla Yl bàalu& na zcnkc ycl b`{{ ài `ymbnk

a|belu m à~ wùynk|fù lflblay& na ycn{ na{yàkl C~iumjla& n{ zunyyla `{ ny `wwlù{ na

ycl Wlunmink èfl m Lflblay{& n{ nff|{yu`yli elfmz?

0 @ymbnk a|belu

C Kclbnk`f [~bemfC~iumjla A`bl m lflblay

0 @ymbnk b`{{

Ilhanynma 5!0 B`yyluB`yylu b`~ el ilali `{ à~ycnaj yc`y c`{ b`{{ ài yc`y mkk|wnl{ {w`kl ài kà el

kmbwm{li m lflblayù~ {|e{yàkl{ yc`y ùl m|ai na a`y|ul


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5!; @ymb{

@ff `ymb{ kma{n{y m bna|yl wùynkfl{ m lflkyunk`f kcùjl{ ùuàjli na ` {ly w`yylua ài

kma{n{y m?

Lflkyuma{& bmxnaj ùm|ai ycl a|kfl|{ m à `ymb ài yc`y c`{ ` alj`ynxl lflkyunk`f

kcùjl m 0& 875 07"0> km|fmbe ài ùl dlwy na ny{ mueny e~ lflkyum{y`ynk mukl{ m

`yyu`kynma4

Wumyma{ na ycl a|kfl|{ m à `ymb yc`y c`xl ` wm{nynxl lflkyunk`f kcùjl4 ài

Al|yuma{ na ycl a|kfl|{ m à `ymb yc`y c`xl am lflkyunk`f kcùjl

Ny znff el m|ai yc`y `ff `ymb{ c`xl à lp|`f a|belu m wumyma{ ài lflkyuma{& zcnkc

naink`yl{ ny{ ymbnk a|belu& zcnkc b`dl{ `ff `ymb{ lflkyunk`ff~ al|yu`f @ff lflkyuma{&

wumyma{ ài al|yuma{ ùl nilaynk`f ài ny n{ wm{{nefl yc`y ycl~ el ulwf`kli na myclu `ymb{

yc`y ùl amy m ycl {`bl lflblay

@ wmnay m naylul{y n{ yc`y ny n{ xlu~ l`{~ mu à `ymb ym fmm{l mu j`na m|ylu mueny mu

x`flakl lflkyuma{ Ylulmul& {cm|fi à `ymb fmm{l à lflkyuma ny znff fmm{l {mbl m ny{

alj`ynxl lflkyunk`f kcùjl ài na ycl wumkl{{ elkmbl wm{nynxlf~ kcùjli! Yn{ n{ ycla

damza `{ ` wm{nynxl nma mu k`ynma Yl mwwm{nyl cmzlxlu n{ `f{m yu|l na yc`y zcla à

`ymb j`na{ à lflkyuma ny znff nakul`{l ny{ alj`ynxl lflkyunk`f kcùjl ài znff ycla el

damza `{ ` alj`ynxl nma mu ànma Yl maf~ inlulakl elyzlla `ymb{ n{ ` a|blunk`f

inlulakl Hnj|ul 50 nff|{yu`yl{ yzm inbla{nma`f f`~m|y m a `ymb

Ilhanynma 5!5 @ymb{@a `ymb b`~ el ilali `{ ycl {b`ffl{y wùy m à lflblay yc`y kà wùynknw`yl na `

amub`f kclbnk`f ul`kynma

Ilhanynma 5!; Bmflk|fl

@ bmflk|fl kà el ilali `{ ycl {b`ffl{y wùy m à `ymb yc`y znff c`xl ycl {`blkcù`kylun{ynk{ m ycl munjna`f lflblay znycm|y eul`dnaj |w naym `ymb{ `j`na


33/238

E@[NK @YMBNK YCLMU^53

Wumyma{ #$.ài al|yuma{

#am kcùjl.

Alj`ynxlf~ kcùjli

muenynaj lflkyuma{

D " {clff

F " {clff

A|kfl|{

Hnj|ul 5!0

5!9 Laluj~ {clff{

@ff lflkyuma{ ùl ùuàjli ùm|ai ycl a|kfl|{ m à `ymb na ` wul"ilylubnali bàalu

`{ blaynmali lùfnlu e|y zl {cm|fi cmzlxlu c`xl ` kfm{lu fmmd `y ycl{l ùuàjlblay{

mjlyclu znyc j|ul 50 zl {cm|fi `f{m ullu ym j|ul 55 ym ai m|y cmz ycl

ùuàjlblay m ycl lflkyuma{& wumyma{ ài al|yuma{ na à `ymb n{ `kkmbwfn{cli

Na ycl ulwul{lay`ynma m j|ul 55 ycl klayul knukfl znff ulwul{lay ycl a|kfl|{ kma{n{ynaj

m ycl wumyma{ ài al|yuma{ Yl m|ylu knukfl mu knukfl{ znff naink`yl ycl {clff{ mu ycl

muenynaj lflkyuma{ @fycm|jc ycl{l ulwul{lay`ynma{ ùl yzm inbla{nma`f& ycl {c`wl m` ylaan{ e`ff kà `fbm{y ulwul{lay à `ymb na yc`y ycl bòmu {clff{ m à `ymb ùl `f{m

{|e"inxnili naym {|e"{clff{

Yn{ kmaklwy n{ nff|{yu`yli na j|ul 55

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bòmu {clff{

Flyylu il{nja`ynma mh

{|e " {clff{

A|belu mh muenynaj

lflkyuma{ wlu {clff


34/238


Yl bòmu {clff{ m à `ymb ùl il{nja`yli ycl D& F B ài A {clff{ ài ycl {|e"{clff{

ùl il{nja`yli ycl [& W& I ài H {clff{ L`kc {clff& bòmu mu {|e"{clff& b`~ maf~ c`xl `

wul"ilylubnali a|belu m lflkyuma{ wlu {clff ài ycl a|belu m lflkyuma{ na ycl bòmu

{clff{ n{ ilylubnali e~ ycl lswul{{nma 5 a5 zclul a znff ulwul{lay ycl mueny a|belu

km|aynaj umb ycl naalu knukfl ymzùi ycl m|ylu knukfl Yl a|belu m lflkyuma{ wlubòmu {clff kà yc|{ el k`fk|f`yli na ycl mffmznaj bàalu

D {clff? 5 a5 2 5 05 2 5 Y|{& ycl D {clff b`~ maf~ kmay`na 5 lflkyuma{

F {clff? 5 a5 2 5 55 2 3 Y|{& ycl F {clff b`~ maf~ kmay`na 3 lflkyuma{

B {clff? 5 a5 2 5 ;5 2 03 Y|{& ycl B {clff b`~ maf~ kmay`na 03 lflkyuma{

A {clff? 5 a5 2 5 95 2 ;5 Y|{& ycl A {clff b`~ maf~ kmay`na ;5 lflkyuma{

[nakl ycl a|belu m lflkyuma{ wlu bòmu {clff kà el ilylubnali ài wulinkyli

ny mffmz{ yc`y ycl a|belu m lflkyuma{ wlu {|e"{clff kà `f{m el ilylubnali àiwulinkyli Yl a|belu m lflkyuma{ wlu {|e " {clff n{ jnxla `{ mffmz{?

[ {clff 2 5 lflkyuma{

W {clff 2 8 lflkyuma{

I {clff 2 07 lflkyuma{

H {clff 2 09 lflkyuma{

Lflkyuma{ kà el bìl ym o|bw ym myclu mueny{ e~ blà{ m cl`y& fnjcy laluj~ mu à

lflkyunk lfi `y mu alù à `ymb Zc ylxlu ycl mub m laluj~ |{li& ny n{ ulluuli ym `{

nman`ynma wmylayn`f Yn{ ùuàjlblay m lflkyuma{ muenynaj à `ymb znff amz `ffmz mal

ym ilylubnal ycl kmai|kynaj wumwluynl{ m ycl lflblay ài l{wlkn`ff~ ycl m|ylu mueny mu

x`flakl {clff m à ymb

5!< X`flak~

Yl a|belu m lflkyuma{ na ycl m|ylu {clff m à `ymb& k`ffli ycl x`flakl {clff& znff

ilylubnal ycl x`flak~ m yc`y lflblay

[cm|fi à `ymb amy c`xl ycl |ff kmbwflblay m lflkyuma{ na ycl x`flakl {clff& yc`y

lflblay n{ illbli ym el ` kmai|kymu {nakl yc`y wùynk|fù `ymb znff `fz`~{ el ma yclfmmdm|y mu lflkyuma{ ym ff ycl x`kàknl{& zcnkc lsn{y Zcla à `ymb cmzlxlu c`xl ycl

|ff kmbwfnblay m lflkyuma{ na ycl x`flakl {clff ny znff amy alli ym fmmd mu lflkyuma{ ym

Ilhanynma 5!9 X`flak~X`flak~b`~ el ilali `{ à naink`ynma m ycl ènfny~ m à `ymb ym j`na mu fmm{l

lflkyuma{ ài znff ilylubnal ycl lflkyunk`f wumwluynl{ m yc`y lflblay


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E@[NK @YMBNK YCLMU^;7

Yl èmxl {y`ylblay{ ùl amy `fz`~{ yu|l @ kmai|kymu b`~ `f{m el à na{|f`ymu |ailu

kluy`na {wlknk kmainynma{ zm mu bmul `ymb{ b`~ kmbenal ym mub ` kmx`flay emai

Yl el{y bàalu na zcnkc ym lswf`na ycn{ kmaklwy n{ ym fmmd `y yzm c~iumjla `ymb{ `{

nff|{yu`yli na j|ul 5; Yn{ n{ amy ` kmbwm|ai yc`y znff el mubli e|y n{ ycl {cùnaj m

lflkyuma{ e~ yzm mu bmul a|kfln m `ymb{ Na ycn{ na{yàkl ycl maf~ {clff m lflkyuma{ znffkmay`na yzm lflkyuma{& zcnkc b`dl yc`y wùynk|fù {clff kmbwflyl Yn{ wclamblama

n{ wùynk|fùf~ nbwmuyày na ycl {lbn"kmai|kymu lfi ài znff el lswf`nali na bmul

ily`nf zcla {lbn"kmai|kymu{ ùl in{k|{{li Ylulmul& zl znff ai yc`y yclul ùl am ull

lflkyuma{ `x`nfèfl {nakl l`kc `ymb {cùl{ ny{ lflkyuma{ znyc mal àmyclu ài yc`y ycl~

ùl ubf~ `yy`kcli na ` ku~{y`f f`yynkl {yu|ky|ul e~ ycn{ kmx`flay emai

Muenynaj lflkyuma{

C~iumjla `ymb 0 C~iumjla `ymb 5

Hnj|ul 5!;

5!8 Wm{nynxl" ài alj`ynxl kcùjl{

[nakl ycl wùynkfl{ na à `ymb kma{n{y m wm{nynxl ài alj`ynxl kcùjl{ zl alli ym c`xl `

fmmd ycl ulf`ynma{cnw yc`y ycl{l kcùjl{ c`xl znyc mal àmyclu @a `ymb yc`y c`{ x`flakl

lflkyuma{ znff `fz`~{ {yunxl ym elkmbl {yèfl ài na imnaj {m znff lnyclu fmm{l mu j`na

lflkyuma{ Zcla à `ymb j`na{ ài lflkyuma ycl `ymb elkmbl{ alj`ynxlf~ kcùjli {nakl

ny znff c`xl ` {|uwf|{ m lflkyuma{ ài zcla à `ymb fmm{l{ à lflkyuma ny znff elkmbl

wm{nynxlf~ kcùjli {nakl ny znff c`xl ` ilkny m lflkyuma{

Hnj|ul 59 nff|{yu`yl{ ycl llky yc`y ycl{l kcùjl{ znff c`xl ma à `ymb Fndl kcùjl{

{|kc `{ na j|ul 59 #`. ài #e. znff ulwlf mal àmyclu zclul`{ |afndl kcùjl{ {|kc `{ na

j|ul 59 #k. znff `yyu`ky mal àmyclu m| znff ai f`ylu yc`y ` {nbnfù `kynma y`dl{ wf`kl

znyc b`jaly{ Yn{ mukl zcnkc lnyclu `yyu`ky{ mu ulwlf{ mal àmyclu n{ ylubli lflkyunk

mukl mu lflkyum{y`ynk mukl


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A0 Nai|{yun`f Lflkyumank{ ;0

$

" "

$H

HH

H

HH" $#`.

#k.

#e.

Hnj|ul 5!9

5!: Kmai|kynma

@ xlu~ nbwmuyày wclambla` kmakluanaj kmai|kynma {cm|fi cmzlxlu `f{m el

lswf`nali Na ycl nakmbwflyl x`flakl {clff m à lflblay zl ullu ym ycl {w`kl{& zcnkc

lsn{y zclul& lflkyuma{ {cm|fi el& `{ cmfl{ [yuàjl `{ ny b`~ {m|ai zl znff ai yc`y ycl{l

cmfl{ `f{m `wwlù ym el bmxnaj Yn{ kmaklwy n{ nff|{yu`yli na j|ul 5


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"

"

"

$

$

$

@wwfnli wmylayn`f

Lflkyuma bmynma Cmfl bmynma

Hnj|ul 5! lX mu [nfnkma [nakl ycn{ n{

ylubli ` {lbn"kmai|kymu ny n{ alnyclu ` kmai|kymu amu à na{|f`ymu ài c`{ ` y~wnk`f

ul{n{yàkl m 07 mcb-kb; Yl mueniila j`w znff yclulmul ilylubnal zclyclu `

b`ylun`f kà el ylubli `{ ` kmai|kymu& na{|f`ymu mu {lbn"kmai|kymu

Lslukn{l 5!0

0! A`bl ycl m|u jum|w{ naym zcnkc b`yylu kà el inxnili!

5! Ilal ycl mffmznaj ylub{?5!0 Bmflk|fl{4 ai

5!5 @a `ymb!

;! Naink`yl ycl kcùjl{ yc`y ùl m|ai ma ycl wùynkfl{ m à `ymb!

9! @a `ymb kmay`na{ b`~ el ` kmai|kymu mu ny b`~ el à na{|f`ymu! Lswul{{ ~m|u mwnanma ma ycn{

{y`ylblay!

8! Lswf`na ycl kmaklwy m ` kmx`flay emai ài nff|{yu`yl ~m|u lswfà`ynma

znyc {|nyèfl fèlfli {dlykc!

:! \{l {|nyèfl {dlykcl{ ym nff|{yu`yl ycl wunaknwfl m kmai|kynma ài

inhlulayn`yl elyzlla?

:!0 Lflkyuma bmynma4 ài

:!5 Cmfl bmynma!


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A0 Nai|{yun`f Lflkyumank{ ;


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42/238

A0 Nai|{yun`f Lflkyumank{ ;:;:

Flnj Mkmbl


Ilal ` kmai|kymu4

In{k|{{ ycl wumwluynl{ yc`y `ff kmai|kynaj b`ylun`f{ {cm|fi wm{{l{{4

In{k|{{ ycl mffmznaj kmai|kynaj b`ylun`f{ na ylub{ m ycl wumwluynl{ ài |{l{?

[nfxlu4

Kmwwlu4

Jmfi4

@f|bna|b4

_nak4

Numa4

na4 ài

Flì!

In{k|{{ ycl mffmznaj `ffm~{ na ylub{ m ycl wumwluynl{ ài |{l{?

Eu`{{4

Eumal4

[m {mfilu4

Ankcumbl4 ài

Kùema!

Ilal à na{|f`ymu4

In{k|{{ ycl wumwluynl{ yc`y `ff na{|f`ynaj b`ylun`f{ {cm|fi wm{{l{{4

In{k|{{ ycl mffmznaj na{|f`ynaj b`ylun`f{ na ylub{ m ycl wumwluynl{ ài |{l{?

U|eelu4

Wmf~"Xna`f"Kcfmunil #WXK.4

W`wlu4

Kmyyma4

Eny|bla4

La`blf4

[clff`k4

@{el{ym{4

Bnk`

; Kmai|kymu{ ài Na{|f`ymu{

KMai|KyMu{ ài Na{|F`yMu{


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KMAI\KYMU[ @AI NA[\F@YMU[;3

Bnkànyl4

E`dlfnyl4

Lemanyl mu X|fkànyl4

Wmuklf`na4

Fl`yclumni4 ai Hneul!

In{k|{{ ycl ylbwlu`y|ul {wlknk`ynma mu na{|f`ynaj b`ylun`f{!

Ny n{ damza yc`y bà~ lflblay{ c`xl lnyclu ` {cmuy`jl m lflkyuma{ mu ycl kmuulky

a|belu m lflkyuma{ na ny{ x`flakl {clff ài yc`y ycn{ kcù`kylun{ynk znff ilylubnal ycl

kmai|kynma wumwluynl{ m yc`y wùynk|fù lflblay! Ny znff el m|ai yc`y na lflblay{ zcnkc

im amy c`xl ycl |ff kmbwfnblay m lflkyuma{ na ny{ x`flakl {clff& yc`y ycl{l lflkyuma{

znff el l`{nf~ bmxli {nakl ycl~ ùl fmm{lf~ em|ai ym ycl a|kfl|{ m yc`y `ymb! Na ycn{

na{yàkl zl ullu ym ycl{l lflblay{ `{ kmai|kymu{!

Zl znff yclulmul ai yc`y ycl ul{n{yàkl ym ycl mz m lflkyuma{ n{ xlu~ fmz ài ycn{ul{n{yàkl n{ amub`ff~ bl`{|uli kum{{ mal"k|enk"klaynblylu {`bwfl m ycl b`ylun`f

ài b`~ c`xl ` y~wnk`f x`f|l m 07"8 mcb-kb;!

@ff b`ylun`f{& zclyclu ycl~ ùl kf`{{nli `{ kmai|kymu{ mu na{|f`ymu{& {cm|fi wm{{l{{ ycl

mffmznaj wumwluynl{!

B`fflènfny~

Yn{ n{ ycl wumwluy~ yc`y ` b`ylun`f wm{{l{{l{ ài yc`y `ffmz{ ny ym el c`bbluli m|y

naym ycna {clly{ nl flì! I|kynfny~

Yn{ n{ ycl wumwluy~ yc`y ` b`ylun`f wm{{l{{l{ ài yc`y `ffmz{ ny ym el iu`za m|y naym

ycna znul{ nl kmwwlu!

Lf`{ynkny~

Yn{ n{ ycl wumwluy~ yc`y ` b`ylun`f wm{{l{{l{ ym uly|ua ym ny{ munjna`f mub `lu

elnaj elay nl u|eelu!

Ym|jcal{{

Yn{ n{ ycl wumwluy~ yc`y ` b`ylun`f wm{{l{{l{ ài yc`y znff wulxlay ny umb elnaj

{yulykcli mu eumdla nl {yllf! Cùial{{

Yn{ n{ ycl wumwluy~ yc`y ` b`ylun`f wm{{l{{l{ ài yc`y znff wulxlay ny umb elnaj

Ilhanynma;!0Kmai|kymu@ kmai|kymu b`~ el ilali `{ à lflblay yc`y znff `ffmz à lflkyunk`f k|uulay ym

mz {nakl yclul znff el ` ull mz m lflkyuma{ ài ycl p|`fny~ m {|kc kmai|kymu{ znff

el ilwlaiày ma ycl a|belu m ull lflkyuma{ yc`y ycl wùynk|fù lflblay wm{{l{{l{!


44/238

A0 Nai|{yun`f Lflkyumank{ ;>

Eunyyflal{{

Yn{ n{ ycl wumwluy~ yc`y ` b`ylun`f wm{{l{{l{ ài yc`y znff k`|{l ny ym eul`d zcla

c`bbluli nl jf`{{!

@ff kmai|kynaj b`ylun`f{ ùl amub`ff~ bly`ffnk ài-mu `ffm~{ m bly`f{ ài ùl kf`{{nli`kkmuinaj ym ycl kmai|kynxny~ m yc`y wùynk|fù b`ylun`f! èfl ;!0 fn{y{ ycl bm{y wmw|fù

kmai|kynaj b ylun`f{ na muilu m kmai|kynxny~ lswul{{li `{ ` wluklay`jl! L`kc m ycl

kmai|kynaj b ylun`f{ blaynmali na yèfl ;!0 znff amz el in{k|{{li ài |{l{ yclulm

jnxla! Yn{ in{k|{{nma znff y`dl naym `kkm|ay ycl wumwluynl{ yc`y kmai|kynaj b`ylun`f{

{cm|fi wm{{l{{!

;!0 Kmknj blnf

@ff kmai|kynaj b`ylun`f{ ùl amub`ff~ bly`ffnk ài-mu `ffm~{ m bly`f{ ài ùl kf`{{nli

`kkmuinaj ym ycl kmai|kynxny~ m yc`y wùynk|fù b`ylun`f! èfl ;!0 fn{y{ ycl bm{y wmw|fù

kmai|kynaj b ylun`f{ na muilu m kmai|kynxny~ lswul{{li `{ ` wluklay`jl! L`kc m ycl

kmai|kynaj b ylun`f{ blaynmali na yèfl ;!0 znff amz el in{k|{{li ài |{l{ yclulm

jnxla! Yn{ in{k|{{nma znff y`dl naym `kkm|ay ycl wumwluynl{ yc`y kmai|kynaj b`ylun`f{

{cm|fi wm{{l{{!

[nfxlu

[nfxlu n{ ycl el{y kmai|kymu ym el m|ai e|y n{ amy kmbbmaf~ |{li {nakl ny n{ `

xlu~ lswla{nxl bly`f! Ny n{ cmzlxlu ` b`fflèfl ài i|kynfl kmai|kymu ài b`~

el |{li `{ kmay`ky wmnay{ mu ulf`~{!

Kmwwlu

Kmwwlu n{ wumeèf~ ycl bm{y |{li ài xlu{`ynfl kmai|kynaj b`ylun`f na |{l

ymi`~! Ny n{ ` cnjcf~ b`fflèfl ài i|kynfl b`ylun`f! [cm|fi ny el iu`za m|y naym

` znul ny znff cùila ài ny{ yla{nfl {yulajyc znff nakul`{l ài n{ ycla ulluuli ym

`{ cùi iu`za kmwwlu! Kmwwlu znff `f{m cùila {cm|fi ny el umffli mu c`bbluli!

@ in{ìxày`jl cmzlxlu n{ yc`y {cm|fi cùi iu`za kmwwlu el cl`yli |w ny znff jly {m

ài ny{ yla{nfl {yulajyc znff ilkul`{l! [nakl ny n{ `f{m ` b`ylun`f yc`y znff {mfilu xlu~

l`{nf~ lsyla{nxl cl`y {cm|fi el `xmnili y `ff km{y! Kmwwlu znul n{ lsyla{nxlf~ |{li `{

kmai|kymu{ mu znunaj w|uwm{l{!

B`ylun`f Kmai|kynxny~ B`ylun`f Kmai|kynxny~

[nfxlu 077 , _nak 5< ,Kmwwlu >7 , Numa 0; ,

Jmfi :7 , Yna 05 ,

@f|bnan|b 87 , Flì : ,

Yèfl ;!0


45/238

KMAI\KYMU[ @AI NA[\F@YMU[97

Jmfi

@fycm|jc ny n{ ` xlu~ jmmi kmai|kymu ài n{ u yli cnjcf~ b`fflèfl ài i|kynfl&

ny c`{ ycl in{ìxày`jl m elnaj xlu~ lswla{nxl ài n{ yclulmul maf~ |{li na

{wlkn`fn{li lp|nwblay fndl naylju`yli knuk|ny bà|`ky|ul! Ny c`{ cmzlxlu ycl

ìxày`jl yc`y ny iml{ amy yùan{c l`{nf~! @f|bnan|b

Yn{ n{ ` xlu~ fnjcy& b`fflèfl ài i|kynfl kmai|kynaj b`ylun`f! Ny n{ nakul`{najf~

|{li zclul zlnjcy n{ l{{layn`f fndl na mxluclì kmai|kymu{! Ny iml{ cmzlxlu

c`xl ` xlu~ fmz yla{nfl {yulajyc ài zcla |{li `{ mxluclì kmai|kymu{ ny znff

el {yulajyclali znyc ` {yllf kmul na muilu ym nakul`{l ycl yla{nfl {yulajyc m ycl

kmai|kymu! [wlkn`f blycmi{ ùl |{li mu {mfilunaj {m `{ ym ilkul`{l ycl msni`ynma

yc`y n{ amub`ff~ `{{mkn`yli i|unaj ycl {mfilunaj wumkl{{!

_nak

_nak n{ ` {m& b`fflèfl ài i|kynfl b`ylun`f yc`y znff amy msnin{l zcla ny kmbl{ naymkmay`ky znyc ms~jla ài n{ bm{yf~ |{li na ùl`{ zclul u|{y kà k`|{l ` wumeflb!

Ny{ bm{y kmbbma |{l cmzlxlu n{ na ymukc e`yylunl{ zclul ny n{ |{li na ycl kclbnk`f

ul`kynma yc`y wumi|kl{ à lb!

Numa

Yn{ b`ylun`f na ny{ w|ul mub n{ ylubli zum|jcy numa ài n{ xlu~ {lfimb |{li

na ycn{ {y`yl! Ny n{ cnjcf~ b`fflèfl {nakl ny kà el {yulykcli ài-mu kmbwul{{li! Ny

|uyclu `f{m wm{{l{{l{ ` {b`ff p|àyny~ m cùial{{ ài lf`{ynkny~ ài n{ bm{yf~ |{li

mu ycl bà|`ky|ul m ycl kmul{ m lflkyumb`jaly{!

@amyclu mub m numa zcnkc n{ |{li n{ damza `{ {yllf ài kma{n{y{ m zum|jcy numa

zcnkc c`{ ` {b`ff wluklay`jl m kùema ìili ym ny! Bnfi {yllf znff kmay`na na ycl uljnma

m 7&5< , ym 7&9 , kùema ài cùi {yllf znff kmay`na 0&8 , kùema! [yllf cmzlxlu n{ amy

`{ b`fflèfl `{ numa e|y n{ cùilu ài bmul lf`{ynk!

Yna

na n{ ` cnjcf~ b`fflèfl ài i|kynfl b`ylun`f! Kmwwlu kmai|kymu{ ùl amub`ff~

ynaali ym wulxlay ` kclbnk`f ul`kynma elyzlla ycl kmai|kymu ài ycl x|fkàn{li

u|eelu na{|f`ynma! na `f{m mub{ wùy{ m ycl `ffm~ damza `{ {m {mfilu!

Flì

Flì n{ ` z`yluwumm b`ylun`f yc`y n{ `nuf~ b`fflèfl e|y c`{ xnuy|`ff~ am i|kynfl

wumwluynl{! Mxlu ài èmxl ycl{l wumwluynl{ ny n{ `f{m ` xlu~ ila{l b`ylun`f ài

ycl{l wumwluynl{ ùl lsklfflay mu ycl |{l m wumylkynaj lflkyunk kèfl{! Ny kà `f{m el

blaynmali yc`y ycl wf`yl{ m ` kù e`yylu~ n{ bà|`ky|uli umb flì! Flì n{ `f{m

|{li na ycl `ffm~ m {m {mfilu!

Yl èmxl b`ylun`f{ in{k|{{li ùl b`ylun`f{ m|ai na yclnu w|ul mub& lsklwynaj mu ycl

{yllf! Ylul ùl myclu b`ylun`f{ yc`y b`~ el kmbenali kclbnk`ff~ {m `{ ym jnxl {wlknk

wumwluynl{ ài ycn{ kmbena`ynma n{ ylubli à `ffm~! Ny b|{y el {yul{{li cmzlxlu yc`y ny


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n{ amy `fz`~{ alkl{{ùnf~ yc`y yzm bly`f{ el |{li na ycl bà|`ky|ul m à `ffm~ e|y yc`y

ama"bly`ffnk {|e{yàkl{ nl j`{{l{ b`~ f{m mub wùy m {|kc kmbena ynma{!

;!5 `ffm~

Eu`{{

Eu`{{ n{ à `ffm~ m kmwwlu ài nak bnsli na inlulay wumwmuynma{ ài n{ `nuf~

b`fflèfl ài i|kynfl! Ny n{ ` `nuf~ jmmi kmai|kymu ài n{ |{li mu ycl bà|`ky|ul

m kmai|kymu{ mu |{l na lflkyunk lp|nwblay!

Eumazl

Eumal n{ ` kmbwm|ai m kmwwlu ài yna! @amyclu y~wl ylubli wcm{wcmu eumal

`f{m kmay`na{ {b`ff `bm|ay m wcm{wcmu ai n{ ` cnjcf~ ul{nfnlay b`ylun`f! Eumal

n{ amub`ff~ |{li mu ycl bà|`ky|ul m blkcànk`f wùy{ fndl elùnaj{ mu lflkyunk`f

lp|nwblay!

[m{mfilu

Inlulay wumwmuynma{ m flì ài yna ùl bnsli ym mey`na {m {mfilu! [nakl emyc

ycl{l b`ylun`f{ c`xl ` xlu~ fmz kmai|kynxny~ ny znff {yài ym ul`{ma yc`y {m {mfilu

n{ amy ` xlu~ jmmi kmai|kymu! Ny c`{ cmzlxlu ` xlu~ fmz blfynaj wmnay ài n{

yclulmul |{li mu {mfilunaj w|uwm{l{!

Ankcumbl

Yn{ n{ ` kmbwm|ai kma{n{ynaj m 37, Ankdlf ài 57, Kcumbl ài c`{ ` xlu~

cnjc blfynaj wmnay ài znff znyc{yài msni ynma lxla `y uli cl`y! Ny |uyclu

wm{{l{{l{ ` xlu~ fmz kmlhknlay m lswà{nma& c`{ ` xlu~ cnjc ul{n{yàkl ài n{ |{li

mu ycl bà|`ky|ul m lflblay{ mu {ymxl{& dlyyfl{ ài cl`ylu{!

Kùema

Kùema n{ alnyclu ` bly`f amu ` kmbwm|ai e|y kà el |{li `{ ` kmai|kymu! Ny c`{

` `nuf~ cnjc ul{n{yàkl ai n{ kmbbmaf~ |{li mu ycl bà|`ky|unaj m ul{n{ymu{!

Yl eu|{cl{ |{li ma lflkyunk bmymu{ ai jlalu`ymu{ ul f{m bà| ky|uli umb

kùema!

;!; Nfnj blnf

Yl kmaxlu{l ym ycl èmxl in{k|{{nma cmzlxlu n{ `f{m yu|l! Ny znff el m|ai yc`y na

lflblay{ kmay`nanaj ycl |ff kmbwfnblay m lflkyuma{ na ycl x`flakl {clff& yc`y ycl{l

lflkyuma{ znff amy l`{nf~ el bmxli {nakl ycl~ ùl ynjcyf~ em|ai ym ycl a|kfl|{ m yc`y

`ymb! Na ycn{ na{yàkl zl ullu ym ycl{l lflblay{ `{ na{|f`ymu{!

Ilhanynma;!5Na{|f`ymu@a na{|f`ymu b`~ el ilali `{ à lflblay yc`y znff amy `ffmz à lflkyunk`f k|uulay ym

mz {nakl yclul ùl am ull lflkyuma{ na ycm{l lflblay{!


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Zl zm|fi yclulmul |uyclu ai yc`y ycl{l lflblay{ c`xl ` cnjc ul{n{yàkl ym ycl mz m

lflkyuma{ ài c`{ ` y~wnk`f x`f|l m 0709 mcb-kb;! Jmmi na{|f`ynaj b ylun`f{ {cm|fi

wm{{l{{ ycl mffmznaj wumwluynl{!

Cnjcinlflkyunk{yulajycYn{ n{ ycl wumwluy~ à na{|f`ynaj b`ylun`f wm{{l{{l{ ài zcnkc znff laèfl ny ym

ul{n{y cnjc xmfy`jl{& znycm|y elnaj wlalyu`yli na à~ z`~!

Cnjcna{|f`ynmaul{n{yàkl

Yn{ n{ fndlf~ ycl bm{y nbwmuyày wumwluy~ m à~ na{|f ynaj b`ylun`f ài n{ yc`y

wumwluy~ yc`y wulxlay{ a~ lflkyunk`f k|uulay ym mz!

Ama"c~jum{kmwnk

Yn{ n{ ycl ènfny~ m à na{|f`ynaj b`ylun`f amy ym è{mue à~ z`ylu mu bmn{y|ul

zc`y{mlxlu!

Cl`yul{n{yàyYn{ n{ ycl ènfny~ m à na{|f`ynaj b ylun`f ym znyc{yài cnjc ylbwlu`y|ul{!

Na{|f`ynaj b`ylun`f{ b|{y amy maf~ znyc{yài cnjc ylbwlu`y|ul{ e|y b|{y `f{m c`xl

` jmmi cl`y kmai|kyàkl!

I|uèfl

@ybm{wclunk kmainynma{ b|{y amy el èfl ym na|lakl ycl p|`fny~ m ycl na{|f`ymu!

Blkcànk`ff~{yumaj

@ybm{wclunk kmainynma{ ài-mu myclu {|e{yàkl{ b|{y amy `lky ycl na{|f`ynaj

b`ylun`f ìxlu{lf~!

Zmudènfny~ ai-mulsnenfny~

Yl na{|f`ynaj b`ylun`f b|{y el m {|kc ` a`y|ul yc`y ny el l`{~ ym zmud znyc ycl

b`ylun`f!

Yl mffmznaj na{|f`ynaj b ylun`f{ ùl ycl bm{y kmbbmaf~ |{li na ycl lflkyunk`f" ài

lflkyumank nai|{yu~!

U|eelu

U|eelu& `{ à na{|f`ynaj b`ylun`f n{ inxnili naym yzm b`na k`yljmunl{ l`kc znyc ny{

mza kcù`kylun{ynk{ ài in{ìxày`jl{!

W|ulu|eelu

W|ul u|eelu n{ ìxlu{lf~ `lkyli e~ mnf& klblay& cl`y ài `ybm{wclunk kmainynma{

yc`y znff k`|{l ny{ p|`fny~ ym ilylunmu`yl ài ym kmuumil!

X|fkàn{liu|eelu#XNU.

Yn{ y~wl m u|eelu n{ `f{m damza `{ X|fkàn{li Na{|f`yli U|eelu ài kma{n{y{ m

w|ul u|eelu kmbenali znyc < ym 8 , m [|fwc|u! Yl ìinynma m [|fwc|u b`dl{

ycl u|eelu {yumajlu ài bmul i|uèfl! Yn{ y~wl m u|eelu cmzlxlu c`{ à

ìxlu{l llky ma kmwwlu ài ycl kmwwlu kmai|kymu{ ùl yclulmul ynaali ym

km|aylu ycn{ ìxlu{l llky! Zc`ylxlu y~wl m u|eelu n{ |{li ny znff c`xl ycl

mffmznaj wumwluynl{ zcnkc kmayune|yl ym ny{ znil |{`jl!


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Hflsnenfny~ ài lf`{ynkny~!

Z`yluynjcyal{{!

Xlu~ jmmi na{|f ynma ul{n{yàkl ài cnjc inlflkyunk {yulajyc!

I|uènfny~ |ailu amub`f kmainynma{!

L`{nf~ ulbmxèfl umb kèfl{! Wmf~"Xna`f"Kcfmunil#WXK.

Yn{ n{ ` {~ayclynk wf`{ynk b`ylun`f zcnkc n{ ` eny cùilu ycà u|eelu e|y {ynff

cnjcf~ lsnefl! Ny n{ b|kc {bmmyclu ycà u|eelu ài cnjcf~ ul{n{yày ym mnf ài

`ybm{wclunk kmainynma{! Ny{ b`na ìxày`jl n{ yc`y ny n{ cnjcf~ z`yluynjcy!

W`wlu

W`wlu n{ ` xlu~ jmmi na{|f`ynaj b`ylun`f e|y c`{ ycl in{ìxày`jl yc`y ny n{

c~jum{kmwnk ài znff yclulmul c`xl ym el yul`yli znyc mnf& z`s mu xùan{c ym

nbwumxl ny{ na{|f`ynma ul{n{yàkl! Yn{ znff c`xl ym el imal zclul ycl w`wlu znff

mu na{yàkl kmbl naym kmay`ky znyc z`ylu {nakl z`ylu b`~ el kf`{{nli `{ `kmai|kymu! ul`yli w`wlu n{ mla |{li `{ na{|f`ynma ma |ailujum|ai kèfl{!

Kmyyma

Kmyyma n{ |{li ùm|ai ycl kmwwlu kmai|kymu{ m ycl znainaj{ m yuà{mublu kmnf{

e|y n{ `f{m c~jum{kmwnk! Ny kà el yul`yli na ycl {`bl bàalu `{ w`wlu e~ nakul`{naj

ny{ na{|f`ynma ul{n{yàkl e~ kmxlunaj ny znyc xùan{c!

Eny|bla

Yn{ n{ ` {mfni ef`kd {|e{yàkl `y fmz ylbwlu`y|ul{ ài znff blfy `y >7K! Ny n{ `

z`yluynjcy b`ylun`f ài c`{ ` cnjc na{|f`ynma ul{n{yàkl! [nakl ny c`{ ` `nuf~ fmz

blfynaj wmnay ny n{ mla |{li na kèfl omnay{ zclul ycl bmfyla fnp|ni n{ wm|uli naym

ycl ems kmay`nanaj ycl omnay zclul ny ycla kmmf{ imza ài {mfninl{ ùm|ai ycl

omnay!

La`blf

Yn{ n{ ` w`nay yc`y kà el e`dli |aynf cùi ài iu~! Ny n{ mla |{li ma ycna

kmai|kymu{ |{li mu bmymu znainaj{ ài na{yu|blay{! Yl kmai|kymu znff ulb`na

lsnefl lxla `lu ycl `wwfnk`ynma m ycl w`nay!

[clff`k

[clff`k n{ ` eumza `d~ b`ylun`f wumi|kli umb ycl ljj{ m à na{lky! [cm|fi ny

el in{{mfxli na blyc~f`yli {wnuny{ ny znff mub ` y~wl m xùan{c yc`y c`{ xlu~ jmmi

na{|f`ynaj wumwluynl{! [clff`k n{ cnjcf~ ama"c~jum{kmwnk e|y c`{ ycl in{ìxày`jl

yc`y ny kàamy znyc{yài cnjc ylbwlu`y|ul{ ài n{ amy xlu~ lsnefl!

@{el{ym{

Yn{ n{ ` eulum|{ bnalu`f bnali umb ycl lùyc zclul ny `wwlù{ elyzlla f`~lu{

na ycl umkd mub ynma! Ny kà ul{n{y xlu~ cnjc ylbwlu`y|ul{ ài n{ |{li `{ à

na{|f`ynaj b ylun`f zclul cl`y n{ wul{lay! Ny n{ ` xlu~ fnjcy b`ylun`f ul{n{yày ym `kni{

e|y n{ |amuy|a`ylf~ c~jum{kmwnk! Ny kà cmzlxlu el xùan{cli ài e`dli na à mxla

ym b`dl ny fl{{ c~jum{kmwnk!


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Bnk`

Bnk` n{ `f{m ` bnalu`f yc`y n{ bnali umb ycl lùyc! Ny kà znyc{yài xlu~ cnjc

ylbwlu`y|ul{ ài ` xlu~ jmmi kmai|kymu m cl`y e|y n{ amy lsnefl! Bnk` n{ |{li

`{ a na{|f`ynaj b`ylun`f elyzlla kmai|kymu{ ma cm|{lcmfi wwfnàkl{ {|kc {

lflkyunk mxla{! Bnkànyl

Yn{ b`ylun`f n{ bà| ky|uli umb bnk` `dl{ ai na{|f`ynaj xùan{c ai n{

mey`naèfl na ycl mub m ` {clly! Ny c`{ `ff ycl p|`fnynl{ m bnk` e|y n{ bmul lsnefl!

E`dlfnyl

Yn{ n{ ` {~ayclynk na{|f`ynaj b ylun`f mey`nali umb ` kclbnk`f ul`kynma m kùemfnk

`kni ma wclamf"mub`filc~il ài c`{ ` eumzan{c kmfm|u! Ny kà el mey`nali na k`{y

mub& wf`yl mu {clly mub& y|el{ ài umi{! Ny c`{ ycl ìxày`jl yc`y ny kà el zmudli

nl iunffli& y`wwli ài fli!

LemanylmuX|fkànylLemanyl mu x|fkànyl n{ ` kmbwm|ai m u|eelu kmay`nanaj ` cnjc wluklay`jl m

[|fwc|u! Ny n{ xlu~ cùi ài kmbwùl{ `xm|uèf~ znyc E`dlfnyl `{ ù `{ p|`fnynl{ ài

|{l{ ùl kmakluali!

Wmuklf`na

Wmuklf`na c`{ jmy fnbnyli |{l{ {nakl ny n{ ` xlu~ eunyyfl b`ylun`f `fbm{y jf`{{ fndl! Ny

n{ ` xlu~ jmmi na{|f`ymu cmzlxlu zcla |{li zclul blkcànk`f {cmkd n{ amy wul{lay!

Yl {|u`kl n{ amub`ff~ jf`li {m `{ ym dllw ny kflà! Ny n{ bm{yf~ |{li `{ na{|f`ymu{

ma mxluclì kmai|kymu{!

Fl`yclumni

Yn{ n{ ` w`wlu fndl na{|f`ynaj b`ylun`f ài n{ mhla |{li `{ na{|f`ynma zcla bmymu

znainaj ùl na{y`ffli ma ` b`kcnal! Ny n{ amub`ff~ bà|`ky|uli na ycl mub m `

{clly na xù~naj ycnkdal{{l{!

Hneul

W`wlu mu kfmyc ùl yul`yli znyc ` {mf|ynma m nak kcfmunil ài ycla wul{{li naym

f`~lu{! Ny kà el bà|`ky|uli na ycl mub m ` {clly mu umi{ na xù~naj ycnkdal{{l{!

;!9 Kf`{{nhnk`ynma mh na{|f`ynaj b`ylun`f{@ff na{|f`ynaj b`ylun`f{ |{li na lflkyunk`f lajnallunaj ài nai|{yunl{ ymi`~ ùl kf`{{nli

`kkmuinaj ym ycl ylbwlu`y|ul ycl~ kà znyc{yài! Elfmz n{ ` {|bbù~ m kf`{{nk`ynma{&

ycl b`snb|b ylbwlu`y|ul {wlknk`ynma `{ zlff `{ ycl na{|f`ynaj b ylun`f mu yc`y

kf`{{nk`ynma!

Y~wl^

B`snb|b ylbwlu`y|ul >7 K

Na{|f`ynaj b`ylun`f{ Kmyyma& {nfd ài w`wlu amy nbwulja`yli znyc mnf muxùan{c!


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; Kf`{{n~ ycl mffmznaj kmai|kynaj b`ylun`f{ `kkmuinaj ym ny{ kmai|kynxny~

Zcnkc b`ylun`f zm|fi ~m| kf`{{n~ `{ ycl el{y kmai|kymu ai zcnkc

b`ylun`f zm|fi ~m| kf`{{n~ `{ ycl zmu{y kmai|kymu ^m| ùl ulp|nuli yc`yna l`kc na{yàkl ~m| alli ym bmynx`yl ~m|u à{zlu!

;0 Yna4 ;5 Jmfi4

;; @f|bnan|b4 ;9 Kmwwlu4

;< [nfxlu4 ;8 Numa4

;: _nak4 ài ;3 Flì

9 A`bl y fl`{y mal |{l mu ycl kmai|kynaj b`ylun`f{ na ; èmxl

U|eelu n{ mhla |{li `{ a na{|f`ynaj b`ylun`f Zl im cmzlxlu c`xl yzm

jum|w{ m u|eelu

>0 In{k|{{ ycl yzm b`na k`yljmunl{ naym zcnkc u|eelu n{ inxnili4 ài

>5 Zc`y ùl ycl b`na wumwluynl{ m u|eelu zcla |{li `{ à na{|f`ynaj

b`ylun`f=


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A0 Nai|{yun`f Lflkyumank{ 9:9:

Flùanaj M|ykmbl{


Ilal ài lswf`na ycl a`y|ul m ul{n{yàkl4

Ilal ` ul{n{ymu4

Ilal ycl Mcb `{ ` |any m ul{n{yàkl4

Ilal ymfluàkl4

Lswf`na ycl wunaknwfl m ul{n{yàkl ilylubna`ynma |{naj?

Bl`{|ulblay4 ài

Kmfm|u kminaj

Iu`z ycl knuk|ny in`ju`b {~bemf{ m ycl inlulay y~wl{ m ul{n{ymu{4

In{k|{{ ycl mffmznaj y~wl{ m ul{n{ymu{4

Hnsli y~wl ul{n{ymu{4

Kùema ul{n{ymu{4

Hnfb"y~wl ul{n{ymu{4 ai

Znul"zm|ai ul{n{ymu{

In{k|{{ io|{yèfl mu xùnèfl y~wl ul{n{ymu{?

@io|{yèfl znul"zm|ai ul{n{ymu{4

Wmylaynmblylu{4 ài

Wul"{ly wmylaynmblylu{

In{k|{{ ycl `kymu{ yc`y znff na|lakl ul{n{yàkl ài el èfl ym k`fk|f`yl `ff ycl

xùnèfl{ na ylub{ m?

Ul{n{yàkl4

Flajyc4

Kum{{"{lkynma`f ùl`4 ài

lbwlu`y|ul

Ilal ylbwlu`y|ul kmlknlay m ul{n{yàkl4

Lswf`na ycl mffmznaj inlulay uuàjlblay m ul{n{ymu{?

[lunl{ ùuàjlblay ài k`fk|f`ynma{4

Wù`fflf ùuàjlblay ài k`fk|f`ynma{4 ài

[lunl{"wù`fflf ùuàjlblay ài k`fk|f`ynma{

9KC@WYLU

Ul{n{ymu{

UL[N[YMU[


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UL[N[YMU[93

9!0 Nayumi|kynma

Yl `ymbnk {yu|ky|ul m ` wùynk|fù lflblay znff ilylubnal ycl kmai|kynaj mu ama"

kmai|kynaj wumwluynl{ m yc`y wùynk|fù lflblay [nakl zl znff el il`fnaj bm{yf~ znyc

ycl kmai|kynaj wumwluynl{ m lflblay{ na ycn{ lfi m {y|i~ zl alli ym fmmd `y `kymu{

zcnkc znff ilylubnal ycl kmai|kynxny~ m kluy`na lflblay{ mu b`ylun`f{

Yn{ ul{n{yàkl znff el inlulay mu inlulay b`ylun`f{ Yl |any na zcnkc ul{n{yàkl n{

bl`{|uli n{ ylubli ycl Mcb ài n{ ilunxli umb ycl u{y wlu{ma yc`y naxl{ynj`yli yclulf`ynma{cnw m lflkyunk`f yclmu~& [nbma Mcb Yl Mcb kà el ilali na ycl mffmznaj

bàalu

@ {lkmai ilanynma n{ lp|`ff~ `wwfnkèfl

Ilhanynma 9!0 Kmai|kynaj B`ylun`f{@ff kmai|kynaj b`ylun`f{ znff c`xl à mwwm{nynma ym ycl mz m à lflkyunk`f k|uulay

ài yc`y ycn{ wclamblama n{ ylubli ul{n{yàkl m yc`y {wlknk b`ylun`f

Ilhanynma 9!5 Ul{n{ymu@ ul{n{ymu n{ à lflkyumank kmbwmalay& zcnkc mlu{ mwwm{nynma ym ycl mz m à

lflkyunk k|uulay

Ilhanynma 9!; Mcb@a Mcb n{ yc`y ul{n{yàkl mluli yc`y znff `ffmz ` k|uulay m mal `bwlul ym mz

{cm|fi ` wmylayn`f m mal xmfy el `wwfnli

Ilhanynma 9!9 Mcb@a Mcb n{ yc`y ul{n{yàkl mluli yc`y znff `ffmz ` k|uulay m mal `bwlul ym mz

{cm|fi ` wmylayn`f m mal xmfy el `wwfnli


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9!5 Ilylubnanaj ul{n{yàkl

9!5!0 Kmfm|u kminaj

Kmfm|u kminaj n{ ` xlu~ kmaxlanlay z`~ ym ilylubnal ycl ul{n{yàkl m ` b`ylun`f& zcnkc

n{ {c`wli na ycl mub m ` ul{n{ymu Yl kmfm|u kminaj |{li n{ à Naylua`ynma`f [yàiùi

#NLK"Naylua`ynma`f Lflkyum"Blkcànk`f Kmbbn{{nma. ai n{ |{li naylua`ynma`ff~

[lflkyli kmfm|u{ ùl `{{njali znyc ` {wlknk a|blunk`f x`f|l ài e~ blulf~ fmmdnaj `y

ycl kmfm|u kmil4 ycl x`f|l m yc`y wùynk|fù ul{n{ymu kà el ilylubnali èfl 50 jnxl{

ycl inlulay kmfm|u{ `{ zlff `{ ny{ `{{njali a|blunk`f x`f|l Elmul zl `ky|`ff~ fmmd `y

ycl ilylubna`ynma m ul{n{yàkl |{naj ycl kmfm|u kminaj zl alli ym fmmd `y ycl z`~ na

zcnkc ycn{ kmfm|u kminaj n{ in{wf`~li mu ulwul{layli ma ` ul{n{ymu ài ycn{ kmaklwy n{

nff|{yu`yli na j|ul 90 m| znff amynkl m|u eài{ ma ycl ul{n{ymu naink`ynaj ycl kmfm|u

kminaj Yl eài{ ùl {m naink`yli ma ycl ul{n{ymu yc`y ycl~ znff `fz`~{ {yùy kfm{lu ym

mal lai m ycl ul{n{ymu ài ycn{ n{ xlu~ {njankày na ilylubnanaj ycl ul{n{yàkl m yc`y

wùynk|fù ul{n{ymu Yl{l kmfm|u eài{ ùl nayluwulyli na ycl mffmznaj bàalu {yùynaj

znyc ycl eài zcnkc n{ kfm{l{y ym mal lai m ycl ul{n{ymu?

Eài 0 Hnu{y {njankày x`f|l

Eài 5 [lkmai {njankày x`f|l

Eài ; B|fynwfnlu ài znff naink`yl ycl a|belu m lum{ zl znff ìi `kkmuinaj ym

ycl a|belu naink`yli

Eài 9 mfluàkl znff naink`yl ycl ymfluàkl m ycl ul{n{ymu

Eài ;

Eài 9

Eài 5Eài 0

Kmaalkynaj flì{

Hnj|ul 9!0

Ny {cm|fi el amyli cmzlxlu yc`y ycn{ kmfm|u kminaj m ul{n{ymu{ ùl maf~ |{li mu sli

x`f|l ul{n{ymu{ e|y ycn{ {wlky znff el in{k|{{li |uyclu zcla il`fnaj znyc ycl inlulay

y~wl{ m ul{n{ymu{ m|ai ài |{li Mal `fz`~{ c`{ ym ai ` z`~ m ulblbelunaj kluy`na

namub`ynma ~m| znff `fz`~{ el |{naj ài ycl alsy uc~bl znff `{{n{y ~m| na ulblbelunaj

ycl kmfm|u kminaj {nakl ~m| znff el |{naj ny mu ycl ul{y m ~m|u fnl

Elyylu El Unjcy Mu ^m|u Jul`y Enj Xlay|ul Jml{ Zl{y


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UL[N[YMU[ ym

l`kc m ycl{l zmui{ na ycl uc~bl b`dnaj ny xlu~ l`{~ mu |y|ul |{l ài na ycn{ bàalu

~m| maf~ alli ym ulblbelu ycl uc~bl

Kmfm|u Eài 0 Eài 5 Eài ; Eài 9 Kmfm|u Eài 0 Eài 5 Eài ; Eài 9

Ef`kd 7 7 7 7, Xnmfly : : : :,

Eumza 0 0 0 0, Jul~ 3 3 3 3,

Uli 5 5 5 5, Zcnyl > > > >,

Muàjl ; ; ; ;, Jmfi


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UL[N[YMU[


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A0 Nai|{yun`f Lflkyumank{ 9: B"mcb ym ycl Naylua`ynma`f kmfm|u kminaj?

Uli Mu`ajl Uli Ef`kd4 `ai


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UL[N[YMU[


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UL[N[YMU[


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UL[N[YMU[


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U

Flajyc

Hnj|ul 9!9

9!9!; Ycl kum{{"{lkynma`f ùl` mh ycl kmai|kymu

Yl ul{n{yàkl m yzm nilaynk`f c`xnaj inlulay kum{{"{lkynma`f ùl`{ znff c`xl inlulay

ul{n{yàkl{ blulf~ elk`|{l ycl~ c`xl inlulay kum{{"{lkynma`f ùl`{ Ny znff el m|aiyc`y ycl {b`fflu ycn{ kum{{"{lkynma`f ùl` n{ ycl cnjclu ny{ ul{n{yàkl zm|fi el ài ycl

fùjlu ycn{ kum{{"{lkynma`f ùl`& ycl fmzlu ny{ ul{n{yàkl zm|fi el Zl km|fi `f{m |uyclu

ilal ycn{ ul{n{yàkl e~ {`~naj yc`y ycl ul{n{yàkl n{ nainulkyf~ wumwmuynma`f ym ycl kum{{"

{lkynma`f ùl` m ycl kmai|kymu Yn{ kmaklwy n{ nff|{yu`yli na j|ul 9


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UL[N[YMU[87

` 2 u5 zclul 2 ;&095

u 2 uìn|{ m kmai|kymu na blyul{

zcla ny n{ ` um|ai kmai|kymu

` 2 e zclul 2 flajyc m kmai|kymu na blylue 2 zniyc m kmai|kymu na blylu

zcla ny n{ ` ulkyàj|fù kmai|kymu

` 2 e c zclul e 2 e`{l m yunàjfl na blylu

c 2 clnjcy m yunàjfl na blylu

zcla ny n{ ` yunàj|fù kmai|kymu

Ls`bwfl 9!9

@ kmwwlu kmai|kymu c`xnaj ` flajyc m 377 bb c`{ ` ul{n{ynxny~ m 7&703

"mcb-blylu! Ilylubnal ycl ul{n{yàkl m ycl kmai|kymu {cm|fi ny c`xl ?

#`. In`blylu m 8 bb4

#e. In`blylu m 07 bb4

#k. Uìn|{ m ; bb4 ài

#i. Uìn|{ m ; bb!

[mf|ynma?

#`. U 2

zclul ` 2 i5

`

9

7&703 07"8 377 07";

;&095 #8 07";.5

25& 3; 07"7 07;

2 57 07;2 57 d"mcb


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UL[N[YMU[:7

Yl alyzmud nff|{yu`yli na j|ul 9> {cmz{ ycull ul{n{ymu{ kmaalkyli na wù`fflf

E@

U0

U5

US

Hnj|ul 9!>

Na ycn{ y~wl m wù`fflf ùuàjlblay zl ai yc`y ycl ymy`f ul{n{yàkl `kum{{ wmnay{ @E n{

ycl {|b m ycl naxlu{l m ycl ul{wlkynxl ul{n{ymu x`f|l{ ài n{ b`yclb ynk`ff~ jnxla e~?

0

20 $ 0 $ 0

U U0 U5 US

zclul U

2 ymy`f ul{n{yàkl m alyzmud na mcb

U0& U

5ài U

S2 x`f|l m nainxni|`f ul{n{ymu{ na alyzmud na mcb

Ls`bwfl 9!0;

Yl mffmznaj ul{n{ynxl alyzmud n{ jnxla!

E@

U0

U5

U;

U0 2 5 mcb4 U5 2 9 mcb4 U; 2 3 mcb

K`fk|f`yl ycl x`f|l m ycl ul{n{yàkl yc`y znff `wwlù `kum{{ wmnay{ @E!


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A0 Nai|{yun`f Lflkyumank{ :0

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77/238

UL[N[YMU[:5

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ul{n{ymu! Iu`z ` al`y fèlffli alyzmud in`ju`b ài ycla wumxl yc`y ycl ymy`ful{n{yàkl zcnkc znff el bl`{|uli `kum{{ ycn{ kmbena`ynma n{ lp|`f ym 09 mcb!

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mwlu`ynaj xmfy`jl


100/238

A0 Nai|{yun`f Lflkyumank{ >^m| ùl jnxla ycl mffmznaj x`f|l{ m k`w`knymu{! Jnxl na l`kc na{yàkl ycl

kmfm|u kminaj yc`y znff el m|ai ma l`kc k`w`knymu ài naink`yl na l`kc

na{yàkl zclul ycl kmfm|u{ ul wf`kli ma ycl inlulay y~wl{ m k`w`knymu{!#`. 07 H `y 9, ymfluàkl ai 0! l{ynaj m k`w`knymu{ n{ à naylju`f wùy m `|fy ainaj na ycl lflkyumank

nai|{yu~! Lswf`na |{naj `wwfnkèfl in`ju`b{ cmz ~m| zm|fi yl{y `?

0!0 Fl`d~ k`w`knymu4

0!5 Jmmi k`w`knymu4 ài

0!; [cmuy"knuk|nyli k`w`knymu!

Lswf`na ycl ulìnaj yc`y ~m| znff mey`na na ily`nf!

5! m| ùl jnxla ycl mffmznaj h`y"fb k`w`knymu{ c`xnaj ycl naink`yli kmfm|u

kminaj! Ilylubnal na l`kc na{yàkl ycl x`f|l m ycl k`w`knymu& ny{ ymfluàkl

ài ny{ mwlu`ynaj xmfy`jl u`ynaj?

5!0 Xnmfly Julla Zcnyl [nfxlu Jul~

5!5 Jul~ Ef`kd Zcnyl Eumza Jmfi

5!; Ef|l Eumza Julla Uli Muàjl

5!9 Julla Eumza Uli Zcnyl Ef|l


101/238

K@W@KNYMU[>8

;! m| ùl jnxla ycl mffmznaj x`f|l{ m k`w`knymu{! Jnxl na l`kc na{yàkl ycl

kmfm|u kminaj yc`y znff el m|ai ma l`kc k`w`knymu ài naink`yl na l`kc

na{yàkl zclul ycl kmfm|u{ ùl wf`kli ma ycl inlulay y~wl{ m k`w`knymu{!

;!0 077 H `y 9, ymfluàkl 377 xmfy mwlu`ynaj xmfy`jl? bnk`4;!5 ;& : H `y 0, ymfluàkl 577 xmfy mwlu`ynaj xmfy`jl? bnk`4

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102/238

A0 Nai|{yun`f Lflkyumank{ >:

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K`fk|f`yl ycl ymy`f k`w`knyàkl m?

#`. zm k`w`knymu{ na {lunl{ c`xnaj x`f|l{ m ; H ài 8 H ul{wlkynxlf~4 ài

#e. Yull k`w`knymu{ na {lunl{ c`xnaj x`f|l{ m 8 H& > H ài ; H

ul{wlkynxlf~!

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Kma{nilu ycl {lunl{ alyzmud nff|{yu`yli na j|ul


103/238

K@W@KNYMU[>3

Ls`bwfl

Yl mffmznaj alyzmud znyc x`f|l{ ai p|àynynl{ naink`yli n{ jnxla!

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Ny z`{ {y`yli lùfnlu yc`y ` k`w`knymu znff {ymul ` kcùjl ài yc`y ny n{ ilwlaiày ma ycl

x`f|l{ m ycl k`w`knymu ài `wwfnli xmfy`jl ul{wlkynxlf~ Na ` {lunl{ alyzmud zl znff ai

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104/238

A0 Nai|{yun`f Lflkyumank{ >>

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105/238

K@W@KNYMU[077

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107/238

K@W@KNYMU[075

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zm k`w`knymu{ c`xnaj x`f|l{ m 8 H ài ; H ul{wlkynxlf~ ùl kmaalkyli na

wù`fflf ài ycn{ kmbena`ynma n{ kmaalkyli na {lunl{ znyc ` k`w`knymu c`xnaj `

x`f|l m 3 H! Iu`z ycl alyzmud ai ycla ilylubnal ycl?

#`. my`f k`w`knyàkl m ycl alyzmud4

#e. Kcùjl ma ycl alyzmud4 ai

#k. Laluj~ {wlay e~ ycl alyzmud!


108/238


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umb mal àmyclu ny znff c`xl am ik"ul{n{yàkl |afl{{ ycl yzm kmai|kymu{ ym|kc mal

àmyclu na zcnkc k`{l ycl k`w`knymu znff c`xl ` {cmuy knuk|ny ài n{ ulailuli |{lfl{{

Ylul n{ cmzlxlu àmyclu `kymu yc`y alli ym el y`dla naym `kkm|ay a`blf~ k`w`knynxl

ul`kyàkl zcnkc n{ ycl ul{n{yàkl mal znff bl`{|ul zcla ` k`w`knymu n{ kmaalkyli ym à

`fylua`ynaj p|àyny~ {|wwf~


109/238

K@W@KNYMU[079

Yn{ k`w`knynxl ul`kyàkl n{ `f{m bl`{|uli na Mcb ài ycl k`fk|f`ynma yclulm n{

b`yclb ynk`ff~ jnxla e~?

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Yl k`w`knynxl ul`kyàkl n{ naxlu{lf~ wumwmuynma`f ym ycl ulp|lak~ m ycl `fylua`ynaj

p|àyny~ {|wwf~ ul{|fynaj na ycl ul`kyàkl ilkul`{naj zcla ycl ulp|lak~ nakul`{l{

Yn{ kmaklwy kà el el{y nff|{yu`yli e~ ycl mffmznaj ju`wcnk`f ulwul{lay`ynma na j|ul

@ k`w`knymu c`xnaj ` x`f|l m 8 H n{ kmaalkyli `kum{{ à `fylua`ynaj p|àyny~

{|wwf~ ài ycl ulp|lak~ m ycl {|wwf~ n{ ìo|{yli ym ycl mffmznaj x`f|l{!

#`. 077 C4 ài#e. Ilhanynma

`fylua`ynaj p|àyny~


110/238


kmaalkyli na {lunl{ ài ycla na wù`fflf! Ilylubnal mu l`kc alyzmud ycl?

0!0 B`jany|il m ycl xmfy`jl kum{{ l`kc k`w`knymu4

0!5 Laluj~ {ymuli e~ l`kc k`w`knymu4

0!; my`f k`w`knyàkl mluli e~ l`kc alyzmud4

0!9 my`f kcùjl ma l`kc k`w`knymu4 ài

0!< my`f kcùjl ma l`kc alyzmud!

5! @ k`w`knymu c`xnaj ` x`f|l m 05 H n{ kmaalkyli `kum{{ à `fylua`ynaj

p|àyny~ {|wwf~ ài ycl ulp|lak~ m ycl {|wwf~ n{ ìo|{yli ym yclmffmznaj x`f|l{!

5!0 377 C4 ài

5!5 05< C!

K`fk|f`yl na l`kc na{yàkl ycl k`w`knynxl ul`kyàkl ài ycla jnxl `

kfùnk`ynma m ycl a{zlu{ yc`y ~m| mey`nali!


111/238

K@W@KNYMU[078


112/238

A0 Nai|{yun`f Lflkyumank{ 07:07:

Flùanaj M|ykmbl{


Ilal à nai|kymu4 A`bl ycl `kymu{ yc`y znff na|lakl ycl nai|kyàkl m à nai|kymu4

\{l ycl{l `kymu{ ym ilylubnal ycl nai|kyàkl m à nai|kymu4

In{k|{{ wlublènfny~ ài inlulayn`yl elyzlla?

In`"b`jalynk b`ylun`f4

Wù`"b`jalynk b`ylun`f4 ài

Hluum"b`jalynk b`ylun`f!

In{k|{{ ài im ulflxày k`fk|f`ynma{ ma ulf`ynxl wlublènfny~4

\{l NLK {~bemf{ il{kunenaj nai|kymu{4

@uuàjl nai|kymu{ na {lunl{& wù`fflf& {lunl{"wù`fflf ài k`fk|f`yl x`f|l{ yclulm4 Il{kunel ycl inlulay yl{y{ ma nai|kymu{?

@ jmmi nai|kymu4 ài

@ `|fy~ nai|kymu!

Ilal ài lswf`na ycl ul`kyàkl m à nai|kymu ài im k`fk|f`ynma{!

@a nai|kymu n{ xlu~ mhla ulluuli ym `{ ` kmnf ài ycn{ kmnf c`{ ` wumwluy~ ulluuli ym

`{ nai|kyàkl ài n{ yc`y wumwluy~ m à nai|kymu zcnkc znff mwwm{l ` kcàjl na ycl

k|uulay na ycl nai|kymu! Ny n{ `fulì~ damza yc`y ` k|uulay zcnkc n{ w`{{li ycum|jc `

kmai|kymu znff wumi|kl ` b`jalynk lfi ùm|ai ycl kmai|kymu ài ny n{ ycn{ b`jalynklfi zcnkc mwwm{l{ ycn{ kcàjl na k|uulay! Yl |any m bl`{|ulblay m à nai|kymu n{

ycl Clau~ a`bli `hlu ycl in{kmxlulu Om{lwc Clau~!

KC @WYL U

Nai|kymu{

NAI\KYMU[

8

Ilhanynma 8!0[cm|fi à nai|kymu wumi|kl mal xmfy m lb mu ` k|uulay m mal `bwlul wlu

{lkmai ycla ycl nai|kymu znff c`xl ` x`f|l m mal Clau~!


113/238

NAI\KYMU[073

Hnj|ul 8!0 nff|{yu`yl{ ycl knuk|ny {~bemf{ m ycl nai|kymu{ yc`y zl znff in{k|{{ na ycn{

{lkynma!

Yl y~wl m kmul |{li znyc nai|kymu{ wf`~{ à nbwmuyày umfl na ny{ `wwfnk`ynma ài n{b`naf~ |{li na ycl lfi m uìnm ài ylflxn{nma knuk|nyu~!

@nu"kmul mu ulp|laknl{ emxl 077 BC4

Numa"kmul{ mu ulp|laknl{ elfmz 077 dC4 ài

Hluunyl"kmul{ mu ulp|laknl{ elfmz 07BC!

8!0 H`kymu{ nahf|laknaj nai|kyàkl

@a nai|kymu n{ {m bà|`ky|uli yc`y ny znff wumi|kl ` {wlknk `bm|ay m nai|kyàklài n{ ilwlaiày |wma ycl mffmznaj `kymu{?

Yl a|belu m y|ua{ na ycl nai|kymu4

Yl kum{{"{lkynma`f ùl` m ycl kmul4

Yl wlublènfny~& ènfny~ ym kmai|ky b`jalynk |s& m ycl kmul b`ylun`f4 ài

Yl flajyc m ycl nai|kymu!

Na muilu ym ilunxl `y à lswul{{nma zcnkc znff {`yn{~ ycl èmxlblaynmali `kymu{ zl kà

kmbblakl m znyc ycl mffmznaj b`yclb ynk`f lswul{{nma!

F 2 A zclul F 2 nai|kyàkl na Clau~

N A 2 a|belu m y|ua{

2 b`jalynk |s na Zlelu

N 2 k|uulay na `bwlul{

Hnsli Xùnèfl Wul"{ly

@nu"kmul Numa"kmul Hluunyl"kmul

Hnj|ul 8!0


114/238


Ls`bwfl 8!0

K`fk|f`yl ycl x`f|l m ycl nai|kyàkl mu à nai|kymu yc`y c`{ 0 777 y|ua{

zcnkc kul`yl{ ` b`jalynk |s m 7&75 Zlelu mu ycl mffmznaj k|uulay{?

#`. 9 `bwlul4 ài#e. 07 `bwlul

[mf|ynma?

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@a nai|kymu c`{ ` x`f|l m 0& 3 bC ài kma{n{y{ m


115/238

NAI\KYMU[007

8!5 Wlublènfny~

\w ym amz zl c`xl amy ~ly y`dla `ff ycl `kymu{ yc`y llky nai|kyàkl naym `kkm|ay! @a~

nai|kymu kà el znyc mu znycm|y ` kmul! @ kmul n{ ` wnlkl m b`ylun`f ùm|ai zcnkc ycl

nai|kymu n{ zm|ai! [cm|fi am kmul el |{li ycla zl ullu ym ycl kmul `{ à `nu kmul! E|y

zc`y llky iml{ ycn{ kmul c`xl ma ycl nai|kyàkl= Yl llky ` kmul c`{ ma nai|kyàkl n{

ulluuli ym `{ wlublènfny~ ài naink`yl{ ycl llky m ` kmul ma ycl ènfny~ m ` b`ylun`f

ym kmai|ky b`jalynk |s! \{naj ` kmul `ky|`ff~ nakul`{l{ ycl {yulajyc m ycl b`jalynk

|s ài {nakl ycl b`jalynk |s n{ wumwmuynma`f ym nai|kyàkl& zl ai yc`y nai|kyàkl

znff nakul`{l! Yl wlublènfny~ m à~ b ylun`f n{ `ky|`ff~ ilunxli umb ycl `ky yc`y ycl

lflkyuma{ muenynaj à `ymb `ni{ ycl b`jalynk |s {ly |w e~ ycl k|uulay mznaj na ycl

nai|kymu! Wlublènfny~ znff `fz`~{ el kmbwùli ym ycl `kymu mey`nali mu ` x`k||b

zcnkc n{ 0&58 07"8 ài {nakl bm{y b`ylun`f{ c`xl ` aljfnjnefl llky ma b`jalynk |s

ycl~ ùl ulluuli ym `{ ama"b`jalynk b`ylun`f! Zl im cmzlxlu ai b`ylun`f{ znyc

inlulay wumwluynl{ ài ycl~ ùl fn{yli elfmz ài ny {cm|fi el dlwy na bnai yc`y yclnu

wumwluy~ znff `fz`~{ el ulluuli ym ycl wlublènfny~ m ` x`k||b!

In`"b`jalynk b`ylun`f

Yn{ n{ ` b`ylun`f zcnkc c`{ wlublènfny~ {fnjcyf~ fl{{ ycà yc`y m ` x`k||b ài {fnjcyf~

mwwm{l{ ycl w`{{`jl m b`jalynk |s! Ylulmul à nai|kymu kma{yu|kyli znyc ` in`"

b`jalynk kmul c`{ fl{{ nai|kyàkl ycà à nai|kymu znyc ` ama"b`jalynk kmul!

Wù`"b`jalynk b`ylun`fYn{ n{ ` b`ylun`f yc`y c`{ ` {fnjcyf~ cnjclu wlublènfny~ ycà yc`y m ` x`k||b!

Ylulmul& à nai|kymu kma{yu|kyli znyc ` wù`"b`jalynk kmul c`{ {fnjcyf~ bmul

nai|kyàkl ycà zm|fi à nai|kymu znyc ` ama"b`jalynk kmul!

Hluum"b`jalynk b`ylun`f

Yn{ n{ ` b`ylun`f zcnkc c`{ ` b|kc jul`ylu wlublènfny~ ycà ` x`k||b! Ylulmul à

nai|kymu kma{yu|kyli znyc ` luum"b`jalynk kmul c`{ b|kc bmul nai|kyàkl ycà à

nai|kymu znyc ` ama"b`jalynk kmul!

8!; Ulf`ynxl wlublènfny~

Ulf`ynxl wlublènfny~ naink`yl{ ycl l`{l znyc zcnkc kmul `ymb{ fnal |w znyc ` b`jalynk

lfi! Na m|u wulxnm|{ in{k|{{nma ny z`{ m|ai yc`y ` ama"b`jalynk b`ylun`f c`{ `

`nuf~ fmz wlublènfny~ ài na kmayu`{y luum"b`jalynk b`ylun`f c`{ ` ulf`ynxlf~ cnjc

wlublènfny~! Zl yclulmul alli ym ai z`~ m lswul{{naj ycl wlublènfny~ m xùnm|{

b`ylun`f{ na ylub{ m ycl wlublènfny~ m ` x`k||b!

Yn{ kmbwùn{ma n{ ylubli ulf`ynxl wlublènfny~ ài n{ b`yclb`ynk`ff~ ilali `{?

u

2

zclul u

2 ulf`ynxl wlublènfny~

m

2 wlublènfny~ m {wlknk b`ylun`f


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Ls`bwfl 8!;

Yl mffmznaj namub`ynma kmakluanaj a nai|kymu n{ jnxla?

A|belu m y|ua{ 2 077

Kmul b`ylun`f kma{yày 2 0& 58 07"8

Kum{{"{lkynma`f ùl` m kmul 2 0 07"8 b5

Flajyc m nai|kymu 2 7&770 b

Ilylubnal umb ycn{ namub`ynma ycl nai|kyàkl x`f|l m ycl nai|kymu!

[mf|ynma?

A5 `

F 2

0&58 07"8 0775 0 07"82

7&770

2 0&58 07"< C

2 05&8 C

Ls`bwfl 8!9

@a nai|kymu c`{ 0 777 y|ua{ ùm|ai ` kmul yc`y c`{ ` kum{{"{lkynma`f ùl` m 0

07"8 b5 ài ` wlublènfny~ m 0&< 07"8! Ilylubnal ycl flajyc m ycn{ nai|kymu

{cm|fi ny c`xl à nai|kyàkl m 03& 8 C!

[mf|ynma?

A5 `

F 2

A5 `

2

0&< 07"8 0 7775 0 07"8203&8 07"8

7 73 b

`dnaj ulf`ynxl wlublènfny~ naym `kkm|ay zl kà ilunxl ` bmul |anxlu{`f lswul{{nma mu

nai|kyàkl ài ycn{ n{ b`yclb`ynk`ff~ jnxla e~?

A5 `

F 2

zclul 2 wlublènfny~ kma{yày m ycl kmul b`ylun`f

A 2 a|belu m y|ua{ na nai|kymu` 2 kum{{"{lkynma`f ùl` m kmul na b5

2 flajyc m ycl nai|kymu na blylu


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NAI\KYMU[005

8!9 Yl{ynaj mh nai|kymu{

Yl yl{ynaj m nai|kymu{ kà `f{m el `kkmbwfn{cli |{naj ` b|fyn"blylu! Makl `j`na ny

n{ nbwmuyày yc`y ycl nai|kymu el ulbmxli umb ycl knuk|ny elmul yl{ynaj kmbblakl{!

Zcla yl{ynaj znyc ` b|fyn"blylu ny zm|fi jnxl mal à naink`ynma m ycl |akynmanaj m

ycl nai|kymu! Ny n{ yclulmul `f{m ìxn{èfl ym u`yclu yl{y nai|kymu{ znyc à nai|kyàkl

blylu! Ny {cm|fi `f{m el blaynmali yc`y ycl lflkyunk`f znul |{li mu ycl bà|`ky|ul

m nai|kymu{ ùl kmxluli znyc ` xùan{c y~wl na{|f`ynaj b`ylun`f {m `{ ym wulxlay ycl

znainaj{ b`dnaj lflkyunk`f kmay`ky znyc mal àmyclu zcnkc zm|fi ycla `lky ycl

nai|kyàkl m ycl nai|kymu!

8!9!0 @ jmmi nai|kymu

Zl {ly |w ` b|fyn"blylu ài ycl nai|kymu |ailu yl{y `{ nff|{yu`yli na j|ul 8!5!

Ny {cm|fi el amyli yc`y |{naj ycn{ blycmi m yl{ynaj znff amy jnxl |{ à naink`ynma m ycl

nai|kyàkl m ycl nai|kymu e|y à naink`ynma m ycl lflkyunk`f kmayna|ny~ m ycl nai|kymu!

[cm|fi yclul el kmayna|ny~ ycla zl znff `ky|`ff~ ulì ycl ik"ul{n{yàkl m ycl nai|kymu!

Yn{ znff naink`yl ym |{ yc`y yclul n{ lflkyunk`f kmayna|ny~ m ycl nai|kymu ài zl zm|fi

ycla wumklli ym ilylubnal ycl nai|kyàkl |{naj à nai|kyàkl blylu!

8!9!5 @ h |fy~ nai|kymu

Yl bm{y kmbbma `|fy mkk|uunaj na nai|kymu{ n{ yc`y ycl znainaj elkmbl{ mwlaknuk|ny zcnkc b`~ el k`|{li e~ mxlucl`ynaj umb ` ymm cnjc k|uulay mznaj mu yzm

znainaj{ ym|kcnaj ài b`dnaj lflkyunk`f kmay`ky {nakl ycl xùan{c y~wl na{|f`ynaj

b`ylun`f am fmajlu {luxl{ ny{ wumwlu na{|f`ynaj |akynma! Zl makl `j`na {ly |w ` b|fyn"

blylu ài nai|kymu ym el yl{yli `{ nff|{yu`yli na j|ul 8!;!

Hnj|ul 8!5

7

F

7

F


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Lslukn{l 8!0

0! @a nai|kymu c`{ 3

cnjc ul{n{y`akl!


119/238

NAI\KYMU[009

Yl ymy`f nai|kyàkl m ` {lunl{ alyzmud n{ b`yclb`ynk`ff~ jnxla e~?

F

2 F0

$ F5

zclul F

2 ymy`f nai|kyàkl x`f|l na Clau~

F0

ài F5

2 ul{wlkynxl nai|kyàkl x`f|l{ na Clau~

Yl ymy`f nai|kyàkl x`f|l znff `fz`~{ el lp|`f ym ycl {|b m ycl ul{wlkynxl nai|kyàkl

x`f|l{! Yn{ n{ ycl {`bl wunaknwfl yc y `wwfnl{ mu ul{n{ymu{ na ` {lunl{ ùuàjlblay!

8!

Yl alyzmud na j|ul 8!

alyzmud!

0

20

$0

zclul F

2 ymy`f nai|kyàkl x`f|l na Clau~F F0

F5

F0 ài F5 2 ul{wlkynxl nai|kyàkl x`f|l{ na Clau~

02

0$

0$

0zclul F

2 ymy`f nai|kyàkl x`f|l na Clau~

F F F F

@ E

F0

F5

Hnj|ul 8!9

@

E

E

@F

0

F;F5F0

F5

# ` .

# e .

Hnj|ul 8!


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A0 Nai|{yun`f Lflkyumank{ 00 C

#e. F

2F0 F5

F0 $ F5

8 07"8 ; 07"8

28 07"8 $ ; 07"8

2 5 C

8!

wunaknwfl{ x`fni mu {lunl{ mu wù`fflf ùuàjlblay{ ùl `wwfnkèfl mu ` {lunl{"wù`fflf

alyzmud!

@ E

F0

F5

F5

Hnj|ul 8!8


121/238

NAI\KYMU[008

Ls`bwfl 8!8

zm nai|kymu{ c`xnaj x`f|l{ m 05 bC ài 8 bC ul{wlkynxlf~ ùl kmaalkyli

na wù`fflf ài ycn{ kmbena`ynma n{ ycla kmaalkyli na {lunl{ znyc ` 57 bC

nai|kymu! Iu`z ycl alyzmud ai ycla k`fk|f`yl ycl ymy`f nai|kyàkl kum{{

wmnay{ @E!

[mf|ynma?

@ E

F0

F5

F5

57 bC

; bC

8 bC

F@ 2 F5 F; F 2 F0 $ F@

F5 $ F; 2 57 07"8 $ 9 07"8

8 07"8 05 07"8

2 59 C

28 07"8 $ 05 07"8

2 9 C

8!8 Ul`kyàkl mh à nai|kymu

[nakl à nai|kymu n{ bà|`ky|uli umb kmai|kynaj b`ylun`f& y~wnk`ff~ kmwwlu& ny znff

c`xl ` ik"ul{n{yàkl yc`y n{ mluli e~ ycl kmai|kymu ny{lf!

Ylul n{ cmzlxlu àmyclu `kymu yc`y alli ym el y`dla naym `kkm|ay a`blf~ nai|kynxl

ul`kyàkl zcnkc n{ ycl ul{n{yàkl mal znff bl`{|ul zcla à nai|kymu n{ kmaalkyli ym à

`fylua`ynaj p|àyny~ {|wwf~!

Yl ymy`f nai|kyàkl mu ycl alyzmud n{ b`yclb ynk`ff~ jnxla e~?

F

2 F0

$ F@

zclul F@

2F5 F;

F5 $ F;


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Yn{ nai|kynxl ul`kyàkl n{ `f{m bl`{|uli na mcb{ ài ycl k`fk|f`ynma yclulm n{

b`yclb ynk`ff~ jnxla e~?

SF

2 5 F zclul SF

2 Nai|kynxl ul`kyàkl na mcb

2 ;&095

2 Hulp|lak~ m `fylua`ynaj {|wwf~ na CluyK 2 X`f|l m nai|kymu na Clau~

Yl nai|kynxl ul`kyàkl n{ inulkyf~ wumwmuynma`f ym ycl ulp|lak~ m ycl `fylua`ynaj

p|àyny~ {|wwf~ ul{|fynaj na ycl ul`kyàkl nakul`{naj zcla ycl ulp|lak~ nakul`{l{! Yn{

kmaklwy kà el el{y nff|{yu`yli e~ ycl mffmznaj ju`wcnk`f ulwul{lay ynma na j|ul 8!:

zclul ycl ul`kyàkl n{ wfmyyli `j`na{y ycl ulp|lak~!

U

l

`

k

y

`

a

K

l

Hnj|ul 8!:

Ls`bwfl 8!:

@a nai|kymu c`xnaj ` x`f|l m 8 bC n{ kmaalkyli `kum{{ à `fylua`ynaj

p|àyny~ {|wwf~ ài ycl ulp|lak~ m ycl {|wwf~ n{ ìo|{yli ym ycl mffmznaj

x`f|l{!

#`. 077 C4 ài

#e.


123/238

NAI\KYMU[003

[mf|ynma?

#`. SF 2 5 F2 5 ;&095 077 8 07";

2 ;& :: mcb

#e. SF

2 5 F

2 5 ;&095


124/238

A0 Nai|{yun`f Lflkyumank{ 00>00>

Flùanaj M|ykmbl{


Lswf`na zc`y ` a`y|u`f b`jaly n{4

Ilal b`jalyn{b4

Kmai|ky à lswlunblay ym kfùn~ b`jalynk |s fnal{4

Lswf`na |{naj {dlykcl{ ycl f`z{ m b`jalyn{b?

@yyu`kynma m wmfl{4 ài

Ulw|f{nma m wmfl{

Kmai|ky à lswlunblay ym lswf`na ycl ulf`ynma{cnw elyzlla k|uulay ài

b`jalyn{b4

K`fk|f`ynma m?

Hmukl4

K|uulay4

Flajyc4 ài

In{yàkl `wùy m yzm k|uulay"kùu~naj wù`fflf kmai|kymu{

Ilal ycl `bwlul4

Kfùn~ ài lswf`na ycl fl"cài u|fl mu naink`ynma m b`jalynk |s na ` kmai|kymu

ài wmfl{ m ` kmnf4

Lswf`na ycl wunaknwfl m lflkyumb`jaly{4

Lswf`na ycl mwlu`ynaj wunaknwfl m ` ulf`~4

Lswf`na ycl wunaknwfl m b`jalynk nai|kynma4

Lswf`na ycl wunaknwfl m lflkyumb`jalynk nai|kynma4

Lswf`na ycl wunaknwfl m b|y|`f nai|kynma4

Ilal ycl Zlelu4

K`fk|f`ynma m?

B`jalynk |s ila{ny~4

Flajyc m kmai|kymu4

Xlfmkny~ m kmai|kymu4

Xmfy`jl nai|kli4

K|uulay kùu~naj k`w`kny~4 ài

Hmukl l luyli i l ym b y `f nai kynma

:KC@WYLU

B`jalyn{b

B@JALYN[B


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B@JALYN[B057

:!0 Nayumi|kynma

B`jalyn{b lsn{y{ na ny{ a`y|u`f mub mu ny b`~ el kul`yli Yn{ b

N1 Industrial Electronics

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