The Wilson Center’s Africa Program, Abt Associates, and the Partnership to Cut Hunger and Poverty in Africa Present:

Mycotoxins: Triple Threat to African

Development(i.e. Agriculture, Trade, and

Health)Thursday, February 14, 2013

9:00am – 5:00pmWoodrow Wilson International Center for

Scholars5th Floor Conference Room

Mycotoxins – A Mycotoxins – A Challenge to Trade and Challenge to Trade and

CommerceCommerce

Suzanne HeinenAdministratorForeign Agricultural ServiceU.S. Department of Agriculture

February 14, 2013

Aflatoxin: Impacts Food and Feed

Poultry fed with Contaminated Feed ( >500 PPB)

Pig on the right is consuming feed with aflatoxin.

35ºN

35ºS

Aflatoxin Contamination: A Perennial Concern in Warm Climates

Regulating Aflatoxin

Action Level

Commodity Permitted Use (Examples)

300 ppb Cottonseed mealBeef cattle, swine, poultry (regardless of age or breeding status)

300 ppb Corn, Peanut Products Finishing beef cattle (e.g., feedlot)

200 ppb Corn, Peanut Products Finishing Swine (100 lbs or more)

100 ppb Corn, Peanut ProductsBreeding beef cattle, breeding swine, mature poultry

20 ppbCorn, Peanut Products, Other Animal Feed/Feed Ingredients1

Immature animals, dairy animals

0.5 ppb (M1)

  Milk

1Excluding cottonseed meal except for use in feeding dairy animals

20 ppb Corn, Peanut Products Human food

Aflatoxin and US Trade

46

23

33

Mycotoxins and Turkish Trade

Specific Incidents of Aflatoxin Contamination in West Africa

PRIMARY PRODUCTS

• Maize: 4,000 – Benin

• Peanut: 925 – Burkina

• Sorghum: 80 – Ghana

• Rice: 372 – Nigeria

• Millet: 200 – Nigeria

• Tiger nuts: 120 – Nigeria

FOOD PRODUCTS• Peanut paste: 3,278 –

Ghana• Peanut sauce: 943 –

Ghana• Leaf sauce: 775 – Gambia• Maize dough: 313 – Ghana• Kenkey: 524 – Ghana• Cashew paste: 366 –

Ghana• Peanut oil: 500 – Nigeria• Yam flour: 7,600 – Nigeria• Local beer: 135 – Nigeria

LEVELS SHOWN IN

PPB

CODEX: 10-15 PPB FOR HUMAN FOOD

USES OTHER THAN MILK

African Trade

World Bank; Mbaye (2004)

Groundnut Pyramids in Nigeria during 1960s

Toward Improved Trade

Standards

Farmer awareness

Organized commodity markets

Sampling & testing regime

Laboratory system

Participation in international standards organizations

Strong industry organization

Transparent & scientific regulatory system

Thank You