INVESTOR PRESENTATION February 2004 P u b l i s h i n g G r o u p, L L C.
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Transcript of N Read: 4.4 n Problems: 4.1, Web 6.1 n Design #1 due 1 February (Live) u 8 February (Async DL) u...
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Read: 4.4Read: 4.4 Problems: 4.1, Web 6.1Problems: 4.1, Web 6.1 Design #1 due 1 February (Live)Design #1 due 1 February (Live)
8 February (Async DL)8 February (Async DL) Late = -1 per working dayLate = -1 per working day
Quiz #1Quiz #1 Lecture 12, 4 February (Live)Lecture 12, 4 February (Live) << 11 February (Async Distance Learning) 11 February (Async Distance Learning)
ECEN4533 Data CommunicationsECEN4533 Data CommunicationsLecture #9 28 January 2013Lecture #9 28 January 2013Dr. George ScheetsDr. George Scheets
ECEN4533 Data CommunicationsECEN4533 Data CommunicationsLecture #9 28 January 2013Lecture #9 28 January 2013Dr. George ScheetsDr. George Scheets
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Read: 5.1 - 5.4Read: 5.1 - 5.4 Problems: 5.1 - 5.3Problems: 5.1 - 5.3 Design #1 due 1 February (Live)Design #1 due 1 February (Live)
8 February (Async DL)8 February (Async DL) Late = -1 per working dayLate = -1 per working day
Quiz #1Quiz #1 Lecture 12, 4 February (Live)Lecture 12, 4 February (Live) << 11 February (Async Distance Learning) 11 February (Async Distance Learning)
ECEN4533 Data CommunicationsECEN4533 Data CommunicationsLecture #10 30 January 2013Lecture #10 30 January 2013Dr. George ScheetsDr. George Scheets
ECEN4533 Data CommunicationsECEN4533 Data CommunicationsLecture #10 30 January 2013Lecture #10 30 January 2013Dr. George ScheetsDr. George Scheets
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Read: 5.7 - 5.8 Read: 5.7 - 5.8 Problems: NoneProblems: None Design #1 due Design #1 due 1 February (Live)1 February (Live)
8 February (Async DL)8 February (Async DL) Late = -1 per working dayLate = -1 per working day
Quiz #1 (open book & notes)Quiz #1 (open book & notes) Lecture 12, 4 February (Live)Lecture 12, 4 February (Live) << 11 February (Async Distance Learning) 11 February (Async Distance Learning)
ECEN4533 Data CommunicationsECEN4533 Data CommunicationsLecture #11 1 February 2013Lecture #11 1 February 2013Dr. George ScheetsDr. George Scheets
ECEN4533 Data CommunicationsECEN4533 Data CommunicationsLecture #11 1 February 2013Lecture #11 1 February 2013Dr. George ScheetsDr. George Scheets
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POTS at the CO SwitchPOTS at the CO Switch Band Pass Filter suppresses energy Band Pass Filter suppresses energy
outside voice bandwidth (300 - 3,400 Hz)outside voice bandwidth (300 - 3,400 Hz)
Band Pass Filter
(.3 - 3.4KHz)
SamplerFs = 8 KHz
TwistedPair Cable
Quantize256 levels
Code8 bits/sample
64 Kbps
A/D Converter
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Nyquist's Sampling TheoremNyquist's Sampling Theorem
Want to have a shot at perfectly Want to have a shot at perfectly reconstructing a sampled signal?reconstructing a sampled signal? Sample at a rate > twice the maximum frequency.Sample at a rate > twice the maximum frequency.
Example: Phone system Example: Phone system Maximum frequency around 3.5 KHz, fs = 8 KspsMaximum frequency around 3.5 KHz, fs = 8 Ksps
Example: Compact DiskExample: Compact Disk Maximum frequency around 20 KHz, fs = 44.1 KspsMaximum frequency around 20 KHz, fs = 44.1 Ksps
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Video undersamplingVideo undersampling
time t=0
time = 2/30
time = 1/30
30 video stills/second27 wheel revs/second0.9 wheel revs/still
Spoke would appearto be moving backwards.
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A/D Converter
PC Dial-Up Modems & POTSPC Dial-Up Modems & POTS PC Bit Stream has a significant amount of energy below 0.5 PC Bit Stream has a significant amount of energy below 0.5
KHzKHz Modems shift the energy into the pass band of the filter Modems shift the energy into the pass band of the filter
PC
Quantize256 levels
Code8 bits/sample
64 Kbps
Band Pass Filter
(.3 - 3.4 KHz)
SamplerFs = 8 KHz
TwistedPair Cable
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Sources of POTS delaySources of POTS delay
Local Loop
PCMCoder TDM Trunk
POTSTSI
POTSTSI
IntermediateDigitalVoice
Switches
...
TDM TrunkLocal Loop
PCMCoder
Trunk resources are dedicatedto each voice call via TDM.
Source CO
Destination CO
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Example) Coding aMicrophone Output
Example) Coding aMicrophone Output
time (sec)
m(t) volts (air pressure)
Energy from about 300 - 3,400 Hz.
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A/D ConvertorA/D Convertor
time (sec)
m(t) volts (air pressure)
Step #1)Sample the waveform at rate > 2*Max Frequency.Telephone voice is sampled at 8,000 samples/second.
1/8000 second
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A/D Convertor. 1 bit/sample.A/D Convertor. 1 bit/sample.
time (sec)
Example) N = 2. Assign 0 or 1 to voltage.
0 < Voltage < +5v, Assign Logic 1-5v < Voltage < 0, Assign Logic 0
3.62 v, output a 1
t1
Bit Stream Out = 1111110000111...
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A/D Convertor. 1 bit/sample.A/D Convertor. 1 bit/sample.Example) N = 2. Assign 0 or 1 to voltage.
Far side gets... 1111110000111 (13 samples)Need to output 13 voltages.What does a 1 represent? A 0?
Receive a 1? Output +2.5 v (mid-range)Receive a 0? Output -2.5 v (mid-range)
Hold the voltage until next sample
0 < Voltage < +5v, Assign Logic 1-5v < Voltage < 0, Assign Logic 0
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A/D Convertor. 1 bit/sample.A/D Convertor. 1 bit/sample.
Input to the transmitter.Output at the receiver.
Considerable Round-Off error exists.
+2.5 v
-2.5 v
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time (sec)
Example) N = 4. Assign 00, 01, 10 or 11.
2.5 < Voltage < 5 , Assign 110 < Voltage < 2.5, Assign 10-2.5 < Voltage < 0, Assign 00-5 < Voltage < -2.5, Assign 01
3.62 v, Assign 11
t1
Bit Stream Out =11111011111100 000000101011...
+2.5 v
-2.5 v
A/D Convertor. 2 bits/sampleA/D Convertor. 2 bits/sample
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A/D Convertor. 2 bits/sample.A/D Convertor. 2 bits/sample.
Input to the transmitter.Output at the receiver.
Receive 11? Output 3.75vReceive 10? Output 1.25vReceive 00? Output -1.25vReceive 01? Output -3.75vReduced Round-Off error exists.
+3.75 v
+1.25 v
-1.25 v
-3.75 v
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Circuit Switched Voice (POTS)Circuit Switched Voice (POTS) Telephone System uses Pulse Code ModulationTelephone System uses Pulse Code Modulation
Equal length code word assigned to all voltagesEqual length code word assigned to all voltages N = 256 voltage levelsN = 256 voltage levels LogLog22256 = 8 bits per code word256 = 8 bits per code word
A/D ConverterA/D Converter samples voice 8,000 times/secondsamples voice 8,000 times/second rounds off voice to one of 256 voltage levelsrounds off voice to one of 256 voltage levels transmits 8 bits to far sidetransmits 8 bits to far side
D/A ConverterD/A Converter receives 8 bit code wordreceives 8 bit code word outputs one of 256 voltage levels for 1/8000th sec.outputs one of 256 voltage levels for 1/8000th sec.
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1/8th Second of Voice1/8th Second of Voice
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1/8th Second of Voice1/8th Second of Voice
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1/8th Second of Voice1/8th Second of Voice
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Sampling & Quantizing ExamplesSampling & Quantizing Examples fs = 16 KHzfs = 16 KHz
4096 quantiles 4096 quantiles 256 quantiles (approximate phone quality)256 quantiles (approximate phone quality) 32 quantiles 32 quantiles 4 quantiles (generally 2 levels used!)4 quantiles (generally 2 levels used!)
4096 quantiles4096 quantiles fs = 16 KHzfs = 16 KHz fs = 8 KHz (some interference)fs = 8 KHz (some interference) fs = 2 KHzfs = 2 KHz fs = 1 KHzfs = 1 KHz
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SONET HierarchySONET Hierarchy Basic Building Block:
51.84 Mbps STS-1 Frame 8,000 frames/second 810 bytes/frame, 36 bytes for OA&M
Optical Carrier-N? N byte interleaved STS-1 signals (TDM)
OC-1OC-1 51.84 Mbps51.84 MbpsOC-3OC-3 155.52 Mbps155.52 MbpsOC-12OC-12 622.08 Mbps622.08 MbpsOC-48OC-48 2.48832 Gbps2.48832 GbpsOC-192OC-192 9.95328 Gbps9.95328 GbpsOC-768OC-768 39.81312 Gbps 39.81312 Gbps
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T Carrier & SONETT Carrier & SONET Technology used in Leased LinesTechnology used in Leased Lines Mid-1960’s (T Carrier) & Mid-1960’s (T Carrier) &
Late-1980’s (SONET) technologyLate-1980’s (SONET) technology Covers OSI Layers 1 & 2 (Covers OSI Layers 1 & 2 (notnot packet-aware!) packet-aware!) Guaranteed Bandwidth usingGuaranteed Bandwidth using
Circuit Switching & TDMCircuit Switching & TDM End-to-End path mapped in advanceEnd-to-End path mapped in advance Provides fixed number of bytes, 8000 times second, for customer useProvides fixed number of bytes, 8000 times second, for customer use As they arrive, switches repetitively move input bytes to appropriate output & TDM slot As they arrive, switches repetitively move input bytes to appropriate output & TDM slot
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Leased Line NetworksLeased Line Networks Last Mile ConnectivityLast Mile Connectivity
Fractional T-1 (4 Wire Twisted Pair)Fractional T-1 (4 Wire Twisted Pair)N*64 Kbps, N = 1 - 23N*64 Kbps, N = 1 - 23
T-1 (4 Wire Twisted Pair) T-1 (4 Wire Twisted Pair) 1.536 Mbps (24*64 Kbps)1.536 Mbps (24*64 Kbps)
Fractional T-3 (Coax)Fractional T-3 (Coax)N T-1's, N = 1 - 27N T-1's, N = 1 - 27
T-3 (Coax) T-3 (Coax) 28 T-1's + Overhead (45 Mbps)28 T-1's + Overhead (45 Mbps)
Last Mile or Long Haul ConnectivityLast Mile or Long Haul Connectivity OC- N, N = 1, 3, 12, 48, & 192 (SONET)OC- N, N = 1, 3, 12, 48, & 192 (SONET)
N*51.84 Mbps (Fiber)N*51.84 Mbps (Fiber)
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ISO OSI Seven Layer ModelLeased Line (Circuit Switched, TDM) Organized around Frames:1/8000th second entity
ISO OSI Seven Layer ModelLeased Line (Circuit Switched, TDM) Organized around Frames:1/8000th second entity
Layer 7 ApplicationLayer 7 Application Layer 6 Presentation Layer 6 Presentation Layer 5 SessionLayer 5 Session Layer 4 TransportLayer 4 Transport Layer 3 Network Layer 3 Network Layer 2 Data Link Layer 2 Data Link SONET, T-Carrier (PPP)SONET, T-Carrier (PPP) Layer 1 Physical Layer 1 Physical SONET, T-CarrierSONET, T-Carrier
Carrier Switches are byte-aware, NOT packet-aware.Carrier Switches are byte-aware, NOT packet-aware.
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Leased Line Packet FormatLeased Line Packet Format
Data + Padding
7 20 20 6-1460
IP TCPPoint-to-PointProtocol
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Leased Line BackboneLeased Line Backbone
TrunksLeased Line
Leased Line ‘Cloud’Trunk capacity shared via TDM & Circuit Switching
Cross-ConnectCross-Connect
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LAN
LAN
Carrier Leased Line NetworkCarrier Leased Line Network
Nailed up end-to-end connectivity (a Circuit).Bit pipe. No packet processing between Routers.
Cross-ConnectCross-Connect
OC-48TrunksLeased Line
T1
T1
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Circuit Switched connections waste bandwidth for bursty traffic.Circuit Switched connections waste bandwidth for bursty traffic.
time
traffic 1.536 Mbps Line Speed
146 Kbps Average
Idle Time >> Active TimeLoad = 9.456%
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Carrier Leased Line NetworkCarrier Leased Line Network
Route once (circuit setup).Path through Network nailed down.Switches forward based on Time Slots per 1/8000th sec.
TDM SwitchTDM Switch
TrunksAccess Line
ATMFrame RelayRouter
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Long Haul U.S. TrafficLong Haul U.S. Traffic Primarily carried on fiberPrimarily carried on fiber Running SONET or OTNRunning SONET or OTN Generally OC-48, 192, & 768; some 100 GbpsGenerally OC-48, 192, & 768; some 100 Gbps Wavelength Division Multiplexing common Wavelength Division Multiplexing common
Each OC-N drives a laserEach OC-N drives a laser lasers tuned to different frequencieslasers tuned to different frequencies injected onto same fiber strandinjected onto same fiber strand
SONET BW parceled out to usersSONET BW parceled out to users Circuit SwitchingCircuit Switching TDMTDM
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WDM: 32 OC-768’s (1.274 Tbps)WDM: 32 OC-768’s (1.274 Tbps)
#1 STS-768 Laser @ f1
Laser @ f2
Laser @ f32
#2 STS-768
#32 STS-768
Detector #1
Detector#2
Detector#32
#1 STS-768
#2 STS-768
#32 STS-768
OpticalCombiner
OpticalSplitter
Fiber in theground
Systems are also available that can map an arbitrary input(doesn’t have to be SONET or OTN based) onto an optical wave.
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Leased LinesLeased Lines Covers OSI Layers 1 & 2Covers OSI Layers 1 & 2 64 Kbps - 10 Gbps Line Speed64 Kbps - 10 Gbps Line Speed TDM, Circuit SwitchedTDM, Circuit Switched Based on 1960 & 1990 technologyBased on 1960 & 1990 technology
Switches are byte awareSwitches are byte aware Common: Corporate ConnectivityCommon: Corporate Connectivity Very Common: ISP ConnectivityVery Common: ISP Connectivity
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Page InfoNov 2007
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IEEE 802.3 Ethernet IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Covers OSI Layers 1 & 2Covers OSI Layers 1 & 2 10 Mbps Line Speed10 Mbps Line Speed Packet Switch, StatMuxPacket Switch, StatMux Based on late 1970’s technologyBased on late 1970’s technology
Computing Power & Memory was ExpensiveComputing Power & Memory was Expensive Initially Shared SystemInitially Shared System
Polite Conversation (CSMA/CD)Polite Conversation (CSMA/CD) One Node talks at a timeOne Node talks at a time Need to talk? Wait til line quietNeed to talk? Wait til line quiet Nobody deliberately butts inNobody deliberately butts in
Switched Ethernet now more commonSwitched Ethernet now more common
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ISO OSI Seven Layer ModelEthernet (Packet Switched, StatMux)ISO OSI Seven Layer ModelEthernet (Packet Switched, StatMux)
Layer 7 ApplicationLayer 7 Application Layer 6 Presentation Layer 6 Presentation Layer 5 SessionLayer 5 Session Layer 4 TransportLayer 4 Transport Layer 3 NetworkLayer 3 Network Layer 2 Data Link Layer 2 Data Link 802.3802.3 Layer 1 Physical Layer 1 Physical 802.3802.3
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802.3 Ethernet Frame Format802.3 Ethernet Frame Format
MACDestination
Address
MACSource
Address
CRCData + Padding
Bytes: 7 1 6 6 2
20 20 6-1460 4
IP TCP
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Duplex: We're not talking apartments Duplex: We're not talking apartments
SimplexSimplexOnly one node can talk (one way traffic)Only one node can talk (one way traffic) Commercial Radio StationCommercial Radio Station
Half DuplexHalf DuplexOnly one node can talk at a timeOnly one node can talk at a time Walkie-TalkieWalkie-Talkie
Full DuplexFull DuplexBoth nodes can talk at same timeBoth nodes can talk at same time TelephoneTelephone
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802.3 Flow Chart (NIC)802.3 Flow Chart (NIC)
Packet to Send?
No
Yes
Set Collision Couter= 0
Traffic on Network?
Yes
No
Send Packet Collision?
No
JamYes
Bump CollisionCounter by +1
16th Collision?
Drop Packet.Notify Higher Layer
Yes
Back-Off
No
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802.3 Back-Off Algorithm802.3 Back-Off Algorithm choose random numberchoose random number
1st Collision1st Collision 0, 10, 12nd Collision2nd Collision 0, 1, 2, 30, 1, 2, 33rd Collision3rd Collision 0, 1, ..., 6, 70, 1, ..., 6, 74th Collision4th Collision 0, 1, ..., 14, 150, 1, ..., 14, 15
10th Collision10th Collision 0, 1, ..., 1022, 10230, 1, ..., 1022, 1023
15th Collision15th Collision 0, 1, ..., 1022, 10230, 1, ..., 1022, 102316th Collision16th Collision PuntPunt
Wait (Random Number*.0000512) secondsWait (Random Number*.0000512) seconds
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10Base5 & 10Base2 (Obsolete)10Base5 & 10Base2 (Obsolete)
PC PC Printer
Logical & Physical BusAll nodes monitor traffic
Nodes share 10 Mbps
Coax Cable
10Base5 "Vampire Tap"10Base2 "T" connection
Images from Wikipedia
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10BaseT & Shared Hub10BaseT & Shared Hub
PC
PC
PC
PC
Hub
Logical Bus & Physical StarShared hub (OSI Level 1) copies input bits to all outputs.
All nodes monitor traffic.
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10BaseT & Shared Hub10BaseT & Shared Hub
PC
PC
PC
PC
Hub
Logical Bus & Physical StarEach PC gets 2.5 Mbps on average.
Twisted PairCabling
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10BaseT & Switched Hub10BaseT & Switched Hub
PC
PC
PC
PC
SwitchedHub
Logical Bus & Physical StarSwitched Hub (OSI Level 1 & 2) copies packet to proper output.
Only the destination monitors traffic.
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10BaseT & Switched Hub10BaseT & Switched Hub
PC
PC
PC
PC
SwitchedHub
Logical Bus & Physical StarThis system can move up to 20 Mbps
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10BaseT & Switched Hub10BaseT & Switched Hub
PC
PC
PC
PC
SwitchedHub
Logical Bus & Physical Star
Each node shares 10 Mbps with the Switched Hub.
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10BaseT & Switched Hub10BaseT & Switched Hub
PC
PC
PC
PC
SwitchedHub
Using Half Duplex 10BaseT,a collision occurs if PC & Switched Hub
simultaneously transmit.
reception isscrewed up
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Full Duplex SystemFull Duplex System
PC
PC
PC
PC
SwitchedHub
All 10 Gbps, most 1 Gbps, & many 100 Mbps systems are Full Duplex.
NIC’s are designed to simultaneously transmit & receive.Line no longer shared. No Collisions. No need for CSMA/CD.
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Campus Network 1993Campus Network 1993
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Ethernet Switched HubsEthernet Switched Hubs On Power Up know nothingOn Power Up know nothing When a packet arrives at an input port...When a packet arrives at an input port...
Look-Up Table consultedLook-Up Table consulted Source MAC address not in table?Source MAC address not in table?
Table Updated: MAC address & Port matchedTable Updated: MAC address & Port matched
Destination MAC address not in table?Destination MAC address not in table? Packet broadcast to all outputs (a.k.a. flooding)Packet broadcast to all outputs (a.k.a. flooding)
Desination MAC address in table?Desination MAC address in table? Packet shipped to proper outputPacket shipped to proper output
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Ethernet Switched HubsEthernet Switched Hubs Look-up Table updated as packets arriveLook-up Table updated as packets arrive
Ethernet MAC Address : Port #Ethernet MAC Address : Port # Flooding does not scale well on WANFlooding does not scale well on WAN
OK on LAN with a probably a few hundred OK on LAN with a probably a few hundred addressesaddresses
Too much unnecessary traffic on WAN with millions Too much unnecessary traffic on WAN with millions of addressesof addresses
Ethernet is making way into MAN & WANEthernet is making way into MAN & WAN Requires modified protocolsRequires modified protocols
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Ethernet FlavorsEthernet Flavors
802.3 10 Mbps802.3 10 Mbps 802.3u 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet)802.3u 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet) 802.3z 1 Gbps Ethernet802.3z 1 Gbps Ethernet 802.3ae 10 Gbps Ethernet802.3ae 10 Gbps Ethernet 802.3ba 40 & 100 Gbps Ethernet802.3ba 40 & 100 Gbps Ethernet
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Shared EthernetShared Ethernet
TrunksAccess Lines
Hub
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
All nodes share the system's 10 Mbps.Multiple paths = feedback loop = mess.
Hub
Hub
Hub
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Switched EthernetSwitched Ethernet
TrunksAccess Lines
SwitchedHub
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
Each node shares 10 Mbps with its switch.Network can move > 10 Mbps at any instant.Multiple paths usually not used.
SwitchedHub
SwitchedHub
SwitchedHub
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Ethernet & Switched HubEthernet & Switched Hub
PC
PC
PC
Server
SwitchedHub
10/100 Mbps1 Gbps10 Gbps
Different speeds are used for different connections.
Server Server
PCPC
To therest of the
world.
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Two Types of AddressesTwo Types of Addresses
MACDestination
Address
MACSource
Address
CRCData + PaddingIP TCP
Link TransmitterLink Receiver
Information Source Information Sink (Destination)
Local (Layer 2 MAC)Local (Layer 2 MAC) End-to-End (Layer 3 IPv4)End-to-End (Layer 3 IPv4)
Exception: NAT
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Whose Address goes where?Whose Address goes where? Generally, PC's don't directly connect to RouterGenerally, PC's don't directly connect to Router
Usually connected to Switched Hub Usually connected to Switched Hub Using Using IPCONFIG /ALLIPCONFIG /ALL ... ...
Ethernet MAC address (hard-wired)Ethernet MAC address (hard-wired) 00 50 04 C1 73 50 (6 Bytes, Base 16)00 50 04 C1 73 50 (6 Bytes, Base 16) Last byte is 0101 0000Last byte is 0101 0000
Alpha-Numeric IP Address (usually fixed)Alpha-Numeric IP Address (usually fixed) es303f-2es303f-2.ceat.okstate.edu.ceat.okstate.edu host namehost name - network name - network name
Domain Name ServerDomain Name Server Converts alpha-numeric IP address to numericConverts alpha-numeric IP address to numeric
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Whose Address goes where?Whose Address goes where? Numeric IP Address (assigned on Power Up)Numeric IP Address (assigned on Power Up)
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) 139.78.79.157 (4 Bytes, Base 10) on 31 Jan 2004139.78.79.157 (4 Bytes, Base 10) on 31 Jan 2004
Default Gateway (assigned on Power Up)Default Gateway (assigned on Power Up) Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) 139.78.79.254 Router IP Address139.78.79.254 Router IP Address Where to send packets when destination not part of your Where to send packets when destination not part of your
networknetwork ceat.okstate.educeat.okstate.edu
Generally, Router sets the network boundaryGenerally, Router sets the network boundary
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Packet to Print? Must know destination IP Address
Packet to Print? Must know destination IP Address
At my computer's IP Layer...At my computer's IP Layer... Adds 20B IP Header to each packetAdds 20B IP Header to each packet
Source IP address = My computerSource IP address = My computer(Terminating) Destination IP address = Printer(Terminating) Destination IP address = Printer
Is Information Sink IP address on my network?Is Information Sink IP address on my network?Yes? Tell Layer 2 to use Yes? Tell Layer 2 to use
Information Sink's MAC addressInformation Sink's MAC addressNo? Tell Layer 2 to use Router's MAC AddressNo? Tell Layer 2 to use Router's MAC Address
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Shared 802.3 EthernetShared 802.3 Ethernet
TrunksAccess Lines
HubHub
HubHub
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
Pr
PC
PC
PC
10 Nodes Share 10 MbpsPrinter part of "ceat.okstate.edu".
R
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Whose address goes where?Whose address goes where?
MACDestination
Address
MACSource
Address
CRCData + PaddingIP TCP
PC MACPrinter MAC
Information Source (PC IP) Information Sink (Printer IP)
Hub ignores packet contents, copies bits to all outputs.
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Shared 802.3 EthernetShared 802.3 Ethernet
Trunks
HubHub
HubHub
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
Pr
PC
PC
PC
All nodes will see packets from PC to Printer.
R
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Switched EthernetSwitched Ethernet
TrunksAccess Lines
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
SwitchedHub
SwitchedHub
SwitchedHub
PC
Pr
RSwitched
Hub
Packet formatting same as before.Only the Printer will see packets from the PC.
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Switched EthernetSwitched Ethernet
TrunksAccess Lines
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
Packets need to cross a network boundary.
SwitchedHub
SwitchedHub
PC
Pr
R
SwitchedHub
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Whose address goes where?Whose address goes where?
MACDestination
Address
MACSource
Address
CRCData + PaddingIP TCP
PC MACRouter MAC
Information Source (PC IP) Information Sink (Printer IP)
Connection from PC to Router
IP addresses don't match MAC addresses.
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Whose address goes where?Whose address goes where?
MACDestination
Address
MACSource
Address
CRCData + PaddingIP TCP
Router MACPrinter MAC
Information Source (PC IP) Information Sink (Printer IP)
Connection from Router to Printer
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Whose address goes where?Whose address goes where?
MACDestination
Address
MACSource
Address
CRCData + PaddingIP TCP
MAC addresses change when router crossed.Stay same through an Ethernet Switch.
IP addresses remain unchanged end-to-end.
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Frame RelayFrame Relay Early ‘90’s technologyEarly ‘90’s technology Covers OSI Layer 2Covers OSI Layer 2 N*64 Kbps or N*1.54 Mbps connectionsN*64 Kbps or N*1.54 Mbps connections Virtual CircuitsVirtual Circuits
Route once on circuit set up.Route once on circuit set up. Packet Switch, StatMux BackbonesPacket Switch, StatMux Backbones Accessed by Routers with proper interfaceAccessed by Routers with proper interface Being replaced by the InternetBeing replaced by the Internet
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Frame Relay BackboneFrame Relay Backbone
FR Switch
TrunksLeased Line
Frame Relay ‘Cloud’Trunk capacity shared via StatMux & Packet Switching
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Frame Relay BackboneFrame Relay Backbone
FR Switch
TrunksLeased Line
Corporate Routers or FRAD's usually attached to FR backbones.
Corp.LAN
Corp.LAN
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ISO OSI Seven Layer ModelFrame Relay Switch (Layer 1 & 2)ISO OSI Seven Layer ModelFrame Relay Switch (Layer 1 & 2)
Layer 7 ApplicationLayer 7 Application Word PerfectWord Perfect Layer 6 Presentation Layer 6 Presentation Windows APIWindows API Layer 5 SessionLayer 5 Session TCP, WindowsTCP, Windows Layer 4 TransportLayer 4 Transport TCP, WindowsTCP, Windows Layer 3 NetworkLayer 3 Network IP, WindowsIP, Windows Layer 2 Data LinkLayer 2 Data Link Frame Relay, Frame Relay,
T Carrier or SONETT Carrier or SONET Layer 1 PhysicalLayer 1 Physical T Carrier T Carrier or SONETor SONET
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Frame Relay Packet Format(Assuming Ethernet LAN)
Frame Relay Packet Format(Assuming Ethernet LAN)
Data
3 20 20 0-1460 3
IP TCPFR Header
FR Trailer
Header includes 10 bit DLCI Locally Unique Address (Valid between I/O ports)
Trailer includes 2 byte Frame Check Sequence Only checks for errors in FR header TCP error checking should catch any payload error
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LAN #1
PC
Server
Frame Relay ConnectivityFrame Relay Connectivity
FR Switch
VC #2
Suppose we need to connect to three LAN's.
Server
VC #1
LAN #2
LAN #3
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Frame Relay VC Set UpFrame Relay VC Set Up Client requests connectivity from CarrierClient requests connectivity from Carrier Carrier arranges for Leased Line to nearest Point of PresenceCarrier arranges for Leased Line to nearest Point of Presence Technician runs Routing Algorithm on a Work StationTechnician runs Routing Algorithm on a Work Station
Paths through network generatedPaths through network generated Appropriate Switches NotifiedAppropriate Switches Notified
DLCI's AssignedDLCI's AssignedI/O mappings updated in Switch Look-Up TablesI/O mappings updated in Switch Look-Up Tables
Source Router ships Source Router ships allall FR traffic down same leased line FR traffic down same leased line FR switches use DLCI to properly outputFR switches use DLCI to properly output
Note LAN #2 & #3 can communicate with each other thru edge Note LAN #2 & #3 can communicate with each other thru edge router of LAN #1router of LAN #1
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LAN
PC
LAN
Server
Frame Relay BackboneFrame Relay Backbone
FR Switch
Look Up tables mapInput DLCI and Port toOutput DLCI and Port. Reverse path DLCI's not shown.
LAN
Server
DLCI 375DLCI 177
DLCI 177
DLCI 526
DLCI 617
DLCI 375
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Moving PacketsPC1 > Ethernet (Switched) Hub > Router1 > FR1 > FR2 > Router2 > Ethernet (Switched) Hub > Server
Moving PacketsPC1 > Ethernet (Switched) Hub > Router1 > FR1 > FR2 > Router2 > Ethernet (Switched) Hub > Server
PC1 injects Ethernet PacketPC1 injects Ethernet Packet Destination IP Address of Server (info sink)Destination IP Address of Server (info sink) Router Ethernet MAC AddressRouter Ethernet MAC Address
Router1Router1 Examines, processes, strips off Ethernet HeaderExamines, processes, strips off Ethernet Header Examines Destination IP Address & Routing Table Examines Destination IP Address & Routing Table Sees best path is over FR networkSees best path is over FR network
Router1 injects FR PacketRouter1 injects FR Packet DLCI 375 carrying Layer 3-7 infoDLCI 375 carrying Layer 3-7 info
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LAN
PC
LAN
Server
Frame Relay BackboneFrame Relay Backbone
12
FR Switch
1
Look Up tables mapInput DLCI and Port toOutput DLCI and Port.
LAN
Server
2DLCI 375
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Moving PacketsPC1 > Ethernet (Switched) Hub > Router1 > FR1 > FR2 > Router2 > Ethernet (Switched) Hub > Server
Moving PacketsPC1 > Ethernet (Switched) Hub > Router1 > FR1 > FR2 > Router2 > Ethernet (Switched) Hub > Server
FR Switch 1FR Switch 1 Examines FR Look Up TableExamines FR Look Up Table DLCI 375 on input from Router1 maps toDLCI 375 on input from Router1 maps to
DLCI 177 on output to FR Switch 2DLCI 177 on output to FR Switch 2 FR Switch 1 injects FR packetFR Switch 1 injects FR packet
DLCI 177 carrying Layer 3-7 infoDLCI 177 carrying Layer 3-7 info
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LAN
PC
LAN
Server
Frame Relay BackboneFrame Relay Backbone
FR Switch
Look Up tables mapInput DLCI and Port toOutput DLCI and Port.
LAN
Server
DLCI 177
12
1 2
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Moving PacketsPC1 > Ethernet (Switched) Hub > Router1 > FR1 > FR2 > Router2 > Ethernet (Switched) Hub > Server
Moving PacketsPC1 > Ethernet (Switched) Hub > Router1 > FR1 > FR2 > Router2 > Ethernet (Switched) Hub > Server
FR Switch 2FR Switch 2 Examines FR Look Up TableExamines FR Look Up Table DLCI 177 on input from Switch1 maps toDLCI 177 on input from Switch1 maps to
DLCI 177 on output to Router2DLCI 177 on output to Router2 FR Switch 2 injects FR packetFR Switch 2 injects FR packet
DLCI 177 carrying Layer 3-7 infoDLCI 177 carrying Layer 3-7 info
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LAN
PC
LAN
Server
Frame Relay BackboneFrame Relay Backbone
FR Switch
Look Up tables mapInput DLCI and Port toOutput DLCI and Port.
LAN
Server
DLCI 177
12
1 2
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Moving PacketsPC1 > Ethernet (Switched) Hub > Router1 > FR1 > FR2 > Router2 > Ethernet (Switched) Hub > Server
Moving PacketsPC1 > Ethernet (Switched) Hub > Router1 > FR1 > FR2 > Router2 > Ethernet (Switched) Hub > Server
Router 2Router 2 Strips off FR HeaderStrips off FR Header Examines Destination IP Address Examines Destination IP Address
& Routing Table& Routing Table Sees best path is over Internal LANSees best path is over Internal LAN
Router 2 injects Ethernet PacketRouter 2 injects Ethernet Packet Server Ethernet MACServer Ethernet MAC
(Assuming Server is on same subnet as Router)(Assuming Server is on same subnet as Router)
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ATMATM Mid ‘90’s technologyMid ‘90’s technology Covers OSI Layer 2, Line Speeds Covers OSI Layer 2, Line Speeds << OC-48 OC-48 Virtual CircuitsVirtual Circuits
Route once on circuit set up.Route once on circuit set up. Five classes of serviceFive classes of service Cell Switch (53 bytes), StatMux or TDMCell Switch (53 bytes), StatMux or TDM Failed at desktopFailed at desktop
OK on Carrier WAN OK on Carrier WAN & Corporate Backbone& Corporate Backbone
Fading from the sceneFading from the sceneBeing replaced by InternetBeing replaced by Internet
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ISO OSI Seven Layer ModelATM SwitchISO OSI Seven Layer ModelATM Switch
Layer 7 ApplicationLayer 7 Application Word PerfectWord Perfect Layer 6 Presentation Layer 6 Presentation Windows APIWindows API Layer 5 SessionLayer 5 Session TCP, WindowsTCP, Windows Layer 4 TransportLayer 4 TransportTCP, WindowsTCP, Windows Layer 3 NetworkLayer 3 Network IP, WindowsIP, Windows Layer 2 Data LinkLayer 2 Data LinkATM, ATM, SONETSONET
or T Carrier or T Carrier Layer 1 PhysicalLayer 1 Physical T Carrier,T Carrier,
or SONET or SONET
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ATM Cell #1 Format AAL5 ATM Cell #1 Format AAL5
Data
5 20 20 8
IP TCPATM Header
Header includes 24 or 28 bit VPI & VCIFollow on cells carry remainder of the packet.
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LAN
LAN
Carrier ATM NetworkCarrier ATM Network
What appears to be nailed up end-to-end connectivity (a Virtual Circuit). Switch I/O mappings similar to Frame Relay.
ATM SwitchATM Switch
OC-48TrunksLeased Line
OC-1
OC-1
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StatMuxATM VersionStatMuxATM Version
frequency
tim
e
1
1
3
1
Different channels use all of the frequency some of the time,at random, as needed.
empty cell
empty cell
Canalsouse
TDM.
2
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802.3LAN
LAN
OSU Campus Network ('95 - '01)OSU Campus Network ('95 - '01)
ATM SwitchATM Switch
OC-3, thenOC-12Trunks
OneNet
ATM-EthernetATM-EthernetSwitchSwitch
802.3LAN
802.3LAN
LAN
LAN
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ATM NetworkATM Network
All kinds of boxes aretypically hanging off carrier ATM Switches.
ATM SwitchATM Switch
TrunksAccess Line
Frame RelayRouters
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ATM PVC Set UpATM PVC Set Up Client requests connectivity from CarrierClient requests connectivity from Carrier Carrier arranges for Leased Line to nearest Point of PresenceCarrier arranges for Leased Line to nearest Point of Presence Technician runs Routing Algorithm on a Work StationTechnician runs Routing Algorithm on a Work Station
Paths through network generatedPaths through network generated Appropriate Switches NotifiedAppropriate Switches Notified
VPI's and VCI's AssignedVPI's and VCI's AssignedI/O mappings updated in Switch Look-Up TablesI/O mappings updated in Switch Look-Up TablesSwitch Resources reserved, depending on CoS requestedSwitch Resources reserved, depending on CoS requested
Corporate ATM switch (or Router with a plug-in ATM compatible Corporate ATM switch (or Router with a plug-in ATM compatible card) ships card) ships allall traffic down same leased line traffic down same leased line ATM switches use VPI & VCI to properly outputATM switches use VPI & VCI to properly output
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ATM Connection Admission Control
ATM Connection Admission Control
Procedure for setting up VC’sProcedure for setting up VC’s End user requests call set-upEnd user requests call set-up
Provides destination, CoS, parametersProvides destination, CoS, parameters Switches determine if resources areSwitches determine if resources are
availableavailableSufficient Buffer Space?Sufficient Buffer Space?Sufficient unreserved trunk bandwidth?Sufficient unreserved trunk bandwidth?
Call is rejected if insufficient resourcesCall is rejected if insufficient resources
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ATM Connection Admission ControlATM Connection Admission Control CBR VC’sCBR VC’s
Reserve Peak Trunk BW Reserve Peak Trunk BW Reserve Minimal Buffer SpaceReserve Minimal Buffer Space
VBR VC’sVBR VC’s Reserve Average Trunk BWReserve Average Trunk BW Reserve Buffers to cover burstsReserve Buffers to cover bursts
ABR VC’sABR VC’s Reserve Minimum Trunk BWReserve Minimum Trunk BW Reserve Buffers to cover burstsReserve Buffers to cover bursts
UBR VC’sUBR VC’s Reserve NothingReserve Nothing Allow VC establishment if spare BW & Buffers Allow VC establishment if spare BW & Buffers
above some minimum above some minimum
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The InternetThe Internet
VASTVAST collection of interconnected collection of interconnected networks networks
Mid ‘70’s technologyMid ‘70’s technology Key Building Block:Key Building Block:
Routers running IP (Layer 3)Routers running IP (Layer 3) Packet Switch, StatMuxPacket Switch, StatMux Designed for dataDesigned for data
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Internet Service Provider BackboneInternet Service Provider Backbone
Packet Switched Statmux Network.Full duplex trunks.
Router
TrunksAccess Line
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Wash
ington
D.C
. Area - 2000
Wash
ington
D.C
. Area - 2000
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ISO OSI Seven Layer ModelIP RouterISO OSI Seven Layer ModelIP Router
Layer 7 ApplicationLayer 7 Application Word PerfectWord Perfect Layer 6 Presentation Layer 6 Presentation Windows APIWindows API Layer 5 SessionLayer 5 Session TCP, WindowsTCP, Windows Layer 4 TransportLayer 4 Transport TCP, WindowsTCP, Windows Layer 3 Network Layer 3 Network IPIP, Windows, Windows Layer 2 Data LinkLayer 2 Data Link Ethernet, Ethernet, FRFR, , ATMATM
SONET, OTN, T-Carrier, PPP, WiFiSONET, OTN, T-Carrier, PPP, WiFi Layer 1 PhysicalLayer 1 Physical Ethernet, SONET, Ethernet, SONET,
OTN, T-Carrier, DSL, Cable Modem, WiFiOTN, T-Carrier, DSL, Cable Modem, WiFi
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LAN
LAN
LAN
Internet Service Provider NetworkInternet Service Provider Network
Corporate Routers & Other ISP Routers attached.ISP trunks could be...
RouterRouter
TrunksLeased Line
T1
T1
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Leased LinesLeased Lines
Nailed up end-to-end connectivity (a Circuit).Bit pipe. No packet processing between Routers.
Cross-ConnectCross-Connect
TrunksLeased Line
ISPRouter
ISPRouter
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Light Path (Wave) Connectivity (OC-48, OC-192, or OC-768)
Light Path (Wave) Connectivity (OC-48, OC-192, or OC-768)
Nailed up end-to-end connectivity (a Circuit).Light Path. No packet processing between Routers.
Optical SwitchOptical Switch
TrunksFiber
ISPRouter
ISPRouter
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Internet Packet FormatInternet Packet Format
Traffic
?? 20 20 0-1460 ??
IP TCPLayer 2 Header
Layer 2 Trailer?
Probably originated on an Ethernet.
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InternetInternet Router Line Speeds generallyRouter Line Speeds generally
T1 to OC-768 on the WAN, some 100 Gbps T1 to OC-768 on the WAN, some 100 Gbps (Mostly Leased Line or Light Waves)(Mostly Leased Line or Light Waves)
10/100/1,000/10,000 Mbps (Ethernet) on the LAN10/100/1,000/10,000 Mbps (Ethernet) on the LAN Some Ethernet making it into MAN Some Ethernet making it into MAN
Hierarchical Alpha-Numeric NamesHierarchical Alpha-Numeric [email protected]@machine.institution.domain
DatagramsDatagrams Independent I/O decisions on every packet Independent I/O decisions on every packet Not guaranteed to follow same pathNot guaranteed to follow same path
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