Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) READ Chapter 4 Human Development.
Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)
description
Transcript of Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)
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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(7th Ed)
Chapter 8
Learning
James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University
Worth Publishers
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Learning
Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience
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Learning
Learning --refers to the relatively permanent change in an organism’s
behavior to a given situation brought about by,
repeated experiences in that situation, provided that behavior change cannot be
explained on basis of native response tendencies, maturation, or temporary states of the organism.
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Association
We learn by association Our minds naturally connect events that
occur in sequence Aristotle 2000 years ago John Locke and David Hume 200 years
ago Associative Learning
learning that two events occur together two stimuli a response and its consequences
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Association
Learning to associate two events
Event 1 Event 2
Sea snail associates splash with a tail shock
Seal learns to expect a snack for its showy antics
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Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
We learn to associate two stimuli
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Operant Conditioning
We learn to associate a response and its consequence
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Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 Russian
physician/ neurophysiologist
Nobel Prize in 1904
studied digestive secretions
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Definition of Classical Conditioning
Conditioning is a method of controlling or influencing the way people or animals behave or think by using a gradual training process
Conditioning Stimulus in classical psychological conditioning, an otherwise ineffective stimulus that, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus, is able to evoke a conditioned response
Unconditioned Stimulus that evokes a reflexive response without prior conditioning or learning
Conditioned Response (conditioned reflex) is a response to a new second stimulus as a result of association with a prior stimulus
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Pavlov’s Classic Experiment
Before Conditioning
During Conditioning After Conditioning
UCS (foodin mouth)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
Nosalivation
UCR (salivation)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
UCS (foodin mouth)
UCR(salivation)
CS(tone)
CR (salivation)
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Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s device for recording salivation
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Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning organism comes to associate two
stimuli a neutral stimulus that signals an
unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus
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Behaviorism
John B. Watson
viewed psychology as objective science generally agreed-upon
consensus today
recommended study of behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes not universally accepted
by all schools of thought today
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Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) stimulus that unconditionally--
automatically and naturally--triggers a response
Unconditioned Response (UCR) unlearned, naturally occurring response
to the unconditioned stimulus salivation when food is in the mouth
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Classical Conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) originally irrelevant stimulus that, after
association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
Conditioned Response (CR) learned response to a previously neutral
conditioned stimulus
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Classical Conditioning
Acquisition the initial stage in classical conditioning the phase associating a neutral stimulus
with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response
in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
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Classical ConditioningUCS(passionate kiss) UCR
(sexualarousal)
CS(onionbreath)
CS(onion breath) CR
(sexualarousal)
UCS(passionate Kiss) UCR
(sexualarousal)
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Classical Conditioning
Extinction diminishing of a CR in classical conditioning, when
a UCS does not follow a CS in operant conditioning, when
a response is no longer reinforced
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Classical Conditioning
Strengthof CR
Pause
Acquisition(CS+UCS)
Extinction(CS alone)
Extinction(CS alone)
Spontaneousrecovery ofCR
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Classical Conditioning
Spontaneous Recovery reappearance, after a rest
period, of an extinguished CR
Generalization tendency for stimuli similar
to CS to elicit similar responses
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Classical Conditioning
Discrimination in classical conditioning, the
learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a UCS
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Generalization
Drops of salivain 30 seconds
60
50
40
30
20
10
0Hindpaw
Pelvis Shoulder Frontpaw
Thigh Trunk Foreleg
Part of body stimulated
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Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients
UCS(drug)
UCR(nausea)
CS(waiting room)
CS(waitingroom) CR
(nausea)
UCS(drug)
UCR(nausea)
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Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning type of learning in which behavior is
strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment
Law of Effect Thorndike’s principle that behaviors
followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
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Operant Conditioning
Operant Behavior operates (acts) on environment produces consequences
Respondent Behavior occurs as an automatic
response to stimulus behavior learned through
classical conditioning
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Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) elaborated
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
developed behavioral technology
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Operant Chamber
Skinner Box chamber with a
bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer
contains devices to record responses
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Operant Conditioning
Reinforcer any event that strengthens the
behavior it follows Shaping
operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal
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Operant Conditioning
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Principles of Reinforcement
Primary Reinforcer innately reinforcing stimulus i.e., satisfies a biological need
Conditioned Reinforcer stimulus that gains its reinforcing
power through its association with primary reinforcer
secondary reinforcer
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement reinforcing the desired response each
time it occurs Partial (Intermitent) Reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time
results in slower acquisition greater resistance to extinction
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforces a response only after a
specified number of responses faster you respond the more
rewards you get different ratios very high rate of responding like piecework pay
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Variable Ratio (VR) reinforces a response after an
unpredictable number of responses
average ratios like gambling, fishing very hard to extinguish because of
unpredictability
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Interval (FI) reinforces a response only after
a specified time has elapsed response occurs more
frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Variable Interval (VI) reinforces a response at
unpredictable time intervals produces slow steady responding like pop quiz
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Schedules of Reinforcement
Variable Interval
Number of responses
1000
750
500
250
010 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (minutes)
Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
Steady responding
Rapid respondingnear time forreinforcement
80
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Punishment
Punishment aversive event that
decreases the behavior that it follows
powerful controller of unwanted behavior
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Punishment
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Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Cognitive Map mental representation of the layout of
one’s environment Example: after exploring a maze, rats
act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it
Latent Learning learning that occurs, but is not
apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
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Latent Learning
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Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Overjustification Effect the effect of promising a reward
for doing what one already likes to do
the person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task
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Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Intrinsic Motivation Desire to perform a behavior for
its own sake and to be effective Extrinsic Motivation
Desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments
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Operant vs Classical Conditioning
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Observational Learning
Observational Learning learning by observing others
Modeling process of observing and imitating a
specific behavior Prosocial Behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior opposite of antisocial behavior
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Observational Learning
Mirror Neurons frontal lobe neurons that fire
when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so
may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy