Speech is Italicized

Handheld Wireless Computers

Encompass:PDA’s Wireless laptops/compact laptops/Ultra compact laptopsMobile PhonesSmart PhonesTablet PC’s Game consoles - WiiMedia Players – IPod’sHybrid devices which include a mixture of mobile phones and tablet PC’s

Handheld Wireless computers encompass everything from PDa or Personal Digital assistants to Hybrid devices which a mixture of mobile phones and tablet PC’s

Need for Handheld Wireless: The need for business professionals to keep track of:• Contacts• e-mail• voice mail • addresses • phone numbers

Mobility of Communication to access the Internet

Ability to connect anytime - as long as an Internet portal is available

Need for speed to connect – electronic trading

The project will be narrowed to Personal Digital Assistants or PDA’s

2 Categories Hand Held Computers:

Larger Liquid Crystal Display Mini Keyboard

Palm-Size Computer

Stylus Touch Screen

Characteristics of PDA’s No Hard Drive Programs stored on Read-only Memory(ROM) Microprocessor Input/Output ports

History of the PDAThese Companies invented and marketed their PDA’s

1980 - Invented By Psion Company 1993 - Apple used touch sensitive screens and handwriting recognition 1995 - Us Robotics – Palm Pilot

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iz4GwLpxAhc

Lead Thinkers on this Research Cheung Sum Wing Hew Foon Khe Foon

Lead Designers Psion - Nick Healey - as a programmer, with a degree in Computer and

Microprocessor Engineering Apple- Newton- Steve Capps and Michael Tchao

http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/06/26/psion_special/page8.html, Oct.3,2009

Development ProblemsPsion's weak point is Internet connectivity in countries where GSM wireless service isn't availableApple’s Newton- Problem in getting fonts to open Applications1. Sent faxes but did not receive them2. Limited communication- need a cell phone and pager also3. Poor handwriting recognition

Palm Pilot - limited memory and a relatively slow processor, also key components still written in Assembler and

Good assembler programmers are hard to findmore difficult to develop programs; more instructions to write; more chance of errorsmore difficult to manage complex algorithms and data structuresmore difficult to debug - lack of debugging aids

4. http://www.mobiletechreview.com/psion.htm , Retrieved 10 03,20095. http://developer.apple.com/textfonts/Tools/ , Retrieved 10 03,20096. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1563/is_n11_v11/ai_14610713/7. http://www.ajw.com/Pila.htm , Retrieved 10 03,2009

The Intended Market In the beginning, the business world in order to be mobile in communications

Research Findings

Three most frequent uses of the handhelds centered: On utilizing the devices as

(21.8%)-Communication (20.5%)- multimedia access (17.9%)-Task management tool

On the use of handhelds as (14.1%)-Assessment (12.8%)-Capture tools (6.4%)-Representational (6.4%)-Analytical tools

Communication toolsThis refers to employing the handheld devices to communicate information from oneperson to others Multimedia access toolsAccessing multimedia resources such as e-books, databases, web pages, PowerPoint presentations,audio files and video clips Task management of timeAssessment Tools - answer examinationquestions, tests, or quizzes.Capture toolsThis refers to utilize the devices to capture various data and media such as video, still pictures, audio Representational toolsa concept of creating Euler nodes or mapping software to create maps with at leastfour nodes and four vertices.Analytic tools - This refers to employing the devices to manipulate certain data or variables such as graphic calculators

ProductionWould be initiated by one of the current leading manufacturersPackagingLicensing of PDA’s would be bought by the university

MarketingConsists of two 1 hour classes to instruct faculty and students on usage

DistributionSet number of PDA for 2 classes and corresponding faculty

Knowledge

1995 – Co-Worker2001 – PDA’s in the classroom

A small video supporting knowledge studies from universities on PDA’s

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOyGyXatx5c

Persuasion StageCosts can be minimized – a lot of students already have their own PDA’s, no need to furnish one, grants are available for usage of PDA in classroomsHigh Mobility – will cause an increase in grade scores and we will be statistically looking for this confirmation Good visuals in color, sound, and networking- much more appealing than paper and blue inkThey have the familiar “Start” menuStandard Microsoft application - like Microsoft Word and Excel,Standard support for the Hardware – By the manufacturer, no need for extensive training of IT personnelSupports other Hardware – such as printers and audio input Increases Motivation of Students – by high mobility and access

http://www.campustechnology.com/Articles/2002/09/Ready-or-NotPDAs-in-the-Classroom.aspx?Page=1

Decision Stage

Faculty - faculty creates a list of performance objectivesHardware costs

– A high powered PDA is priced under 400 dollars, average is 300, please remember this cost can be limited by students already having their own PDA but Costs are lower than a regular computer.

– No textbook required to purchase, cutting costs to the school

– An average class will incur 7,500 to 10,000 dollars

Software Costs – Free sites for creating templates and lessons such as ThinkDB, Palmreader, Handango, Quick Office, ImagiMath, the

Educator’s PalmTraining costs

Information Technology – development of instructional sheet, limited costs of 200 dollars

Faculty – 2 hour classes which can be held at a cost of 53 dollars for 2 faculty which will become change agents and technology

experts in the use Students – No cost, the one hour cost can be imbedded into the

classroom

http://www.mdsis.com.ar/descargas/whypalm_TCO.pdf

Implementation Stage

But my PDA, unlike my phone, actually “persuaded”me to learn how to better use it. (Schrage,2004)

Innovation scholar Everett Rogers, who authored theclassic Diffusion of Innovation, asserts that “trialability” isa key design quality that invites explorations. Trialabilityencourages people to explore innovative designs at relatively

low risk and low cost (Schrage,2004)

Time Period for Delivery would consist of 1 month from the manufacturerOne hour class to instruction students on the use of the PDA 2 hour classes to instruct faculty- “While the teachers were clear on the basicoperations of the PDAs, they were caught by surpriseconcerning student engagement and in the ways thesoftware could be used to pose or solve particular

coding problems.” As stated by Goldman, Pea, Maldonoado, Martin, White and associates at Stanford University (2004).

Active enrollment of students in credit classes and corresponding training classes

Schrage, M. (2004). The power of Persuasion, Retrieved 10 05, 2009 from http://www.leighbureau.com/speakers/MSchrage/essays/persuasion.pdf

Goldman, S., Pea, R., Maldonado, H., Martin, L. White, T. &the WILD Team @ Stanford University. (2004). Functioning in the wireless classroom, P. 5. Retrieved 10 06, 2009 from

http://hci.stanford.edu/publications/2004/WILDClassroomWMTE2004/WILDClassroomWMTE2004.pdf

Confirmation Stage

Faculty - Measurements on test scores can be compared in PDA classes to previous years’ bell-curves to discern improvement

Monthly Informal Meetings – by faculty can improve use of the PDA’s and inform users of any problems

E-mail – To students can be utilized as announcements and outagesInformation Technology – Can record expenses to replace any damaged

PDA’sSurveys – Electronic evaluations from students and Faculty can be

requested on using the PDA’shttp://www.tltgroup.org/resources/F_Eval_Cases/NCSU-PDA/Text.html

Communication Channels

Knowledge – Mass Media for Education Persuasion – Interpersonal Decision – Interpersonal Implementation – Interpersonal Confirmation – Interpersonal

Knowledge - mass media has stoked interest in the PDA in the business world and it has increased PDA interest into the educational field

Persuasion - will start as soon as the student picks up their PDA and starts to create

Decision – is on an interpersonal level on whether to adopt or reject the PDA’s abilities will occur if the student decides to drop the class, at the termination of the class and will be closely monitored by evaluation surveys. The decision might also be based on mass media appeal to our students.

Implementation – Will on the devices will be localite as the student turns in the first assignment

Confirmation – will be also interpersonal as the student decides to attend or not attend another class that is using PDA’s

Be not the first by who the new is tried, nor the last to lay the old aside. -Alexander Pope, An Essay on Criticism, Part II

Week 6

The PDA was first invented and used in 1980 so we are not the early adopters of the PDA. In education, adaptation occurred starting in the late 1990’s. We are not the early majority since PDA usage is now being used in high schools and elementary Grades, but we are not laggards either. PDA procedures are not in place for every institution. We are in the category of Late Adopters and high on the bell curve. We are not the first to use this new innovation but are being conservative on selecting new innovations for use at the university.

http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_rogers_innovation_adoption_curve.html

Week 7

Key Innovators and Early Adopters

Younger Instructors - Those born to technology will most likely be the first to instruct and learn the technology

Non-tenure Instructors – Wishing for tenure will be quick to pick up new technology to see if the grade levels and experiences excite their students

Strategies for Innovators and Early Adopters

Persuasion – Statistics of improvement in student grades and participation levels. This is a focal point of administration on whether to approve tenure. Complexity -Show how relatively ease it is to use the PDA through trainingCompatibility – Of the device with other software and linkage ability to other devices such as home laptops and the university’s computers Ease of Use or Trailability – thru training to show how the PDAs can be experimented with to increase visual aids for the student in and out of class

Laggards

Older Instructors – who have tenure will be most likely to avoid the technology unless persuasion is used to adopt.

Persuasion – Can come in the form of peer and administration pressure, bonuses and incentives

Retirement – those instructors that will retire soon may not wish to invest the time in the new innovation

Persuasion –peer and administration pressure will not work but bonuses and incentives might. A little extra before retirement is always an incentive. Contests such as rewards of

gift cards are an excellent idea.

Strategies for Laggards

Group and peer pressure – the group and synergy can move mountains- stress compatibility with our existing values at the university and the needs of students to reinforce the rate of adoption

Change agents - to instill an enthusiasm for the PDA Usage and to show how easy it is to learn

Group meetings for faculty – to instill comradely and acceptance of the devices. Also, to show improvement among the students in communication and grades

Week 8

Hybrid of Centralized and Decentralized Approach

Centralized – The roll out will begin with a centralized approach in technology

Decentralized – Soon the instructors with peer diffusion will try a problem centered approach to customize the PDA for their own class work. So we envision a hybrid of both these approaches.

http://www4.uwm.edu/cuts/bench/princp.htm#cent

Key Change Agents

Dean – can create a need to change and improve grades by emphasizing accreditation and then translate that intent into action by sponsoring training sessions and to stabilize adoption by incorporating PDA’s into the course workFaculty Leaders – Can establish information exchange blogs or informal meetings to diagnose common problems with the PDA and to stabilize adoption to prevent discontinuance. This will also develop self-renewing practices among all of the participating instructors.

Critical MassSince we are high in the late adopters’ category in the Bell curve, the critical mass at 10% to 20% has been surpassed.

Week 9

The need for PDA’s for this UniversityTo promote future growth of the student populace by:Accreditation – In which the Dean and everyone is always interested in and

a direct result of future consider of tenure for facultyImprovement – Of mathematical scoresVisualization of cutting edge technologies – To future student , the PDA’s , will enhance in their eyes the university as leaders of cutting technologies

For FacultyAssessment – For faculty, as demonstrated by the pie chart, will greatly improve as well as communication and representational skills. How many papers have you ever graded and not been able to clearly understand the student’s logic? The PDA’s will help with this quandary. Analytical tools – Will be increased and simpler than paper and pencil

methodsCommunicationMultimedia accessTask Management tool – You can store multimedia presentations and even

use the calendar to monitor your daily schedules of items to do and never forget to e-mail back or check on a student again

Representational

For StudentsCommunication – The ability to be mobile and communication with the

professor at any time. They now longer need to track the professor down. They can ask a question anytime on homework.Multimedia access – Which involves e-mailing the professor in a blink of an

eye and availability to other technologies such as the tutoring sites

Task Management tool – Students can schedule those important tests, quizzes and assignments, leading to an

improvement in grades.

This is a win-win situation for the university, the faculty and the students!

Any Questions?

Source:Moallem, M., Kermani H. & Chen S. (2005). Handheld, Wireless computers: Can they improve learning and instruction?. Computers in the Schools [serial online]. December 2005;22(3/4):93-106. Education Research Complete, Ipswich, MA.

Cheung, W. & hew, K. (2009). A review of research methodologies used in studies on mobile handheld devices in K-12 and higher education settings. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology. 25(2):153