MUTATIONS “THE TRUTH IS OUT THERE.”. “What’s in a gamete?” A gamete is a cell that fuses...
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Transcript of MUTATIONS “THE TRUTH IS OUT THERE.”. “What’s in a gamete?” A gamete is a cell that fuses...
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MUTATIONS
“THE TRUTH IS OUTTHERE.”
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“What’s in a gamete?”
A gamete is a cell that fuses with another cell in SEXUAL REPRODUCTION.
This means that the SPERM and EGG cells are both gametes.
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GAMETES CONTAIN CHROMOSOMES
• A chromosome is an organized structure that contains DNA and Protein.
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Chromosomes…
In each gamete there are 23 chromosomes.
This means that during sexual reproduction, when the gametes come together there should be a total of 46 chromosomes. But what if something goes… wrong?
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What is a mutation?
“A mutation is a change to the base pair sequence of an organism.”
- www.wikipedia.com
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Mutations
• While a mutation may be passed on to every cell that develops from the mutated cell, only mutations in sex cells may be passed on to the offspring.
• This shows that it is possible for mutations to be hereditary.
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You get it…
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Mutations continued…
• The effects of these “chromosomal alterations” are most likely to be visible in the phenotype. This is because there are a lot of genes involved.
• When a mutation occurs in body cells it will not continue on through/during sexual reproduction.
• Most mutations are harmful and recessive.• Most gene mutations are noticeable in the phenotype
but other might not be as noticeable.
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Types of mutations…
1. In genetics, there is such a thing as deletion, and it is indeed a mutation. Deletion occurs when a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is missing. Deletion is the loss of genetic material. Causes could be breaking without rejoining, unequal crossing over, or losses from translocation.
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continued…
• This is translocation, there are two types: reciprocal or robertsonian. Also, translocations can be “balanced or unbalanced (where the exchange of chromosome material is unequal resulting in extra or missing genes).”
- www.wikipedia.com
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Gene Duplication
• any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene.
• it may occur as an error in homologous recombination
• Also a duplication of an entire chromosome
• Leads to multiple copies of chromosomal regions.
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Non Disjunction
• Non disjunction is the failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during meiosis or mitosis. Either a failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis I, or failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis II or mitosis.
Polyploidy is caused by nondisjunction
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Disjunction
Disjunction is the seperation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
But, if disjunction fails to occur [non disjunction, remember?] then gametes with an additional or missing chromosome will be produced.
Hence mutation.
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Polyploidy
The presence of one or more entire additional sets of chromosomes in an organism
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Effects of Mutations
• Loss of function: Which is the result of a gene product have close to or no function at all.
• Gain of function: changes the gene product so that it gains a new abnormal function.
• Lethal Mutations: An organism carrying this will result in death.
Yikes.
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Now Michael, what are the causes of mutations?• Well, the causes of mutations could be Radiation: x-
rays, ultraviolet, microwaves, cosmic waves.• Chemicals such as formaldehyde, benzene, asbestos
fibers, THC, nicotine [as found in ciggarettes]• The environment interacts with genes in the
development and expression of inherited traits.• The adaptive value of a gene mutation is dependent
upon the nature of the mutation and the type of environment with which the organism interacts.
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Bibleography
•www.wikipedia.com• Images have either been taken
from www.wikipedia.com or www.images.search.yahoo.com
•There are direct quotes taken from Mrs. Ashkenazy’s “introduction to genetics notes.”
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THE END