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Mycorrhizal Inoculated Biochar as an Active Filter of Dairy Wastewater
Jacob KelseyMaster’s candidate
Gund Institute for Ecological Economics and Ecological Design
Rubenstein School for Environment & Natural Resources,
University of Vermont
Felix WaiPhd Student
Rubenstein School for Environment & Natural Resources,
University of Vermont
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Objectives:
• To conduct a greenhouse column experiment in order to quantify the ability of biochar and mycorrhizal fungi to uptake phosphorus from a pollutant sample, representative of dairy farm wastewater.
• Results will be used to discern the efficacy of biochar,
compared to other alternative substrates (i.e. steel slag), for incorporation into constructed wetlands.
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Eutrophication and Phosphorus Pollution
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Eutrophication and Phosphorus Pollution
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• Across the United States, eutrophication of freshwater value lost costs approximately $2.2 billion per year
• Vermont Agency of Agriculture says 95% of small scale dairy farms (<200 cows) need to address nutrient leachate problems
• Total costs for Vermont small scale dairy farmers = $30.5 million
• ~$38,000/ small farm
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Integrated Constructed Wetlands• Cleanse and manage water flow from farmyards• Integrate the wetland infrastructure into the farm
landscape, enhancing its biodiversity and beauty
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Integrated Constructed Wetland Benefits
• Runoff and flood management
• Relative low cost and simplicity of operation
• Odor minimization
• Aesthetically pleasing
• Habitat and biodiversity enhancement
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Integrated Constructed Wetland Limitations
• Farm constructed wetlands have a relatively large land requirement
• P uptake, compared to other nutrient treatment is often below desired levels, especially in colder climates
http://www.fairfieldcity.nsw.gov.au/upload/images/SmithfieldWetland3May2006.jpg
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Alternative substrates for increasing P uptake/retention in constructed wetlands
http://www.cascadesteel.com/Images/manufacturing_process/02a.jpg
http://www.uvm.edu/~cwrc/Slag%20image.JPG
• Best candidates to date are mostly industrial by products• Of 57 materials tested for P adsorption, Electric Arc Furnace
Steel Slag was found to be the most effective• Vanadium and other heavy metal leaching possible
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Biochar P uptake/retention• Physical-Chemical:
– Extremely high surface area– Increased Cation Exchange Capacity– Increased Anion Exchange Capacity
(Lehmann, et al., 2007)
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Biochar P uptake/retention, cont.
• Biological:-Beneficial microbe refugia-Mycorrhizal Fungi proliferation-Increased mycorrhizal populations positively correlated with P
uptake
www.d.yimg.com/kq/groups www.d.yimg.com/kq/groups
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Biochar P uptake/retention, cont.
www.d.yimg.com/kq/groups www.d.yimg.com/kq/groups
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Hypothesis:
Mycorrhizal inoculated biochar mixed in a gravel substrate in a simulated planted constructed wetland will uptake more phosphorus than a control treatment of plants and gravel substrate alone.
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Experimental Setup & Methods
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Experimental Setup & Methods, cont.Treatment # 1 (control):• Gravel substrate • 20 non-mycorrhizal plants
Treatment # 2: • Gravel substrate• 20 mycorrhizal inoculated plants
Treatment # 4: • 50/50 gravel: biochar substrate • 20 mycorrhizal inoculated plants
Treatment # 3: • 50/50 gravel: biochar substrate• 20 non-mycorrhizal plants
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Experimental Setup & Methods, cont.
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Experimental Setup & Methods, cont.
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Experimental Setup & Methods, cont.
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Experimental Setup & Methods, cont.
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Hypothesis Revisited
Time
P C
once
ntra
tion
• # 1) control • # 2) +mycorrhizae• # 3) +biochar• # 4) +biochar
+mycorrhizae
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Preliminary Data
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Phosphate Price Increase
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Greenhouse potted plant experiments to test nutrient saturated, microbe inoculated biochar as soil amendment
Future Research
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Future Research
Field application of biochar in an active filtering bioswale in combination with an Integrated Constructed Wetland at a small dairy farm in Vermont
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Acknowledgments:
John ToddPaul SchabergBrian BibensPaul Stamets