N ? > ? J : E V G H ? : = ? G L K L < H I H H ; J : A H...
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« » . . , . . NON-FINITE VERB PATTERNS Practice grammar book - 2007
Transcript of N ? > ? J : E V G H ? : = ? G L K L < H I H H ; J : A H...
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. . ,. .
NON-FINITE VERB PATTERNS
Practice grammar book
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2007
- 3 2007 ., 4
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- -- -
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3 .
: 031201 (022600) – , 031202 (022900) – -
, 031000 (520300) –
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CONTENTS
PREFACE ……………………………………………………………
VERB + THE INFINITIVE
SECTION A. FOCUS ON FORM AND MEANING ………….
SECTION B. FOCUS ON PATTERNS ………………………..
VERB + V-ING (GERUND)
SECTION A. FOCUS ON FORM AND MEANING ………….
SECTION B. FOCUS ON PATTERNS ……………………….
VERBS FOLLOWED BY EITHER THE INFINITIVE
OR AN -ING FORM ………………………………………………...
REFERENCES ………………………………………………….........
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5
8
25
27
42
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PREFACE
Non-finite Verb Patterns is designed for intermediate and upper-intermediate learners of English and aims to help them improve their grammar competence and learn to use appropriate words in appropriate structures for the purpose of making meaningful messages in English. This is achieved in various ways through about seventy varied and stimulating practice exercises.
Presented in a clear, user-friendly style, the practice book is logically di-vided into three chapters, each of which introduces and further details an essen-tial grammar topic. Chapter 1 is assigned to the pattern ‘Finite Verb + Infini-tive’; Chapter 2 focuses on the pattern ‘Finite Verb + Gerund’. Inside each of these chapters there are two principal sections: Section A deals with the form and meaning of the sentence type and Section B details variations of the basic pattern. In Chapter 3 verbs which can be followed by either infinitives or ger-unds are presented and practiced in opposition.
Non-finite Verb Patterns maintains an inductive approach, and teaches students to analyze a wealth of contexts provided and make conclusions about the tendencies or rules of using English verbs. This is then reinforced through a range of activities to practice the grammar, including gap-filling, completion, matching, rephrasing and editing (proofreading, or error analysis) through to translation and guided communicative tasks, all of which help students internal-ize and master the new patterns. The book features grammar summary tables for students to complete and thus revise what they have learnt.
The practice book will prepare students for more advanced grammar courses as well as Use of English tests. It is intentionally flexible in design and is suitable for self-study, homework or use in class.
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VERB + THE INFINITIVE
SECTION A. FOCUS ON FORM AND MEANING
Task 1. Fill in the table with the forms of the infinitive of the transitive verb give
and the intransitive verb work. Some boxes will remain blank.
Active Passive
Simple
Perfect
Continuous
Perfect Con-
tinuous
Task 2. What is the time relation between the action of the main verb and the ac-
tion of the infinitive in the following sentences? Is the agent (doer of the action)
the same or different?
1. He allowed her to leave.
2. The man is still waiting to be given a definite answer.
3. She would never miss a chance to show her efficiency.
4. She seems to be losing her temper.
5. I didn’t expect to be invited.
6. He claims to have stayed there a week.
7. I meant to have telephoned, but I forgot.
8. It seems to have been raining ever since we came here.
9. I want to have this book published.
10. I was made to work late.
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Task 3. Explain the difference in meaning in these pairs of sentences.
1) I don’t promise to see Mary again. – I promise not to see Mary again.
2) The poor widow can’t afford to have a telephone. – A busy doctor can’t afford
not to have a telephone.
Task 4. Now fill in the correct form of the infinitive.
1. I'd like ... (book) a return ticket to Denver, please.
2. His dog loves … (pat and make fuss of (it)).
3. He hated ... (bother) with trifling matters.
4. Many film stars now hire bodyguards because they want ... (protect).
5. Listen carefully because I don't want you … (misunderstand) me.
6. He always wears such outrageous clothes because he wants ... (notice).
7. "I happen ... (pass) my driving test two years ago, you know," he said.
8. I happened ... (look) out of the window when they arrived.
9. Tim started … (respect) by his colleagues.
10. We are waiting for his first novel … (publish) in English.
11. Stop pretending ... (eat) your food – just finish it up, please.
12. The girl pretended ... (read) a book.
13. Robert is expecting ... (inherit) a large house when his grandfather dies.
14. My boss expects me ... (work) overtime.
15. The damage was expected … (be) extensive.
16. Leslie seems ... (enjoy) her new job.
17. Jill's teacher is worried about her as she seems ... (have) difficulty coping
with her studies.
18. The burglars must have come in through the window as the lock seems ...
(force).
19. He seems … (sit) here all day.
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20. The man seemed ... (study) me, and I felt uneasy in his presence.
21. His music seems … (influence) by the rock culture of the seventies.
22. He is supposed ... (work) at the translation of the book for two years.
23. The book was believed ... (lose) until the librarian happened ... (find) it dur-
ing the inventory. It turned out ... (to misplace).
24. He is thought ... (hide) in the woods.
25. Young children often ask ... (take) to the zoo.
26. Ten more people have asked ... (include) in the conference.
27. He promised … (not, tell) my secret to anybody.
28. I promised ... (wait) at the door when he came out.
29. The suspect claimed ... (watch) TV at the time of the robbery.
30. Ann claimed … (invite) to Tom Cruise's wedding while she was in Amer-
ica.
31. Colin is said … (find) safe and well.
32. The painting has been reported … (miss).
33. The conference at Brighton last week is reported … (give) full support to
the miners.
34. She came … (recognize) as the leading pianist of her generation.
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SECTION B. FOCUS ON PATTERNS
Task 5. Match the sentences below with the patterns they are built on.
S + V + to-infinitive
S + V + object +
to-infinitive
S + V + (object) +
to-infinitive
S + V +object +
bare infinitive
S + V + prepositional
object + to-infinitive
1. He encouraged her to go to university.
2. They applied for the hearing to be postponed.
3. He threatened to report their behaviour to the principal.
4. Only members of the company are entitled to use the facilities.
5. Inspector Pascoe asked for the prisoners to be held in the cells overnight.
6. She noticed him run away from the house.
7. Rachel believes the results to be unscientific.
8. He expects to arrive there by 6.
9. He expects them to arrive by 6.
10. We waited for the taxi to come before saying goodbye.
Task 6. Match the two parts of each sentence. Translate the sentences into Rus-
sian.
1. He VOLUNTEERED
2. He OFFERED
3. He CHOSE
4. I’m sorry, I didn't MEAN
5. I MEANT
a) not to go home until late.
b) to be a dancer.
c) to write to his mother every week.
d) to be careless in this job.
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6. This is my job and I INTEND
7. The minister DECLINED
8. I REFUSED
9. The horse REFUSED
10. Don't worry if you have
ARRANGED with someone else
11. He politely PRETENDED
12. Don't HESITATE
13. He EXPECTS
14. How he MANAGED
15. He never FAILED
16. The play DESERVES
17. You CAN'T AFFORD
18. Shopping lists on old enve-
lopes TEND
19. I TEND
20. She IS LEARNING
e) to be home after lunch.
f) to be read.
g) to be rude.
h) to contact us.
i) to do it myself.
j) to find us is beyond me.
k) not to have heard the last remark.
l) to get lost.
m) to jump over the fence.
n) to make a statement to the press.
o) to pick her up in his car.
p) to ring you, but I am afraid I forgot.
q) to stay longer.
r) to do whatever he could for them.
s) to wake up early in the morning.
t) to go out tonight.
Task 7. Answer the questions.
1. What can't poor people AFFORD to do?
2. If someone works hard, what do they DESERVE?
3. Where do you L N to go on holiday?
4. What do you AIM to do?
5. What do you often MEAN but FORGET to do?
6. What do blood donors VOLUNTEER to do?
7. When it’s very hot, what do people LONG to do?
8. What should you PAUSE to do before you act?
9. What do cautious people DECLINE to do?
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10. What do stubborn people REFUSE to do?
11. What do absent-minded people TEND to do?
12. When you enter for a competition, what do you HOPE to do?
13. Who do children PRETEND to be when they play games?
14. If you and your friends have nowhere to stay, what can you OFFER to do?
15. When we are unsure what do we HESITATE to do?
16. When people get married, what do they PROMISE to do?
17. If you've got a toothache, where must you ARRANGE to go?
18. If you don't read up for an exam, what will you FAIL to do?
19. What have you DECIDED to take up after your studies?
Task 8. Translate into English.
1. .
2. .
3. / / .
4. , .
5. , .
6. . -
.
7. / / /,
.
8. , .
9. .
10. ?
11. , ( / -
) .
12. .
13. .
10
14. , ?
15. , .
16. .
17. .
18. .
Task 9. Make one sentence out of each two, using “HAPPEN + to-infinitive”.
Model: You were waiting at a bus stop. Your friend drove past. 1 happened
to be waiting at a bus stop when my friend drove past.
1. I was there. The accident took place.
2. I was watching television when the fire started.
3. He was sitting in a cafe. A friend walked in.
4. We were talking about her. She came into the room
5. An old man was walking past a hospital. He had a heart attack
6. She was pressed for time. They asked to help them.
7. The ear phones were out of order. I decided to listen to the test materials.
Task 10. Match the verbs on the left with their definitions. What basic meaning
do all the verbs express?
A.
FORCE
GET
OBLIGE + someone
a. influence the behaviour or judgment of sb
(in a position of power or trust) unfairly or
illegally by offering them favours or gifts
b. cause sb to do sth
c. make an unwilling person or animal do sth
d. (fml) lead sb to do sth , often by persuad-
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TEMPT
BRIBE
INDUCE
PROVOKE
+ TO DO
sth
ing
e. make a person or animal angry or bad-
tempered, esp. by continually annoying
them
f. persuade or attract sb to do sth that seems
pleasant or advantageous but may be un-
wise or immoral; make sb want to do sth
g. make it necessary for sb to do sth
B.
PERSUADE
ENCOURAGE
INVITE
URGE
CHALLENGE
DARE
+ someone
+ TO DO
sth
h. make sb feel brave enough or confident
enough to do sth, esp. by giving active ap-
proval
i. invite sb to compete against one in a fight,
match…
j. 1) ask sb to come esp. to a social occasion,
2) ask for or request, esp. politely or for-
mally, 3) (seem to) encourage (sth bad)
k. try to persuade sb to do sth dangerous as a
way of proving their bravery
l. make sb willing to do sth by reasoning,
arguing, asking repeatedly
m. try very hard to persuade sb
Task 11. Use the verbs from Task 10 to fill in the gaps. Some verbs should be
used more than once. Then translate the sentences into Russian.
A.
1. I __________ him to help me when I moved the furniture.
2. They tried to __________ the judge to acquit them.
3. Can I __________ you to have another drink?
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4. Nothing could __________ her to be disloyal to him.
5. The child was __________ with a piece of cake to go to bed quietly.
6. His arguments __________ them to admit he was right.
7. I can’t __________ the car to start.
8. Her refusal to answer __________ me to shout at her.
9. Falling profits __________ them to close the factory.
10. Waving a red cap, he __________ the animal to charge.
11. The fine weather __________ us to go outside.
12. The heavy rain __________ us to stay at home.
B.
13. Try to __________ him to come with us.
14. He __________ me to apply for the job.
15. Some shops __________ people to steal by making it too easy to take
things.
16. He was still trying to __________ Polly to change her mind.
17. They __________ us to give our support.
18. The television interviewer __________ the minister to comment on the
recent events.
19. They __________ us to stay for the weekend.
20. They __________ me to spend the night in the graveyard.
21. Her success __________ me to try the same thing.
22. I __________ him to race me across the lake.
Task 12. Match the verbs on the left with their definitions. What basic meaning
do all the verbs express?
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ALLOW
PERMIT
ENTITLE
ENABLE
AUTHORISE
FORBID
+ someone +
TO DO sth
1. give sb an opportunity to do sth
2. allow sb to do sth (formal)
3. order that sth must not be done
4. (sb in a position of authority) to give official
permission for sth to happen
5. give sb the right to do or have sth
6. a) give sb permission to do sth; b) create the
opportunity for sth to happen
Task 13. Use the verbs from Task 12 to fill in the gaps. Translate the sentences
into Russian.
1. I ______________ you to come home so late again.
2. _________ the apples to ripen at room temperature.
3. The eagle’s long wings ______________ it to glide for long distances.
4. In theory, bad behaviour at a Christmas office party ______________ an em-
ployer to fire someone.
5. The youth opportunities programme is designed to ______________ young
people to find work.
6. Their educational qualifications ______________ them to get a higher salary.
7. Only Congress can ______________ the President to declare war.
8. The law ______________ foreign investors to own up to 25% of British com-
panies.
9. The US government has refused to ______________ the refugees to enter the
country
10. [form] By signing above I ______________ Citibank (South Dakota), N.A.
to transfer balances as indicated above to my Citibank Visa card account
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Task 14. Answer the questions.
1. What should teachers ENCOURAGE students to do?
2. What must students FORCE themselves to do before exams?
3. What does good weather TEMPT people to do?
4. If you were overweight, what would the doctor RECOMMEND you to do?
5. If a person is honest, what can you TRUST them to do?
6. If a person was rude to you, what would this PROVOKE you to do?
7. What do the traffic rules FORBID you to do?
8. What did your mother WARN you not to do? What did she INSTRUCT you
to do?
9. What does a season ticket ENTITLE you to do?
10. What does a good dictionary ENABLE you to do?
Task 15. Translate into English. Build the sentences on the pattern Subject +
Verb + Object + to-infinitive.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. , -
.
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. .
9. , .
10. ,
.
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11. , .
12. .
13. -
.
14. , .
Task 16. REPORTING VERBS. Report the following using an appropriate in-
troductory verb from the lists below. Which of the verbs do not take an object
before the infinitive?
A. AGREE, INVITE, ASK, BEG, REMIND, PROMISE, WARN, OFFER.
1. ‘I’ll never forget your birthday again.’ e.g. He promised never to for-
get my birthday again.
2. ‘We’ll pick up the children, if you like.’
3. ‘Yes, I’ll help you.’
4. ‘Can you pass me the salt, please?’
5. ‘Could I speak to Ms Jones?’
6. ‘Don’t forget to tell Ann!’
7. ‘Please go.’
8. ‘Please let me go.’
9. ‘I will buy you a present.’
10. ‘You must spend Christmas with us.’
11. ‘Shall I help you?’
12. ‘Don’t go near the fire!’
B. FORBIDE, INSTRUCT, REFUSE, DEMAND, THREATEN, ADVISE.
13. ‘Give me a statement or I’ll detain you.’
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14. ‘Could someone bring the culprit to my office?’
15. ‘Don’t you ever discuss my problems behind my back again!’
16. ‘Why don’t you go to see a doctor?’
17. ‘No, I won’t get out of bed.’
18. ‘If you do that again, I’ll call the police!’
19. ‘You mustn’t be back later than 10.’
20. ‘Mix the eggs with the flour.’
21. ‘Don’t leave your room again.’
C. ENCOURAGE, ALLOW, PERMIT, ORDER, COMMAND, CLAIM.
22. ‘Everybody be quiet!’
23. ‘Go ahead, say what you think.’
24. ‘I saw the murderer.’
25. ‘You can use my phone.’
26. ‘You may speak to the judge.’
27. ‘Move to your right.’
28. ‘Come on – you can do the Swimathon with us. You’re just as
good as we are.’
Task 17. Translate into English.
1. pa o 7.30.
2. / / .
3. , .
4. .
5. , .
6. , .
7. .
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8. .
9. - .
10. , .
11. , ,
.
12. , .
13. , .
14. ( ) .
Task 18.
A. Comment on the difference between the sentences:
I prefer to drive. – I prefer you to drive.
B. Now translate into English using the verbs:
LIKE, LOVE, HATE, CAN’T BEAR, WANT, WISH, PREFER, NEED.
1. .
2. , .
3. , .
4. , .
5. .
6. , , .
7. .
8. , .
9. , .
10. , !
11. , .
12. .
13. ( ), .
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Task 19. Match the two halves of the sentences. More than one correct variant is
possible.
1. He hesitated
2. Can you advise me
3. Does anyone remember
4. It’s up to him to decide
5. I stood wondering
6. You never know
7. We couldn’t imagine
8. At the moment I didn’t understand
9. Can you tell me
10. Who will teach me
11. Will you show our guest
12. Will you remind me
13. Let’s ask somebody
A. where to change.
B. whom to address.
C. how to fill in the form.
D. which way to choose.
E. what to buy.
F. how long to stay.
G. what book to refer to.
H. whether to accept the offer or not.
I. what to say to such people.
J. how to do it.
K. where to get off.
L. what time to return.
M. what tape to choose.
Task 20. Answer the following questions using the verbs LET and MAKE.
1. What did your parents make you do when you were a child?
2. What didn't your parents let you do when you were a child?
3. What will you let your children do?
4. What will you make children do if you become a teacher?
5. What do onions make you do?
6. What do cigarettes make people do?
7. What does the thought of work make you feel?
8. Why do short people wear high heels?
9. Why do women wear make-up?
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Task 21. Answer the following questions using the verb KNOW in the meaning
of “to experience”. Model:
– Can I trust him to pay the money back? – I've never known him pay his debts.
1. Is your friend quick to take offence?
2. What if you just hurt your friend’s feelings?
3. Does your friend attend classes regularly?
4. Do you think one can die of love?
5. Would your friend like to go out to the opera house with you?
6. Did you see your friend’s drawings in chalk?
7. Are you sure your friend is all right?
8. Will your friend do as s/he is told?
Task 22.
A. Rephrase the sentences or groups of sentences using VERBS OF SENSE
PERCEPTION + an object + bare infinitive. Model:
I looked out of the window. He entered the house. – I saw him enter the house.
1. The announcer called the flight. I'VE HEARD it.
2. The plane took off. We all HAVE SEEN it.
4. Nobody moved or said anything, just WATCHED how she packed her things.
5. If a pin dropped, you WOULD HEAR it.
6. You whispered something to your neighbour. I NOTICED it.
7. We SAW that their disappointment changed to resignation.
8. I FELT how the child's hand tightened in mine.
B. Which of the sentences above can you make passive, as in the model:
I saw him enter the house – He was seen TO enter the house ?
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Task 23. Rewrite the sentences on the model and translate into Russian.
People saw the rocket fly up – The rocket was seen TO fly up.
1. We heard the commander give the instructions.
2. They made him do the work all over again.
3. They intend this to be the final meeting.
4. Parents allow their children to play in the open.
5. We expected the delegation to arrive the next day.
6. Everybody knows the Oxford University to be the oldest in Britain.
7. Everybody believes him to be a great authority on the subject.
8. People suppose that the guest will appear on TV tonight.
9. People say this medicine is very effective.
Task 24. Translate into Russian.
1. The Ambassador is expected to visit the Senate.
2. The links between cities are expected to grow in the future.
3. The meeting was understood to have taken place at the Chairman's request.
4. The guest is said to have asked for the appointment of the commercial attache
in Moscow.
5. The committee is expected to fix a date for the conference.
6. The conference at Brighton is reported to have given full support to miners.
Task 25. Translate into Russian.
1. He made believe that he had caught the huge fish himself.
2. She let (it) slip that she’s leaving.
3. Jim borrowed my new bike; I had to make do with my old one.
4. Let go! You’re hurting my arm!
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5. I’ve often heard tell of the wonderful parties she gives, but I’ve never been in-
vited.
Task 26. Choose one of the verbs in brackets to complete each sentence.
1. a) I ... Jim to drive a car before the age of 18.
b) I ... to drive a car before the age of 18.
2. a) We... him to go to the party.
b) We ... to go to the party.
) We ... him go to the party.
3. a) They ... for the kittens to go to good homes.
b) They ... the kittens to go to good homes.
4. a) He ... the children to stay away.
b) He ... to stay away.
5. a) The police ... for his protectors to give him up.
b) The police ... him to give himself up.
c) The police ... him give himself up.
6. a) She ... him to visit the exhibition before it ended.
b) She ... to visit the exhibition before it ended.
7. a) Did you ... for the bed to be delivered or shall I col-
lect it?
b) Did you ... the bed to be delivered or will you collect it
yourself?
8. a) I ... my mother to buy a new car.
b) I ... to buy a new car.
9. a) He … to make some coffee.
b) He … her to make some coffee.
10. a) She … him to enter the deserted house.
b) She … to enter the deserted house.
(learned/
taught)
(let/ allowed/
agreed)
(wanted/ ar-
ranged)
(warned/
threatened)
(made/ ap-
pealed/
forced)
(promised/
told)
(need/ ar-
range)
(decided/ per-
suaded)
(offered/
asked)
(refused/ pro-
hibited)
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Task 27. Proofreading: There is at least one mistake in each sentence. Suggest
appropriate corrections.
1. She longed the holidays to come so that she could be with her family again.
2. I overheard say that he's thinking of moving to Manchester.
3. We watched football to play until it started to rain.
4. My parents always encouraged work hard at school.
5 For years the group has been campaigning for an inquiry to hold into the acci-
dent.
6. I think we should let them to stay until the weekend.
7. Sam promised me to show me how to fish for salmon, but he never had the
time.
8. Hospital workers had to make themselves to do with a 1,5 % pay increase this
year.
9. I hear her tell that she's got a new job (= someone told me about it)
10. This card entitles to take an extra person with you free.
11. The Opposition have asked fuel taxes to be reduced.
12. He offered me to make some tea.
SUMMING UP
Task 28. Now that you have done all the exercises, complete the table below
with all the verbs that appear in the exercises. Look up grammar reference books
and add more verbs into each category. Within each pattern sort the verbs ac-
cording to the meaning they express. The semantic categories have been set for
you. You may add more semantic categories if you find it necessary.
S + V +to-infinitive
S + V +object +
to-infinitive
S + V + (object) +
to-infinitive
S + V +object +
bare infini-tive
S + V + prepositional
object +to-infinitive
Reporting and other com-munication verbs
Reporting and other com-munication verbs
Reporting and other com-munication verbs
Perceptionverbs
Reporting and other com-munication verbs
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Cognitionverbs
Verbs of de-sire
Verbs of in-tention and decision
Verbs of mo-dality and causation
Cognitionverbs
Verbs of de-sire
Verbs of in-tention and decision
Verbs of mo-dality and causation
Cognitionverbs
Verbs of de-sire
Verbs of in-tention and decision
Verbs of mo-dality and causation
Verbs of mo-dality and causation
Verbs of de-sire
Verbs of in-tention and decision
Verbs of mo-dality and causation
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Verbs of ef-fort
Verbs of probability or simple fact
NB! The pas-sive form + TO-infinitive!
VERB + V-ING (GERUND)
SECTION A. FOCUS ON FORM AND MEANING
Task 29. Complete the table with the -ing forms of the transitive verb make and
the intransitive verb go. Some boxes will remain blank.
Active Passive
Simple
Perfect
Continuous
25
Task 30. What is the time relation between the action of the main verb and the
action of the –ing form in the following sentences? Is the agent (doer of the ac-
tion) the same or different? Translate E R.
I enjoy jogging in the morning.
They considered moving abroad.
He denied lying to his parents.
He denied having lied to his parents.
I remember being taken to Paris as a
small child.
I wouldn’t have dreamt of being given
such a present!
Task 31. Identify the doer of the action of the -ing forms in the following sen-
tences. Translate E R.
1 I remember winning the gold medal.
2. I remember him winning the gold medal.
3. I remember his winning the gold medal.
4. She disliked working late.
5. She disliked Steve’s working late.
6. She disliked Steve working late.
7. I’m surprised at his having
done it so quickly.
8. I object to your driving so fu-
riously.
9. I suggest selling it.
10. This carpet needs cleaning.
Task 32. Now fill in the correct –ing form of the verbs given. Translate E R.
1. He admitted ________________ (take) the money.
2. I can’t understand ________________ (he, leave) his wife.
3. He didn’t much like ________________ (call (him)) Professor.
4. He was accused of ________________ (desert) the ship.
5. I should apologize for ________________ (bother) you.
6. Would you mind ________________ (move) your car?
7. Would you mind ________________ (I, move) your car?
8. He didn’t mind ________________ (Ann, leave) home.
26
9. She threw herself to the ground to avoid ________________ (hit) by the ball.
10. He resented ________________ (I, promote) before him.
11. I won’t stand ________________ (lie to (me)).
12. I was in low spirits and considered ________________ (go away).
SECTION B. FOCUS ON PATTERNS
Task 33. Match the sentences below with the patterns they are built on.
S + V +V-ing
S + V +object /
possessive + V-ing
S + V +(object /
possessive) + V-ing
S + V +preposition +
object /possessive
+V-ing
S + V +object +
preposition + V-ing
1. You can’t prevent his/ him spending his own money.
2. You can’t prevent him from spending his own money.
3. I actually enjoy cleaning shoes. It’s relaxing!
4. Forgive me/ my ringing you up so early.
5. Forgive me for ringing you up so early.
6. She overheard them talking about the closure of the factory.
7. I can’t stand driving his old car.
8. I can’t stand him driving his old car.
9. The man was noticed climbing the wall.
10. He insisted on me/ my reading the letter.
27
11. He insisted on reading the letter.
12. I couldn’t help laughing.
Task 34. Fill the gaps in the definitions with the following verbs: AVOID, DE-
LAY, ESCAPE, FACE, MISS, POSPONE, PREVENT, RESIST, RISK.
1. If you ___________ a situation that you think is dangerous, unpleasant or dif-
ficult, you succeed in avoiding it.
2. If you ___________ doing sth, you make a deliberate effort not to do it / not to
get involved in it.
3. If you ___________ (doing) sth, you regret that you are no longer doing it.
4. If you ___________ an event, you arrange for it to take place at a later time,
than was originally planned.
5. If you ___________ doing sth, you 1) deliberately take longer than necessary
to do it; or you fail to do it by a certain time, often because you can not make
up your mind quickly enough; or 2) arrange for an event to take place at a
later time than was originally planned.
6. If you ___________ doing sth, you stop yourself from doing it, although you
know that you would like to do it.
7. If you ___________ sth happening or ___________ sb from doing sth, you
stop them doing it.
8. If you ___________ doing sth, you 1) do sth that you know may have an un-
pleasant or dangerous result or 2) take the chance of this unpleasant result.
9. If you ___________ an unpleasant or difficult situation, you must deal with it.
Task 35. Now use the verbs in Task 34 to fill in the gaps. Translate E R.
1. I can’t ___________ teasing him.
2. He narrowly ___________ being run over.
28
3. Take whatever precautions you can to ___________ being involved in an ac-
cident.
4. I know I should ___________ living in Brighton after I move.
5. A stone wall ___________ the hillside (from) tumbling into the road.
6. Are you prepared to ___________ driving through Bagdad without an armed
guard?
7. She could not really ___________ speaking to them.
8. Don’t ___________ claiming for too long, or they won’t pay you.
9. Congress ___________ making a decision on the UN’s proposals until after
the summit meeting.
10. What can we do to ___________ this disease spreading?
11. By criticizing the boss he ___________ losing his job.
12. The best way to lose weight is ___________ eating fatty foods.
13. He narrowly ___________ being drowned.
14. Let us ___________ sending an answer to their request.
15. Don’t ___________ sending your application – it’s the case of ‘the sooner
the better’.
16. You may be able to ___________ paying income tax on the money that you
save.
17. She ___________ losing her money at cards.
Task 36. Talk to your partner and compare your attitudes to the occupations and
activities listed below, using the verbs LIKE, LOVE, ENJOY, ADORE, DIS-
LIKE, DETEST, HATE, (DIS)APPROVE OF; DON’T MIND; CAN’T
STAND / BEAR.
reading in bed
smoking in bed
packing things
doing the washing-up
lying about
giving advice
29
staying in hotels
staying at campsites
writing letters
gambling
acting
saving money
borrowing money
keeping fit
rushing decisions
gardening
queuing
lying
Task 37. Some more verbs of attitude are used in the sentences below. Match
their halves and then translate E R.
I OBJECT TO
Nothing can EXCUSE
I deeply REGRET
I still miss him sometimes, but I
don’t REGRET
I don’t think I’ll be able to STAND
I really FANCY
I don’t FANCY
The baby ADORES
Do you APPROVE OF
He always DREADED
Everything you DREAD
They RESENT
I APPRECIATE
asking them for their rent money because
he knew it would end in an argument.
going to that dreary house alone.
finishing the affair.
being given this opportunity.
sharing an office with Barbara.
doctors using human embryos for re-
search?
lying to your parents.
being treated as common criminals.
going for a swim.
doing, you must do straight away.
being tickled.
losing touch with my friends from school.
Nick borrowing my things.
Task 38. Translate R E.
1. , .
2. , .
3. , .
30
4. , .
5. , .
6. , .
7. , .
8. , .
Task 39. DO YOU MIND MY -ING? or WOULD YOU MIND -ING?
Which of the formulas is used to make a request? To ask sb’s permission? What
kind of response can you expect?
With a partner, make short conversations in the following situations. Use one of
the formulas above.
1. You want to open the window.
2. You want your friend to open the window.
3. You want to turn down the radio.
4. You want your friend to turn down the radio.
5. You want to smoke.
6. You want to change to channel 1.
7. You want your friend to go and buy some aspirin for you.
8. You want to have a look at the person’s book / watch.
9. You want your friend to return your book to the library for you.
10. You want your friend to book two theatre tickets for Saturday.
11. You want to change the lock in the door.
12. You want your friend to collect your suit from the dry-cleaners.
Task 40. REPORTING VERBS
Report the following using an appropriate introductory verb from the list below.
31
ACCUSE sb OF, ADMIT (to), APOLOGISE FOR, BOAST OF / ABOUT,
COMPLAIN TO sb ABOUT / OF sth, DENY, INSIST ON, MENTION, RE-
PORT, SUGGEST.
1. ‘I’m sorry, I insulted you.’
2. ‘I didn’t steal the money.’
3. ‘Yes, I lied about my age.’
4. ‘Oh, by the way, I saw you on TV last night.’
5. ‘We saw him in Brighton, sir.’
6. ‘Why don’t we go out tonight?’
7. ‘I’m the fastest swimmer of all!’
8. ‘You’ve caused a lot of pain to my family.’
9. ‘The film was so boring, Mum.’
10. ‘You must apply for the teaching post.’
Task 41. Translate into English.
1. .
2. , .
3. , .
4. , - .
5. , .
6. , .
7. , .
8. , .
9. , .
10. , .
11. , .
12. .
32
Task 42.
A. What do the verbs below have in common in their semantics? How are they
different?
A) BEGIN, START, SET ABOUT, TAKE TO;
B) CONTINUE, GO ON, KEEP, KEEP ON, CARRY ON, PERSIST IN;
C) FINISH, STOP, QUIT, GIVE UP.
B. Translate into Russian.
1. Make sure you’re in a comfortable position before you begin typing.
2. Realizing that the disease was caused by diet, Dr Alton set about finding out
exactly what people ate in the affected region.
3. Shelley took to visiting us quite regularly at the villa in Monte Cassino.
4. They continued arguing long after everyone else had gone to bed.
5. When I tried to interrupt, he ignored me and went on speaking.
6. She decided to carry on working after having the baby.
7. We were so tired but knew that we had to keep moving.
8. The children kept on complaining until we got back home.
9. He persisted in smoking even when he was lying ill in bed.
10. If you stop talking and start listening you might actually learn something.
11. Can I borrow that when you have finished reading it?
12. You should take extra care with your diet, or better still, give up smoking.
13. They told me at the hospital to quit drinking for a while.
Task 43. Think up what it or this/ that could stand for.
1. It might MEAN missing our lunch, you know.
2. That means saying good-buy to a career of a pilot.
3. But it would mean moving to another city.
33
4. This may INVOLVE re-training for another kind of job.
5. It involves changing nappies and making special meals.
6. It NEEDS weeding.
Task 44. Your summer cottage is in a poor state. Make up sentences from the
prompts to describe it. Translate E R.
windows
chimney
gutter
gate
woodwork
door
drainage
grass
garden
NEED
REQUIRE
WANT
cutting
washing
repairing
repainting
clearing
weeding
…
Task 45. Translate R E using the following verbs of mental activities:
ANTICIPATE, IMAGINE, CONSIDER, RECALL, RECOLLECT, REMEM-
BER.
1. ( ) .
2. ?
3. , .
4. , .
5. , (adventure) , -
( ),
!
34
6. , -
.
7. , - , -
, , .
8. . , -
.
Task 46. Translate E R using the verbs FIND, HEAR, OVERHEAR, NO-
TICE, SEE, WATCH.
1. , .
2. , ,
?
3. , , .
4. , .
5. .
6. , .
Task 47. What would you advise your friend if they said the following things?
Use the verbs TRY, AVOID, PRACTISE.
1. ‘I have a sore throat’.
2. ‘My hands are allergic to washing powders’.
3. ‘I’ve put too much salt into the soup’.
4. ‘I’m putting on weight, I’m afraid’.
5. ‘I’m afraid I might drive into the fence or another car when I park mine’.
6. ‘The baby won’t get asleep’.
7. ‘Mum asked me to play her favourite tune at her birthday party’.
8. ‘I’m very nervous about my exams’.
35
Task 48. Fill in the appropriate prepositions before the -ing forms.
1. Are you thinking _____ leaving already?
2 We are looking _____ _____ reading your new book.
3. I don't feel _____ working now; what about going to the cinema instead?
4. He took _____ getting up early and walking noisily about the house.
5. You know very well that I don't believe _____ lending money.
6. When at last I succeeded ____ convincing him that I wanted to get home
quickly, he put his foot on the accelerator.
7. It is lack of imagination that prevents people _____ seeing things from my
point of view.
8. I object _____ being treated like that.
9. I don't approve _____ your climbing cliffs.
10. Harry aims _____ becoming a doctor.
11. You may rely _____ our coming in time.
12. Good health depends very much _____ getting enough sleep.
Task 49. Compete the sentences by adding the correct preposition and a suitable
-ing form.
1. I’m really looking forward … your sister, I’ve heard so much about her.
2. We’re thinking … to Turkey this summer.
3. Arnold was falsely accused … cash from the till.
4. When I was a child my mother was always warning me … lifts from strang-
ers.
5. Jean doesn’t believe … today what she can put off until tomorrow!
6. Carol is incredibly honest. She’d never dream … a lie.
7. I don't insist … the work. I can do it myself.
8. Does anyone object …? Thanks. I’ve been fancying a puff since morning!
36
9. Children should be prevented …
10. Our exam results were good. Luckily, nobody suspected us …
11. Why do you persist …? You know it’s bad for your health.
12. Did you succeed …?
13. Did she complain …?
Task 50. Complete the sentences with one of these verbs and, if necessary, an
appropriate object. If it is possible to have an object or no object, include an ob-
ject but write it in brackets:
imagine, miss, spot, watch, deny, find, hear, put off, remember.
1) Through the bedroom window, I ... leaving the house.
2) I ... borrowing the book, but not returning it.
3) The evidence seemed overwhelming, but Mason ... committing the murder.
4) We can't ... buying a new car any longer. The one we've got now just doesn't
start in the morning.
5) We searched the house, and eventually ... reading a book in her bedroom.
6) I ... calling my name, so I went outside to see who was there.
7) I closed my eyes and ... lying on a deserted beach in the sunshine.
8) As the sun set, we ... appearing in the sky.
9) Mark was a good guitarist, and after he went home we ... playing in the garden
in the evenings.
Task 51.
A. Bill Brown was arrested for stealing a car. Here are some of his answers to
questions during his trial. Report what he said with the verbs given + an -ing
form.
admit consider deny notice recall regret
37
"Yes, I was certainly in town around midnight... I saw two men looking into all
the parked cars... Now you mention it, I think I did hear a car being driven
away... I didn't think about telling the police... I certainly didn't steal the car... I
wish I hadn't gone out that night!"
B. Which of your sentences could be rewritten with having + past participle with
little difference in meaning?
Task 52. If possible, rewrite these sentences using the possessive form of the ob-
ject, as in 1. If it is not possible, write X. Translate into Russian.
1. e.g. I disapproved of him smoking in the house. (typical of oral speech) I
disapproved of his smoking... (more formal).
2. We discovered the children hiding the chocolates under their beds.
3. The plan envisages Tony becoming Director next year.
4. If the authorities catch anyone breaking the rules, the punishment is severe.
5. I could imagine the car failing its annual inspection.
6. We objected to the company building a petrol station in our road.
7. It amuses me to think of him sitting at a desk in a suit and tie.
8. My mother disapproved of the cat sleeping in my bedroom.
9. I remember the horse winning the race.
10. I resented Tom winning the prize.
11. Mary recalled him borrowing the book.
Task 53. Paraphrase the sentences using the verbs below:
admit, aim, avoid, fancy, mind, practise, put off, regret, suggest.
1. I don't want to go out this evening.
2. Are you sorry you didn't take the job?
38
3. Why don't you go away tomorrow instead of today?
4. It's not a good idea to travel during the rush hour.
5. May I open the window?
6. The driver said it was true that he didn't have a license.
7. Tom said, «Let's have fish for dinner».
8. They sang the new songs many times.
9. Harry wants to become a doctor.
Task 54. Translate R E using appropriate verbs + an -ing form.
1. .
2. , ?
3. ?
4. , .
5. .
6. , ?
7. , .
8. , .
9. , , . . .
10. .
11. .
12. .
13. , .
14. .
15. .
16. He . .
17. !
18. , - .
19. !
39
20. .
21. , .
22. / , , , -
.
23. .
24. .
25. / .
26. .
27. .
28. .
29. / / - .
30. , - .
31. .
32. .
33. .
34. / / .
35. , .
36. , .
37. .
38. , - . ?
39. .
SUMMING UP
Task 55. Now that you have done all the exercises, complete the table below
with all the verbs that appear in the exercises. Look up grammar reference books
and add more verbs into each category. Within each pattern sort the verbs ac-
cording to the meaning they express. Some semantic categories have been set for
you. You may add more semantic categories if you find it necessary.
40
V + V-ing V + object / possessive +
V-ing
V + (object) + V-ing
V + preposi-tion + object/possessive +
V-ing
V + object + preposition +
V-ing
Verbs of as-pect (phase)
Verbs of manner
Verbs of feel-ing and atti-tudes
Verbs of fa-cilitation and effort
Verbs of per-ception
NB!The following verbs allow the possessive alternative:
Verbs of cog-nition
Verbs of feel-ing and atti-tudes
41
VERBS FOLLOWED BY
either THE INFINITIVE or AN -ING FORM
Task 56. Use the appropriate forms of the verbs in brackets. When is either the
infinitive or -ing possible? When is one of the forms preferable? Why?
1. I STARTED (work).
2. I’m beginning (understand) why he acted as he did.
3. I BEGAN (realize) why he had lied.
4. I CAN’T BEAR (wait).
5. I couldn’t bear (tell) him.
6. The grass WANTS (cut).
7. Your shoes NEED (polish).
Task 57. Change the structure of each sentence to introduce the object in brack-
ets.
1. They don't ALLOW taking photos in the gallery (visitors).
2. She won't PERMIT keeping dogs in her house, (her lodgers).
3. They FORBID using calculators at examinations (students).
4. They PROHIBIT paddling and swimming in the pond (children).
5. The doctor may RECOMMEND cutting down on fatty foods (you).
6. The instructor ADVISED starting early (the scouts).
Task 58. Make all the necessary changes to produce sentences from the follow-
ing sets of words.
1. Henry – not allow – smoke – office.
2. She – not allow – little daughter – eat sweets.
42
3. I – recommend – you – see – play.
4. Doctor – recommended – try – pills – sea–sickness.
5. I – forbid – you – use – word.
6. They – prohibit – park – here.
7. Circumstances – not permit – we – help – you.
8. What – you – advise – I – do?
Task 59. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form after VERBS OF PER-
CEPTION.
A.
1. A: Is Sue in the office today? B: Yes. I saw her (type) a report as I came in.
2. A: I walked past the lake yesterday.
B: So did I. I stood for a moment to watch some children (feed) the ducks.
3. A: Marie is good at playing the piano, isn't she?
B: Yes. I heard her (perform) in a concert last week. She was wonderful.
4. A: Is Paul at home? B: No. I saw him (leave) for work as I passed by.
5. A: How do you know that Steve took the letter? B: I noticed him (put) it in his
briefcase.
6. A: Did Malcolm wash up properly? B: Yes. I watched him (do) it to make
sure.
7. A: Is that Joanne's fiancé? B: Yes. I noticed them (hold) hands as they went
into the cinema.
8. A: Are there any children living next door? B: Yes. I often hear them (play) as
I'm hanging out the washing.
9. A: Did Sarah miss the train? B: No, she didn't. I watched her (get on) the train
before I left the station.
10. heard the phone (ring) but it stopped before he could answer it.
11. When I entered his room I saw him (do) his homework.
12. Then I saw him (enter) the house, (get) into his car and (drive away).
43
13. I saw Gary Lineker (score) the winning goal in the FA Cup Final.
14. I heard him (lock) the door.
B.
15. He was seen (enter) his office.
16. He was heard (say) that he was going to move house.
17. I heard them (shout) when I was walking past their house.
18. They were heard (shout).
19. I felt the car (skid).
20. She smelt something (burn) and saw smoke (rise).
21. We could see smoke (come) out of the building.
22. We could hear them (play) music loudly yesterday night.
23. The thieves were seen (drive) a stolen car.
24. From a bus you could see women (work) in the fields.
25. I listened to James (read) a story. It was an interesting one.
26. I heard the baby (cry) for most of the night.
27. I felt the snake (bite) me and saw it (slither off) into the bushes.
28. I noticed her quickly (slip) the necklace inside her coat and (leave) the shop.
Task 60. Compare the sentences with LIKE, LOVE, HATE, PREFER. When is
it more common to use to-infinitive after them? Translate the sentences into Rus-
sian.
1. a) What was in the letter? – I don't know, I didn't like to open it$
b) I don't like getting bills.
2. a) I'd love to come and see you there;
b) We both love dancing.
3. a) I hate to wake you up, but there's something urgent I've got to tell you;
b) I hate making you feel uncomfortable;
c) I used to hate going to lectures.
44
4. a) I’d prefer to have an early night tonight;
b) I prefer not to think about it;
c) I prefer to read a book (rather) than watch TV;
d) I prefer driving to being driven.
Task 61. Expand the following sentences so as to clarify the difference in mean-
ing between the members of each pair. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. a) …I REMEMBERED to fill up the form…;
b) …I REMEMBER filling up the form…;
2. a) …I FORGOT to wake you this morning…;
b) …I FORGET waking you…;
3. a) …I REGRET to tell you this story but…;
b) …I REGRET telling you that story…;
4. a) …I TRIED to turn the key the other way…;
b) …I TRIED turning the key the other way…;
5. a) …You DESERVE to shoot first…;
b) …You DESERVE shooting…;
6. a) …That boy WANTS to watch it…;
b) …That boy WANTS watching...;
7. a) …she WENT ON to get a Master’s degree…;
b) …She WENT ON watching TV…;
8. a) … STOP to eat some ice-cream...;
b) … STOP eating ice-cream!...;
9. a) …He MEANS to move to Newcastle…;
b) …It MEANS getting more money…;
10. a) …I USED TO swim all the year round…;
b) …I AM USED TO swimming all the year round…;
11. a) …They CAME to accept her as an equal…;
b) …He CAME hurrying….
45
Task 62. Put the verbs in brackets into the infinitive or -ing form.
1. Tom stopped (pick up) his washing on the way home.
2. If you don't stop (smoke), you'll make yourself ill.
3. Try (phone) John at the office if he's not at home.
4. I tried my best (finish), but there just wasn't enough time.
5. He was promoted in 1990 and went on (become) a company director.
6. The band went on (play) even after the lights had gone out.
7. "Why is the baby crying?" "I think he wants (feed)."
8. Sharon wants (talk) to you.
9. What do you mean (do) with all that money?
10. Playing a musical instrument well means (practise) for years.
11. I regret (inform) you that your husband has been arrested.
12. She regrets (spend) so much money on her new dress.
13. Do you remember (ride) a bicycle for the first time?
14. Remember (post) the letters on your way home.
15. I'd prefer (pretend) I didn't hear what you just said.
16. I prefer (borrow) books from the library to (buy) them.
17. Don't forget (bring) some cash in case they don't accept credit cards.
18. Oh no! I totally forgot (turn off) the cooker.
19. I'll never forget (sail) through that storm in the Atlantic.
20. I’m used to (live) in a hot climate and wouldn’t like (move) anywhere colder.
21. He used to (live) in the US but now he lives in London.
22. In time you may come (like) it here.
23. … and he sent me a lovely present. Come (think) of that, I must write to
thank him.
24. The little girl came (run) to her mother for sympathy.
46
Task 63. Put the verbs in brackets into the infinitive or -ing form.
“I hate 1) … (sit) … in this awful cell day after day. I must admit that I regret
2) … (rob) … that bank but I regret 3) ... (be) … caught even more! I tried so
hard 4) … (become) … a successful criminal because I've never really wanted
5) ... (work) … My mother meant 6) … (bring me up) … properly, but she failed.
I remember 7) … (lie) … and 8) … (steal) … when I was a teenager and I
stopped 9) .... (go) … to school when I was 15. I'll never forget the police
10) … (arrest) … me for the first time. I still went on 11) ... (break) … the law
when I got out of prison. Being a criminal means 12) ... (spend) … most of your
life in prison. When I get out of here, I'm going to try very hard 13) … (stay) …
out of trouble.”
Task 64. USED TO ... vs BE/GET USED TO ...
Complete the sentences with a suitable form of used t ... or be/ get used to....and
think of an appropriate verb to follow.
Example: I …..used to play ….. a lot of tennis but I haven’t practiced for years.
1. Valeria didn't really know what to do when she went to live on her own.
She … waited on hand, foot and finger by her mum.
2. Did Gerry enjoy his time in the army? – Not really. He never could … orders!
3. Why did you give up your job just after the new boss took over? – I just …
under so much pressure.
4. At first it was really hard but by now I … at five every morning.
5. As a child I … stamps.
6. I don’t feel stiff after our game of tennis. I …a lot of exercise.
7. … you … more often before you broke your leg?
8. Do you find driving in London different from driving in Rome? … you … on
the left yet?
47
9. She didn’t like the sea in Scotland because she … in cold water.
Task 65. Label each of the following sentences as active (A) or passive (P) in
meaning. Translate E R.
1. Your windows need cleaning. Would you like me to do them for you?
2. I need to clean the windows, but I’ve no time to do that.
3. I want to make a phone call.
4. I know my hair wants cutting. Could you possibly make an appointment at the
hairdresser's for me?
5. Here's a list of the jobs that need doing.
6. We didn't need to hurry.
7. This chapter needs rewriting.
8. The top rim needs to be cut off.
Task 66. Match up the beginnings and endings of the following sentences and
add a suitable verb either with -ing or in the infinitive. Look at the example.
1. The train had to stop suddenly E
2. Max dreads … redundant
3. I'd been calling our dog for ages
4. Poor Alison absolutely dreads...
5. I remember ... it in a safe place
6. I meant ... you a ring to tell you I'd be
late
7. Polly tried ... happy and relaxed
8. British Rail regrets ... passengers
9. The doctor forgot ... me how often
A. I had to take the tablets.
. or had I better do it myself?
. but everyone could see she'd
been crying.
D. but I just didn't have the time.
E. …to avoid… crashing into a
cow standing on the tracks!
F. for a famous actor when I ar-
rived at Madrid airport.
G. if the lifeguard hadn't seen
48
10. After a few weeks working with
Gwendoline
11. Will you remember ... the gas bill
12. I dread ... what would have hap-
pened
13. Victor really regrets ... university
14. I'll never forget ... mistaken
you.
H. that all trains are subject to
delay due to the snow.
I. I came … what an extraordi-
nary person she was.
J. before he came … out of the
wood with a rabbit in his
mouth.
. but I've no idea where!
L. before completing his degree.
N. and has to take half a bottle of
tranquillisers before she sets
foot on a plane.
O. as he is too old to get another
decent job.
Task 67. Translate the sentences into English.
1. , .
2. , 1465 .
3. .
4. , .
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8. , .
9. .
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49
11. .
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18. -
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SUMMING UP
Task 68. Now that you have done all the exercises, complete the table below
with all the verbs that appear in the exercises. Look up grammar reference books
and add more verbs into each category. Indicate the reasons for choosing either
the infinitive or the -ing form.
V + (to) infinitive or -ingwithout a change of meaning
V + (to) infinitive or -ingwith a change of meaning
50
REFERENCES1. Biber D. Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English / D. Biber, S. Conrad, G. Leech. – Harlow : Longman, 2003. – 487 p.2. British National Corpus. – (http://sara.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/lookup.http).3. Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's English Dictionary on CD-ROM. – HarperCollins Publishers, 2003. 4. Hewings M. Advanced grammar in use / M. Hewings. – Cambridge Univer-sity Press, 2005. – 340 p.5. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. – Harlow : Longman, 2001. – 1668 p.6. Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture / ed. Director D. Summers. – Harlow : Longman, 1992. – 1528 p.7. Longman Language Activator. – Harlow : Longman, 1993. – 1587 p.8. Swan M. Practical English Usage / M. Swan. – Oxford : Oxford UniversityPress, 1995. – 639 p.9. Thompson A. A Practical English Grammar / A. Thompson, A. Martinet. – Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2001. – 383 p.
,
NON-FINITE VERB PATTERNSPractice grammar book
. .
04.06.07. 60×84/16. . . . 3. 180 . 1127.
-.
394000, . , . . , 10. . 208-298, 598-026 ( )http://www.ppc.vsu.ru; e-mail: [email protected]
-.
394000, . , . , 3. . 204-133.
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