N A P O L E O N

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Napoléon’s Major Military Campaigns


Trafalgar (Lord Nelson: Fr. Navy lost!)

BritainFrance 1805: SeaPowerSea

Power

NAPOLEON’S MILITARY CAMPAIGNS

GOAL: CONQUEST OF ALL OF EUROPE

BRIEF OUTLINE1799: DEFEAT OF THE 2ND COALITION (ENGLAND, AUSTRIA, NAPLES, PORTUGAL, OTTOMAN EMPIRE) OVER EGYPT

1800: ITALIAN CAMPAIGN: VERSUS AUSTRIA; RECOGNITION OF RHINELAND, CISALPINE REPUBLIC, ETC.

1802: PEACE OF AMIENS – BRITAIN TO GIVE UP MALTA, SOME WEST INDIES, RETURN EGYPT TO SULTAN; FRANCE STILL MEDDLING IN ITALIAN AFFAIRS; MADE PEACE WITH AUSTRIA

1803: ENGLAND STEPS UP; NOT WILLING TO LET FRANCE CONTROL THE CONTINENT, WAR BEGINS

1805: 3RD COALITION: BRITAIN, RUSSIA, AUSTRIA – BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR IS HUGE VICTORY: FRANCE AND SPAIN DEFEATED BY BRITAIN

BRIEF OUTLINE1799: DEFEAT OF THE 2ND COALITION (ENGLAND, AUSTRIA, NAPLES, PORTUGAL, OTTOMAN EMPIRE) OVER EGYPT

1800: ITALIAN CAMPAIGN: VERSUS AUSTRIA; RECOGNITION OF RHINELAND, CISALPINE REPUBLIC, ETC.

1802: PEACE OF AMIENS – BRITAIN TO GIVE UP MALTA, SOME WEST INDIES, RETURN EGYPT TO SULTAN; FRANCE STILL MEDDLING IN ITALIAN AFFAIRS; MADE PEACE WITH AUSTRIA

1803: ENGLAND STEPS UP; NOT WILLING TO LET FRANCE CONTROL THE CONTINENT, WAR BEGINS

1805: 3RD COALITION: BRITAIN, RUSSIA, AUSTRIA – BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR IS HUGE VICTORY: FRANCE AND SPAIN DEFEATED BY BRITAIN

“Crossing the Alps,”

1805

“Crossing the Alps,”

1805



Britain Austria Russia

(3rd Coalition)

France 1805: -Danube-Italy-Danube-Italy

AUSTERLITZ: France defeated Austria & Russia.

AUSTERLITZ: France defeated Austria & Russia.

Crowned “King of Italy” on May 6, 1805

SIGNIFICANCE: CONTINENTAL CONTROLCONTINENTAL CONTROL

Crowned “King of Italy” on May 6, 1805

SIGNIFICANCE: CONTINENTAL CONTROLCONTINENTAL CONTROL

British Cartoon British Cartoon

“Continental System” (1806-1812)“Continental System” (1806-1812)



Napoleon becomes Grand Duchy of Warsaw

France defeated Russian troops

France occupies capital of East Prussia!

RussiaFrance 1806: PolandPolandPolandPoland

“Napoléon on His Imperial

Throne”

1806

By Jean AugusteDominique

Ingres

“Napoléon on His Imperial

Throne”

1806

By Jean AugusteDominique

Ingres

Josephine’s Divorce Statement (1807)

Josephine’s Divorce Statement (1807)

With the permission of my august and dear husband, I must declare that, having no hope of bearing children who would fulfill the needs of his policies and the interests of France, I am pleased to offer him the greatest proof of attachment and devotion ever offered on this earth.

With the permission of my august and dear husband, I must declare that, having no hope of bearing children who would fulfill the needs of his policies and the interests of France, I am pleased to offer him the greatest proof of attachment and devotion ever offered on this earth.

Napoléon’s Divorce Statement (1807)

Napoléon’s Divorce Statement (1807)

Far from ever finding cause for complaint, I can to the contrary only congratulate myself on the devotion and tenderness of my beloved wife. She has adorned thirteen years of my life; the memory will always remain engraved on my heart.

Far from ever finding cause for complaint, I can to the contrary only congratulate myself on the devotion and tenderness of my beloved wife. She has adorned thirteen years of my life; the memory will always remain engraved on my heart.

Marie Louise(of Austria)

married Napoléon on

March 12, 1810

in Vienna


married Napoléon on

March 12, 1810

in Vienna


withNapoléon’s

Son

(Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles:

1811-1832)


withNapoléon’s

Son

(Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles:

1811-1832)

Peninsular Campaign: 1807-1810

Peninsular Campaign: 1807-1810

e Portugal did not comply with the Continental System.

e France wanted Spain’s support to invade Portugal.

e Spain refused, so Napoleon invaded Spain as well!

Spain Portugal

France 1806: ContinentalContinentalSystemSystem

ContinentalContinentalSystemSystem

The Surrender of MadridMay, 1809

The Surrender of MadridMay, 1809

“Third of May, 1808” by Goya (1810)

“Third of May, 1808” by Goya (1810)Many innocent citizens

shot by Napoleon’s troops

May have been made from sketches drawn by witnesses

The depiction of evil

Mangled bodies show courage of the other victims who know they will join them

“Napoléon in His

Study”

1812

by David

“Napoléon in His

Study”

1812

by David

Napoléon’s Family Rules!Napoléon’s Family Rules!

e Jerome Bonaparte King of Westphalia.e Joseph Bonaparte King of Spaine Louise Bonaparte King of Hollande Pauline Bonaparte Princess of Italye Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles (son)

King of Romee Elisa Bonaparte Grand Duchess of

Tuscanye Caroline Bonaparte Queen of Naples

Napoléon Invades Russia: 1812

Napoléon Invades Russia: 1812

614,000 French troops614,000 French troops

Napoléon & His Grand Arméeat the Gates of Moscow

Napoléon & His Grand Arméeat the Gates of Moscow

Napoléon’s Retreat from Moscow (Early 1813)

Napoléon’s Retreat from Moscow (Early 1813)

100,000 French troops retreat—40,000 survive!100,000 French troops retreat—40,000 survive!

The 6th CoalitionThe 6th Coalition

Britain, Russia. Spain, Portugal, Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller German states

France 1813-1814:

Napoléon’sNapoléon’sDefeatDefeat

Napoléon’sNapoléon’sDefeatDefeat

Napoléon’s Defeat in Spain Napoléon’s Defeat in Spain British had organized and came to assist the Spanish

France had occupied Spain since 1805

The Duke of Wellington defeats Napoleon in 1812 – his brother, Joseph, is deposed yet Spain also instituted freedom of expression, abolished feudalism and made a constitution

Napoléon Abdicates!Napoléon Abdicates!e Allied forces occupied Paris on March 31,

1814.

e Napoléon abdicated on April 6 in favour of his son, but the Allies insisted on unconditional surrender.

e Napoléon abdicated again on April 11.

e Treaty of Fontainbleau exiles Napoléon to Elba with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs.

e The royalists took control and restored Louis XVIII to the throne. [Key: France escapes severe punishments]

e Allied forces occupied Paris on March 31, 1814.

e Napoléon abdicated on April 6 in favour of his son, but the Allies insisted on unconditional surrender.

e Napoléon abdicated again on April 11.

e Treaty of Fontainbleau exiles Napoléon to Elba with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs.

e The royalists took control and restored Louis XVIII to the throne. [Key: France escapes severe punishments]

Napoléon in Exile on ElbaNapoléon in Exile on Elba

Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)

“The War of the 7th Coalition”

“The War of the 7th Coalition”

Britain, Russia. Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller

German states

France 1815: Napoleon’sNapoleon’s“100 Days”“100 Days”Napoleon’sNapoleon’s“100 Days”“100 Days”

e Napoléon escaped from Elba and landed in France on March 1, 1815 the beginning of his 100 Days

e Napoléon escaped from Elba and landed in France on March 1, 1815 the beginning of his 100 Days

The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)

e Its job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done:

V Reduce France to its old boundaries her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level.

V Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era.

e Supported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict.

e Its job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done:

V Reduce France to its old boundaries her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level.

V Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era.

e Supported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict.

Key Players at Vienna

Key Players at Vienna

The “Host”Prince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.)

Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh

(Br.)

Tsar Alexander I (Rus.)

King Frederick William III (Prus.)

Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice

de Tallyrand (Fr.)

Key Principles Established at Vienna

Key Principles Established at Vienna

V Balance of Power

V Legitimacy

V Compensation

V Balance of Power

V Legitimacy

V Compensation

e Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years.

e France would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs.

e Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years.

e France would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs.

Napoléon’s Defeat at Waterloo

(June 18, 1815)

Napoléon’s Defeat at Waterloo

(June 18, 1815)

Duke of Wellington Prus. General Blücher Duke of Wellington Prus. General Blücher

Napoléon on His

Way to HisFinal Exile

onSt. Helena

Napoléon on His

Way to HisFinal Exile

onSt. Helena

V France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoléon.

V Russia was given most of Poland V A Germanic Confederation of 39 states

(including Prussia) was created from the previous 300, under Austrian rule.

V Austria was given back territory it had lost recently, plus more in Germany and Italy.

V Europe wanted a buffer zone so Holland and Belgium taken out of the Netherlands

Changes Made at Vienna Changes Made at Vienna

Changes Made at Vienna Changes Made at Vienna

V The neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed

V Britain was given Cape Colony, South Africa, and various other colonies in Africa and Asia

V The slave trade was condemned (at British urging)

V Relative peace established until 1914

Napoléon’s TombNapoléon’s Tomb

What is What is NapoléoNapoléo

n’s n’s Legacy?Legacy?

What is What is NapoléoNapoléo

n’s n’s Legacy?Legacy?

THE BLACK NAPOLEON:TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE

HOW DID THE

FRENCHREVOLUTI

ONAFFECT

THE NEW

WORLD?

WHAT ARE THE COMPARISONS BETWEEN THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION?

SAINT DOMINGUE

• SUGAR AND SLAVE COLONY• 465 000 SLAVES; 30 000 WHITES, 28 000

FREE PERSONS OF COLOUR AND MULATTOS• GOVERNMENT OF SAINT DOMINGUE

DOMINATED BY THE FRENCH (WEALTHY WHITES)

• REFUSED TO GIVE REPRESENTATION TO ALL CITIZENS

• MEANWHILE…FRANCE PROHIBITS THE ISLAND FROM TRADING WITH ANY PARTNER

SOCIAL DIVISIONSWHITES• DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS

– SOME LOYAL TO FRANCE (PETITS BLANCS), OTHERS DISENCHANTED (THE PLANTERS)

• PLANTERS MAD BECAUSE FRANCE HAD ABOLISHED SLAVERY YET THEY DEPENDED ON SLAVES – LEANING TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE

• PETITS BLANCS NOT AS WEALTHY BUT STILL COMMITTED TO SLAVERY

THE FREE PERSONS OF COLOUR

• OWNED PLANTATIONS AND SLAVES

• DID NOT HAVE RIGHTS

• LEANED TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE

SLAVES• OUTNUMBERED THE

WHITES/FREE PERSONS OF COLOUR 10 TO 1

• NEVER FULLY QUIT FIGHTING

• ORGANIZED REVOLT LED BY TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE INFLUENCED BY THE DECLARATION OF RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN

INDEPENDENCE DAY (01/01/1804)

FIRST BLACK REPUBLIC• REVOLT LASTED 13 YEARS

• PERMANENT ABOLITION OF SLAVERY

• COUNTRY IN RUINS• SKEPTICAL WESTERN

WORLD • SLAVES INFLUENCED BY

FRENCH IDEALS• OLD RICHES DEPENDED

ON OLD SYSTEM

• WHAT TO DO?WHAT TO DO?

NAPOLEON’S REACTION

• INVASION OF HISPANIOLA

• L’OUVERTURE GOVERNOR FOR LIFE

• FRENCH ARMY INVADES

• SURRENDER AND RETURN TO SLAVERY (1804)

• CREOLIZATION IN EFFECT

N A P O L E O N

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