Muslim Contributions in Astronomy
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Transcript of Muslim Contributions in Astronomy
Astronomy
Al-Quran:
By Moon, Muslimsdetermined a lunar calendar
By Sun , MuslimsCalculate times for Prayer
Abbasid Caliphate (750 - 1258)
Caliph Harūn (763-809)
Astronomy started among the Muslims during this period
The Darul Hikima (House of Wisdom) founded by Mamun-ur-Rashid in Baghdad housed some of the
most eminent scholars of Astronomy
Caliph Mamun ar Rashid (786-833 A.D) House of wisdom Baghdad (8th Century)
The Arabs were the first to build observatoriesDuring the reign of Mamun
Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi(Persia 780 –850A.D)
Statue in Tehran
• Mathematician
• Astronomer
• Geographer
Khwarizmi successfully determined the size & circumference earth
Used for computational purposes
Eliminates the need for calculations in measurements
Khwarizimi invented Quadrant
Used for accurate timekeeping by
the Sun and Stars, and could be
observed from any latitude
Sine Quadrant
Sine Quadrant was invented by Khwarizimi
Ibrahim al-Fazari (b. 796) was the first Muslim in 8th century A.D to construct an “Astrolabe”
Al Battani (born in Turkey in 858– died in 929 A.D)
accurately determined the solar year as being 365 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes and 24 seconds
Abul Hasan Mesudi ( b. 896, Baghdad, d. 956, Cairo, Egypt )
AL-Mesudi invented Telescope
Abul Wafa ( 939 - 998 khorasan )
Introduced the use of the secant as well as the tangent into astronomical observations
SecantAbu Wafa (Khorasan)
Tangent
Al-Biruni (973 -1048 A.D Ghazni)
First to conduct experiment related to astronomy
He established the fact by experimentation that that everything attracts toward the center of the earth
Al Biruni famous diagram
showing different phases of moon indicates the moon revolving around earth and the earth revolving around the sun
Abu Rayhan al-Biruni
He invented Planisphere• The earliest star chart • An early analog
computer• “Qanun-i-Masoodi”
discusses Planisphere
.
fixed-wired knowledge processing machine
Al-Biruni’smechanical lunar solar calendar computer
Astronomer
Mathematician
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Zarqali (Andalus,1029 – 1087)
AL-Zarqali invented The Equatorium
A mechanical device for
finding the longitudes and
positions of the Moon,
Sun, and planets without
calculation using a
geometrical model
The Equatorium
Al-Zarqali constructed
an improved type of
Astrolabe (a saJilza)
Nizamul Mulk Tusi (vazir of Malik Shah Saljuqi)
In 1074-75 A.D established an observatory at Rayy or Neshapur
Al-Tusi made the most significant work in developing the model of planetary system of his time.
He wrote a major astronomical treatise called, Al-Tadhkira Fi 'Ilm Al-Hay'a
Al Tusi made an observatory under the guidance of Omar Khayyam where astronomical observations were made
Omer Khayyam(1048—1123, Iran)
Calendar : Al-Tarikh Jalali.
Ibn al-Razaz al-Jazari (1136 – 1206)
Mathematician
Mechanical Engineer
Astronomer
Al-Jazari invented the largest astronomical clock, "castle clock", which is considered to be the firstprogrammable analog computer
Features
• Displayed the zodiac and the solar and
lunar orbits
• Another innovative feature of the clock
was a pointer which traveled across the
top of a gateway and caused automatic
doors to open every hour
Ulugh Beg (1394 - 1449)
Founder of a largeIslamic observatory inSamarqand, honored onthis Soviet stamp
observatory in Samarqand (1428-1429)
Invented “plate of conjuntions”
Ibn Masud al-Kashi (1380 -1429 Iran)
Planetary conjunction
Conjunction means two celestial
bodies appear near one another
in the sky
Ibn al-Shatir invented the astrolabe clock in 14th century Syria.