Muslim Civilization Section 3 Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus Muslim Society Muslim Scholarship...
-
Upload
james-cooper -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
0
Transcript of Muslim Civilization Section 3 Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus Muslim Society Muslim Scholarship...
Muslim Civilization Section 3
Preview
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• Muslim Society
• Muslim Scholarship
• Faces of History: al-Khwarizmi
• Arts and Literature
• Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts
• Video: The Impact of Islam throughout the World
Society and Culture
Muslim Civilization Section 3
Reading Focus
• What were some key features of Muslim society?
• What were some of the accomplishments of Muslim scholarship?
• What were some of the contributions to the arts made by Muslim artists?
Main Idea
For the first Muslims, Islam was more than a religion. It was a guide to political, social and cultural life. The early Muslims responded with spectacular achievement in many fields.
Society and Culture
Muslim Civilization Section 3
Islam affected almost all aspects of daily life, providing guidance on how Muslims should deal with many issues.
• Islam set forth roles within family
– Man head of family
– Men could have several wives
– Husbands supposed to treat all wives equally
– Rights of women, children protected
The Family• Rights of women varied from
clan to clan prior to Islam
• According to Qur’an, women equal to men before Allah
• Women could inherit property, seek divorce in some cases
• Played vital roles– Went into battle
– Influenced politics
• Lost status in Abbasid dynasty
Women
Muslim Society
Muslim Civilization Section 3
Economy
• Economic life of Muslim community built largely on commerce
• Merchants followed trade routes east, west across Arabian Peninsula
• Traders developed practical business methods, spread use of coinage, standardized weights, measures, extended credit
• Trade provided much of wealth to maintain empire, spread faith
Slavery
• Islamic texts also addressed slavery, common in Muslim Empire
• Qur’an did not condemn slavery, required slaves be treated fairly
• Freeing slaves praised as religious act
• Treatment of slaves improved, but remained part of society, economy
Muslim Civilization Section 3
Identify
What are three aspects of life that are addressed in Islamic texts?
Answer(s): family life, slavery, and trade relationships
Muslim Civilization Section 3
Learning added to Muslim cultural unity. Scholars made essential contributions in several fields. Many later European intellectual achievements grew out of the work of Muslim scholars.
• Scholarship thrived in the Muslim world
• Islam commanded followers to examine their world, seek evidence of Allah in its wonders
A Culture of Learning
• Caliphate vast, included many different cultures
• Particularly influential were Greek, Persian, Indian civilizations
Vastness of Caliphate • Translation into
Arabic of works of ancient Greece
• Much work took place at House of Wisdom, maintained by government at Baghdad
Contributions
Muslim Scholarship
Muslim Civilization Section 3
Muslim Civilization Section 3
• Exchange point for much of knowledge
• Muslim scholar of Cordoba, Ibn Rushd wrote commentaries on Aristotle
• His work on relationship between reason, faith influenced not just Muslim but also Jewish, Christian thinking into the 1400s
Muslim Spain
• Through translations from Greek, texts from Hippocrates, Euclid, Galen, Ptolemy made available to new audiences
• Texts stimulated further study throughout Muslim world
• Influence of texts extended to Europe; eventually translated into Latin, made available to European scholars
Translations
Valuable Contributions
Muslim Civilization Section 3
Discoveries
• Muslim scholars explored astronomy, some stars still bear names given by Muslim discoverers
• Astronomy came to Muslim world through texts from Persia, India
Astronomers
• Muslim astronomers built observatories; helped create calendar still in use
• Muslims needed to predict phases of moon to plan religious festivals
• Perfected astrolabe, used in navigation to plot positions of stars, planets
Almagest
• Most important influence on astronomy, Ptolemy’s work, first translated into Arabic 800s
• Described movements of heavenly bodies, gave tables for predicting paths
Astronomy
Muslim Civilization Section 3
Mathematics
Muslims also made advances in mathematics
• From India, adopted symbols 0 through 9
• Making its way to Europe, this system became known as Arabic numerals
• Algebra and trigonometry also came from Muslim thinkers
Muslim Civilization Section 3
• Medicine highly developed in the Muslim world• Doctors in Baghdad had to pass rigorous tests in order to practice• Baghdad had world’s first school of pharmacy• Muslim doctors developed many skills, including eye surgery• Scores of different instruments invented, perfected• Ibn Sina most well-known medical scholar of time
• Geographers made many strides• Empire included many different
lands, people• Pilgrims needed to find way to
Mecca, travel guides written• One geographer measured earth’s
circumference with much accuracy
Other Fields of Study• 1300s, Ibn Khaldun wrote history of
world• Historians still interested in
comments• Warned against basic errors like
bias, praising rulers too highly in order to gain favor
History
Medicine and Beyond
Muslim Civilization Section 3
Summarize
What were some of the fields in which Muslim scholars excelled?
Answer(s): astronomy, medicine, mathematics, philosophy, history
Muslim Civilization Section 3
Artistic Expression
• Like scholarly life, Muslim artistic expression rich, varied
• Developed distinctive features, influenced by many cultures in vast empire
Idolatry
• Believed portraying people, animals could tempt worship
• Worshipping anyone, anything besides Allah the worst possible sin
Islamic Art
• Muslim artists worked in range of materials, wood, metal, ceramics, textiles
• Religious art does not contain human, animal figures
Patterns, Designs
• Avoidance of figures led to use of geometric patterns, floral designs
• Intricate design known as an arabesque
Arts and Literature
Muslim Civilization Section 3
Calligraphy
Another distinctive feature of Islamic art, calligraphy—beautifully styled writing
• Artists who produced copies of Qur’an sought perfection in reproduction of word of Allah
• Artful representation of words became central part of Islamic art
• Calligraphy appears on walls of mosques, adorns many household objects
Muslim Civilization Section 3
Muslim Architecture
Architecture in Muslim world also developed distinctive features
• Several forms, plans for building mosques developed
• All have features in common
– Minarets, tall towers from which faithful called to prayer
– Domes
• Some show Persian, Turkish influence in designs
Muslim Civilization Section 3
Qur’an• Most significant written work in Islam is Qur’an itself
• Clear style, message have won millions of converts to the faith
• Influenced later development of Arabic language
Poets• Produced works in several different languages
• Jalal ad-Din Rumi’s Persian language poems of 1200s still recited today
• Omar Khayyam’s The Rubaiyat celebrates simple pleasures
Nonreligious works• Arabian Nights tells how beautiful young woman saved herself and other women
from murderous caliph
• The tales were collected over time, include contributions from many countries
Literature
Muslim Civilization Section 3
Identify Supporting Details
What are some features that identify Islamic art?
Answer(s): use of geometric patterns and floral designs, calligraphy
Muslim Civilization Section 3
Muslim Civilization Section 3
Video
The Impact of Islam throughout the World
Click above to play the video.
QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.