N surplus and handling of WFD in the Netherlands Gerard Velthof.
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Transcript of N surplus and handling of WFD in the Netherlands Gerard Velthof.
![Page 1: N surplus and handling of WFD in the Netherlands Gerard Velthof.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062409/56649d055503460f949d877e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
N surplus and handling of WFD in the Netherlands
Gerard Velthof
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Outline of presentation
WFD in the Netherlands
Soil types, groundwater levels and land use
Legislation
Studies on clay and peat sites
Conclusions
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Water Framework Directive in the Netherlands Four river basins: Rhine, Meuse, Scheldt and Ems
Targets and measures are set in 2009
2015: good ecological condition achieved
N and P application according to action plan Nitrate Directive
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Current standards for water quality in the Netherlands
Groundwater: 50 mg NO3 per liter
Surface waters (sensitive for eutrophication): 2.2 mg total N per liter (in summer) 0.15 mg total P per liter (in summer)
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Legislation in the Netherlands: fertiliser act Loss standards (surplus): MINAS (1998 –
2005)
Application standards: from 1st January 2006
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MINAS: N and P balance on farm scale
Inputs: fertilizer, manure, feed, ….
Outputs: crops, milk, meat, eggs, manure ….
Surplus should be less than an allowable surplus levies when surplus exceeded allowable surplus
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N and P surplus of agriculture in NL
Fraters et al., 2005
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Nitrate concentration groundwater
Fraters et al., 2005
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Fraters et al., 2005
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Fraters et al., 2005
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Fraters et al., 2005
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Conclusions MINAS (1998 – 2005)
Decrease in N and P surplus
Decrease in nitrate concentration groundwater
Decrease in total N concentration surface water
No effect on P concentration surface water
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European Court (October 2003)
Shortcomings MINAS: evaluation of past season instead of required
planning of next season poorly documented default values and missing
terms high allowable surpluses levies not prohibitive
In 2006 nutrient application standards introduced
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Three types application standards
N fertilizer recommendation except when nitrate concentration is exceeded
Animal manure 170 kg N per ha, except for dairy farming
systems (derogation of 250 kg N per ha)
Phosphorus: in 2015 equilibrium
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Methodology to underpin N application rates Relation between N surplus and NO3-
concentration [NO3] = N surplus x leaching fraction/precipitation surplus
NO3 leaching fraction = f (soil type, crop type)
Relation between N-input, N-output, N-surplus Inputs: fertiliser, manure, deposition, residues, … Outputs: volatilisation, harvest, residues, …. Harvest: available N, recovery and harvest index
Schröder et al. (2004 & 2005)
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Leaching fractions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Clay Sand Sand Sand Peat Clay Sand Sand Sand
leaching fraction, % N surplus
grasslandarable land
wet dryintermediate wet dryintermediate
Schröder et al. (2004 & 2005)
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Input Manure 275 275Fertiliser 171 171Deposition 31 31Mineral N in spring 30Crop residue t= -1 yr 121Manure t = -1 yr 69TOTAL 697
Output Harvest 324 324Ammonia volatilisation 19 19
Mineral N end winter 30Crop residue t =+1 yr 121Manure t= +1 yr 69TOTAL 563
N surplus 134 134Leaching fraction, % 28Precipitation Surplus, mm 329
NO3 concentration, mg N/l 11,3
An example
Schröder et al. (2005)
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Experiment on a heavy clay
Field balances of nitrogen and phosphorus
Two years monitoring: Denitrification (acetylene inhibition) Leaching of N and P to surface water:
• Trenches• Tile drains
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N budget of grassland on a clay soil, kg N ha-1 yr-1
2003 2004
Input Slurry (after NH3 emission) 321 206
Fertilizer 139 189
Grazing 44 21
Deposition 34 34
Output Uptake cattle 96 32
Cutting 285 388
Drainage; trenches 4 19
Drainage; tile drains 2 7
Leaching groundwater 0 0
Denitrification 127 143
Input - Output 24 -139
Van der Salm et al. (submitted)
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Composition of drainage water; clay soil
Van der Salm et al., unpublished
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
27 N
ov
3 Dec
17 D
ec
22 D
ec
29 D
ec5
Jan
12 J
an
19 J
an
26 J
an
2 Feb
9 Feb
16 F
eb
23 F
eb
23 M
arch
29 M
arch
organic N
NO3
NH4
To
tal n
itro
ge
n,
mg
N L
-1
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Grassland on peat soils
•Drained peat soils frequently used as managed grassland
•Nitrogen input via fertilizer and manure
•High mineralisation of peat
•High groundwater levels
•High density of ditches
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Quality of ditch water in peat areas
Total N and P concentration frequently exceeds standard of 2.2 mg N l-1
NO3: < 1 mg N l-1
NH4 and organic N up to 20 mg N l-1
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Contribution of N sources to loading of ditch
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Winter season Summer season
Peat mineralisation
Fertilizers and manures
Inlet water
Atmospheric deposition
Van der Beek et al., 2004
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Conclusions N concentration in ground and surface waters decrease
No changes in P concentration in surface water
Standards sufficient to meet the targets of the WFD? Targets in WFD not yet set P leaching important Role of soluble organic N? Other sources Peak events: surface run-off Respons time
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Additional measures required?
Timing of manure and fertilizer application Bufferstrips near surface waters Hydrological measures Cleaning of ditches Negative surplus for P: mining
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© Wageningen UR
Thank you!
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MINAS: allowable nitrogen surplus (kg N per ha) Grassland Arable land
All Clay/peat Sand/loess
1998-1999 300 175 175
2000 275 150 150
2001 250 150 125
2002-2005 220/190 150 110/100
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Examples of N application standards in 2009Crop N rate, kg available N ha-1 yr-1
Sand Clay
Mown grassland 340 350
Grazed grassland
260 310
Potato ….. 250
Sugar beet ….. 220
Maize 150 160
Wheat …… 220