\\Mustard\Ecollyer$\Profile\Desktop\Phenomenology Presentation

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Research Skills Involved Opposing views on the skills involved among phenomenological researchers One view: • Phenomenologist has a suspension of belief with an attitude of doubt towards the world • “needs to develop specific research skills to enable him/her to get the ‘lived experiences’ without contaminating the data…” (p.1487) Second view: • Phenomenologist should have close involvement in the research • “subjective judgment of the researcher is valuable…” (p.1487) (Wimpenny & Gass, 2000)

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Page 1: \\Mustard\Ecollyer$\Profile\Desktop\Phenomenology Presentation

Research Skills Involved• Opposing views on the skills involved

among phenomenological researchers– One view:

• Phenomenologist has a suspension of belief with an attitude of doubt towards the world

• “needs to develop specific research skills to enable him/her to get the ‘lived experiences’ without contaminating the data…” (p.1487)

– Second view: • Phenomenologist should have close involvement in

the research • “subjective judgment of the researcher is

valuable…” (p.1487)

(Wimpenny & Gass, 2000)

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Other General Skills

• “...the use of reflection, clarification, requests for examples and description and the conveyance of interest through listening techniques” (p.1487)

• Researcher interest in the participants’ stories

• Skilled at interviewing techniques – begins by establishing the context of the

interviewees experience, through to a construction of the experience and finally a reflection on the meaning it

(Wimpenny & Gass, 2000)

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Founders and Contributors• Edmund Husserl• Alfred Schutz• Leo Strauss• Binswanger• Martin Heidegger• Max Scheler• Karl Jaspers• Brentano• Merleau-Ponty• Immanuel Kant• Hwa Yol Jung• Harold Garfinkel• Don Zimmerman• David Sudnow• Leveque-Lopman

• Moynihan• McLane• Kockelmans• Casey• Clifton• Heritage• Castaneda• Davis• Fischer• Laing• Ihde• Seamon• Mugerauer• Sartre

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The Philosophers...• Edmund Husserl is know to be the founder of Phenomenology

– Influenced and trained Max Scheler, Eugene Fink, Alexander Pfander, Alfred Schutz, and Martin Heidegger Studied psychology but found it only describes how we think but not why we think a certain way

– Believed epistemology was the real starting point for all philosophical reflection

– Interested in the subjective experience– Came up with the notion of intentionality and wanted to

study inner experiences as if they were objects of consciousness

– Developed the notion of lifeworlds and how we all have our own experiences of internal reality

– Hoped Heidegger would carry on the phenomenological perspective but he did not

(Burston & Frie, 2006)

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• Martin Heidegger– Influenced by Jaspers, Husserl, Leibniz, Kant,

Bultmann, Hartmann, Natorp, and more– Fundamentally impacted the development of

theory and practice in psychotherapy– Provided the foundations for phenomenology

in his famous “Letter on Humanism”– Member of the Nazi party and highly involved

in politics leading to much critic of his theories

– Studied the relation of language and Being

(Burston & Frie, 2006)

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• Max Scheler– “the first in a long series of existential

phenomenological thinkers who subjected Freud’s ideas to sustained and sympathetic scrutiny, creating a fertile climate of discussion at the interstices of philosophy and psychotherapy.” (p.130)

– Influenced by Dilthey, Freud, Nietzsche, and Henri Bergson

– Started exploring mental illness from a phenomenological frame but later strayed into a more biological approach

(Burston & Frie, 2006)

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• Karl Jaspers– Influenced by Kierkegaard, Nietzsche,

Dilthey, Husserl, Heggel, Scheler, Weber, Freud, Kant, Heidegger and more

– Approach to psychotherapy was based on human freedom and responsibility

– Studied human experience and saw it as being transcendent

(Burston & Frie, 2006)

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• Alfred Schutz– Influenced by Husserl’s notion of the

lifeworld and expanded on this– Analyzed the structures of people’s

lifeworlds and discussed the multiple realities that exist within humans

– Developed the notion called the we-relationship to describe the relationships we share with others and how they change overtime

(Bentz & Shapiro, 1998)

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• Leo Strauss– Expanded on the phenomenological critique

from a political science viewpoint• Harold Garfinkel

– Developed the notion of Ethnomethodology from Phenomenological theories

• Don Zimmerman– Used conversion methods to study how

people handle emergencies

(Bentz & Shapiro, 1998)

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Discussion Questions

• Notice the two opposing views on phenomenological research. How can one theory have two opposite views? Why do you think this is?

• How do you think one’s lifeworld would influence one’s relationships with others? How might a lifeworld promote or hinder positive relationship formation? Do you believe that we all have different lifeworlds?

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References

• Burston, D. & Frie, R. (2006). Psychotherapy as a human science. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Duquesne University Press.

• Wimpenny, P. & Gass, J. (2000). Intervirewing in phenomenology and grounded theory: is there a difference? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31(6). Retrieved from EBSCOHost.