Martin Weidenbörner

Mycotoxins in Plants and Plant ProductsCereals and Cereal Products

Mycotoxins in Plants and Plant Products

Martin Weidenbörner

Mycotoxins in Plants and Plant Products

Cereals and Cereal Products

Martin WeidenbörnerBonn, Germany

ISBN 978-3-319-46713-9 ISBN 978-3-319-46715-3 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-46715-3

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016962194

© Springer International Publishing AG 2017This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Angelika und Klaus

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In general, cereals and cereal products are frequently more prone to mycotoxin contamination than other plants, and plant and animal products. This fact has been revealed by intensive investigations documented in more than a thousand previous publications dealing with the mycotoxin contamination of cereals and cereal products. Consequently, there would be too many complexities involved in producing a further edition of the book Mycotoxins in Foodstuffs, 2nd edition. Therefore, Mycotoxins in Plants and Plant Products: Cereals and Cereal Products has been created, comprising over 1,100 publications, more than 260 new ones originating mainly from the last few years. In excess of 840 articles have been adapted from the previous edition Mycotoxins in Foodstuffs, 2nd edition and have been improved by additional information. Although buckwheat and amaranth are not members of the Poaceae family and therefore are not true cereals, they have been treated here as “pseudocereals.” The present book will be followed by two other volumes dealing with mycotoxin contamination of the remaining plants and plant products as along with animal products.

Since mankind has existed the need for food has been indispensable. However, food supplies can be attacked, including by microorganisms. If conditions are suitable, microorganisms can grow and subsequently spoil food. Of these, filamentous fungi are of special interest. Once they grow they do not even spoil the food, but can still contaminate it with mycotoxins. The presence of the invisible mycotoxins in food is undesirable and can cause serious problems. Assuming high levels, mycotoxins can even be lethal shortly after exposure. At lower levels, they can cause disorders in various organs or impair immunity. Ultimately, mycotoxins are a cost factor in human health.

In contrast to bacterial contamination of food, enhanced contamination by fungi is becoming more visual. To a certain degree, consumers can register moldy food themselves, and public awareness of microorganisms in food is high. This results in the demand for high- quality food. To guarantee this, the whole food industry needs to know about fungi and their related mycotoxins. The present book, Mycotoxins in Plants and Plant Products: Cereals and Cereal Products, provides solid and reliable information about the main mycotoxins in those types of foodstuffs.

Mycotoxin contamination of food occurs as a result of crop invasion by field fungi, e.g., Fusarium spp. and Alternaria spp. Lack of water for plants, close planting, competition from weeds, reduced fertilization, and other factors are causing stress to plants and enhancing the growth of these fungi. Furthermore, the growth of storage fungi (Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp.) in improperly stored crops or after processing plants into food products causes spoilage and possible mycotoxin contamination. Specialists belonging to these genera can also grow while food is preserved.

In the worst cases, these fungi produce secondary metabolites, the so-called mycotoxins. They can be very harmful to humans and animals. In 1960, turkey X disease was caused by a toxin (aflatoxin) produced by molds belonging to the Aspergillus flavus group, which caused the deaths of 100,000 turkeys in the UK. Hence, the study of mycotoxins began. Approximately 400 mycotoxins are known today. They have various negative effects on one or several organs in humans or animals. It is beyond the scope of this book to list all mycotoxins and microbial metabolites contaminating cereals and cereal products in extra entries. They were briefly described in chapter 2: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites. The chapter includes the remaining mycotoxins and microbial metabolites that are not enumerated under their items.

This book provides a basic overview of the most well-known mycotoxins in cereal and cereal products. The degrees of contamination and the range of concentrations of mycotoxins in addition to the mean of the positive samples (as far as possible) are shown in each case. This basic information is intended for the interested reader.

For detailed information, the more interested reader is referred to the points “co- contamination” and “further contamination”. Co-contaminations of a sample with two or more mycotoxins are listed to the greatest possible extent. If the statement “For detailed information see the article” is seen under “Co-contamination,” the corresponding publication treated this co-contamination as a general matter. Besides mycotoxins treated in this book only metabolites of

Preface

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deoxynivalenol, fumonisin, HT-2 and T-2 toxin, as well as zearalenone are considered under “co-contamination”. All entries contain the point “Further contamination,” which gives information about additional mycotoxin contamination of cereals and cereal products. Besides, if at the end of “Further contamination,” “see also …” is written, a look at chapter 2: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites, e.g., rice (grain), citrinin, literature970, is suitable. Here, the remaining mycotoxins/microbial metabolites of a cereal/cereal product are listed. Ultimately, the book bears plenty of information if completely utilized.

The book also shows whether a cereal or cereal product is predisposed to mycotoxin contamination, documented by the number of different mycotoxins and the number of citations for the corresponding food item. This was done as far as possible for each case of mycotoxin contamination. To document this, more than 1,100 publications were used, which are all available at German libraries. The cereals and their products are listed in alphabetical order. As far as possible, food and other items were considered if cereals had been used in their preparation. If an item does not appear in the present book, it can be found in “Mycotoxins in Foodstuffs,” 2nd edn, or in the two other volumes, which are still in production.

The main part of the book is chapter 1: Mycotoxin Contamination of Cereals and Cereal Products. It contains the mycotoxin contamination of single cereals and cereal products in detail. This is followed by chapter 2: Further Mycotoxins and Microbial Metabolites, chapter 3: Mycotoxins and their Cereal and Cereal Product spectrum, chapter 4: Cereals and Cereal Products and their Mycotoxins, and chapter 5: Mycotoxin Contamination in Conventional and Organic Farming. In this chapter, articles with their index numbers that compare the mycotoxin contamination in conventional and organic production are listed. Finally, the numerical and alphabetical bibliography follows.

The chief publications considered are in the English language. Articles in other languages have been chosen only if comprehensive summaries or tables listing detailed results were given in English. Only articles that unequivocally describe the mycotoxin contamination of cereals and cereal products (best known already in the title) have been selected. There are exceptions, however. Also, the most frequently cited publications that satisfied the aforementioned requirements have been considered for the book. Methods of determination of mycotoxins are quite beyond the scope of this book. The focus is on the natural mycotoxin contamination of cereals and cereal products. Publications containing data on mycotoxins spread by artificial contamination (infected by direct fungal inoculation) have not been considered. Results of field trials have only been taken into account to a minor extent. Except for a few articles, the publications mainly deal with the natural mycotoxin contamination of marketed cereals and cereal products. Mycotoxins in Plants and Plant Products: Cereals and Cereal Products helps to provide more information and transparency about cereals and cereal products consumed by humans in relation to mycotoxin contamination and it is a suitable reference text for mycotoxin contamination in these kinds of foodstuffs.

This fundamental book is especially written for scientists and researchers who are interested in the mycotoxin contamination of cereals and cereal products for human consumption and is especially suitable for those working in food microbiology, food technology, and the food industry (e.g., food producers, supervisors of food, food traders), in addition to ministries, offices, and departments of farming and environmental regulation at national and international levels, bureaus, associations, agricultural bodies, mycologists, mycotoxicologists, toxicologists, biologists, chemists, biochemists, plant pathologists, supervisors in food quality control, lawyers and experts in food law, students in the various fields, and other interested groups.

Bonn, Germany Martin Weidenbörner

Preface

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The different mycotoxins in cereals and cereal products are classified by the fungal genera that produce them. However, other fungal genera may also be able to produce a special mycotoxin, but only the main producers or relevant species interesting for this book are chosen. For a quick overview, each mycotoxin can furthermore be searched for with regard to its presence in cereals and cereal products at the end of the book (chapter 3: Mycotoxins and their Cereal and Cereal Product Spectrum, Tables 1–6) and vice versa (chapter 4: Cereals and Cereal Products and their Mycotoxins).

In chapter 1: “Mycotoxin Contamination of Cereals and Cereal Products” the mycotoxins are arranged in the following way:

Alternaria ToxinsAltenuene (ALT), alternariol (AOH), alternariol methyl ether (AME), alternariol + alternariol methyl ether (AOH + AME),

altertoxin I (ATX), tenuazonic acid (TA)

Aspergillus ToxinsAflatoxin/s: Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), aflatoxin M1 (AFM1),

aflatoxin M2 (AFM2), aflatoxin/s (AF/AFS)Other Aspergillus Toxins: Gliotoxin (GT), sterigmatocystin (STG)

Aspergillus and Penicillium ToxinsCitreoviridin (CTV), citrinin (CIT), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), kojic acid (KA), 3- nitropropionic acid (3-NPA), ochra-

toxin A (OTA), ochratoxin B (OTB), penicillic acid (PA), viomellein (VIOM), vioxanthin (VIOX), xanthomegnin (XATH)

Claviceps ToxinsErgine (ERG), ergocornine (ERC), ergocorninine (ERCN), ergocristine (ERCR), ergocristinine (ERCRN), ergocryptine

(ERP), ergocryptinine (ERPN), ergometrine (ERM), ergometrinine (ERMN), ergonovine (ERN), ergosine (ERS), ergosinine (ERSN), ergotamine (ERT), ergotaminine (ERTN), α-ergocryptine (α-ERP), α-ergocryptinine (α-ERPN), α + ß-ergocryptine (α + ß-ERP), ergot alkaloids (ERA/S)

Fusarium ToxinsDepsipeptides: Beauvericin (BEA), enniatin A (ENA), enniatin A1 (ENA1), enniatin A + enniatin A1 (ENA + ENA1),

enniatin B (ENB), enniatin B1 (ENB1), enniatin B2 (ENB2), enniatin B3 (ENB3), enniatin B4 (ENB4), enniatins (ENS)Fumonisin/s: Fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2), fumonisin B3 (FB3), fumonisin/s FB/FBS)Type A Trichothecenes: Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), monoacetoxyscirpenol (MAS), neosolaniol (NEO),

scirpentriol (STO), T-2 toxin (T-2), T-2 toxin + HT-2 toxin (T-2 + HT-2), T-2 tetraol (T-2TET), T-2 triol (T-2TRI)Type B Trichothecenes: Deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-

AcDON), 3,15-diacetyldeoxynivalenol (3,15-diAcDON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol + 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON + 15-AcDON), acetyldeoxynivalenol (AcDON), fusarenon-X (FUS-X), nivalenol (NIV), 4,15-diacetylni-valenol (4,15-diAcNIV), 8-ketotrichothecenes (8-KTRICHO)

Other Fusarium Toxins: Fusaproliferin (FP), fusaric acid (FA), fusarin C (FUS-C), moniliformin (MON), zearalenone (ZEA)

Penicillium ToxinsMycophenolic acid (MA), roquefortine (ROQ), roquefortine-C (ROQ-C), rubratoxin (RBT)

How to Handle the Book

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Each declaration of the mycotoxin contamination of cereals and cereal products comprises seven main pieces of information:

incidence: 3/7 = 3 positives for aflatoxin contamination in relation to 7 investigatedconcentration range: minimum and maximum residue values or only the maximum residue valueØ concentration: Ø mycotoxin contamination for the positive samples (as far as possible)sample origin: location, where the sample/s come/s fromsample year: in which month/year the sample was collected/investigatedcountry: origin of publicationliterature number: Japan732

Usually, the highest mycotoxin value or the lowest and highest values of mycotoxin contamination are given. In general, the mean values of the mycotoxin positive samples are stated. The presented concentrations are always measured in micrograms per kilogram (μg/kg). If a variant of a trial is not listed, the status “no contamination” was determined. In some cases, a variant may be stated even though a mycotoxin concentration has not been detected. In this case “no contamination” is also given.

Each entry is marked with an index number that is located behind the name of the country/countries involved where the publication has been carried out. This index number stands for the article where the results presented can be checked. It occurs again in the numerical bibliography. The index number refers to the title of the corresponding article. The literature is additionally arranged according to the first author’s name of a publication in the alphabetical bibliography. Behind each alphabetical literature entry there is a number in brackets. The number gives information about the position of the literature in the numerical bibliography, e.g., (620) in the alphabetical bibliography denotes the 620th reference in the numerical bibliography.

To find further mycotoxin-contaminated cereals or cereal products in an entry more easily, the reader has to keep in mind the following:

“Further contamination”: Wheat (grain), AOH, literature3

– title of item: Wheat (grain)– mycotoxin: AOH– index number: literature3

With these facts, all contaminated/co-contaminated cereals and cereal products presented in the original publication can be found in this book. Moreover, all mycotoxins contaminating the same cereal or cereal product (listed in “Further contamination”) are quoted in this book. Additionally, the corresponding data under “Further contamination” are marked with an index number. This number can be related to the article that is presented in the numerical bibliography.

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I would like to thank my family, especially my wife, for the patience, valuable advice, and support they gave me when writing this book. I also wish to thank Mrs Renate Frohn and Mrs Ursula Kleinheyer-Thomas and all the members of staff from the Bran Library for Medicine, Science and Agricultural Science, Bonn University, for their excellent support in searching and finding the corresponding publications. I also appreciate the support of my daughter Anna and Dr Ursula Monnerjahn-Karbach for her valuable advice.

Acknowledgements

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Contents

Mycotoxin Contamination of Cereals and Cereal Products ................................................................................................. 1Acha ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1Amaranth (grain) ................................................................................................................................................................. 1

Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1Arepas ................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 1Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Angkak .................................................................................................................................................................................. 1Baby food .............................................................................................................................................................................. 1

Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 1Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1Aflatoxin G1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1Aflatoxin G2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1Aflatoxin M1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 2Sterigmatocystin .............................................................................................................................................................. 2Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 2Depsipeptides ................................................................................................................................................................... 4Beauvericin ....................................................................................................................................................................... 4Enniatin A ......................................................................................................................................................................... 4Enniatin A1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 5Enniatin B ......................................................................................................................................................................... 5Enniatin B1 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6Enniatin B4 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 7Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 7Fumonisin B3 .................................................................................................................................................................... 7Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 7HT-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 7Neosolaniol ....................................................................................................................................................................... 8T-2 Tetraol ........................................................................................................................................................................ 8Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 8Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 83-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................... 915-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................. 9Fusarenon-X (4-Acetylnivalenol) ................................................................................................................................... 9Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 10Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 10

Bakery products ................................................................................................................................................................... 10Bakery wares ......................................................................................................................................................................... 10

xiv

Barley bran ........................................................................................................................................................................... 10Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 10

Barley bread .......................................................................................................................................................................... 10Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 10Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 11Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 11Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 11

Barley flakes .......................................................................................................................................................................... 11Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 11Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 11

Barley flour ........................................................................................................................................................................... 11Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 11Aflatoxin G1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 11Aflatoxin G2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 11Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 11Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 12Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 12Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 12Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 12

Barley (grain) ....................................................................................................................................................................... 12Altenuene .......................................................................................................................................................................... 12Alternariol ........................................................................................................................................................................ 12Alternariol Methyl Ether ................................................................................................................................................. 13Altertoxin I ....................................................................................................................................................................... 13Tenuazonic Acid ............................................................................................................................................................... 13Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 13Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 13Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 15Aflatoxin G1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 15Aflatoxin G2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 16Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 16Sterigmatocystin .............................................................................................................................................................. 17Citrinin ............................................................................................................................................................................. 173-Nitropropionic Acid ..................................................................................................................................................... 18Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 18Ochratoxin B .................................................................................................................................................................... 21Viomellein ........................................................................................................................................................................ 21Vioxanthin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 21Xanthomegnin ................................................................................................................................................................. 22Ergocornine ...................................................................................................................................................................... 22Ergocristine ...................................................................................................................................................................... 22Ergocryptine .................................................................................................................................................................... 22Ergometrine ..................................................................................................................................................................... 22Ergonovine ....................................................................................................................................................................... 22Ergotamine ....................................................................................................................................................................... 23α-Ergocryptine ................................................................................................................................................................. 23Ergot Alkaloids ................................................................................................................................................................. 23Depsipeptides ................................................................................................................................................................... 23Beauvericin ....................................................................................................................................................................... 23Enniatin A ......................................................................................................................................................................... 24Enniatin A1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 25Enniatin B ......................................................................................................................................................................... 26Enniatin B1 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 27Enniatin B2 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 28Enniatin B3 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 28

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Enniatin B4 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 29Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 29Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 29Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 30Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 30Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 30Diacetoxyscirpenol .......................................................................................................................................................... 30HT-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 31Monoacetoxyscirpenol .................................................................................................................................................... 34Neosolaniol ....................................................................................................................................................................... 34Scirpentriol ....................................................................................................................................................................... 35T-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................... 35T-2 Toxin + HT-2 Toxin .................................................................................................................................................... 38T-2 Tetraol ........................................................................................................................................................................ 39T-2 Triol ............................................................................................................................................................................ 40Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 40Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 403-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................... 5115-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................. 533,15-Diacetyldeoxynivalenol .......................................................................................................................................... 543-Acetyldeoxynivalenol + 15- Acetyldeoxynivalenol ..................................................................................................... 54Fusarenon-X (4-Acetylnivalenol) ................................................................................................................................... 54Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 564,15-Diacetylnivalenol ..................................................................................................................................................... 62Moniliformin .................................................................................................................................................................... 62Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 63Mycophenolic Acid .......................................................................................................................................................... 69

Barley grits ............................................................................................................................................................................ 69Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 69Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 69

Barley groats ......................................................................................................................................................................... 69Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 69

Barley hop ............................................................................................................................................................................. 69Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 69

Barley malt ............................................................................................................................................................................ 69Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 69Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 69Ochratoxin B .................................................................................................................................................................... 70Depsipeptides ................................................................................................................................................................... 70Beauvericin ....................................................................................................................................................................... 70Enniatin A ......................................................................................................................................................................... 70Enniatin A1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 70Enniatin B ......................................................................................................................................................................... 70Enniatin B1 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 70Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 70HT-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 70T-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................... 71Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 71Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 713-Acetyldeoxnivalenol ..................................................................................................................................................... 7115-Acetyldeoxnivalenol ................................................................................................................................................... 72Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 72Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 72

Barley meal ........................................................................................................................................................................... 73Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 73

Contents

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Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 73Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 73

Barley products .................................................................................................................................................................... 73Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 73Depsipeptides ................................................................................................................................................................... 73Beauvericin ....................................................................................................................................................................... 73Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 74Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 74Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 74Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 74

Batter ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 74Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 74Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 74Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 75Fumonisin B3 .................................................................................................................................................................... 75Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 75Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 75

Beer ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 75Altenuene .......................................................................................................................................................................... 75Alternariol ........................................................................................................................................................................ 75Tenuazonic Acid ............................................................................................................................................................... 75Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 75Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 75Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 77Aflatoxin G1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 77Aflatoxin G2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 77Aflatoxin M1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 78Aflatoxin M2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 78Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 78Sterigmatocystin .............................................................................................................................................................. 79Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 79Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 84Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 84Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 85Fumonisin B3 .................................................................................................................................................................... 85Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 85Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 86HT-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 86T-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................... 86Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 86Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 863-Acetyldeoxynivalenol + 15- Acetyldeoxynivalenol ..................................................................................................... 92Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 92Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 93

Biscuits .................................................................................................................................................................................. 94Alternariol ........................................................................................................................................................................ 94Alternariol Methyl Ether ................................................................................................................................................. 95Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 95Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 95Aflatoxin G1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 95Aflatoxin G2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 95Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 95Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 96HT-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 96T-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................... 96

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Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 96Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 963-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................... 9715-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................. 97Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 97Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 97

Bran ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 97Alternariol ........................................................................................................................................................................ 97Alternariol Methyl Ether ................................................................................................................................................. 97Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 97Ergocornine ...................................................................................................................................................................... 98Ergocristine ...................................................................................................................................................................... 98Ergonovine ....................................................................................................................................................................... 98Ergosine ............................................................................................................................................................................ 98Ergotamine ....................................................................................................................................................................... 98α-Ergocryptine ................................................................................................................................................................. 99Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 99T-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................... 99Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 99Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 99

Bran flakes ............................................................................................................................................................................ 99Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 99Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 99Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 99

Bread ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 99Alternariol ........................................................................................................................................................................ 99Alternariol Methyl Ether ................................................................................................................................................. 100Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 100Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 100Aflatoxin G1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 100Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 100Citrinin ............................................................................................................................................................................. 101Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 101Ergocornine ...................................................................................................................................................................... 102Ergocorninine .................................................................................................................................................................. 103Ergocristine ...................................................................................................................................................................... 103Ergocristinine .................................................................................................................................................................. 103Ergometrine ..................................................................................................................................................................... 104Ergometrinine .................................................................................................................................................................. 104Ergonovine ....................................................................................................................................................................... 104Ergosine ............................................................................................................................................................................ 104Ergosinine......................................................................................................................................................................... 105Ergotamine ....................................................................................................................................................................... 105Ergotaminine.................................................................................................................................................................... 106α-Ergocryptine ................................................................................................................................................................. 106α-Ergocryptinine ............................................................................................................................................................. 106Depsipeptides ................................................................................................................................................................... 107Enniatin B ......................................................................................................................................................................... 107Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 107Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 107Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 107Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 107HT-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 107Neosolaniol ....................................................................................................................................................................... 108T-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................... 108

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T-2 Toxin + HT-2 Toxin .................................................................................................................................................... 108Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 108Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 1083-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................... 11015-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................. 111Fusarenon-X (4-Acetylnivalenol) ................................................................................................................................... 111Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 111Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 112Mycophenolic Acid .......................................................................................................................................................... 113

Breadsticks ............................................................................................................................................................................ 113Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 113Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 113Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 113HT-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 113Neosolaniol ....................................................................................................................................................................... 113Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 113Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 113

Breakfast cereals ................................................................................................................................................................... 113Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 113Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 115Aflatoxin G1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 115Aflatoxin G2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 115Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 115Citrinin ............................................................................................................................................................................. 115Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 115Depsipeptides ................................................................................................................................................................... 117Enniatin A ......................................................................................................................................................................... 117Enniatin A1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 117Enniatin B ......................................................................................................................................................................... 118Enniatin B1 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 118Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 119Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 119Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 119Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 120Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 120Diacetoxyscirpenol .......................................................................................................................................................... 120HT-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 120Neosolaniol ....................................................................................................................................................................... 121T-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................... 121Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 121Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 1213-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................... 12315-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................. 124Fusarenon-X (4-Acetylnivalenol) ................................................................................................................................... 124Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 125Fusaproliferin ................................................................................................................................................................... 126Moniliformin .................................................................................................................................................................... 126Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 126

Bsissa ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 127Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 127

Bucatoni ................................................................................................................................................................................ 127Buckwheat flour ................................................................................................................................................................... 127

Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 127Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 127Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 127

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Buckwheat (grain) ............................................................................................................................................................... 127Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 127Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 127Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 128Aflatoxin G1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 128Aflatoxin G2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 128Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 128Sterigmatocystin .............................................................................................................................................................. 128Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 128Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 128Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 128

Buckwheat (groats) .............................................................................................................................................................. 128Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 128Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 129

Buckwheat meal ................................................................................................................................................................... 129Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 129

Buckwheat noodles .............................................................................................................................................................. 129Bulgur .................................................................................................................................................................................... 129

Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 129Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 129Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 129

Buns ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 129Burghul.................................................................................................................................................................................. 129Cake/muffin mix .................................................................................................................................................................. 129Cakes ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 129

Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 129Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 130Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 13015-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................. 130Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 130Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 130

Cereal bars ............................................................................................................................................................................ 130Cereal flakes .......................................................................................................................................................................... 130

Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 130Cereal mixtures .................................................................................................................................................................... 130

Alternariol ........................................................................................................................................................................ 130Alternariol Methyl Ether ................................................................................................................................................. 131Depsipeptides ................................................................................................................................................................... 131Beauvericin ....................................................................................................................................................................... 131Enniatin A1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 131Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 131Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 131Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 131Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 131

Cereal products .................................................................................................................................................................... 131Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 131Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 132Aflatoxin G1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 132Aflatoxin G2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 132Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 132Citrinin ............................................................................................................................................................................. 132Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 132Ergocornine ...................................................................................................................................................................... 133Ergocristine ...................................................................................................................................................................... 133Ergocryptine .................................................................................................................................................................... 133

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Ergometrine ..................................................................................................................................................................... 134Ergosine ............................................................................................................................................................................ 134Ergotamine ....................................................................................................................................................................... 134Ergot Alkaloids (Minor) .................................................................................................................................................. 134Depsipeptides ................................................................................................................................................................... 134Beauvericin ....................................................................................................................................................................... 134Enniatin A1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 135Enniatin B ......................................................................................................................................................................... 135Enniatin B1 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 135Enniatin B4 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 135Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 135Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 135Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 135Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 135HT-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 135Neosolaniol ....................................................................................................................................................................... 135T-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................... 135Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 136Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 1363-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................... 136Fusarenon-X (4-Acetylnivalenol) ................................................................................................................................... 136Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 137Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 137

Cereals ................................................................................................................................................................................... 137Alternariol ........................................................................................................................................................................ 137Alternariol Methyl Ether ................................................................................................................................................. 138Tenuazonic Acid ............................................................................................................................................................... 138Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 138Aflatoxin G1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 138Aflatoxin G2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 138Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 138Citrinin ............................................................................................................................................................................. 138Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 138Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 139Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 139Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 139Diacetoxyscirpenol .......................................................................................................................................................... 139HT-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 139T-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................... 139Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 139Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 1393-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................... 14015-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................. 140Fusarenon-X (4-Acetylnivalenol) ................................................................................................................................... 140Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 141Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 141

Chips ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 141Ciabatta ................................................................................................................................................................................. 141Coix seed ............................................................................................................................................................................... 141Confectionery ....................................................................................................................................................................... 141

Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 141Cookies ................................................................................................................................................................................. 141

Alternariol ........................................................................................................................................................................ 141Alternariol Methyl Ether ................................................................................................................................................. 142Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 142

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Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 142Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 142Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 142Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 142

Corn ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 142Corn flakes ............................................................................................................................................................................ 142

Tenuazonic Acid ............................................................................................................................................................... 142Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 142Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 142Cyclopiazonic Acid .......................................................................................................................................................... 143Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 143Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 143Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 143Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 145Fumonisin B3 .................................................................................................................................................................... 146Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 147Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 147HT-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 147T-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................... 147Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 148Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 1483-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................... 14815-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................. 148Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 149

Crackers ................................................................................................................................................................................ 149Alternariol ........................................................................................................................................................................ 149Alternariol Methyl Ether ................................................................................................................................................. 149Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 149Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 150Aflatoxin G1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 150Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 150Ergocorninine .................................................................................................................................................................. 150Ergocristinine .................................................................................................................................................................. 150Ergocryptinine ................................................................................................................................................................. 150Ergometrine ..................................................................................................................................................................... 150Ergotaminine.................................................................................................................................................................... 150Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 151Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 151Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 151Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 151

Cream chantilly .................................................................................................................................................................... 151Crispbread ............................................................................................................................................................................ 151Croissants.............................................................................................................................................................................. 151

Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 151Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 151Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 151

Dagwa .................................................................................................................................................................................... 151Alternariol Methyl Ether ................................................................................................................................................. 151Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 152Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 152Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 152Aflatoxin G1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 152Aflatoxin G2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 152Sterigmatocystin .............................................................................................................................................................. 152Citrinin ............................................................................................................................................................................. 152

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Kojic Acid .......................................................................................................................................................................... 153Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 153Ochratoxin B .................................................................................................................................................................... 153Viomellein ........................................................................................................................................................................ 153Depsipeptides ................................................................................................................................................................... 153Beauvericin ....................................................................................................................................................................... 153Enniatin A ......................................................................................................................................................................... 153Enniatin A1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 153Enniatin B ......................................................................................................................................................................... 154Enniatin B1 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 154Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 154Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 154Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 154Fumonisin B3 .................................................................................................................................................................... 154Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 154Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 154Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 154Fusaric Acid ...................................................................................................................................................................... 155Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 155Mycophenolic Acid .......................................................................................................................................................... 155

Drinks ................................................................................................................................................................................... 155Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 155

Durum wheat ........................................................................................................................................................................ 155Enchiladas ............................................................................................................................................................................. 155Extrudates ............................................................................................................................................................................. 155Farro ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 155

Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 155Depsipeptides ................................................................................................................................................................... 155Beauvericin ....................................................................................................................................................................... 155Enniatin B ......................................................................................................................................................................... 155Enniatin B1 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 155Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 156Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 156Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 156

Fiber cereal ........................................................................................................................................................................... 156Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 156Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 156

Figazzas ................................................................................................................................................................................. 156Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 156Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 156

Flour ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 156Aflatoxin G2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 156Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 156Ergocornine ...................................................................................................................................................................... 157Ergocristine ...................................................................................................................................................................... 157Ergometrine ..................................................................................................................................................................... 157Ergosine ............................................................................................................................................................................ 157Ergotamine ....................................................................................................................................................................... 157α-Ergocryptine ................................................................................................................................................................. 157Depsipeptides ................................................................................................................................................................... 157Beauvericin ....................................................................................................................................................................... 157Enniatin A ......................................................................................................................................................................... 158Enniatin A1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 158Enniatin B ......................................................................................................................................................................... 158Enniatin B1 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 159

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Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 159Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 159Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 159Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 159Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 160HT-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 160T-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................... 160Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 160Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 160Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 161Moniliformin .................................................................................................................................................................... 161Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 162

Flour products ...................................................................................................................................................................... 162Depsipeptides ................................................................................................................................................................... 162Enniatin A ......................................................................................................................................................................... 162Enniatin A1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 162Enniatin B ......................................................................................................................................................................... 162Enniatin B1 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 162Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 163Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 163Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 163

Fonio millet .......................................................................................................................................................................... 163Food ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 163

Alternariol ........................................................................................................................................................................ 163Alternariol Methyl Ether ................................................................................................................................................. 163Altertoxin I ....................................................................................................................................................................... 163Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 164Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 164Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 164Aflatoxin G1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 165Aflatoxin G2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 165Aflatoxin M1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 165Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 165Sterigmatocystin .............................................................................................................................................................. 165Citrinin ............................................................................................................................................................................. 166Cyclopiazonic Acid .......................................................................................................................................................... 1663-Nitropropionic Acid ..................................................................................................................................................... 166Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 166Depsipeptides ................................................................................................................................................................... 167Beauvericin ....................................................................................................................................................................... 167Enniatin A ......................................................................................................................................................................... 167Enniatin A1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 167Enniatin B ......................................................................................................................................................................... 167Enniatin B1 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 168Enniatin B2 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 168Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 168Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 168Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 169Fumonisin B3 .................................................................................................................................................................... 170Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 170Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 171HT-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 171T-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................... 171Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 171Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 171

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3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................... 17415-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................. 174Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 174Fusaproliferin ................................................................................................................................................................... 174Fusaric Acid ...................................................................................................................................................................... 175Moniliformin .................................................................................................................................................................... 175Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 175Mycophenolic Acid .......................................................................................................................................................... 176

Gofio ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 176Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 176Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 177Aflatoxin G1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 177Aflatoxin G2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 177Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 177Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 177Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 177Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 178Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 178Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 178Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 178

Graham flour ........................................................................................................................................................................ 178Grain flour ............................................................................................................................................................................ 178

Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 178Grains .................................................................................................................................................................................... 179

Alternariol ........................................................................................................................................................................ 179Alternariol Methyl Ether ................................................................................................................................................. 179Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 179Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 179Depsipeptides ................................................................................................................................................................... 179Beauvericin ....................................................................................................................................................................... 179Enniatin A ......................................................................................................................................................................... 179Enniatin A1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 179Enniatin B ......................................................................................................................................................................... 179Enniatin B1 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 180Enniatin/s ......................................................................................................................................................................... 180Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 180HT-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 180T-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................... 180Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 180Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 1803-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................... 18015-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................. 180Fusarenon-X (4-Acetylnivalenol) ................................................................................................................................... 180Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 180Moniliformin .................................................................................................................................................................... 181

Groats .................................................................................................................................................................................... 181Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 181

Guinea corn .......................................................................................................................................................................... 181Hatomugi .............................................................................................................................................................................. 181Hop ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 181

Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 181Incaparina ............................................................................................................................................................................. 181

Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 181Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 181Aflatoxin G1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 181

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Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 181Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 182Fumonisin B3 .................................................................................................................................................................... 182

Infant food ............................................................................................................................................................................ 182Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 182Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 182Aflatoxin G1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 183Aflatoxin G2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 183Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 183Ergot Alkaloids ................................................................................................................................................................. 183Depsipeptides ................................................................................................................................................................... 183Beauvericin ....................................................................................................................................................................... 183Enniatin A ......................................................................................................................................................................... 184Enniatin A1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 184Enniatin B ......................................................................................................................................................................... 185Enniatin B1 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 185Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 186Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 186Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 186Fumonisin B3 .................................................................................................................................................................... 186Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 186Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 187Diacetoxyscirpenol .......................................................................................................................................................... 187HT-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 187Monoacetoxyscirpenol .................................................................................................................................................... 187Neosolaniol ....................................................................................................................................................................... 188T-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................... 188T-2 Tetraol ........................................................................................................................................................................ 188T-2 Triol ............................................................................................................................................................................ 188Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 189Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 1893-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................... 18915-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................. 190Fusarenon-X (4-Acetylnivalenol) ................................................................................................................................... 190Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 190Fusaproliferin ................................................................................................................................................................... 191Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 191

Instant-drink powder .......................................................................................................................................................... 192Depsipeptides ................................................................................................................................................................... 192Enniatin B ......................................................................................................................................................................... 192Enniatin B1 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 192Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 192HT-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 192Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 192Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 192

Jello ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 193Job’s tears (grain) ................................................................................................................................................................. 193

Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 193Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 193Aflatoxin G1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 193Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 193Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 193Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 193Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 193Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 193

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Job’s tears products .............................................................................................................................................................. 193Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 193HT-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 193T-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................... 194Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 194Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 194Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 194

Jowar ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 194Kashkineh ............................................................................................................................................................................. 194Kheri ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 194Kenkey ................................................................................................................................................................................... 194

Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 194Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 194Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 194Aflatoxin G1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 194Aflatoxin G2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 194Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 194

Kubeba .................................................................................................................................................................................. 195Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 195Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 195Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 195

Lasagne ................................................................................................................................................................................. 195Libritos .................................................................................................................................................................................. 195

Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 195Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 195

Macaroni ............................................................................................................................................................................... 195Maize beer............................................................................................................................................................................. 195

Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 195Kojic Acid .......................................................................................................................................................................... 195Depsipeptides ................................................................................................................................................................... 195Beauvericin ....................................................................................................................................................................... 195Enniatin B ......................................................................................................................................................................... 195Enniatin B1 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 196Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 196Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 196Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 196Fumonisin B3 .................................................................................................................................................................... 196Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 196Deoynivalenol .................................................................................................................................................................. 196Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 196Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 197

Maize bran ............................................................................................................................................................................ 197Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 197Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 197Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 197

Maize bread .......................................................................................................................................................................... 197Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 197Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 197Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 197Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 198Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 198Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 198Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 198Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 199

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Maize cake............................................................................................................................................................................. 199Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 199

Maize chips ........................................................................................................................................................................... 199Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 199Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 199Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 199Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 199Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 199Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 199Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 199

Maize dough ......................................................................................................................................................................... 200Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 200Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 200Aflatoxin G1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 200Aflatoxin G2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 200Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 200Citrinin ............................................................................................................................................................................. 200Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 200

Maize extrudates .................................................................................................................................................................. 200Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 200Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 200Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 200

Maize flakes .......................................................................................................................................................................... 201Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 201Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 201Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 201Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 201HT-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 201T-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................... 201Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 201Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 201Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 201

Maize flour ............................................................................................................................................................................ 201Alternariol Methyl Ether ................................................................................................................................................. 201Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 201Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 201Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 203Aflatoxin G1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 204Aflatoxin G2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 204Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 205Sterigmatocystin .............................................................................................................................................................. 206Citrinin ............................................................................................................................................................................. 206Kojic Acid .......................................................................................................................................................................... 206Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 206Viomellein ........................................................................................................................................................................ 207Depsipeptides ................................................................................................................................................................... 208Beauvericin ....................................................................................................................................................................... 208Enniatin A ......................................................................................................................................................................... 208Enniatin B ......................................................................................................................................................................... 208Enniatin B1 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 208Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 208Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 208Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 211Fumonisin B3 .................................................................................................................................................................... 213Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 213

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Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 214HT-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 214T-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................... 214Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 214Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 2143-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................... 21515-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................. 215Fusarenon-X (4-Acetylnivalenol) ................................................................................................................................... 215Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 2168-Ketotrichothecenes ...................................................................................................................................................... 216Fusaric Acid ...................................................................................................................................................................... 216Moniliformin .................................................................................................................................................................... 216Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 217Mycophenolic Acid .......................................................................................................................................................... 218Roquefortine-C ................................................................................................................................................................ 218

Maize germ ........................................................................................................................................................................... 218Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 218Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 218Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 218Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 218Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 218Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 218Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 218

Maize germ meal .................................................................................................................................................................. 219Maize germ oil ...................................................................................................................................................................... 219Maize (grain) ........................................................................................................................................................................ 219

Altenuene .......................................................................................................................................................................... 219Alternariol ........................................................................................................................................................................ 219Alternariol Methyl Ether ................................................................................................................................................. 219Altertoxin I ....................................................................................................................................................................... 220Tenuazonic Acid ............................................................................................................................................................... 220Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 220Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 220Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 232Aflatoxin G1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 238Aflatoxin G2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 243Aflatoxin M1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 246Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 246Gliotoxin ........................................................................................................................................................................... 254Sterigmatocystin .............................................................................................................................................................. 254Citreoviridin ..................................................................................................................................................................... 254Citrinin ............................................................................................................................................................................. 255Cyclopiazonic Acid .......................................................................................................................................................... 256Kojic Acid .......................................................................................................................................................................... 2563-Nitropropionic Acid ..................................................................................................................................................... 256Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 257Ochratoxin B .................................................................................................................................................................... 262Penicillic Acid ................................................................................................................................................................... 262Depsipeptides ................................................................................................................................................................... 263Beauvericin ....................................................................................................................................................................... 263Enniatin A1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 265Enniatin B ......................................................................................................................................................................... 265Enniatin B1 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 266Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 266Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 266Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 286

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Fumonisin B3 .................................................................................................................................................................... 298Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 303Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 310Diacetoxyscirpenol .......................................................................................................................................................... 310HT-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 311Monoacetoxyscirpenol .................................................................................................................................................... 312Neosolaniol ....................................................................................................................................................................... 312T-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................... 313T-2 Toxin + HT-2 Toxin .................................................................................................................................................... 315T-2 Tetraol ........................................................................................................................................................................ 315T-2 Triol ............................................................................................................................................................................ 315Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 315Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 3153-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................... 32815-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................. 3303-Acetyldeoxynivalenol + 15- Acetyldeoxynivalenol ..................................................................................................... 332Fusarenon-X (4-Acetylnivalenol) ................................................................................................................................... 333Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 3344,15-Diacetylnivalenol ..................................................................................................................................................... 3388-Ketotrichothecenes ...................................................................................................................................................... 339Fusaproliferin ................................................................................................................................................................... 339Fusaric Acid ...................................................................................................................................................................... 340Fusarin C .......................................................................................................................................................................... 340Moniliformin .................................................................................................................................................................... 341Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 344Mycophenolic Acid .......................................................................................................................................................... 355Roquefortine/Roquefortine-C ........................................................................................................................................ 356

Maize grits ............................................................................................................................................................................ 356Tenuazonic Acid ............................................................................................................................................................... 356Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 356Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 356Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 356Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 357Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 357Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 358Fumonisin B3 .................................................................................................................................................................... 360Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 360Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 361HT-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 361T-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................... 361Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 361Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 361Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 362Moniliformin .................................................................................................................................................................... 362Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 362

Maize groats ......................................................................................................................................................................... 362Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 362Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 362Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 362Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 363Fumonisin B3 .................................................................................................................................................................... 363Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 363

Maize gruel ........................................................................................................................................................................... 363Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 363Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 363

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Aflatoxin G1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 363Aflatoxin G2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 363Aflatoxin M1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 363Aflatoxin M2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 363Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 363

Maize malt ............................................................................................................................................................................ 363Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 363Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 364

Maize meal ............................................................................................................................................................................ 364Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 364Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 364Aflatoxin G1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 364Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 364Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 365Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 365Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 365Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 368Fumonisin B3 .................................................................................................................................................................... 371Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 372Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 372HT-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 372T-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................... 373Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 373Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 373Fusarin-C .......................................................................................................................................................................... 374Moniliformin .................................................................................................................................................................... 374Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 374

Maize noodles ...................................................................................................................................................................... 375Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 375Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 375Fumonisin B3 .................................................................................................................................................................... 375Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 375

Maize oil ................................................................................................................................................................................ 375Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 375Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 375Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 375Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 375Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 375

Maize pastes ......................................................................................................................................................................... 375Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 375

Maize products ..................................................................................................................................................................... 375Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 375Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 376Aflatoxin G1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 376Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 376Depsipeptides ................................................................................................................................................................... 377Beauvericin ....................................................................................................................................................................... 377Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 377Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 377Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 378Fumonisin B3 .................................................................................................................................................................... 379Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 379Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 379HT-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 379Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 379

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Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 3793-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................... 38015-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................. 380Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 380Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 380

Maize puff ............................................................................................................................................................................. 381Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 381Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 381Aflatoxin G1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 381Aflatoxin G2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 381Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 381Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 381Fumonisin B3 .................................................................................................................................................................... 381

Maize roti .............................................................................................................................................................................. 381Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 381

Maize semolina .................................................................................................................................................................... 381Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 381Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 381Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 382Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 382HT-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 382T-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................... 382Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 382Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 3823-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................... 38215-Acetyldeoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................. 382Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 383Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 383

Maize snacks ......................................................................................................................................................................... 383Maize soups .......................................................................................................................................................................... 383

Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 383Maize starch .......................................................................................................................................................................... 383

Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 383Aflatoxin G2 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 383Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 383Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 384Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 384Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 384Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 384Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 384Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 384T-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................... 384

Malt........................................................................................................................................................................................ 384Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 384Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 384Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 384

Malt extract ........................................................................................................................................................................... 384Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 384Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 384

Margarine ............................................................................................................................................................................. 385Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 385Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 385Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 385

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Masa ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 385Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 385Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 385Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 385Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 385

Meal ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 386Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 386

Millet (grain) ........................................................................................................................................................................ 386Altenuene .......................................................................................................................................................................... 386Alternariol ........................................................................................................................................................................ 386Alternariol Methyl Ether ................................................................................................................................................. 386Tenuazonic Acid ............................................................................................................................................................... 386Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 386Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 386Aflatoxin B2 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 387Aflatoxin G1 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 388Aflatoxin/s ........................................................................................................................................................................ 388Sterigmatocystin .............................................................................................................................................................. 388Citrinin ............................................................................................................................................................................. 388Cyclopiazonic Acid .......................................................................................................................................................... 388Kojic Acid .......................................................................................................................................................................... 3883-Nitropropionic Acid ..................................................................................................................................................... 388Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 389Depsipeptides ................................................................................................................................................................... 389Beauvericin ....................................................................................................................................................................... 389Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 389Fumonisin B1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 389Fumonisin B2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 389Fumonisin/s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 389Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 390Diacetoxyscirpenol .......................................................................................................................................................... 390Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 390Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 390Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 390Fusaric Acid ...................................................................................................................................................................... 390Moniliformin .................................................................................................................................................................... 390Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 390

Millet meal ............................................................................................................................................................................ 391Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 391Deoxynivalenol ................................................................................................................................................................ 391Nivalenol ........................................................................................................................................................................... 391Zearalenone ...................................................................................................................................................................... 391

Monascus .............................................................................................................................................................................. 391Muesli .................................................................................................................................................................................... 391

Aflatoxin B1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 391Ochratoxin A .................................................................................................................................................................... 391Depsipeptides ................................................................................................................................................................... 392Beauvericin ....................................................................................................................................................................... 392Enniatin A ......................................................................................................................................................................... 392Enniatin A1 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 392Enniatin B ......................................................................................................................................................................... 393Enniatin B1 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 393Type A Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 394HT-2 Toxin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 394Type B Trichothecenes .................................................................................................................................................... 394

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