Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 14 Stress and Health James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University...
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Transcript of Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 14 Stress and Health James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University...
Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(7th Ed)
Chapter 14
Stress and Health
James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University
Worth Publishers
Stress & Health
Behavioral Medicine interdisciplinary field that integrates
behavioral & med. knowledge & applies that knowledge to health & disease
Health Psychology subfield of psych. that provides psychology’s
contribution to behavioral medicine Stress
process by which we perceive & respond to certain events, called stressors, we decide are threatening or challenging
Stress Appraisal: Test anxiety
Stressful event(tough math test)
Threat(“Yikes! This isbeyond me!”)
Challenge(“I’ve got to apply
all I know”)
Panic, freeze up
Aroused, focused
Appraisal Response
Stress process…
Cerebral cortex: (perceives stressor) then to
thalamus hypothalamus + pituitary
Pituitary hormone: in the bloodstream stimulates outer part of the adrenal gland to release the stress hormone cortisol
Sympathetic NS: releases stress hormone epinephrine & norepinephrine from nerve endings in the inner part of the adrenal glands
Pituitary hormone in the bloodstream stimulatesouter part of adrenalGland..releases the stress hormone cortisol
Sympathetic NS releases stress hormonesepinephrine &norepinephrinefrom inner part ofthe adrenal glands
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Adrenal glands
Cerebral cortex(perceives stressor)
Stress & Illness General Adaptation Syndrome
Selye’s idea of the body’s adaptive response to stress in 3 stages:
1. Alarm2. Resistance3. Exhaustion
Stressresistance
Phase 1Alarm
reaction(mobilize
resources)
Phase 2Resistance(cope w/ stressor)
Phase 3Exhaustion(reservesdepleted)
The body’s resistance to stress canlast only so long before exhaustion sets in
Stressoroccurs
Causes or triggers of stress?
Stressful life events Perceived loss of control Age Biological/physiological traits Personality traits:
a) Pessimistic
b) Quick to angerc) Obsessive and/or perfectionist
d) High risk
Stressful Life Events: Catastrophic Events Ex’s:
Earthquakes combat stress floods
Life Changes Ex’s: death of a loved one divorce loss of job promotion
Daily Hassles Ex’s: rush hour traffic long lines job stress Burnout Can these cause loss of
control??
Stressful Life Events Chronic Stress by Age: Note: Schizophrenia can be triggered by
stress… When do you think it usually
shows up?
Perceived Control Health consequences of a loss of control:
No connection to shock source
To shock control To shock source
“Executive” rat “Subordinate” rat Control rat
Stress & the Heart: Coronary Heart Disease-clogging of heart muscle’s nourishing vessels --leading cause of death in many developed countries
Hopelessnessscores
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0Heart attack Death
Low risk Moderate risk High risk
Men who feel extreme hopelessnessare at greater risk for heart attacksand early death
Stress & the Heart: Personality Types Type A
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, & anger-prone people
*Possible sub-category of “A”?? Some say there’s a..
TYPE D: Newer term: --gets very angry, is destructive emotionally …road-rage, etc. (distressed, destructive) -A special form of Type A
Type B Friedman & Rosenman’s term for
easygoing, relaxed people (“calm-water”)
Emotion: ADD Stress & Disease
Psycho-physiological Illness “mind-body” illness any stress-related physical illness
some forms of hypertension (hi BP & some headaches
Is NOT hypochondriasis– thinking you are sick all the time…
Lymphocytes: 2 types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow
- fight bacterial infections T lymphocytes form in the thymus
- attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
Stress and Disease
Conditioning of immune suppression
UCS(drug)
UCR(immunesuppression)
UCS(drug)
UCR(immunesuppression)
CS(sweetenedwater)
CS(sweetenedwater) CR
(immunesuppression)
Stress and Disease Negative emotions and health-related
consequences
Unhealthy behaviors(smoking, drinking,
poor nutrition and sleep)
Persistent stressorsand negative
emotions
Release of stresshormones
Heartdisease
Immunesuppression
Autonomic nervoussystem effects
(headaches,hypertension)
Promoting Good Health
Biofeedback electronically records,
amplifies, & feeds back info RE: a subtle
physiological state BP (blood pressure)
muscle tension
Aerobic Exercise sustained exercise that
increases heart & lung fitnessDepression lessened way
more w/ aerobic exercise than w/o
-relaxation helped also…but not as much as the exercise!
Promoting Health Modifying Type A life-style can
reduce recurrence of heart attacks
Percentageof patients
with recurrentheart attacks
(cumulativeaverage)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Year1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Life-style modification patients
Control patients
Modifying life-stylereduced recurrent
heart attacks
Promoting Health Social support across the life span
12-14 18-19 25-34 45-54 65-74 15-17 20-24 35-44 55-64 75+ Age in years
100%
90
80
70
60
50
Percentagewith high
support
Life events
Tendency toward
Health Illness
Personal appraisal
Challenge Threat
Personality typeEasy going
NondepressedOptimistic
HostileDepressedPessimistic
Personality habitsNonsmoking
Regular exerciseGood nutrition
SmokingSedentary
Poor nutrition
Level of social support
Close, enduring Lacking
Promoting Health: Why might the 3rd
aspect below have an effect? Predictors of mortality
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Men Women
Not smoking Regular exercise Weekly religious attendance
Relativerisk
of dying
Promoting Health
Complementary & Alternative Medicine (non-Western) unproven health care treatments not taught widely
in medical schools not used in hospitals not usually reimbursed by insurance companies
Alternative systems ofmedical practice
Bioelectromagneticapplications
Diet, nutrition,life-style changes
Herbal medicine
Manual healing
Mind-body control
Pharmacological and biological treatments
Subfields of Alternative MedicineHealth care ranging from self-care according to folk principles,to care rendered in an organized health care system based onalternative traditions or practices
The study of how living organisms interact with electromagnetic (EM) fields
The knowledge of how to prevent illness, maintain health, and reverse the effects of chronic disease through dietary or nutritional intervention
Employing plan and plant products from folk medicine traditionsfor pharmacological use
Using touch and manipulation with the hands as a diagnosticand therapeutic tool
Exploring the mind’s capacity to affect the body, based on traditional medical systems that make use of the interconnected-ness of mind and body
Drugs and vaccines not yet accepted by mainstream medicine
Promoting Health Smoking-related early deaths
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
33,348
1,686 1,135 556 202
Smoking Suicide Vehicle HIV/ Homicide crash AIDS
Cause of death
Numberof deaths
per 100,000
Promoting Health Fewer Canadian smokers
Males
Females
1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994- 1996- 1995 1997
Year
60%
50
40
30
20
10
0
Percentageof Canadians
smoking
Smoking Prevention: Inoculation = prevention programs… These DO have an effect!
Results of a smoking inoculation program
Percentageof studentswho smoke
20
15
10
5
0 0 4 9 12 16 21 33
Seventh grade Eighth grade Ninth grade
Months of study
Control school
School with smokingPrevention program
Fewer teens took upsmoking when “inoculated” against it
Obesity & Weight Control
Obesity and mortality
18.5 18.5- 20.5- 22.0- 23.5- 25.0- 26.5- 28.0- 30.0- 32.0- 35.0- 40 20.4 21.9 23.4 24.9 26.4 27.9 29.9 31.9 34.9 39.9
Body-mass index (BM I)Men Women
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
Relativerisk ofdeath
Weight Discrimination
When women applicants were made to look overweight, subjects were less willing to hire
Willingnessto hire scale
(from1:definitely
not hire to7: definitely
hire)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Women Men
Normal Overweight
Weight Control
Effects of a severe dietCaloric
intakein
caloriesper day
Body weight
in kilograms
Metabolism:Oxygen
consumptionin liters
per hour
3000
2000
1000
0 8 16 24 32
Days
165
160
155
150
145
140
Days Days
26
25
24
23
22
218 16 24 32 8 16 24 32
Weight Control
Most lost weight is regained
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
1 2 3 4 5
Weightchange
in pounds
Posttreatment
Years of follow-up
Startingpoint
Normal trend for untreated obesepeople: Gradually rising weight
After participation in behavioralProgram: Much of initial weight
loss regained
Weight Control Obesity:
more common among those who watched the most TV
<2 2-3 >4Hours of television watched per day
in 1990s studyBoys Girls
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
Skinfold fatmeasure (mm)