Muslim Civilizations - monroe.k12.mi.us
Transcript of Muslim Civilizations - monroe.k12.mi.us
Muhammad the Prophet
• Born ca. 570 in Mecca
• Trading center; home of the Kaaba
• Marries Khadija
• At 40 he goes into the hills to meditate; God sends Gabriel with a call
• Khadija becomes first convert to Allah and Islam
Muhammad’s Call to Prophecy and
First Revelation; 1425 from Heart,
Afghanistan
The Hijra
• 622 Muhammad flees Mecca for Yathrib
• He’s welcomed; people convert and become the first community
• Umma unites the clans
• In 630 Muhammad returns to Mecca; destroys the Kaaba
• 632 Muhammad dies
Teachings of Islam
• Quran; Arabic
• Five Pillars;
declaration, prayer,
giving alms, fasting
and Ramadan, the
Hajj
• Mosques
• Jihad
• People of the Book
Islamic Law
• Governs daily life;
determines ethical
behavior; influences
family relations
• Extends rights and
protection to women;
spiritually equal
• In reality, different
roles and rights Frieze of Mohammed,
Supreme Court
building
Building a Muslim Empire
• Early challenges;
Muhammad dies
without a successor
• Abu Bakr becomes
the first caliph
• They make war on
the Byzantines and
Persians under the
first four caliphs
Divisions Within Islam
• Shiites; believe Ali to
be Muhammad’s
successor; Imams,
divine religious
leaders descended
from Ali and Fatima
• Sunnis; no prophet
after Mohammad; any
good Muslim male
could lead; caliph Abu Bakr (second from left)
The Umayyad Caliphate
• 661-750; After Ali’s
death, the Umayyad
caliphs rule
• Capital is Damascus
• Armies on horseback
spread out to Egypt,
Spain, Africa, into
Byzantium and the
Indus River Valley
Great Mosque of Damascus
Muslim Success
• Other empires are
weakened
• Common faith united
them into a unified
state
• Orderly system of
administration
• Treat conquered
people fairly Dome of the Rock; built by
Abd al-Malik (685-705)
A New Caliphate
• Conquests slow and economic tensions increase in 700s
• Shiites and non-Arab Muslims support Abu al-Abas; founds the Abbasid dynasty
• Capital moves to Baghdad
• Last Umayyad flees to Cordoba
The Abbasid Palace in Baghdad,
built in the 13th century.
Courtesy of Saleh Iraq Home Page
http://achilles.net/~sal/
Decline of the Muslim Empire
• The Abbasids never rule Spain
• By 850 their control of their empire begins falling apart
• In the 900s the Seljuk Turks enter the Middle East
• 1216 the Mongols swarm out of Central Asia
Seljuk empire at the time
of its greatest extent
The Mongol Empire and its
successor khanates
The Golden Age
• 750-1350 Muslim
merchants create vast
trade network; Silk
Road
• Spreads products,
technologies,
knowledge, religions,
diseases, money
economies between
East Asia and Europe The Silk Road extends from
Southern Europe through Arabia,
Egypt, Persia, India, and China.
Art and Architecture
• Baghdad, Cairo,
Cordoba, Timbuktu
are centers of
learning
• Scholars translate
Greek philosophers,
Roman, Hindu,
Buddhist texts
• Advances in Math
and Medicine
India’s Muslim Empires
• 550 the Gupta Empire
falls; Hindu and
Buddhist rulers
• Trade networks link
India, China, Middle
East, Southeast Asia
• Arabs conquer Indus
Valley in 711
• Late 1100s the sultan
of Ghur defeats the
Hindus
Changes in Government and
Society
• Muslim traditions of government
• Turks, Persians, Arabs migrate as office holders
• Trade between India and Muslim lands increases
• Arab scholars bring Greek and Persian learning to the area
The Qutub Minaret is the
world's tallest brick minarett at
72.5 metres.
Effects of Muslim Conquest
• Destruction of Buddhist temples weakens the religion in South Asia
• Hindus were killed or forced to convert
• The two religions faced off; eventually the sultans became more tolerant
• Hinduism accepted; rajahs
1398 Timur invaded India
The Mughals
• 1526 Mongols under Babur invade India again
• Sets up the Mughal Dynasty; 1526-1857
• Akbar, 1556-1605, greatest Mughal ruler
• High point of art and architecture under Shah Jahan
The Ottoman and Safavid Empires
• 1300s the Ottomans, Turks from central Asia migrate into Asia Minor
• In 1453 they take Constantinople; rename it Istanbul
• Under Suleiman it reached from Hungary to Arabia to the Middle East and North Africa
Ottoman Culture
• Suleiman has absolute power, strengthens government
• Rules with grand vizier and council
• Society organized into classes
• After his death the empire begins a slow decline
Selimiye mosque; Edirne