Myers’ Psychology for AP*tplummer-appsych.weebly.com/uploads/5/3/3/2/... · Myers’ Psychology...
Transcript of Myers’ Psychology for AP*tplummer-appsych.weebly.com/uploads/5/3/3/2/... · Myers’ Psychology...
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Myers’ Psychology for AP*
David G. Myers
*AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.
PowerPoint Presentation Slides
by Kent Korek
Germantown High SchoolWorth Publishers, © 2010
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Unit 9:
Developmental Psychology
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Unit Overview
• Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Qs 1-2
• Infancy and Childhood
Qs 3-10
• Parents and Peers Qs 11
• Adolescence Qs 12-15
• Adulthood Qs 16-18
• Reflections on Two Major
Developmental IssuesClick on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
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Introduction
• Developmental psychology
–Nature versus nurture
–Continuity and stages
–Stability and change
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Prenatal Development and the
Newborn
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Conception
• Conception
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Prenatal Development
• Zygote
• Embryo
• Fetus
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Prenatal Development
• Placenta
• Teratogens
• Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
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The Competent Newborn
• Reflexes
• Habituation
• Novelty-preference
procedure
• Sensation and
perception
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Infancy Childhood
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Physical DevelopmentBrain Development
• Brain development
• Pruning process
• Maturation
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Physical DevelopmentMotor Development
• Motor development
–Learning to walk
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Physical DevelopmentMaturation and Infant Memory
• Infantile amnesia
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Cognitive Development
• Cognition
• Jean Piaget
–Schema
–Assimilation
–Accommodation
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Cognitive DevelopmentPiaget’s Theory and Current Thinking
• Sensorimotor Stage
–Object permanence
• “out of sight, out of mind”
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Cognitive DevelopmentPiaget’s Theory and Current Thinking
• Sensorimotor Stage
–Object permanence
• “out of sight, out of mind”
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Cognitive DevelopmentPiaget’s Theory and Current Thinking
• Sensorimotor Stage
–Object permanence
• “out of sight, out of mind”
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Cognitive DevelopmentPiaget’s Theory and Current Thinking
• Preoperational
Stage
–Conservation
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Cognitive DevelopmentPiaget’s Theory and Current Thinking
• Preoperational
Stage
–Conservation
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Cognitive DevelopmentPiaget’s Theory and Current Thinking
• Preoperational
Stage
–Conservation
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Cognitive DevelopmentPiaget’s Theory and Current Thinking
• Egocentrism
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Cognitive DevelopmentPiaget’s Theory and Current Thinking
• Theory of Mind
• Lev Vygotsky
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Cognitive DevelopmentPiaget’s Theory and Current Thinking
• Concrete
Operational
Stage
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Cognitive DevelopmentPiaget’s Theory and Current Thinking
• Formal Operational Stage
–Abstract concepts
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Cognitive DevelopmentPiaget’s Theory and Current Thinking
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Cognitive DevelopmentPiaget’s Theory and Current Thinking
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Cognitive DevelopmentPiaget’s Theory and Current Thinking
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Cognitive DevelopmentPiaget’s Theory and Current Thinking
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Cognitive DevelopmentPiaget’s Theory and Current Thinking
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Cognitive DevelopmentReflecting on Piaget’s Theory
• Influential theory
• Development is more continuous
• Larger emphasis on social factors
• Vygotsky
–Zone of proximal development
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Cognitive Development
• Autism
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Social Development
• Stranger anxiety
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Social DevelopmentOrigins of Attachment
• Attachment
–Body contact
• Harry Harlow’s
studies
–Familiarity
• Critical period
• Imprinting
• Sensitive period
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Social DevelopmentAttachment Differences: Temperament and Parenting
• Ainsworth’s “strange situation”
–Secure attachment
–Insecure attachment
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Social DevelopmentAttachment Differences: Temperament and Parenting
• Temperament
–Easy, difficult & slow to warm up babies
• Erikson’s
Basic trust
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Social DevelopmentDeprivation of Attachment
• Early deprivation of attachment
• Disruption of attachment
• Does day care affect attachment?
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Social DevelopmentSelf-Concept
• Self-concept
–Self-esteem
–Self-awareness
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Social DevelopmentParenting Styles
• Parenting styles
(Baumrind)
–Authoritarian
–Permissive
–Authoritative
• Correlation versus
causation
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Social DevelopmentCulture and Child-Rearing
• Differences in child-rearing from
culture to culture
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Gender Development
• Gender
–Influences on social development
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Gender DevelopmentGender Similarities and Differences
• Gender and aggression
–Aggression
• Physical versus relational aggression
• Gender and social power
• Gender and social connectedness
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Gender DevelopmentThe Nature of Gender
• Sex chromosomes
–X chromosome
–Y chromosome
• Sex hormones
–Testosterone
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Gender DevelopmentThe Nurture of Gender
• Gender Role
–Role
• Gender and child
-rearing
–Gender identity
–Gender typing
• Social learning theory
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Gender DevelopmentThe Nurture of Gender
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Parents and Peers
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Parents and Early Experiences
• Experience and brain development
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Parents and Early Experiences
• Experience and brain development
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Parents and Early Experiences
• Experience and brain development
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Parents and Early Experiences
• Experience and brain development
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Parents and Early Experiences
• Experience and brain development
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Parents and Early Experiences
• How much credit (or blame) do
parents
deserve?
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Peer Influence
• Peer influence
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Adolescence
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Introduction
• Adolescence
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Physical Development
• Puberty
–Primary sexual characteristics
• menarche
–Secondary sexual characteristics
–Timing of sexual characteristics
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Physical Development
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Physical Development
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Cognitive DevelopmentDeveloping Reasoning Power
• Piaget’s formal
operations
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Cognitive DevelopmentDeveloping Morality
• Lawrence Kohlberg
–Preconventional morality
–Conventional morality
–Postconventional morality
• Moral feeling
• Moral action
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Social Development
• Forming an identity
–Identity
–Social identity
–Intimacy
• Parent and peer relationships
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Emerging Adulthood
• Emerging adulthood
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Adulthood
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Physical Development
• Physical changes in middle adulthood
–Menopause
• Physical changes in later life
–Life expectancy
–Sensory abilities
–Health
–Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease
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Cognitive DevelopmentAging and Memory
• Recall versus recognition
• Prospective memory
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Cognitive DevelopmentAging and Intelligence
• Cross-Sectional Evidence
–Cross-sectional study
• Longitudinal Evidence
–Longitudinal study
• It all depends
–Crystallized intelligence
–Fluid intelligence
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Social DevelopmentAdulthood’s Ages and Stages
• Midlife transition
• Social clock
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Social DevelopmentAdulthood Commitments
• Love
• Work
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Social DevelopmentWell-Being Across the Life Span
• Well-being across the life span
• Death and
dying
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Biopsychosocial Influences on
Successful Aging
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Biopsychosocial Influences on
Successful Aging
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Biopsychosocial Influences on
Successful Aging
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Biopsychosocial Influences on
Successful Aging
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Reflections on Two Major
Developmental Issues
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Three Major Developmental Issues
• Nature versus nurture
• Continuity and stages
• Stability and
change
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Continuity and Stages
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Continuity and Stages
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Continuity and Stages
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Continuity and Stages
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The End
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Teacher Information• Types of Files
– This presentation has been saved as a “basic” Powerpoint file. While this file format placed a few limitations on the presentation, it insured the file would be compatible with the many versions of Powerpoint teachers use. To add functionality to the presentation, teachers may want to save the file for their specific version of Powerpoint.
• Animation– Once again, to insure compatibility with all versions of Powerpoint, none of the
slides are animated. To increase student interest, it is suggested teachers animate the slides wherever possible.
• Adding slides to this presentation– Teachers are encouraged to adapt this presentation to their personal teaching
style. To help keep a sense of continuity, blank slides which can be copied and pasted to a specific location in the presentation follow this “Teacher Information” section.
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Teacher Information• Hyperlink Slides - This presentation contain two types of hyperlinks. Hyperlinks
can be identified by the text being underlined and a different color (usually purple).
– Unit subsections hyperlinks: Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (slide #3) can be found listing all of the unit’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick access to each subsection.
– Bold print term hyperlinks: Every bold print term from the unit is included in this presentation as a hyperlink. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of the hyperlinks will take the user to a slide containing the formal definition of the term. Clicking on the “arrow” in the bottom left corner of the definition slide will take the user back to the original point in the presentation.
These hyperlinks were included for teachers who want students to see or copy down the exact definition as stated in the text. Most teachers prefer the definitions not be included to prevent students from only “copying down what is on the screen” and not actively listening to the presentation.
For teachers who continually use the Bold Print Term Hyperlinks option, please contact the author using the email address on the next slide to learn a technique to expedite the returning to the original point in the presentation.
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Teacher Information• Continuity slides
– Throughout this presentation there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes.
• By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts.
• By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation.
• To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides.
• Please feel free to contact me at [email protected] with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations. Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Germantown, WI 53022
262-253-3400
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Division title (green print)
subdivision title (blue print)
• xxx
–xxx
–xxx
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Division title (green print)
subdivision title (blue print)
Use this slide to add a table, chart, clip art, picture, diagram, or video clip. Delete
this box when finished
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Definition Slide
= add definition here
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Definition
Slides
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Developmental Psychology
= a branch of psychology that studies
physical, cognitive, and social change
throughout the life span.
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Zygote
= the fertilized egg, it enters a 2-week period
of rapid cell division and develops into an
embryo.
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Embryo
= the developing human organism from
about 2 weeks after fertilization through
the second month.
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Fetus
= the developing human organism from 9
weeks after conception to birth.
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Teratogens
= agents, such as chemicals and viruses,
that can reach the embryo or fetus during
prenatal development and cause harm.
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
= physical and cognitive abnormalities in
children caused by a pregnant woman’s
heavy drinking. In severe cases,
symptoms include noticeable facial
misproportions.
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Habituation
= decreasing responsiveness with repeated
stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with
repeated exposure to a visual stimulus,
their interest wanes and they look away
sooner.
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Maturation
= biological growth processes that enable
orderly changes in behavior, relatively
uninfluenced by experience.
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Cognition
= all mental activities associated with
thinking, knowing, remembering, and
communicating.
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Schema
= a concept or framework that organizes and
interprets information.
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Assimilation
= interpreting our new experiences in terms
of our existing schemas.
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Accommodation
= adapting our current understandings
(schemas) to incorporate new information.
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Sensorimotor Stage
= in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to
about 2 years of age) during which infants
know the world mostly in terms of their
sensory impressions and motor activities.
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Object Permanence
= the awareness that things continue to exist
when not perceived.
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Preoperational Stage
= in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from 2 to
about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a
child learns to use language but does not
yet comprehend the mental operations of
concrete logic..
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Conservation
= the principle (which Piaget believed to be
a part of concrete operational reasoning)
that properties such as mass, volume, and
number remain the same despite changes
in the forms of objects.
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Egocentrism
= in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational
child’s difficulty taking another’s point of
view.
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Theory of Mind
= people’s ideas about their own and other’s
mental states – about their feelings,
perceptions, and thoughts, and the
behaviors these might predict.
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Concrete Operational Stage
= in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive
development (from about 6 or 7 to 11
years of age) during which children gain
the mental operations that enable them to
think logically about concrete events.
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Formal Operational Stage
= in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive
development (normally beginning about
age 12) during which people begin to think
logically about abstract concepts.
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Autism
= a disorder that appears in childhood and is
marked by deficient communication, social
interaction, and understanding of other’s
states of mind.
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Stranger Anxiety
= the fear of strangers that infants commonly
display, beginning by about 8 months of
age.
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Attachment
= an emotional tie with another person;
shown in young children by their seeking
closeness to the caregiver and showing
distress on separation.
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Critical Period
= an optimal period shortly after birth when
an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli
or experiences produces proper
development.
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Imprinting
= the process by which certain animals form
attachments during a critical period very
early in life.
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Temperament
= a person’s characteristic emotional
reactivity and intensity.
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Basic Trust
= according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the
world is predictable and trustworthy; said
to be formed during infancy by appropriate
experiences with responsive caregivers.
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Self-concept
= our understanding and evaluation of who
we are.
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Gender
= in psychology, the biologically and socially
influenced characteristics by which people
define male and female.
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Aggression
= physical or verbal behavior intended to
hurt someone.
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X Chromosome
= the sex chromosome found in both men
and women. Females have two X
chromosomes; males have one. An X
chromosome from each parent produces a
female child.
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Y Chromosome
=the sex chromosome found only in males.
When paired with an X chromosome from
the mother, it produces a male child.
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Testosterone
= the most important of the male sex
hormones. Both males and females have
it, but the additional testosterone in males
stimulates the growth of the male sex
organs in the fetus and the development of
the male sex characteristics during
puberty.
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Role
= a set of expectations (norms) about a
social position, defining how those in the
position ought to behave.
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Gender Role
= a set of unexpected behaviors for males or
for females.
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Gender Identity
= our sense of being male or female.
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Gender Typing
= the acquisition of a traditional masculine or
feminine role.
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Social Learning Theory
= the theory that we learn social behavior by
observing and imitating and by being
rewarded or punished.
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Adolescence
= the transition period from childhood to
adulthood, extending from puberty to
independence.
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Puberty
= the period of sexual maturation, during
which a person becomes capable of
reproducing.
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Primary Sexual Characteristics
= the body structures (ovaries, testes, and
external genitalia) that makes sexual
reproduction possible.
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Secondary Sex Characteristics
= nonreproductive sexual characteristics,
such as female breasts and hips, male
voice quality, and body hair.
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Menarche
= the first menstrual period.
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Identity
= our sense of self; according to Erikson, the
adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of
self by testing and integrating various
roles.
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Social Identify
= the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the
part of our answer to “Who am I?” that
comes from our group memberships.
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Intimacy
= in Erikson’s theory, the ability to form
close, loving relationships; a primary
developmental task in late adolescence
and early adulthood.
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Emerging Adulthood
= for some people in modern cultures, a
period from the late teens to mid-twenties,
bridging the gap between adolescent
dependence and full independence and
responsible adulthood.
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Menopause
= the time of natural cessation of
menstruation; also refers to the biological
changes a woman experiences as her
ability to reproduce declines.
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Cross-sectional Study
= a study in which people of different ages
are compared with one another.
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Longitudinal Study
= research in which the same people are
restudied and retested over a long period.
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Crystallized Intelligence
= our accumulated knowledge and verbal
skills; tends to increase with age.
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Fluid Intelligence
= our ability to reason speedily and
abstractly; tends to decrease during late
adulthood.
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Social Clock
= the culturally preferred timing of social
events such as marriage, parenthood, and
retirement.