My Presentation UAS English3

8/11/2019 My Presentation UAS English3

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THE CORRELATION BETWEEN

SMOKING AND LUNG CARCINOMA


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Definition

Smoking is the inhalation of the smoke of

burning tobacco encased in cigarettes, pipes,

and cigars. Casual smoking is the act of

smoking only occasionally, usually in a social

situation or to relieve stress. A smoking habit is

a physical addiction to tobacco products. Manyhealth experts now regard habitual smoking as

a psychological addiction, too, and one with

serious health consequences


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Description

Cigarettes and smokeless tobacco should beconsidered nicotine delivery devices

Depending on the circumstances and the amountconsumed, nicotine can act as either a stimulant ortranquilizer

Nicotine, increases the risk of heart disease

Besides tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide, tobaccosmoke contains 4,000 different chemicals. More than200 of these chemicals are known be toxic.

smoke , inhales and then breathes out leaves harmfuldeposits inside the body


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Health Risks of Cigarette Smoking

By 2001, an estimated 450,000 Americans

died annually from diseases related tocigarette smoking

In addition to those health risks, smokers are

at a higher risk for the development of many

types of cancer


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Definition

Lung cancer is a disease of uncontrolled

cell growth in tissues of the lung. Thisgrowth may lead to metastasis, which is

the invasion of adjacent tissue and

infiltration beyond the lungs.


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Classification

Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC):

Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC)

Others : In infants and children, the mostcommon primary lung cancers arepleuropulmonary blastoma and carcinoidtumor.


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Classification

Secondary cancers: The lung is a common

place for metastasis from tumors in other partsof the body

Staging: Lung cancer staging is an

assessment of the degree of spread of the

cancer from its original source. It is animportant factor affecting the prognosis and

potential treatment of lung cancer


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Signs and symptoms dyspnea (shortness of breath)

hemoptysis (coughing up blood)

chronic coughing or change in regular coughing pattern

wheezing

chest pain or pain in the abdomen

cachexia (weight loss), fatigue, and loss of appetite

dysphonia (hoarse voice)

clubbing of the fingernails (uncommon)

dysphagia (difficulty swallowing).


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. Pathogenesis

Similar to many other cancers, lung cancer is

initiated by activation of oncogenes orInactivation of tumor suppressor genes.

Several genetic polymorphisms are associated

with lung cancer


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Treatment1. Surgery

Gross appearance of the cutsurface of a

pneumonectomy specimencontaining a lung cancer,here a squamous cellcarcinoma (the whitishtumor near the bronchi).

2. Chemotherapy Small cell lung carcinoma is

treated primarily with

chemotherapy and radiation,as surgery has nodemonstrable influence onsurvival. Primarychemotherapy is also givenin metastatic non-small celllung carcinoma.

The combination regimendepends on the tumor type.


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3.Adjuvant chemotherapy for NSCLC

Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to the use of chemotherapy

after surgery to improve the outcome.

Adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage IB cancer iscontroversial, as clinical trials have not clearly demonstrated a

survival benefit. Trials of preoperative chemotherapy

(neoadjuvant chemotherapy) in resectable non-small cell lung

carcinoma have been inconclusive.


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4. Radiotherapy Radiotherapy is often given together with chemotherapy, and may be

used with curative intent in patients with non-small cell lungcarcinoma who are not eligible for surgery

For both non-small cell lung carcinoma and small cell lung carcinomapatients, smaller doses of radiation to the chest may be used forsymptom control (palliative radiotherapy).

Brachytherapy (localized radiotherapy) may be given directly insidethe airway when cancer affects a short section of bronchus

Patients with limited stage small cell lung carcinoma are usually givenprophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI).

Recent improvements in targeting and imaging have led to thedevelopment of extracranial stereotactic radiation in the treatment ofearly-stage lung cancer.


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5. Interventional radiology

Radiofrequency ablation should currently be

considered an investigational technique in thetreatment of bronchogenic carcinoma. It is doneby inserting a small heat probe into the tumor to

kill the tumor cells.


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Prognosis Prognostic factors in non-small cell lung cancer include

presence or absence of pulmonary symptoms, tumor size, celltype (histology), degree of spread (stage) and metastases tomultiple lymph nodes, and vascular invasion. For patients with

inoperable disease, prognosis is adversely affected by poorperformance status and weight loss of more than 10%.Prognostic factors in small-cell lung cancer includeperformance status, gender, stage of disease, and involvementof the central nervous system or liver at the time of diagnosis.

For non-small cell lung carcinoma, prognosis is generally poor

For small cell lung carcinoma, prognosis is also generally poor According to data provided by the National Cancer Institute,

the median age of incidence of lung cancer is 70 years, andthe median age of death by lung cancer is 71 years.


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Smoking, particularly of cigarettes, is by far the maincontributor to lung cancer. Across the developed world,almost 90% of lung cancer deaths are caused by smoking

The length of time a person smokes (as well as rate ofsmoking) increases the person's chance of developing lungcancer.

Passive smokingthe inhalation of smoke from another'ssmokingis a cause of lung cancer in nonsmokers. Apassive smoker can be classified as someone living orworking with a smoker as well. Studies from the U.S.,Europe,the UK, and Australia have consistently shown asignificant increase in relative risk among those exposed topassive smoke. Recent investigation of sidestream smokesuggests that it is more dangerous than direct smokeinhalation.


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The most cost-effective means of fighting lung cancer. Policy interventions to decrease passive smoking in

public areas such as restaurants and workplaces Arguments cited against such bans are criminalisation

of smoking, increased risk of smuggling, and the riskthat such a ban cannot be enforced.

The long-term use of supplemental multivitaminssuch as vitamin C, vitamin E, and folatedoes notreduce the risk of lung cancer

The World Health Organization has called forgovernments to institute a total ban on tobaccoadvertising in order to prevent young people fromtaking up smoking.


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