Musical Acculturation during the Colonial Period...Japanese government wanted to "modernize" the...

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Musical Acculturation during the Colonial Period: A Global Perspective and Critical Assessment Byong-Won Lee (USA, University of Hawai'i at Manoa) Introduction M usical change, to be more specific, the change of traditional music in non- Western countries, has been one of the major research areas of modem ethnomusicology from its beginning. The processes of creating, re-inventing, borrowing and adapting as the result of the internal desire of individuals, personal and cultural contact happens so frequently that we often take it for granted. Most of us have been engaged in the study of musical traditions whose evolution reached its most recent point of development before the advent of mass media communication and developed largely from isolated cultural systems with significant external stimuli regularly absorbed into the internal process of cultural change. However, since the early 19 th century, changes in such social forces as mass media, economic and political systems have increased the level of contacts and the degree of intensity between cultures to such a degree that the process of musical change needs to be viewed from a different perspective (Garfias 1984: 2). The theme of this special issue, If Asian Music during the Colonial Period," by Asian Music Research Center, Seoul National University, obviously leads us to contemplate two perspectives: 1) the status of music during the colonial period, and 2) the change of music during the colonial period. I have chosen the historical and theoretical aspects of musical change as a focus in this paper rather than presenting it as a case study of musical change of any particular culture or subject. An overview of musical

Transcript of Musical Acculturation during the Colonial Period...Japanese government wanted to "modernize" the...

Page 1: Musical Acculturation during the Colonial Period...Japanese government wanted to "modernize" the musical system and music education as a part of the Meiji Restoration movement during

Musical Acculturation during the Colonial Period: A Global Perspective and Critical Assessment

Byong-Won Lee (USA, University of Hawai'i at Manoa)

Introduction

M usical change, to be more specific, the change of traditional music in nonยญ

Western countries, has been one of the major research areas of modem

ethnomusicology from its beginning. The processes of creating, re-inventing,

borrowing and adapting as the result of the internal desire of individuals, personal

and cultural contact happens so frequently that we often take it for granted. Most of

us have been engaged in the study of musical traditions whose evolution reached its

most recent point of development before the advent of mass media communication

and developed largely from isolated cultural systems with significant external stimuli

regularly absorbed into the internal process of cultural change. However, since the

early 19th century, changes in such social forces as mass media, economic and political

systems have increased the level of contacts and the degree of intensity between

cultures to such a degree that the process of musical change needs to be viewed from

a different perspective (Garfias 1984: 2).

The theme of this special issue, If Asian Music during the Colonial Period," by Asian

Music Research Center, Seoul National University, obviously leads us to contemplate

two perspectives: 1) the status of music during the colonial period, and 2) the change

of music during the colonial period. I have chosen the historical and theoretical

aspects of musical change as a focus in this paper rather than presenting it as a case

study of musical change of any particular culture or subject. An overview of musical

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change in Korea will be touched upon briefly. I understand that other scholars on this

issue will contribute with specific case studies of a specific culture. The intention of

this paper is to view musical change not as a series of developments in some hermetic

world of its own, but rather as a series of responses to social, economic and political

circumstances, and intellectual stimuli. I hope to explain not simply what happened,

but why it happened.

Political Background

The words "acculturation" and "colonial period" need qualification. The colonial

period may apply to any time in history whenever we find an act of colonization of

one country by another, such as the conquest of the Ottoman Empire (1299-1876) of

the Eastern European and the Middle Eastern countries and the Japanese annexation

(1910-45) of Korea. However, if my understanding is correct, the time span of colonial

rule of which most of us are interested in this issue is probably confined to the period

approximately covering the end of World War I of 1918 to the present. That period

coincides with "contemporary" or "modern" times. Older political entities, such as

tsarist Russia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire disappeared after the war. The New

World, taking its lead from the growing prominence of the USA, became a major new

participant in international affairs. It was indeed a cataclysmic event in recent history

(Morgan 1994: 1-2). Therefore, this is the specific period of colonization that most of

our interest lies in for scholarly scrutiny in various social scientific disciplines

including the acculturation of music.

The First World War was the very testing ground for the outcome of the 19th

century industrial revolution in the West. This revolution brought about the

mechanization, mass production, and, ultimately, the ambition for the expansion of

power. The brutal impersonality of modern machine warfare, here experienced for the

first time on a global scale, shattered the world, leaving it irrevocably altered. World

War I marked a decisive break externally in the altered shape of the world map. The

political map of the world had to be radically redrawn according to the conditions of

the peace treaties that brought the War to an end. Internally, it also marked a historical

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juncture in the transformation of basic beliefs concerning human nature and the

nature of civilization.

Innovation and Acculturation

Cultural change and musical change in particular, is a natural and recurring process

in all cultures. Social scientists distinguish two types of change: innovation and

acculturation.1 In the purest sense of change, innovation is a deliberate creation

resulting from an internal craving without external influence. A musician may add

more strings to his lute if he is not satisfied with the limited range of the instrument

for his new composition.

In contrast, acculturation, a word that made its first appearance in print in 18802

and is defined briefly as "the study of cultural transmission in process" by Merriam

(1964: 313), involves change caused by external influence, or from the contact between

two cultures. The "Memorandum for the Study of Acculturation," postulated by

Herskovits, Linton and Redfield in 1936, may serve the purpose for defining the word:

"Acculturation comprehends those phenomena which result when groups of

individuals having different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, with

subsequent changes in the original culture patterns of either or both groups

(Herskovits 1936: 149)." Social scientists are more interested in the acculturational

processes of modem times because of its dynamic nature nurtured by the legacy of

the industrial revolution, global scale international affairs, economic and military

powers and mass media communication.

Finally, we should remember that the historical circumstance of the appearance of

the word "acculturation" in Europe was the late 19th century when the European

colonizers felt a need for an intellectual method of analyzing the change of "other" or

1 Barnett (1953) and Herskovits (1938) have laid down classic theoretical ground work for

innovation and acculturation.

2 In a study of Indian language in 1880, J.W. Powell states using the word "acculturation" for the

first time: "The force of acculturation under the overwhelming presence of millions has wrought

great changes (Supplement to Oxford 1972)."

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"colonized" cultures. There has been an undeniable Eurocentric stand in measuring

the degree of change in colonized people.

The areas of innovation and acculturation often overlap. For example, an individual

musician may claim "credit wants (Barnett 1953: 101-103)," referring to the desire of

some individuals to bring credit to themselves by initiating change. Another may

"desire for quantitative variation (Barnett 1953: 167-180)," where changes are

welcome because existing mechanisms do not provide enough of something that is

valued. The two practices may be stimulated internally resulting in integrating one's

own cultural materials, as well as resulting from the internal stimulation, but

borrowing extrinsic materials as a model for the change. Despite the fact that the area

of music acculturation has received somewhat greater attention by

ethnomusicologists and anthropologists than the study of the innovation, the theories

for the analysis of acculturative processes do not have universal applicability yet.

Ethnomusicologists in the West were mainly interested in the musical change as a

result of the Western impact on non-Western music. Nettl's eleven kinds of responses

of non-Western music when it confronts Western music provide a viable guidance for

researchers) Amongst the eleven responses, Westernization, modernization and

syncretism are the three most common responses, although each concept needs

further delineation. The works of Blacking (1977: 1-26), List (1964: 18-21), Wachsmann

(1961: 139-49), Nettl (1985), Seeger (1977: 182-94) and Merriam (1964: 303-19) have

provided the theoretical groundwork for the study of musical change, while Becker

(1972: 3-9), Roberts (1972) and Nettl et al (1985) led the field with case studies

choosing specific cultures or ethnic groups. Although data for the systematic study of

music change is now being accumulated, giving us some idea of directions and viable

research methods, I feel that these theories should be tested and substantiated with

broad and varying case studies.

Musical acculturation can be a result of voluntary action by the recipient culture or

forced change by the donor culture. Theoretically, strong political pressure of the

colonial government can virtually force the acceptance of alien musical elements to

3 The eleven responses include abandonment, impoverishment, preservation, diversification,

consolidation, reintroduction, exaggeration, satyre, syncretism, Westernization and modernization

(Nettl1978).

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Musical Acculturation during the Colonial Period 5

such a degree that even culturally dissimilar musical styles can be adopted. Political

forces can require change to take certain directions. The effect of slave policy in the

United States on the transmission and retention of African music traditions is one

clear example. Another is the strictly controlled and governmentally endorsed policy

of national musical styles during the years of socialism in Eastern Europe, the former

Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China and the Democratic People's Republic of

Korea. These are cases in which a policy was put into effect expressly for the purpose

of controlling and influencing musical culture. Garfias (2004: 62-63) sums up the

formation of "Latin music" as the result of the forced assimilation of many forms of

Spanish music creating the blend of Spanish, Indigenous and African elements by the

imposition of the Spanish Conquerors.

Forced changes brought during colonial rule in modern times had been

unsuccessful in many cases. It has been proven that without any syncretizable4

elements between the donor and recipient cultures, the process of acculturation may

require extraordinary political pressure and a lengthy time for the materialization and

recognition of change. Often the reluctant recipient culture promptly abandons any

forced elements as soon as the political atmosphere changes. By and large, the

recipient culture's adopted elements from the colonial rule by voluntary action tend to

remain as long lasting practices.

The musical reform during 1875-91 in Japan, led by Izawa Shuuji (1851-1917) and

the Music Study Committee of the Ministry, presents a fascinating dichotomy of

nation-wide forced and voluntary changes of music in relatively short time span. The

Japanese government wanted to "modernize" the musical system and music

education as a part of the Meiji Restoration movement during the Meiji era (1868-

1912). "Western culture inundated the land, and the outlines of tradition were only

dimly discernible in the torrent of new ideas. The Japanese endemic weakness for

being 'modem' or 'smart' was never more apparent than in the late nineteenth

4 Syncretism, which has been often interchangeably used with assimilation and hybridization

without justification, is probably the most natural process of acculturation. Merriam (1955) describes

it "When two human groups which are in sustained contact have a number of characteristics in

common in a particular aspect of culture, exchange of ideas therein will be much more frequent than

if the characteristics of those aspects differ markedly from one another."

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century (MaIm 2000: 42)." It was a forced change ordered by the government, but the

Western model is voluntarily sought after by the administrators and educators.s

The process of voluntary change had been a more common phenomenon, and an

abundance of such cases is easily found everywhere. The harp with metal strings of

the Andean Indians is an adoption of the 17th century Spanish harp. The Indian harp

co-exists with its original counterpart as used by the Hispanic Llaneros in Venezuela.

The bamboo or wooden prongs of the mbira of the Shona people of Zimbabwe were

replaced by the flattened metal keys after the arrival of Europeans. These changes are

voluntary actions by natives taking models and ideas from their respective

conquerors during colonial periods.

Musical Acculturation in Korea

Now, as I have said at the beginning, I would like to tum to a brief overview of

musical change in Korea. Musical change, especially the acculturative process, has

been taken for granted by Koreanologists as an inevitable, if not natural, byproduct of

social change. To my knowledge, the study on music acculturation in Korea with

relation to foreign influences, be it Japanese or Western, is extremely rare to this day,

despite the fact that the motive, process and result of acculturation explains some

important aspects of the socio-historical change and behavior of musicians.6

Historically, Korean music has undergone three distinct stages and different donor

sources of acculturation: 1) the period of Chinese influence from ancient times to the

early nineteenth century, 2) the period of Japanese influence (late 1800s -Present), and

3) the period of Western influence (early 1900s-Present). Much of the Chinese

influence was perpetuated through Korean toadyism and veneration of high Chinese

civilization.

5 For their effort for the state-wide musical reform, the Japanese government invited three Western

musicians: the American musicologist Luther Whiting Mason (1828-1896) from 1880 to 1882; the

German band conductor F. Eckert from 1883 to 1886; and finally, a Dutch pianist named Guillaume

Sauvlet in 1886. Their reform activity included not only the Western style music education but also

the traditional music (Toyotaka 1956).

6 For an example on this subject matter see Byong Won Lee (2000).

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This influence was mostly confined to the music of the aristocracy and the court.

Much of the Chinese original has been transmitted to Korea and, then, transformed in

Korea as found in the present a'ak (court ritual music of Chinese origin) and Tang'ak

(court banquet music of Chinese origin) repertories. The Japanese influence was

rooted in the "conquest and colonization" process. Although the forced

transplantation of the traditional Japanese art music in Korea has failed with the

liberation in 1945, the voluntary adoption of Japanese popular song styles and the

creation of modern Korean popular songs based on the Japanese musical idiom

remains even today. Finally, Western influence was primarily motivated by the

"hegemony" of political, economic, military and technological powers. Change

through Western influences was primarily stimulated by the aspiration for

modernization, which often was synonymous with Westernization. Ultimately, it was

an effort for the "scientific" construction and codification of Korean music modeled

after the Western system.

Although the linear musical system of Korea has little syncretizable elements with

the Western polarized harmony, Western influence has created complex

diversification on both superficial and profound levels. Most of the musical repertory

became standardized moving away from the traditional variant ways of performance.

Behavior and social status of musicians, disciple-teacher relationship and the

performance context have also changed considerably.

Conclusion

The common cause for musical acculturation has been the political power of the

donor culture, desire for globalization, advancement of mass media communication

system, distribution, and accessibility. In general, Western countries not only played

the dominant role for colonization, but also their models became the major source of

acculturation in non-Western and! or third world countries. The Westernization of

music in many parts of the world is fait accompli in many aspects. They have

penetrated every aspect of musical practice in non-Western cultures; however, we

should not slight the reverse impact: the influence of non-Western music on Western

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music.

We recognize that the main stream of musical acculturation was not the one-way

traffic from the West to non-Western cultures in general and Asian cultures in

particular. The music of non-Western cultures became frequent inspiration for the few

eclectic composers in the West. They include Claude Debussy (1862-1918),7 Olivier

Messian (1908-1992), Gyorgy Ligeti (1923- ), Steve Reich (1936- ), Henry Cowell

(1897-1965), Colin McPhee (1900-1964), Alan Hovhaness (1911-2000) and Lou

Harrison (1917-2003), who have sought their creative inspiration from non-Western

traditional musics.8 Although much of the non-Western impact on Western music is

mostly confined to serious art music, popular music groups such as the Beatles and

Enigma, have also utilized musical materials from India, Mongolia and Taiwan, etc.

With global marketing and distribution system and the globalized appetite of

listeners, such practices will undoubtedly increase to the greater extent in the future.

Most of the forced acculturation under colonial rule has been short-lived. On the

contrary, like the case of the Meiji Restoration in Japan, forced change could become

the permanent nation-wide practice. Colonization has left many negative imprints for

human history on the one hand, but it has facilitated the globalization of music on the

other hand.

The Afro-American music developed in the United States of America became the

most popular source of styles in the globalization of popular music. In a smaller

regional level, the Korean wave called hallyu9 in the past five or six years has brought

7 In 1889, a Javanese gamelan and dance troupe were brought to the Exposition Universelle in

Paris, creating a stir. Debussy was so fascinated with the Javanese gamelan music, and for the rest of

his life praised the sophistication and elegance. The multi-tiered orchestration in his music, and the

heterophonic stratification of musical parts in Javanese music are compatible element. Passages in

Sirenes (the 3rd of the three Nocturnes) or La mer feature rippling ornamentation similar to the kind

played by the Javanese gambang (bamboo xylophone) or celempung (zither). There is also some

similarity between Debussy's approach to meter and rhythm, which allowed for a new sense of life

and detail in the subdivisions of the beat, and the Javanese principles of irama, or layers of tempo and

density relationships. Debussy's encounter with Javanese music has for many years been considered

watershed event in the West's growing fascination with Eastern music. For an in-depth study see

Mueller (1986-7).

8 Some of the representative pieces include Messian's Sept Haikai (1962) with the Japanese gagaku court music style, Reich's Drumming (1971) on Ewe people's drumming of Ghana, and Ligeti's Piano Etude No.6 (1985) on Central African Republic's polyrhythm.

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about a modest scale of globalization in modem Korean entertainment including

popular songs and TV melodramas. Much of its influence owe to the easier

accessibility and the efficiency of mass media communication. Music acculturation is

rarely a wholesale phenomenon. "Differential change," where different kinds of

music are more or less susceptible to change (Merriam 1964: 307), seems to be more

common process of music acculturation depending upon the environment of the

practice and raison d'etre of music. Also, the degree of syncretism varies within one

genre or even within a piece of music.

Musical change is a natural process of culture. It will continue to do so as time

passes. Obviously, many unanswered questions remain in regards to musical change,

for example, a fuller understanding of the reasons for why music changes more and

faster in some cultures than in others. Also, the theoretical construction of musical

acculturation still faces a question. Music acculturation presupposes cultural and

human contact. However, Blacking (1977: 12) presents an important statement for us

to re-structure our theoretical basis and concept of musical change: "Musical change

... is not "caused" by "contact among people and cultures" or the "movement of

populations" (Nett11964: 232): it is brought about by decisions made by individuals

about music-making and music on the basis of their experiences of music and

attitudes to it in different social contexts."

References Cited

Barnett, Homer Garner

1953 Innavatian: the Basis afCultural Change. New York: McGraw-Hill.

9 Hallyu ("Korean Wave") is the unexpected surge in popularity of Korean pop music, movies and

TV dramas which have swept across Asia since the middle of 1990s. Although some view hallyu as a

passing fad, the result of the global mass media industry searching for the next new trend on the one hand, others view hallyu as the emergence of the new formula in Asian entertainment, maintaining

that the phenomenal success of Korean dramas is due in some part, to emerging Asian cultural

connections on the other hand. For further details, see Dator, Jim and Y ongseok Seo. "Korea as the

Wave of a Future: The Emerging Dream Society of Icons and Aesthetic Experience," Journal of Futures Studies 9, no. 1 (2004): 31-44.

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Becker, Judith

1972 "Western Influence in Gamelan Music," Asian Music 3(1): 3-9.

Blacking, John

1977 "Some Problems of Theory and Method in the Study of Musical Change," Yearbook

of the Internntional Folk Music Council 9: 1-26.

Dator, Jim and Yongseok Seo

2004 "Korea as the Wave of a Future: the Emerging Dream Society of Icons and Aesthetic

Experience," Journal of Futures Studies 9(1): 31-44.

Garfias, Robert

1984 "The Changing Nature of Musical Change," College Music Symposium: Journal of the

College Music Society 22: 1-10.

2004 Music: the Cultural Context. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology.

Herskovits, Melville J. 1938 Acculturation: the Study of Culture Contact. New York: J. J. Augustine.

Herskovits, Melville, Ralph Linton and Robert Redfield

1936 "Memorandum for the Study of Acculturation," American Anthropologist 38: 149.

Lee, Byong Won

2000 "Western Staff Notation and Its Impact on Korean Musical Practice," The Changing

Values of Music: In Search of New Creativity, 89-102. Seoul: Korean National

Commission for UNESCO.

List, George

1964 "Acculturation and Musical Tradition," Yearbook for International Folk Music Council

16: 18-2l.

Malm, William P.

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Kodansha International.

Merriam, Alan P.

1955 "The Use of Music in a Study of the Problem of Acculturation," American

Anthropologist 57: 28.

1964 The Anthropology of Music. Evanston, IL: Northwestern Univ. Press.

Morgan, Robert P. editor

1994 Music and Society: Modern Times from World War I to the Present. Englewood Giffs,

NJ: Prentice Hall.

Mueller, Richard

1986-7 "Javanese Influence on Debussy's Fantaisie and Beyond," Nineteenth-Century Music

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Musical Acculturation during the Colonial Period 11

10: 157-86.

Nettl, Bruno

1978 "Some Aspects of the History of World Music in the Twentieth Century: Questions,

Problems, and Concepts," Ethnomusicology 22: 123-36.

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Schirmer Books.

Nettl, Bruno, editor

1985 Eight Urban Musical Cultures: Tradition and Change. Urbana: Univ. of lllinois Press.

Oxford English Dictionary, A Supplement

1972 Edited by R.w. Burchfield. Oxford: Oarendon Press.

Roberts, John S.

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Seeger, Charles

1977 "Music and Society: some New World Evidence of Their Relationship," Studies in

Musicology 1935-1975, 182-94. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.

Toyotaka, Komiya, editor

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Seidensticker and Donald Keene. Tokyo: Obunsha.

Wachsmann, Klaus

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Barenreiter.

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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•œ ์Œ์•…์ „ํ†ต ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค ๋˜

ํ•œ๏ผŒ ์ด ์Œ์•…์ „ํ†ต๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฌธํ™” ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๊ทœ์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ

์™ธ์ ์ž๊ทน์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋ฌธํ™” ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ดํ›„

์—๋Š” ์Œ์•…์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ‰๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋งค์ฒด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ

์ œ์  ํ˜น์€ ์ •์น˜์  ์ œ๋„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋„ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ

๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง‘์ค‘๋„๋‚˜ ์ ‘์ด‰์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค

โ€œ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์Œ์•…โ€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณธ ํ•™์ˆ ์ง€์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์‹๋ฏผ

์ง€์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์Œ์•…์˜ ์ง€์œ„์™€ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์Œ์•…์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ์ˆ™

๊ณ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋” ํ•œ๋‹ค- ๋ณธ๊ณ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์Œ์•…์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ

1 Garfias, Robert. 1984. โ€˜รฌhe Changing Nature of Musica! Change;โ€™ College Musรญc Symposรญum: Journal of the College Musรญc Soฮฑeฯˆ 2.

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์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์Œ์•…์  ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ 13

์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ๋ณธ๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์Œ์•…์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์˜

๊ฒฌ์ง€์—์„œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ํŽด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

๋ณธ๊ณ ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ์Œ์•…์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๊ด€์€ ์งง๊ฒŒ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋งŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ฒ 

๋‹ค ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฐœํ‘œ๋Š” ๋ณธ ํ•™์ˆ ์ง€์— ์ˆ˜๋ก๋œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€

๊ณ  ์ „๋ฌธ์  ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ํŠน

์ •ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋œ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์Œ์•…์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ 

๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  , ์ •์น˜์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์ง€์  ์ž๊ทน์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์Œ์•…์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์—

๊ด€ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

2. ์ •์น˜์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ

โ€œ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉโ€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด์™€ โ€œ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์‹œ๊ธฐโ€๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด

์˜คํŠธ๋งŒ์ œ๊ตญ์ด ๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ์ค‘๋™์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ •๋ณตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ(1299 ~ 1876) ์ด๋ผ๋“ ์ง€๏ผŒ

์ผ๋ณธ์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์„ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ (191O~ 1945)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ํ™”ํ•œ

์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ด ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋Š” ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณธ์ธ

์ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”

๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Œ€๋žต ์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์ด ๋๋‚˜๋Š” 1918๋…„์—์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„

์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ํ˜น์€ โ€œ๊ทผ๋Œ€โ€™ ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์™•์ •

์ด๋ผ๋“ ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ—๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ ์ œ๊ตญ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ „์Ÿ ํ›„

์— ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ ์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๋…์ฃผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทธ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ•œ ์„ ์ƒ๊ตญ๋“ค์€ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ด€๊ณ„

์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ฒฉ๋™์ด

์—ˆ๋‹ค 2 ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ํ™”์˜ ํŠน์ •๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ 

ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์Œ์•…์  ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด ํ•™

๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ๋ฉด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค

์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์ด์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ์„œ๋ฐฉ์˜ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ

๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…์€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ™”์™€ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ๏ผŒ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํž˜์˜ ํ™•

์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š•๋ง์„ ํ‚ค์› ๋‹ค- ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ฒ™๋„์—์„œ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ฒดํ—˜๋˜๋Š” ์ด ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ „์˜

์ž”์ธํ•œ ๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„์„ฑ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์‚ฐ์กฐ๊ฐ๋‚ด๊ณ  ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋งŒํ‹€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ œ

2 Morgan, Robert P. editor. 1994. Music and Socieฯˆ: Modern Times from World War 1 to tI:ฮบ present.

Englewood Oiffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 1-2

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1์ฐจ ๋Œ€์ „์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ง€๋„์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ์ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์ด

๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ •์น˜ ์ง€๋„๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์ข…์ „์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ํ‰ํ™”ํ˜‘์ •์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉ

ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœํ™”์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์‹ ๋…๋“ค์˜

๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋๋‹ค.

3. ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ

๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๏ผŒ ํŠนํžˆ ์Œ์•…์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ˆœํ™˜ํ•˜

๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‹ค ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํƒ€์ž…์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ๋ณ€์šฉ์ด

๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค 3 ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์—์„œ ํ˜์‹ ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์™ธ์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์—†์ด ๋‚ด์ ์ธ ๊ฐˆ๋ง

์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋„์ ์ธ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์•…๊ธฐ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„

์—ฐ์ฃผํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ทธ์˜ ํ˜„์•…๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์Œ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ์กฑ๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ค„ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆด์ง€

๋„๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋‹ค.

์ด์™€๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ๏ผŒ 1880๋…„์— ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ช…๋ฌธํ™”(ๆ˜Žๆ–‡ๅŒ–)4 ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ Merriam์— ์˜ํ•ด

์„œ โ€œ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ"5์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ •์˜๋œ ๋‹จ์–ด์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ์€ ์™ธ์ 

์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ๋ฌธํ™” ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜

๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋‹ค 1936๋…„์— Herskovits , Linton๊ณผ Redfield์˜ ์„ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋œ

โ€œ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์•ฝโ€์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„์ง€๋„

๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋‹ค. โ€œ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 

๋˜ํ•œ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ๏ผŒ ๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ์–‘์ž ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜

์› ๋ฌธํ™”ํ˜•ํƒœ์—์„œ ์—ฐ์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๋‚ดํฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…

์ด๋‹ค "6๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์— ํŠนํžˆ ๋” ๊ด€

์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋ฐ๏ผŒ ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ด ๊ทผ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋‚ด์žฌ๋œ ์—ญ๋™์„ฑ์€ ์‚ฐ

์—…ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ์œ ๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์ฒ™๋„๋ผ๋“ ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ˜น์€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ

3 Barnett (1953) and Herskovits (1938) have laid down classic theoretical ground work for

innovation ๋ปd acculturation.

4 1880๋…„์— ์ธ๋„ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ J.w. Powell์€ โ€๋ฌธํ™”์ ‘๋ณ€โ€™ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๏ผŒ ์ด๋Š” โ€œ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์˜ ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฌธํ™”์ ‘๋ณ€์˜ ํž˜์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๋‹ค (Supplement to

Oxford 1972).

5 Merriam, Alan P. 1964. The Anthrapology of Music. Evanston, IL: Northwestern Univ. Press. 313

6 Herskovits, Melville, Ralph Linton and Robert Redfield. 1936. โ€œ Memorandum for the Study of

Acculturation," Amen'can Anthrapologist 38: 149

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์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์Œ์•…์  ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ 15

๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋งค์ฒด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ• 

๊ฒƒ์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ์ด โ€œ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉโ€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ถœํ˜„ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€

๊ฐœ์ฒ™์ž๋“ค์ด โ€œ(์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ) ๋‹ค๋ฅธโ€ ํ˜น์€ โ€œ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ํ™”๋œโ€ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„

ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•„์š”๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹

๋ฏผ์ง€์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์žฃ๋Œ€๊ฐ€

์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ถ€์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค.

ํ˜์„ ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ์˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ๊ฒน์น˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ณ€๏ผŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜

๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์š•๋ง์— ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€๋Š” โ€œํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ์š”

๊ตฌ"7๋ฅผ ํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด ๋Š” ๊ธฐ ์กด์˜ ์œ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ

์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— โ€œ์–‘์ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋ง๊นจ์„ ์šด์šดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๊ธธ์ง€

๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ์•ž์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์œ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ

์ž๊ทน๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ๏ผŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋น„๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์œ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์„ ๋นŒ

๋ ค์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‚ด์  ์ž๊ทน์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์กฑ์Œ์•…ํ•™์ž์™€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™

์ž๋“ค์ด โ€œํ˜์‹ โ€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” โ€œ์Œ์•… ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉโ€์˜ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋” ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ธ ๋ถ„

์•ผ์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ์ 

๋ถ€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค

์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์Œ์•…ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋น„์„œ๊ตฌ ์Œ์•…์— ๋ผ์นœ ์„œ๊ตฌ์Œ์•…์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์Œ์•…์ 

๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค ์„œ๊ตฌ์Œ์•…์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ๋น„์„œ๊ตฌ์Œ์•…์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๊ด€ํ•œ Nett1์˜

์—ด ํ•œ๊ฐœ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ์ง€์นจ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค 9 ์ด ์—ดํ•œ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ต

์ค‘์— ๋น„๋ก ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์œค๊ณฝ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ๏ผŒ ์„œ๊ตฌํ™”์™€ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”๏ผŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 

์ œ์„คํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ฃผ์˜(่ซธ่ชชๆททๅˆไธป็พฉ)๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ณตํ†ต๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. BlackinglO

๊ณผ List ,n Wachsmann. 12 Ne๋ฒ„.B Seeger, 14 Merriam 15์€ ์Œ์•…์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

7B๊ฐ’nett 1953: 101-103.

8 Barnett, Homer Garner. 1953. Innovation: the B๋”ฐIS ์ด Cu/tural Change. New York: McGraw-Hill

167-180.

9 Nettl, Bruno. 1978. โ€œSome Aspects of ๋ฒ„e History of World Music in the Twentieth Centurฮณ:

Questions, Problems, and Concepts;โ€™ Ethnomusicology 22: 123-36.

โ€œ์—ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‘๋‹ต์€ ํฌ๊ธฐ (abandonment) , ๊ถํ• (impoverishrnent) , ๋ณด์กด (preservation) , ๋ณ€ํ˜• (diversification) . ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘ (consolidation) , ์žฌ์†Œ๊ฐœ (reintroduction) . ๊ณผ์žฅ(exaggeration) , ํ’์ž(satyre) , ์œตํ•ฉ(syncretism) , ์„œ๊ตฌํ™”(Westemization) , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”(modemization)์ด๋‹ค โ€

10 Blacking, John. 1977 โ€œSome Problems of Theory and Method in the Study of Musical Change;โ€™

Yearbook ๋ผˆe Int๏ผŒ๊ฐf๋ผˆ๋ผˆ1 Folk Music Council9: 1-26. 11 List, George. 1964. โ€œAcculturation and ฮบ1usical Tradition;โ€™ Yearbook for International Folk Music

Council16: 18-21.

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16

์— ์ด๋ก ์  ํ† ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๊ณ . Becher16์™€ Roberts17์™€ Nettl et aP8์€ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์™€

๋ฏผ์† ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜„์ง€์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ์Œ์•…๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•˜

์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ ์ธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์†Œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•ด ์ค„ ์ˆ˜

์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์ถ•์ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„๏ผŒ

๋ณธ์ธ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด๋ก ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹คํ—˜๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์–ด์ ธ์•ผ

ํ•จ์„์ง€๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค

์Œ์•…์  ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ์€ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ํ–‰์œ„์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์ˆ˜์šฉ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ•์š”๋œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ•œ

๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ๊ฐ•์ œ ์œ ์ž…์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ก ์ƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ

์ •์น˜์  ์••๋ฐ•์€ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ฎ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š์€

์ •๋„์˜ ์ด์งˆ์ ์ธ ์Œ์•…์  ์š”์†Œ๋“ค๋„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ฒŒ๋” ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ

ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ํ‘์ธ ์Œ์•…์˜ ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ์œ ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ

๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์ข‹์€ ์˜ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋Š” ๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์†Œ

๋ จ ๋ฐ ์ค‘ํ™” ์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ๊ณผ ์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ (๋ถํ•œ) ๋‹น์‹œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€

๋งŒ์—ฐํ•œ ์‹œ์ ˆ์— ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜ ์Œ์•… ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ†ต์ œ๋˜๊ณ  ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€์—ด

์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์Œ์•…๋ฌธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ œ์™€ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ

๋กœ ์ •์น˜์  ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํšจ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค Garfias๋Š” โ€œ๋ผํ‹ด์Œ์•…โ€

์€ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ์ •๋ณต์ž๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋œ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์  ์š”์†Œ๋งŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ์Œ์•…์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๏ผŒ ํ† ์ฐฉ๋ฌธํ™”

์™€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•ด ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•ด๋‚ธ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋„“์€ ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ์Œ

์•…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ถ€์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฐ ๋™ํ™”์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์š”์•ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค 19

๊ทผ๋Œ€์— ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ•์š”๋œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์€ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•

์ œ๋กœ ์œ ์ž…๋œ ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ ์ „์˜ ์›(ๅŽŸ)๋ฌธํ™” ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋™์ผํ™”20์˜

12 Wachsmann, Klaus. 1961. โ€œCriteria for Accu!turation," Report of the Eighth Congress of the I.M.S., 139-49. Kasse!: Barenreiter.

13 Nettl, Bruno. 1985. ฯ€le Western Impact on World Music: Change, Adaptation, and Survival. New

York: Schirmer Books. 14 Seeger, Charles. 1977. โ€œ Music and Soรฅeฮท: some New World Evidence of Their Re!ationship;โ€™

Studies in Musicology 1935-1975, 182-94. Berke!ey: Univ. of California Press. 15 Meฯ€i์—†n๏ผŒ Alan P. 1964. The Anthropology ofMusic Evanston, 1L: Northwestern Univ. Press. 16 Becker, Judith. 1972 โ€œ Western Influence in Game!an Music;โ€™ Asian Music 3(1): 3-9

17 Roberts, John S. 1972. Black Music ofTwo Worlds. New York: Praeger Publishers. 18 Nettl, Bruno. 1985. ฮทle Western Impact on World Music: Change, Adaptatioฮบ and Survival. New

York: Schirmer Bโˆž๏ผŒks. ____ . editor. 1985. Eight Urban Musical Cultures: Tradition and Change. Urbana: Univ. of lllinois

Press. 19 Garfias, Robert. 2004. Music: the Cultural Context. Osaka: National Museum of E์•ผmo!ogy.62-63.

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์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์Œ์•…์  ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ 17

์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฆ๋ช…๋˜๋ฉด๏ผŒ ๋ฌธํ™”์œ ์ž…์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ฐ•์••๊ณผ ๊ตฌ

์ฒดํ™” ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žฅํ™ฉํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ์ข…์ข… ๋งˆ์ง€

๋ชปํ•ด ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ ์ •์น˜์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง๊ณผ ๋™

์‹œ์— ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์†Œ๋ฉธ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋งˆ๋ จ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์‹๋ฏผํ†ต์น˜๊ธฐ์— ์ž๋ฐœ์  ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฑ„

ํƒ๋˜์–ด ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง„ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€์†๋˜์–ด ๊ด€์Šต์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ

์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Izawa Shuuji (1851 -1917)์™€ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์Œ์•…์—ฐ๊ตฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ฃผ๋„๋œ 1875๋…„์—

์„œ 1891๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ์˜ ์Œ์•…๊ฐœํ˜์€ ๋น„๊ต์  ์งง์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์Œ์•…์ ์œผ๋กœ

ํƒ€์œจ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์ž์œจ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์–‘์ƒ์ด ์ „๊ตญ์„ ํœฉ์“ธ๊ณ  ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ

์ผ๋ณธ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ช…์น˜์‹œ๋Œ€(1868-1912) ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ช…์น˜์œ ์‹  ๋™ํ–ฅ์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์Œ์•…์ 

์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๊ต์œก์„ โ€œ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”โ€ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์„œ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ณธ์—ด๋„์— ๋ฒ”๋žŒํ–ˆ

์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ „ํ†ต์˜ ์œค๊ณฝ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ๊ธ‰๋ฅ˜ ์†์—์„œ ๋‹จ์ง€ ํฌ๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”

์ •๋„์˜€๋‹ค. โ€œํ˜„๋Œ€์ โ€์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ โ€œ์„ธ๋ จ๋œโ€์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ผ๋ณธ ์ „ํ†ต์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ์—ฐ์•ฝํ•จ์€ 19

์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์—๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค 21 ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต๋“ค์€

์ •๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ•์š”๋œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋งž๋‹ฅ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฐ•์š”๋œ ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€๋ชจํ˜•

์€ ํ–‰์ •๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ต์œก์ž๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ์ด ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.๊น…

์ž๋ฐœ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์ ์ฐจ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์˜ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆ

ํ•œ ์ถœํ˜„์€ ์–ด๋Š ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ๋ฐ์Šค ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์˜ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธˆ์† ํ˜„์œผ

๋กœ ๋œ ํ˜„์•…๊ธฐ๋Š” 17์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ํ˜„์•…๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋„ค์ฃผ

์—˜๋ผ์—์„œ ํžˆ์ŠคํŽ˜๋Šฌ๊ณ„์˜ Llaneros์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์›ํ˜•์˜ ํ˜„์•…๊ธฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค ์ง

๋ฐ”๋ธŒ์›จ์˜ Shona์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์— ๋น„ ๋ผ(๋‚˜๋ฌด ๊ธˆ์†์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Š˜๊ณ  ๊ธดํŒ์„ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ์ชฝ ๋์„ ํŠ€

20 ์œตํ•ฉ(syncretism)์€ ์ข…์ข… ๋™ํ™”(assimilation) ํ˜น์€ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ (hybridization)๊ณผ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์ •์˜๋„ ์—†์ด

ํ˜ผ๋ˆ๋˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ณผ์ •์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค Merriam(1955)์€ ์œตํ•ฉ์„ โ€œ์ง€

์†์ ์ธ ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋‘ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ

๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ๊ฐ„์— ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค Merriam, Alan P. 1955

''The Use of Music in a Study of the Problem of Acculturation," American Anthropologist 57: 28.

21 Malm, William P. 2000. Traditional J๏ผŒฮฑpanese Music and Musical Instruments, the new edition.

Tokyo: Kodansha Intemational. 42

22 Toyotaka, Komiya, editor. 1956. Japanese Music and Drama in the Meiji Era. Translated and

adapted by Edward G. Seidensticker and Donald Keene. Tokyo: Obunsha. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ์ธ ์ฐจ์› ์—์„œ ์Œ์•…

์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ๋ณธ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์„ธ ๋ช…์˜ ์„œ์–‘ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ดˆ์ฒญํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ. 1880๋…„์—์„œ 1882๋…„์—

์ดˆ์ฒญ๋œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์Œ์•…ํ•™์ž์ธ Luther Whiting Mason (1828-1896). 1883๋…„์—์„œ 1886๋…„ ์ดˆ์ฒญ๋œ ๋…์ผ ์ง€ํœ˜

์ž์ธ F. Eckert , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1886๋…„์— ์ดˆ์ฒญ๋œ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ ํ”ผ์•„๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ์ธ Guillaume Sauvlet ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค

์˜ ํ™œ๋™์€ ์„œ์–‘์‹ ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์— ๊ทธ์นœ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ „ํ†ต์Œ์•…๊นŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

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๊ฒจ ์šธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์•…๊ธฐ)์˜ ๋Œ€๋‚˜๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์ง„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ธ๋“ค

์˜ ์ถœํ˜„ ์ดํ›„์— ํ‰ํ‰ํ•œ ๊ธˆ์†ํ‚ค (key)๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์€ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ

๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ •๋ณต์ž๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋“ค์—ฌ ์ฐฉ์ƒํ•ด๋‚ธ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ํ–‰์œ„๋ผ๊ณ 

ํ• ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค.

4. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์Œ์•… ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ

์ด์ œ๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์Œ์•… ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ

๊ด€ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์Œ์•…์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๏ผŒ ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ

๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ถ€์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๋“ฏ

์ด ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์•„๋Š” ํ•œ๏ผŒ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณผ์ • ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜

์‚ฌํšŒ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋‚˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋“ค์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž„์—๋„

๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ๊ฑด ์„œ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๊ฑด ๊ฐ„์— ์™ธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—

์„œ์˜ ์Œ์•… ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๊ทนํžˆ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค 23

์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์Œ์•…์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ ์ œ๊ณต ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ธฐ

์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ณ 

๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋•Œ์ด๊ณ  ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ

์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋•Œ๋กœ์„œ 1800๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ๏ผŒ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํ•ด๋‹น ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์„œ๊ตฌ

์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋•Œ๋กœ์„œ 1900๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ›

์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋Œ€์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์ค‘ํ™”์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜

ํ–ฅ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ท€์กฑ ๋ฐ ๊ถ์ค‘ ์Œ์•…์— ํ•œ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์  ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ

๊ฒจ์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ , ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์•„์•…(์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณ„ ๊ถ์ค‘ ์˜์‹์Œ์•…)๊ณผ ๋‹น์•…(์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณ„ ๊ถ์ค‘ ์—ฐ๋ก€์Œ

์•…)์˜ ๊ณก๋ชฉ๋“ค๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋˜์–ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ โ€œ์ •๋ณต๊ณผ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ํ™”โ€์— ๊ทธ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ

๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก 1945๋…„ ๊ด‘๋ณต ์ดํ›„๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ „ํ†ต์˜ˆ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฐ•์ œ ์œ 

์ž…์ด ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„๏ผŒ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ฐ€์š”ํ’์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ์ฑ„์šฉ ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์Œ์•… ํ† ๋ฆฌ

์— ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์„ ๋‘” ํ˜„๋Œ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ฐ€์š”๋“ค์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๊ทธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ

๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ ๏ผŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ๏ผŒ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ ๏ผŒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  โ€œ์ฃผ๋„๊ถŒโ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ

๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ์„œ๊ตฌํ™”์™€ ๋™์˜์–ด๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„

23 Dator, Jim and Y ongseok Seo. 2004. โ€œ Korea as the Wave of a Future: the Emerging Dream Sodeฮท of Icons and Aesthetic Experience;' Joumal 01 Futures Studies 9(1): 31-44.

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์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์Œ์•…์  ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ 19

๋Œ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ด๋ง์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๊ทน๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์„œ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ œ ์œ 

์ž… ์ดํ›„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์Œ์•…์˜ โ€œ๊ณผํ•™์ โ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋กํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค.

๋น„๋ก ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹จ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์Œ์•… ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‹ค์„ฑ์  ํ™”์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š

๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„๏ผŒ ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์„ฌ์ธต์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋‘

๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์Œ์•… ์—ฐ์ฃผ๊ณก๋“ค์€ ์—ฐํ–‰ ์‹œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ „ํ†ต

์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์—์„œ ์–‘์‹ํ™”์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์œ„

๋ฐ ์Šค์Šน๊ณผ ์ œ์ž์˜ ๋„์ œ์‹ ๊ด€๊ณ„๏ผŒ ๋‚ด์žฌ๋œ ์—ฐํ–‰ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค

5. ๋งบ์Œ๋ง

์Œ์•…์  ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์›์ธ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ด๋ง๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋งค์ฒด์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„์„ฑ

๋ฐ ์œ ํ†ต๊ณผ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ž…๋œ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด์—ˆ

๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๊ตฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ํ™”์— ์ฃผ๋œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ด์™”์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋น„์„œ๊ตฌ

์„ธ๊ณ„๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ์ œ3์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ๊ทผ์›์ด ๋˜๊ฒŒ

ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์Œ์•…์  ์„œ๊ตฌํ™”๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ

๊ฒƒ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋น„์„œ๊ตฌ๋ฌธํ™”์—์„œ ์Œ์•…์  ๊ด€์Šต ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธก๋ฉด์— ๊ด€ํ†ต๋

์œผ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„œ๊ตฌ ์Œ์•…์— ๋น„์„œ๊ตฌ์Œ์•…์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์—ญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ž‘์šฉ๋„ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ

๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์Œ์•…์  ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์„œ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์„œ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ

ํ™”๏ผŒ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์•„์‹œ์•„๋ฌธํ™”๋กœ์˜ ๊ฐ•์ œ์  ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ์œ ์ž…์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์ง€

ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์„œ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์Œ์•…์€ ์ข…์ข… ๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ์„œ๊ตฌ ์ž‘์ฝ•๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ

๋‹ค. Claude Debussy (1862 ~ 1918) ,24 ์ดivier Messian(1908~ 1992) , Gyรถrgy Ligeti

(1923~ ), Steve Reich(1936~ ), Henry Cowell (1897 ~ 1965) , Colin McPhee

(1900~ 1964) , Alan Hovh๋ปess (1911 ~2000) ๏ผŒ Lou Harrison(1917 ~2003) ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€

์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ธ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ๋น„์„œ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์Œ์•…์—์„œ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค.์˜

๊ฐฑ 1889๋…„์— ์ž๋ฐ”์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ธ”๋ž€ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋ฌด์šฉ๋‹จ์ด ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฐ•๋žŒํšŒ์— ์ดˆ์ฒญ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๏ผŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„

ํ™”์„ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ๋“œ๋ท”์‹œ๋Š” ์ž๋ฐ”์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ธ”๋ž€ ์Œ์•…์— ๋งค๋ฃŒ๋˜์–ด ํ‰์ƒ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ ์„ธ๋ จ๋˜๊ณ  ์šฐ์•„ํ•œ ์Œ์•…์„

์นญ์ฐฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค ๊ทธ์˜ ์Œ์•…์— ๋…น์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ธต๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ์ด์„ฑ์  (heterophonic) ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ž

๋ฐ” ์Œ์•…์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค ๊ทธ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์ค‘์—์„œ Sirรจnes(์„ธ ํŽธ์˜ Noctumes์˜ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ณก)์ด๋‚˜

La mer์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ž”์ž”ํ•œ ์žฅ์‹์€ ์ž๋ฐ”์˜ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ(garnbang. ๋Œ€๋‚˜๋ฌด ์‹ค๋กœํฐ)์ด๋‚˜ ์ฒผ๋ ˜ํ’(celempung ๏ผŒ

์ง€ํ„ฐ)์˜ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ•์ž์˜ ๋ถ„ํ• ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ๋ถˆ์–ด ๋„ฃ์€ ๋“œ๋ท”์‹œ์˜ ๋ฐ•

์ž์™€ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์‹๋„ ์ž๋ฐ” ์Œ์•…์—์„œ ํ…œํฌ์™€ ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ธต์œ„์ธ ์ด๋ผ๋งˆ(irarna) ์›์น™๊ณผ

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์„œ๊ตฌ์Œ์•…์— ๋ผ์นœ ๋น„์„œ๊ตฌ ์Œ์•…์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ •ํ†ต ํด๋ž˜์‹ ์Œ์•…์— ๊ตญํ•œ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๊ธฐ

๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜๏ผŒ ๋น„ํ‹€์ฆˆ๋‚˜ ์ด๋‹ˆ๊ทธ๋งˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€์ค‘์Œ์•… ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋“ค๋„ ์ธ๋„๋‚˜ ๋ชฝ๊ณจ๏ผŒ ํƒ€์ด์™„ ๋“ฑ์ง€์—

์„œ ์Œ์•…์  ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…๊ณผ ์œ ํ†ต์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๋œ ์ฒญ์ทจ์ž

๋“ค์˜ ์ทจํ–ฅ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ๋„๋“ค์ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‘๋งํ•  ํ•„์š”๋„ ์—†์„

๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ํ™”์˜ ์ •์ฑ… ํ•˜์— ๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์š”๋œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ธˆ

์ƒˆ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ์™€๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์œ ์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ•์š”

๋œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋„ ์ง€์†์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ „(ๅ…จ)๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์‹œ๋„๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ํ™”๋Š” ํ•œ

ํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ํ”์ ์„ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”

์Œ์•…์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•œ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ„ ์•„

๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์ธ(์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ํ‘์ธ)์˜ ์Œ์•…์€ ๋Œ€์ค‘์Œ์•…์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„

๊ทผ์›์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข์€ ์ง€์—ญ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ง€๋‚œ 5~6๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ โ€œํ•œ๋ฅ˜ .. 26๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”

ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ฐ€์š”๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ TV ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฐ์˜ˆ์‚ฌ์—…์„

์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋“ค์€ ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ๋ฐ

๋Œ€์ค‘๋งค์ฒด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋•๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ์•…์˜ ๋ฌธํ™” ๋ณ€์šฉ์€ ๋Œ€๋Œ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ

๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์Œ์•…์ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” โ€œ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™” .. 27๋Š” ์Œ์•…์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ 

์ธก๋ฉด๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์Œ์•…์  ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ์˜ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์ธ ๋“ฏํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•œ ์žฅ

๋ฅด ํ˜น์€ ํ•œ ๊ณก์˜ ์Œ์•…์—์„œ ์กฐ์ฐจ ์œตํ•ฉ์˜ ์ •๋„๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.

์Œ์•…์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ง€์†

๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€๏ผŒ ์Œ์•…์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด๏ผŒ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ

๋ฆฌ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์Œ์•…์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ž์ฃผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŽ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ๏ผŒ ์ด

๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํฐ ์˜๋ฌธ์ ๋“ค๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ๏ผŒ

์Œ์•…์  ๋ฌธํ™” ๋ณ€์šฉ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ณผ์ œ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค ์Œ์•… ๋ฌธํ™” ๋ณ€์šฉ์€ ๋ฌธ

์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค ์ž๋ฐ” ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๋“œ๋ท”์‹œ์˜ ๋งŒ๋‚จ์€ ์ดํ›„์— ์ง€์†๋œ ๋™์–‘์Œ์•…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„œ์–‘์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ์ด‰

๋ฐœ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ๋„ ๊นŠ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” Mueller(1986-7) ์ฐธ์กฐ

E ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์•…๊ณก์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ถ์ค‘์Œ์•…์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์ฟ (gagaku)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ Messian์˜ Sept Haikai(1962) , ๊ฐ€๋‚˜์˜ ์—์›จ (Ewe)์กฑ์˜ ๋“œ๋Ÿผ์Œ์•…์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ Reich์˜ Drumming (1971) , ์ค‘์•™์•„

ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ๋‹ค์„ฑ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ Ligeti์˜ Piano Etude no. 6(1985) ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค

26 ํ•œ๋ฅ˜(ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ)๋Š” 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜ ์ดํ›„ ์ „์•„์‹œ์•„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋Œ€์ค‘

์Œ์•…์ด๋‚˜ ์˜ํ™”๏ผŒ TV ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ์˜จ ์˜ˆ๊ธฐ์น˜ ์•Š์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค ๋น„๋ก ํ•œํŽธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๋ฅ˜

๋ฅผ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ์œ ํ–‰์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ฐจ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ ํ–‰๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๋งค์ฒด

์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด๏ผŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋“ค์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์˜ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์„ฑ๊ณต์ด ๋‹ค์†Œ๊ฐ„์€

์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋•๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ์—ฐ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ•œ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณต์‹์˜ ์ถœํ˜„์œผ

๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค ์ƒ์„ธํ•œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ Dator , Jim , ์„œ์šฉ์„ 2004 ์ฐธ์กฐ.

27 Merriam, Alan P. 1964. ฯ€ฮบ Anth๋•ŒologyofMl๋•Œc. Evanston, IL: Northwestem Univ. Pr์–นs.307

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์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์Œ์•…์  ๋ฌธํ™”๋ณ€์šฉ 21

ํ™”์  ์ธ์  ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ Blacking์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์Œ์•…์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ

์ด๋ก ์ ์ธ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ง„์ˆ ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด ์ค€๋‹ค.์Ÿ โ€œ์Œ์•…์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š”(์ค‘

๋žต) ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์— ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ™” ๊ฐ„์— ์ ‘์ด‰์— ์˜ํ•ด๏ผŒ ํ˜น์€ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด๋™์— ์˜ํ•ด ์†Œ์œ„ ๋ง

ํ•˜๋Š” โ€œ์˜ํ–ฅโ€์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค "29 ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์Œ์•…์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ ์‚ฌ

ํ•ญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์Œ์•…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ์Œ์•…์˜

์˜ํ–ฅ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค

28 Blacking, 1977: 12.

29 Nettl, 1964: 232.

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Notes on Contributing Authors

Byong-Won Lee is professor of Ethnomusicology at the UIรšversity of Hawai'i at

Manoa. He received his BA from Seoul National UIรšversity (Seoul, Korea), and MA

and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Washington (Seattle, USA). His major

publications include Music Cu /tures of Korea and Korean Peaples (in progress), Styles and

Esthetics in Korean Traditional Music (1997), An๋•Œsis of the Cฯˆerational System and the

Programs of the State Peiforming Arts Troupes of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea

(North Korea) (1997), and Buddhist Music ofKorea (1987).

e-mail;[email protected]